Key Techniques for Three-Dimensional Cultivation of Soybean and Gastrodia elata
In order to develop the local economy and increase farmers' income, the introduction of the aromatic crop mint for demonstration planting has achieved success, the key techniques for mint cultivation have been clearly understood, and experience has been accumulated for large-scale promotion. 1. Seedling raising. 1. Rhizome propagation. Cultivate seed rhizomes in late April or late August. In the field, select robust-growing...
Gastrodia elata is a traditional Chinese medicinal material with effects such as benefiting qi, calming convulsions, nourishing the liver and stopping dizziness, dispelling wind-dampness, and strengthening bones and muscles. In recent years, on the basis of artificial box cultivation, we have made full use of the growth characteristics of Gastrodia elata and successfully adopted underground planting of Gastrodia elata with above-ground planting of the short-stalked crop soybean. According to investigation and measurement by the agricultural station of Shuidian Town, for three-dimensional cultivation of soybean and Gastrodia elata, the yield of commercial dry Gastrodia elata per mu is 200-300 kg, creating an output value of 8000-10000 yuan (calculated at 36-40 yuan/kg); the yield of soybean per mu is 150-175 kg, creating an output value of 360-420 yuan (calculated at 2.4 yuan/kg). The total output value per mu is 8360-10420 yuan. After deducting 3000-4000 yuan for inputs such as seed Gastrodia elata and 20 yuan for soybean planting inputs, the net profit per mu per year can reach 4300-6300 yuan. The techniques for three-dimensional cultivation of soybean and Gastrodia elata are introduced below.1. Preparation of fungal wood
1. Sources of Armillaria mellea spawn
First, collecting wild Armillaria mellea; second, using wild Armillaria mellea rhizomorphs or fruiting bodies (wild honey mushroom) as original spawn, and obtaining pure spawn through tissue isolation and culture; third, introducing spawn, that is, directly purchasing pure spawn from units that cultivate fungi or plant Gastrodia elata, and then carrying out expanded fungal culture oneself.
2. Cultivation of fungal sticks
Oak wood is preferable for fungal sticks. Generally, oak branches cut after "Start of Winter" and before "Spring Equinox" are selected, with a diameter of 3-5 cm and a length of 45-60 cm, and they must be dehydrated by 30%. Separately, 5 parts of broadleaf tree leaves collected in late autumn are mixed evenly with 1 part fine sand as cultivation material. Fungal stick cultivation is generally carried out 1-2 months before planting Gastrodia elata. Usually the wooden box fungal cultivation method is adopted, that is, using a wooden box 60 cm long, 40 cm wide, and 30 cm high, first drilling 2 small holes 1-2 cm in diameter in the bottom of the box, then spreading a layer of cultivation material 3-5 cm thick, placing 4-5 fungal stick materials flat at equal intervals, adding cultivation material between the sticks, and when half the stick diameter is reached, placing already cultivated fungal branches between the sticks; continuing to add cultivation material until level, then spreading another 2-3 cm thick layer of cultivation material on top. Place 3-4 layers in this way, seal the topmost layer with cultivation material or 2 cm thick pure sawdust, and water thoroughly with clean water. It can be used after more than 1 month of fungal growth.
2. Cultivation techniques
1. Site selection
According to the living habits of Armillaria mellea, generally select sandy loam plots with loose soil, good drainage, soil moisture content of 40%-60%, and strong air permeability. Debris on the ground should be cleared.
2. Cultivation method
Gastrodia elata is planted in flat beds, and soybean is then planted on the bed surface, with Gastrodia elata growing underground and soybean growing above ground. Propagation of Gastrodia elata is divided into two methods: sexual propagation and asexual propagation. In production, asexual propagation is generally mostly used. Cultivation time is divided into spring planting and autumn planting, generally spring planting is more common, around "Pure Brightness".
Planting of Gastrodia elata: first make beds, with a bed depth of 15-20 cm, a width of 100 cm, and unlimited length. The operation path is 50 cm wide. Spread a 2-3 cm thick layer of sandy soil or cultivation material flat on the bottom of the bed, place previously cultivated fungal sticks flat at the bottom of the trench at 10 cm spacing, add humus soil or moist fine soil while placing, and when filled to half the fungal sticks, place Gastrodia elata seed between the fungal sticks, then fill with humus soil or fine moist soil until level, then cover with soil 7-15 cm. Generally, 0.5 kg of seed Gastrodia elata is needed per square meter. When planting, it is best to grade the seed Gastrodia elata: large and medium white Gastrodia elata are planted together, and small white Gastrodia elata and rice Gastrodia elata are planted together, so as to facilitate harvest and management in stages. Finally, level the bed surface to facilitate soybean sowing.
Soybean planting: select local lodging-resistant, high-yield soybean varieties and sow in early May. Generally, hole sowing is used, with two rows per bed, a small row spacing of 60 cm, a large row spacing of 90 cm, and a plant spacing of 26 cm. Thin the seedlings during the seedling stage, maintaining 8000 plants per mu.
3. Field management
Gastrodia elata does not need fertilization throughout the entire growth period, but it is averse to water accumulation, and accumulated water should be drained promptly after rain. If large and medium white Gastrodia elata are cultivated, they are harvested in about 180 days; if small white Gastrodia elata and rice Gastrodia elata are cultivated, they are harvested in the autumn of the second year. Therefore, when overwintering, it is necessary to cover with straw and other cold-proof materials, and prevent livestock from trampling. For pest and disease control, when insect pests occur in the cultivated plot, a 100-fold trichlorfon solution can be sprayed, or poisoned bait can be made for trapping and killing. During fungal cultivation and Gastrodia elata planting, if mold infection is found on the fungal wood, it must not be used.
4. Harvest and processing
First harvest the above-ground soybean, then harvest the underground Gastrodia elata. For spring planting and autumn harvest of large and medium white Gastrodia elata from late October to early November, as the temperature drops, Gastrodia elata is in a dormant period. At this time, the harvested Gastrodia elata has sufficient sap, good quality, and a high drying ratio. When harvesting, gently scrape open the surface soil, remove the soil layer and fungal sticks, and collect the tubers of Gastrodia elata. Arrow Gastrodia elata is processed into commercial products, while small white Gastrodia elata and rice Gastrodia elata are retained as seed tubers for planting.
Processing method: first wash off the soil from the Gastrodia elata body, brush off the rhizomorphs and scales (coarse skin), steam in an earthen pot for 20-30 minutes until there is no hard core, take out and bake or sun-dry; when the large Gastrodia elata reaches 70% dry, gently press flat, then bake or sun-dry until completely dry.