Detailed Explanation of Key Points of Peanut Plastic Film Mulch Cultivation Technology
Peanut is an important cash crop in China. Among all oilseed crops, peanut has the highest oil yield, reaching 45%-50%, nearly twice that of soybean. As the world's largest consumer of peanut oil, China's demand for peanuts is self-evident. So how should peanuts be planted? What is the plastic film mulch cultivation technology for peanuts? Today Qinnongwang will introduce to everyone how to plant peanuts.
To achieve high yields when planting peanuts, every step from seed selection to harvest is important. Qinnongwang here introduces planting techniques covering six aspects: seed selection, land selection, land preparation, fertilization, sowing, and routine management, as well as issues to note when using plastic film mulch, hoping to provide some help to farmers.
I. Variety Selection
Selection criteria: choose high-yield and stable-yield varieties with a growth period of 120-130 days, active accumulated temperature of around 2500°C, large yield-increasing potential, strong resistance, and no premature senescence, mostly white-seeded types.
II. Land Selection and Crop Rotation
Land selection for peanut planting is very important. Choose sandy loam or loam with deep soil layers, good drainage and irrigation, high soil fertility, and good water and fertilizer retention; highly sandy soil is not suitable. For crop rotation, planting peanuts on fresh land increases yield, especially for film-mulched peanuts, so a good previous crop should be chosen; corn, millet, and gramineous crops are best, followed by potato, watermelon, etc. If continuous cropping is unavoidable, organic fertilizer or biological fertilizer should be added.
III. Land Preparation
Fine land preparation is the foundation for high and stable yields in plastic film mulch cultivation. It relates to the quality of film covering. Choose fresh land with loose texture, relatively high fertility, and convenient drainage and irrigation. It is best to carry out autumn plowing promptly after the previous crop is harvested, to a depth of 20-23 cm, to mature the plow layer; in early spring, carry out shallow plowing, and after plowing, promptly harrow and level to preserve moisture, achieving fine, crumbly soil without clods. The ground should be level and free of stubble.
IV. Fertilization
1. Fertilizer Selection
Farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer are important measures to ensure a large yield increase in peanut plastic film mulch cultivation. Film mulch cultivation improves the soil ecological environment, promotes peanut growth and development, and increases the demand for nutrient elements. If fertilization is insufficient, especially in low-fertility soil, the effect of film mulching will be greatly reduced. Even if film-mulched peanuts increase yield somewhat, it often causes soil nutrient depletion, which is not conducive to using and maintaining the land.
2. Fertilization Amount
Farmyard manure is generally applied at 30-35 cubic meters per hectare; if there is no farmyard manure, crop rotation can be used. Apply base fertilizer in combination with land preparation. For chemical fertilizer, 45% peanut special fertilizer 450-600 kg, preferably mixed with biological fertilizer. For example, 301 ecological fertilizer; practice has proved that applying it mixed with chemical fertilizer has a very good effect. If single-element chemical fertilizers are used, urea 100-135 kg, diammonium phosphate about 150-200 kg, potassium fertilizer 80-150 kg.
3. Fertilization Method
Peanut has fertilizer-absorbing characteristics. According to peanut's fertilizer absorption characteristics and the nature of the fertilizer, when applying as base fertilizer, it must be applied deeply. Peanut has a taproot system, and most roots are concentrated in the 10-30 cm plow layer, so it should be applied deeply and evenly. The absorption peaks of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium all appear before flowering and pegging, accounting for 28%, 35%, and 47% of the total absorption during the whole growth period respectively, and then gradually decrease. Apply sufficient base fertilizer at one time in combination with land preparation. It is best to apply in two times: 2/3 of the fertilizer applied in combination with early spring land preparation, and 1/3 applied below the 10 cm plow layer when ridging.
V. Sowing
1. Pre-sowing Preparation
Choose peanuts with strong germination vigor as seeds. Before sowing, sun-dry the pods to break dormancy, promote after-ripening, and improve seed vigor. After shelling, grade and select seeds, choosing first- and second-grade seeds as seed. 2. Seed treatment refers to seed soaking and sprouting and chemical seed dressing. In Northeast China, seed soaking and sprouting is not advocated, because the peanut seed coat easily falls off after treatment. It is best to dress seeds with peanut-specific seed coating agents to prevent and control underground pests and seedling stage damping-off, etc. For example, Fangchaling No. 3 seed dressing agent produced by Benxi Zhuangmiao Company has a relatively good application effect on peanuts.
2. Timely Sowing
Sowing period: mastering the sowing period is very critical. Based on many years of experience, our Fuyu open-field direct-seeded peanuts are sown from May 15 to 25, and film-mulched peanuts are preferably sown from May 10 to 15, and this should also be determined according to the meteorological conditions at the time. Within 5 days, when the daily average soil temperature in the 5-10 cm plow layer steadily passes 12°C, sowing can begin. Film-mulched peanuts can raise soil temperature, so they can be sown appropriately earlier. Ensure sowing quality. Generally, a film mulching machine is used, and under good bottom moisture conditions, sowing, film covering, and herbicide spraying are done at the same time in one operation. Two natural ridges are covered with film together. It is also possible to harrow level after sowing, spray herbicide, and cover film manually, with two seeds per hole according to density requirements. Sow evenly, with the plastic film closely adhering to the ridge surface. Every 2-3 meters or so, throw two shovelfuls of soil to prevent the wind from lifting the film.
3. Reasonable Close Planting
Generally, the ridge spacing is 63-65 cm, using 1.2 or 1.3 m wide plastic film, covering two ridges together, with hole spacing of 17-20 cm, and 200,000-220,000 plants per hectare. Large-ridge three-row film mulching can also be used, that is, two natural ridges combined into one large ridge, with three rows planted on the ridge, and small row spacing of 30-35 cm, which can reasonably utilize soil fertility and light energy.
VI. Field Management
After peanut sowing, frequently inspect the field and protect the film. If wind lifts the film or the film breaks and lets air through, promptly cover it tightly and press it firmly to ensure the effects of warming and moisture preservation. After peanut seedlings emerge, promptly guide the seedlings out and seal the film holes tightly with moist soil. While guiding seedlings, pull the first pair of lateral branches out of the film, promptly remove excessive soil mounds on the film holes, and after full emergence, promptly inspect seedlings and replant missing ones. During peanut growth and development, do a good job of protecting the film, preventing wind damage and trampling by people and livestock. Strengthen the prevention and control of diseases and pests. The main diseases are stem rot, root rot, and crown rot in the early stage, and leaf spot disease in the middle and late stages. Use systemic fungicides plus foliar fertilizer. Among insect pests, aphids and red spiders are the most damaging. Use omethoate and imidacloprid to control aphids, and for red spiders use acaricides such as abamectin.
VII. Issues to Note
The selected variety must be suitable, and the growth period must be moderate. Early-maturing varieties cannot be film-mulched, as they are prone to premature senescence. The plastic film must not be stretched separately, to avoid tearing. Opening holes to release seedlings should be early rather than late, and soil must be pressed on, 3-5 cm thick.
The above is Qinnongwang's introduction to peanut planting technology. When planting peanuts, if you want to improve yield and economic benefits, adopting plastic film mulch technology is one of the very effective measures, and it is also a planting method that peanut farmers in China like to use. Growers can refer to this article and compare it with their own planting methods to see whether there is anything that needs improvement.