Key Points of High-Yield Cultivation Techniques for Upland Rice Gaoshan No. 1
Upland rice Gaoshan No. 1 was bred from a wild upland rice that grows in the Dupangling area on the border of Hunan and Guangxi. Because this wild upland rice has long grown under harsh natural environmental conditions, it has strong resistance to pests, diseases and weeds, and is also tolerant of poor soil and drought, with a particularly well-developed root system. The Gaoshan No. 1 variety is suitable for both paddy and upland cultivation. In 2000, it was trial-planted in Tancheng County, Shandong Province and Wencheng County, Zhejiang Province, with the highest yield reaching 9750 kg/hectare and an average yield of 7687.5 kg/hectare, an increase of 750 kg/hectare over local hybrid rice; because this variety has relatively high yield, stress resistance and adaptability, in 2001 Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and other provinces introduced it for experimental demonstration, and the average yield reached 7755 kg/hectare. In 2004, the author introduced it for demonstration from the Tianmen City Rare and Fine Seed Research Institute in Hubei Province, and its field performance showed good resistance, excellent comprehensive traits and high yield. After 3 years of extension and planting, by 2006 the planting area of this variety in Yuping County exceeded 134 hectares, making it one of the main rice varieties currently planted in some arid areas.
1 Comprehensive Trait Performance
1.1 Yield Situation In 2004, Yuping County introduced upland rice Gaoshan No. 1 and trial-planted it in Shuitian Village, Zhujiachang Town, using the hybrid rice "Fuyou No. 1" for same-field comparison under identical cultivation and management measures. After yield measurement and acceptance, the average yield of Gaoshan No. 1 was 6750 kg/hectare, 17.76% higher than the control Fuyou No. 1; from 2005 to 2006, the county's planting area reached 134 hectares, with the highest single yield reaching 9628.05 kg/hectare and an average yield reaching 7698 kg/hectare.
1.2 Characteristics and Traits Plant height about 1100 m, average number of grains per panicle 200-250, 1000-grain weight 25-28 g, high seed-setting rate, strong stem lodging resistance, suitable for both paddy and upland planting. This variety has a high milled rice rate, good appearance and commodity quality, excellent rice quality and good eating taste.
1.3 Resistance Strong resistance to pests, diseases and stress, especially extremely strong drought resistance. Even if drought occurs during the heading and flowering stage, it can still head and fill normally, and investigations have shown a seed-setting rate of more than 90%.
2 Cultivation Techniques
2.1 Planting Scope Upland rice Gaoshan No. 1 can be planted in rainfed fields or dry land in water-deficient areas. If the field can have water in the early stage to ensure transplanting of seedlings, seedling raising and early transplanting can be carried out; if there is no water, it can be dibbled or drilled in the field like planting @#@245@#@. When planted on dry land, it can reach maturity and its yield will not be affected by relying only on rainfall.
2.2 Seed Treatment Before sowing, sun the seeds for 1-2 d to enhance the seeds' water absorption capacity and increase the germination rate. Use disinfectants such as strong chlorinated lime to soak and disinfect the seeds to kill pathogens on the seed surface. Generally, the seeds are first soaked in clean water for about 2 h, then soaked in strong chlorinated lime for 8-10 h, then washed clean and sprouted for use as seedlings.
2.3 Fine Land Preparation and Sufficient Base Fertilizer For dry land or rainfed fields without water sources, after the previous crop is harvested, land preparation should be carried out in a timely manner according to the season. Before harrowing, apply 30000 kg of decomposed barnyard manure per hectare, spread it evenly and plow it into the soil. The land should be leveled and harrowed fine, with deep plowing of about 20 cm. After leveling, apply surface base fertilizer; the amount should be determined according to whether the soil is fertile or poor. Generally, apply 750 kg/hectare of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer; if superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate is used, apply 375 kg/hectare, and also add 75 kg/hectare of urea or 150-225 kg/hectare of ammonium sulfate. To prevent underground pests from damaging the seedlings, 30 kg of Miral mixed with 600 kg of fine soil can be evenly broadcast on the field surface.
2.4 Timely Sowing Generally, mid-April is the suitable time, so that the heading and flowering stage can avoid midsummer drought weather and ensure yield. Sowing methods include broadcasting, drilling and dibbling. No matter which method is used, the soil moisture must be thoroughly watered before sowing. After the soil is leveled and harrowed fine, sow by artificial furrowing. The density is: row spacing 25-30 cm, plant spacing 10-150 m. Sow 5-7 grains per hole; the sowing rate is generally 37.5 kg of dry grain per hectare; sowing depth about 20 m. After sowing, cover with soil 2-3 cm thick in a timely manner. Too deep or too shallow is unfavorable for emergence and growth and development; especially when too deep, the emergence rate is low, tillering ability is weak, panicles are small and yield is low. At the same time, do a good job of preventing rats and birds.
