High-yield Cultivation Experience and Methods for Rainfed Spring Wheat
Dead wheat seedlings in winter wheat refers to the freeze damage that occurs during overwintering and early spring due to low temperatures, and it is one of the common disasters in wheat production. To achieve high and stable wheat yields and the goal of high quality and increased efficiency, it is essential to ensure a reasonable wheat population and a sufficient number of spikes per mu, so preventing the occurrence of dead wheat seedlings is particularly important...
I. Selection of improved varieties and reasonable yield component indicators are the prerequisites for high wheat yieldsSelect drought-resistant spring wheat varieties to achieve the goal of saving water. In our regiment, the main choices are Ningchun No. 16 and Xinchun No. 9, which are high-yielding, drought-resistant, fertilizer-tolerant and lodging-resistant. Seed quality must reach the second-grade improved variety standard. Per 667 sq m, the basic seedling count is 400,000 to 450,000 plants, the harvested spikes are more than 400,000, the average number of grains per spike is 26 to 28, the 1000-grain weight is more than 48 grams, the single-spike weight is more than 1.3 grams, and when the yield is calculated at 85%, the per-unit yield can reach more than 400 kg.
II. Soil nutrients are an important foundation for high wheat yields
The soil nutrients in the plow layer should generally reach: organic matter 1.0%, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen greater than 50 mg/kg, available phosphorus greater than 20 mg/kg, and total nitrogen greater than 0.08%.
III. Water is the source of high wheat yields
During the crop growth period (early May to early August), rainfall should be more than 300 mm. For plots with irrigation conditions, 1 to 2 irrigations must also be carried out. In drought years, various drought-resistant sprinkler irrigation equipment should be used to fight drought with all efforts and ensure a bumper harvest.
IV. Implementation of key cultivation measures is the guarantee for high wheat yields
1. Fully complete pre-sowing preparation work
① Land preparation Deep loosening to improve soil and store water through soil. Select plots with medium to high soil fertility, with a previous crop such as rapeseed and with straw already returned to the field, and carry out deep autumn plowing and whole-layer fertilization. The fertilizer application rate is more than 50% of the total nitrogen fertilizer and 70% to 90% of the total phosphorus fertilizer. The plowing depth is more than 28 cm, and mechanical leveling is done to a ready-to-sow state. Spring harrowing should meet the six-character standard of "even, level, loose, fine, moist and clean." All farmland is operated with high-horsepower tractors, which is an important tillage method for our regiment to achieve high wheat yields.
② Seed treatment After the seeds are cleaned with a seed cleaning machine, they are further selected with a fine seed cleaner (indent selection, gravity selection), and after seed selection, coating treatment is carried out.
③ Fertilizer input Increase fertilizer application and supplement water with fertilizer. Per 667 sq m, apply 22 to 25 kg of nitrogen fertilizer and 21 to 23 kg of phosphorus fertilizer. One-third of this fertilizer amount is used as seed fertilizer, and two-thirds is used as base fertilizer and later topdressing. The nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio is 1:0.75, of which whole-layer fertilization is 25 kg per 667 sq m, middle-layer fertilization is 10 to 15 kg, and potassium fertilizer is 3 to 5 kg. Where conditions permit, soil testing and formula fertilization should be carried out, and precision fertilization technology should be fully implemented. Make full use of our regiment's advantage in animal husbandry, combine it with soil test results, vigorously collect and transport organic fertilizer, and improve medium- and low-yield fields. Apply 1000 kg of sheep manure or 100 kg of oil residue per 667 sq m, combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. To improve and enhance processing quality, appropriately increase trace fertilizers such as S, B, Zn, Cu, Mn and Mo. Organic fertilizer or whole-layer fertilization is applied before autumn plowing, and the remaining chemical fertilizers and trace fertilizers are used as middle-layer fertilization and foliar fertilization.
2. Firmly grasp the sowing stage
Cultivate strong seedlings and use water economically. When the previous work is ready, timely dry sowing should be carried out. When the surface soil thaws 5 cm, sowing can begin on frozen soil, and sowing should be completed before April 20. The sowing rate is 28 to 30 kg per 667 sq m, using a 24-row seeder for equal-row spacing sowing. During sowing, the rows are required to be straight and uniform (15 cm equal row spacing, with row error less than plus or minus 2 cm), sowing depth consistent (depth of 3.5 to 4.5 cm), no overlap and no omission (connecting row width of 13 to 17 cm), uniform seed drop (100 to 110 seeds per meter per row), tightly covered with soil, firmly compacted, and no floating seeds on the surface.
3. Strengthen field management efforts
① Seedling inspection and reseeding After sowing, promptly inspect seedlings and reseed in places where sowing was missed or interrupted, to ensure the number of retained seedlings per 667 sq m.
② Topdressing Apply topdressing according to seedling condition, combining spot and strip application. For strong seedlings, broadcast or band apply 5 to 6 kg of urea per 667 sq m; for weak seedlings, broadcast or band apply 8 to 10 kg of urea per 667 sq m.
③ Reasonable irrigation For plots with conditions, irrigation should be carried out according to the weather, the soil and the crop. Irrigate the first water at the three-leaf stage, and determine the second irrigation according to soil moisture and growth condition.
④ Chemical weeding At the 2- to 4-leaf stage of wild oats, use 70 mL of Puma per 667 sq m, mixed with 20 kg of water for control; for dicotyledonous weeds, use 1.5 g of Juxing per 667 sq m, mixed with 20 kg of water for control, with a weed control effect of more than 90%.
⑤ Lodging prevention At the jointing stage of spring wheat, use 200 mL of chlormequat per 667 sq m for chemical control. For plots with excessive population density, carry out a second chemical control 7 days after the first spraying, spraying 150 mL of chlormequat per 667 sq m.
⑥ Foliar fertilization Combined with chemical weeding at the seedling stage, spray 200 g of monopotassium phosphate and 500 g of urea per 667 sq m, with the amount of water not less than 15 kg. Foliar fertilization should be light rather than concentrated.
4. Make full efforts in pest and disease control and prevention
① Pest and disease control Do a good job in pest and disease control, and pay attention to observing the periods when pests and diseases appear. The main hazards are nematode disease, take-all disease, fusarium head blight, rust disease, armyworm and meadow moth, etc. Promptly use carbendazim, triadimefon, Saidan and Jiuxiaoling, etc. for mechanical control.
② Aerial chemical control At the early booting stage, use aircraft to spray 50 to 70 g of 25% triadimefon per 667 sq m and 70 g of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder per 667 sq m to prevent spring wheat rust and fusarium head blight. At the same time, foliar trace fertilizer can be applied in combination with aerial operations, laying the foundation for high wheat yields.
5. Mid- and late-stage management
① Roguing and removal of inferior plants Organize manpower to manually rogue and remove inferior plants in seed fields to ensure seed purity.
② Yield estimation and harvest Prepare for harvest in advance and estimate the yield well. Mechanical harvesting should be carried out when wheat has generally lost its yellow color, the grains have entered the late dough stage, and the moisture content is below 15%, according to quality requirements (harvest loss must not exceed 3%, breakage rate must not exceed 1%, and cleanliness rate must reach more than 95%). Seed fields should be harvested first, and straw return and autumn plowing and land preparation should be carried out in a timely manner.