-
The Harm and Control Methods of Common Contaminant Fungi in Edible Mushroom Cultivation
I. Neurospora. Also known as Monilia. Its asexual stage belongs to the order Moniliales, family Sphaeriaceae; its sexual stage is an ascomycete. The species harmful to mushrooms are Neurospora crassa and Neurospora sitophila. The hyphae are white, loose, branched and septate. The conidiophores branch in a dichotomous manner. The conidia are produced in chains, spherical to oval, orange-red or pink. The perithecia are clustered or scattered, nearly spherical or oval. The asci are cylindrical, each containing 8 ascospores. Neurospora is widely distributed and can be spread through air, soil, decaying plants, grains, and so on. It occurs severely when the substrate is too wet and
-
The Harm and Control Methods of Neurospora in Shiitake Mushrooms
In the early growth stage, Neurospora appears fuzzy, white or gray, and in the later growth stage it turns pink or yellow. When large numbers of conidia pile up into clumps, its appearance resembles the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus (lion's mane mushroom). Neurospora spreads and causes damage mainly through conidia, and it is the most important contaminant fungus that occurs during hot seasons. The hyphae of Neurospora are tough and vigorous, with the characteristic of rapid reproduction. Once it breaks out massively, it is catastrophic, and the consequence is that spawn, culture bags or culture blocks are discarded in batches. To control Neurospora, the first step is to avoid production during hot seasons as much as possible. During the spawn-running stage of shiitake mushrooms, the temperature
-
The Harm of Internal Parasites in Snakes and Methods of Prevention and Treatment
There are many kinds of parasites in snakes, such as the nematode worm that parasitizes the lungs and trachea of snakes, and the heterobilharzia fluke that parasitizes the gallbladder of snakes. However, because the history of artificially raising commercial snakes is relatively short and the scale of production is limited, there is little exchange between snake farms regarding snake disease conditions, and research on the internal parasite status and prevention and treatment of snakes is scarce and not sufficiently in-depth. Moreover, when treating snake parasites with certain drugs, if the dosage is small, it has no effect on the internal parasites; if the dosage is slightly larger, although it has not yet reached the lethal dose for the internal parasites, it is enough to kill the snake.
-
Detailed Explanation of the Harm Caused by Duck Influenza and Comprehensive Prevention and Control Methods
Duck influenza is a highly lethal infectious disease caused by type A influenza virus that can infect ducks of all breeds and all ages, and it is currently the most serious disease harming the duck farming industry. 1. Epidemiological characteristics People used to generally believe that waterfowl were only carriers of influenza virus and did not become ill. However, since the mid-1990s, the fact that ducks infected with highly pathogenic influenza virus became ill and died broke the traditional understanding of duck influenza. Ducks are not only highly susceptible to influenza, but can also horizontally transmit it to terrestrial poultry and become a source of infection for their influenza. This is a trend that should be taken very seriously at present.
-
Sheep nasal bot fly disease is highly harmful; how should it be prevented and treated?
Sheep nasal bot fly disease is a parasitic disease caused by the bot fly parasitizing the nasal cavity and cranial sinuses of sheep. In recent years, among the flocks raised by farmers in our region, because insufficient attention was paid to the prevention and treatment of bot fly disease, the infection rate of sheep nasal bot fly disease rose sharply, affecting the normal growth and development of sheep and seriously affecting the fattening results of sheep. Through in-depth systematic investigation and study of sheep nasal bot fly disease among farmers and farms, and observation of prevention and treatment, the author achieved relatively good results, now reported as follows: 1. Pathogen
-
Pests Harming Orchids and Their Control Methods (Part One)
Pests that harm orchids include scale insects, aphids, spider mites, thrips, whiteflies, leaf miners, snails and slugs, nematodes, caterpillars, cockroaches, ants, and others. 1. Scale insects Scale insects are one of the most common pests harming orchids. There are many species, mainly parasitizing the stems and leaves of orchids, and they can also be seen on the petioles and the membranous sheaths at the base of pseudobulbs, appearing as a white powdery substance. They feed by sucking plant sap with their piercing-sucking mouthparts. In mild infestations, they cause the affected organs to turn yellow and age, affecting the growth of the orchid plant; in severe cases, they cover the leaf surface in patches, consuming nutrients and affecting the orchid's
-
A Detailed Guide to the Harm Caused by Cotton Summer Aphids and Their Control Methods
Cotton summer aphids are the offspring of aphids that reproduce during the cotton seedling stage. Summer aphids begin to harm cotton after the onset of the dog days, and their harmfulness is far greater than that of seedling-stage aphids. The oily excrement excreted by summer aphids covers the cotton leaves, reducing leaf surface function, hindering the normal progress of photosynthesis, and obstructing the transport of nutrients, causing the tender leaves of cotton to curl and shrink, which in turn causes cotton squares and bolls to drop. Therefore, doing a good job in controlling summer aphids is an important measure for striving for high yields and early production of summer bolls. 1. Grasp the timing of control: cotton summer aphids usually
-
How harmful is oleander to goldfish?
Oleander, also known as willow-leaf peach, belongs to the genus Nerium in the family Apocynaceae. It has been introduced into China for a long time and is cultivated in various places; it is a common ornamental flower in gardens. The entire oleander plant is highly toxic, and accidental ingestion by humans or livestock is dangerous. There are numerous instances in which oleander leaves, petals, fruits and small branches falling into goldfish tanks have caused the death of all the young and adult goldfish. The reason is that oleander mainly contains cardiac glycosides such as yellow oleandrin A, yellow oleandrin B, oleandrin A, yellow oleandrin A monoside methyl, yellow oleandrin A monoside ethyl and yellow oleandrin C, which have highly toxic effects on fish and can cause acute
-
Rice midge harms rice, how can it be controlled effectively?
Rice midge, commonly known as red worm or red thread worm, damages the young roots and young shoots of rice with its larvae, causing floating seedlings, and feeds on the embryo and endosperm of ungerminated seeds, preventing the seeds from germinating. Rice seedling fields and direct-seeded fields suffer severe damage. The adult is a small moth, with wings shorter than the body; when resting, the front legs are raised and swing up and down. The larvae are red or pale yellow, with a limb-like protrusion on the ventral side of the prothorax. It occurs 2-3 generations per year, and the first generation damages rice. It overwinters as nymphs and adults in weeds. Adults appear in early May of the second year, and lay eggs in late May.
-
Plum rain season has arrived, cotton needs early prevention and control of the "three harms"
Currently, cotton seedlings have entered the squaring stage, and at the same time have stepped into the annual plum rain season. According to meteorological data, from May 30 to 31, in some major cotton-producing counties, cities and districts of Wuhan, Xiaogan, Suizhou, Ezhou and other cities, rainfall reached over 100 mm, causing some cotton fields to be flooded by heavy rain, and in some low-lying sections of cotton fields the cotton seedlings were completely submerged. While cotton seedlings suffer from waterlogging damage, diseases and weed damage also follow one after another. The "three harms" of cotton have struck cotton farmers simultaneously. According to surveys, some cotton fields now have
条件筛选