Detailed Explanation of Key Cultivation Techniques for Upland Rice in Heilongjiang

This year, farmer Sun Baoxiang of Heli Village, Renmin Town, Anda City, Heilongjiang Province, introduced the new upland rice variety Hanadao 65 from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Beijing, and achieved success in a trial planting of 10 mu. Due to severe drought this year, but with the careful cultivation by technicians and farmers, the actual harvest of upland rice grain in autumn was 2521 kg, with an average yield of 252.1 kg per mu. Although the yield of upland rice was not high during the three years of major disasters, the success of this upland rice planting has blazed a new path to wealth for the future development of upland rice production.

1. Quality varieties increase benefits, growth days must be suitable

To develop upland rice production, the first priority is to select varieties with excellent grain quality and good taste, comparable to high-quality rice varieties; only then can upland rice production develop. The second is to select varieties whose growth period is similar to the local frost-free period. For example, the frost-free period in Anda City is about 125 days, so the growth period of the selected variety should have a certain margin, that is, about 120 days. One should not take a gamble by choosing a variety with a full-load or extra-long growth period, so as to avoid unnecessary losses.

2. Land preparation quality must be maintained, fertilization standards must be remembered firmly

Upland rice cultivation mainly adopts the flat sowing and bed management planting method, so the land preparation and fertilization methods are basically the same as those for flat sowing @#@245@#@. When selecting the previous crop, one must choose a clean stubble, such as corn or soybean stubble, and it is best to prepare land and apply fertilizer in autumn. When preparing land, large machinery should be used to complete deep loosening, shallow plowing, leveling and fine harrowing in one pass. The deep loosening standard is 18-22 cm, and shallow plowing is 15-17 cm. Before land preparation, sufficient farmyard manure should be applied, with a standard of more than 2 cubic meters per mu. During land preparation, chemical fertilizer should be applied once in autumn, with a standard of 15 kg diammonium phosphate, 10 kg urea, and 5 kg potassium sulfate per mu. If autumn land preparation is difficult, early spring land preparation while the soil is still frozen can also be adopted, with the same standard as autumn land preparation.

3. Carefully select good seed to ensure germination, scientific sowing to achieve full seedlings

The method for selecting upland rice seed is the same as that for selecting rice seed. The specific method is: first conduct a germination test on the seed. Only when the seed germination rate reaches 95% or above can it be used, and then carry out fine selection. Use salt water or yellow mud slurry to select seed. To prepare salt water, add 2-2.1 kg salt to 10 kg water; for yellow mud slurry, add 3 kg yellow soil to 10 kg water and stir evenly so that the specific gravity of the liquid reaches 1.13. Pour the seed into the prepared liquid for floating selection, remove the floating shriveled grains, then rinse the remaining seed with clean water 3 times, and then disinfect the seed. For example, soak the seed in 0.3% copper sulfate solution, rinse with clean water 2 times after 48 hours, and finally dry the seed in the shade ready for sowing.

The sowing method for upland rice is basically the same as that for wheat, that is, using a 48-row seeder, but the seeder should be adjusted to 25 cm so that the row spacing of upland rice plants is 25 cm, with single-row drilling. When sowing, the seed and seed fertilizer must be placed in separate boxes and sown in separate layers to avoid mixed sowing and burning the seed. The amount of seed fertilizer is generally about 5 kg (urea). The sowing period is around May 5. The sowing rate is 5-6 kg of dry seed per mu. The appropriate seedling stand per mu (basic seedlings) is 160,000-190,000 plants. If the seedling stand rate of upland rice is too low, the tillering rate of the plants will increase, causing delayed growth in the later stage and the formation of ineffective small panicles, thereby affecting yield. Therefore, upland rice cultivation must rely mainly on the main panicles, with tillering small panicles as a supplement, and follow the production mechanism of increasing yield through the population yield of individual plants.

4. Timely management with appropriate methods, coordinate water and fertilizer, control weeds first

Field management of upland rice should carry out intertillage, weeding, irrigation and topdressing according to the growth process of upland rice, soil physical and chemical conditions, and climatic conditions. The irrigation principle is to irrigate whenever drought occurs. Irrigate during the vigorous growth period of upland rice (tillering stage, jointing stage, heading stage) to keep the field water holding capacity at about 60%. At the same time, topdressing should be carried out in stages during the tillering stage and early heading stage. Generally, apply 10 kg urea per mu as tillering fertilizer and 5 kg as panicle fertilizer. The topdressing method is to make a small ditch 10 cm deep between rows, then filter the fertilizer at the bottom of the ditch, then cover with soil and irrigate. When topdressing, the amount must be strictly controlled and not excessive, so as to prevent the upland rice from staying green and maturing late. When irrigating, it is best to use small irrigation equipment, which can both save water and avoid soil compaction.

Weeding should begin after emergence. Manual weeding can both remove weeds in the field and loosen the soil, which chemical weeding cannot match. The second hoeing should be carried out at the tillering stage, mainly to remove weeds among the seedlings; the third hoeing should be carried out in the early heading stage. Through three intertillage hoeings, field weeds are basically eliminated.

In short, in developing upland rice production, pay attention to grasping the above technical links, and one can achieve success steadily.