Detailed Explanation of the Principles and Key Technologies of the Three-Super Cultivation of Rice in Cold Regions
The Three-Super cultivation technology for rice in cold regions addresses the growth-limiting factors currently present in high-yield rice cultivation in cold regions, such as a short growth period, excessive basic seedlings, excessive consumption of growth, poor light-receiving posture of the plant type, and decline of late-stage growth. Taking the "ridge-edge rice cultivation effect" as a model, it takes creating the largest super-high-yield population with the fewest basic seedlings as its basic approach, and takes "extending and expanding the nutritional time and space, releasing production potential, and strengthening the dual canopy (plant canopy and root canopy) performance" as its basic principle. It adopts standard high-quality super rice, uses single (double) seed positioning with ultra-early, ultra-low-rate sowing, cultivates uniform multi-tiller strong seedlings, transplants at an ultra-sparse density at the proper time after the last frost with wide rows and single (double) plants, applies quantitative full-process agronomic deep fertilization, and uses cyclic full-process shallow-wet-dry controlled water irrigation as key strengthening cultivation technologies, so as to achieve the goal of safe and sustainable super-high yield. Generally, the yield per hectare can reach more than 10,000 kg, increasing yield by more than 20% compared with conventional cultivation, and the quality can reach Grade 2 or above of the national standard. It is a breakthrough technology for greatly improving rice yield and quality after the dry-raised sparse-transplanting technology in Heilongjiang Province.
1. Select high-quality super rice varieties
As everyone knows, different varieties require different ecological conditions and cultivation measures; this is exactly what is meant by "good seed, good method."
On the one hand, the same variety shows obvious differences in yield level under different cultivation conditions, and the higher the yield cultivation, the greater the difference. That is to say, a variety that yields 500 kg per mu under conventional cultivation can reach more than 700 kg under Three-Super cultivation, a difference of 200 kg; this is where the charm of Three-Super rice cultivation lies. On the other hand, different varieties show obvious differences in grain yield under the same conditions due to varietal differences. Therefore, correctly selecting high-quality super rice varieties with target yield potential is undoubtedly the primary prerequisite for successful Three-Super rice cultivation.
According to many years of experiments, demonstrations, and production practice, (1) variety selection standards: ① have target yield potential and quality indicators; ② have a suitable growth period, normal heading, and safe maturity; ③ resist disease and lodging, have a compact plant type, and have a relatively large panicle type. (2) Select "double hundred" seeds: that is, 100 percent germination rate and 100 percent plumpness, with 10 kg reserved per hectare, saving 50%-90% of seed compared with sparse transplanting and ultra-sparse transplanting cultivation.
2. Extend and expand nutritional time and space
(1) Extend nutritional time
Extending nutritional time and expanding space are fundamental technical measures for increasing rice yield in cold regions. From direct-seeded rice cultivation (May 15), seedling raising and transplanting (May 4), soil-carrying transplanting (April 26), to dry-raised sparse transplanting (April 16) cultivation, the sowing date of each cultivation system was advanced by about 10 days, and the yield increase was 1000