2.5 Field Management
2.5.1 Rational Fertilizer Application. Applying sufficient base fertilizer, adding seed fertilizer and applying topdressing in stages is an important fertilization experience for increasing upland rice yield. Upland rice is relatively sensitive to nitrogen fertilizer and requires large amounts of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Base fertilizer generally accounts for 60%-70% of the total, and the fertilizer types are mainly farmyard manures such as compost and barnyard manure. Upland rice requires relatively more soil moisture; applying organic fertilizers such as compost and barnyard manure can improve soil physical and chemical properties and increase the soil's water storage and fertilizer retention capacity. Base fertilizer should adopt the whole-layer fertilization method: first apply organic fertilizer, plow it into the soil, then apply surface base fertilizer after leveling, and level the field surface. Topdressing is mainly quick-acting organic fertilizers such as human excrement and urine, as well as chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate. The timing and number of topdressings vary with climate and soil. When planted in the rainy season, topdressing can be applied at the tillering stage, jointing stage and heading stage; if in a season with little rain, it is advisable to apply topdressing early (at the tillering stage) and use foliar topdressing later. Pay attention to controlling nitrogen fertilizer and applying more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to prevent lodging. Tillering fertilizer is broadcast at the 2-leaf 1-heart to 3-leaf 1-heart stage during light rain or after rain, with 150 kg urea and 75 kg potassium fertilizer per hectare, to promote early tillering and reach the planned number of seedlings. Jointing fertilizer can be applied in the late tillering stage before young panicle differentiation, generally 75 kg urea per hectare, to promote large panicles. During the heading and grain-filling stage, fertilizer can be applied according to seedling condition, and the amount should be carefully controlled. Generally, before or after rain, apply 30-45 kg urea per hectare; on sunny days, foliar topdressing can also be used, with 3 kg urea plus 0.6 kg monopotassium phosphate per hectare, diluted with 30-50 kg water and sprayed. Topdressing is mainly quick-acting organic fertilizers such as human and livestock excrement and urine, as well as chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate.
2.5.2 Seedling Inspection and Thinning, Replanting. When upland rice emerges, inspect, thin and replant seedlings in a timely manner. If rainfall after sowing causes the surface soil to crust, loosen the soil in a timely manner to facilitate emergence.
2.5.3 Weed Control. Because upland rice is planted on dry land or rainfed fields, due to insufficient water supply the seedlings grow slowly in the early stage, and weeds often appear in large numbers and grow quickly in the field, seriously affecting the growth and development of upland rice. Therefore, whether weeds can be effectively controlled at the seedling stage is a key link for high yield of upland rice. Weed control in upland rice should be based mainly on chemical weeding, supplemented by manual weeding. After sowing and before emergence, spray once with a closed-type special upland rice herbicide, such as butachlor + oxadiazon, special upland rice herbicide No. 1, etc.; at the seedling bed stage, contact-type special herbicides such as bentazone and propanil can be selected for treatment.
2.5.4 Lodging Prevention. Applying 250-300 mg/kg of 15% paclobutrazol wettable powder at the jointing stage can effectively control the growth of internodes at the stem base and prevent lodging.
2.5.5 Rational Irrigation. Planting upland rice does not mean irrigation is unnecessary, especially in areas with relatively little natural precipitation, where water source conditions are an important guarantee for the normal growth and development of upland rice. Therefore, during water-demanding growth periods, water should be supplemented to ensure the normal growth of upland rice. Generally, at sowing, water must be thoroughly applied to ensure uniform emergence; about 10 d after sowing, water once, then water once each at the tillering stage and the booting and grain-filling stage. The soil should be thoroughly watered to ensure normal plant development and achieve high yield.
2.6 Pest and Disease Control The main pests are underground pests, striped stem borer, rice leaf roller, rice planthopper, etc. At the jointing stage, spray 25% dimehypo aqueous solution plus validamycin water at 7.5 kg/hectare. The main diseases include rice blast, bacterial leaf blight and sheath blight. At the heading stage, spray a mixture of high-efficiency low-toxicity insecticides, tricyclazole, Yeqingshuang and monopotassium phosphate, which can play a dual role in preventing diseases, controlling pests and preventing premature senescence.
2.7 Timely Harvest Upland rice is relatively prone to grain shattering, so harvest in a timely manner after maturity to avoid unnecessary yield loss.