Characteristics, Identification Methods, and Traditional Uses of Ling Magnetite

Ling magnetite is the ore of natural magnetite, named for its obvious magnetism and ability to attract iron. By convention, high-quality magnetite with strong magnetism is called ling magnetite or live magnetite, while that with weak or essentially no magnetism is called dead magnetite. Its main component is ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4), and it is produced in many parts of China, commonly found in various types of magnetite deposits. In traditional literature it also has aliases such as xuanshi, chushi, and xizhenshi.

In appearance, ling magnetite is mostly iron-black or black-gray, with a metallic luster on the surface, a dense and heavy texture, and an uneven fracture. The most intuitive method of identification is to see whether it can pick up small iron objects such as iron needles and iron filings; the stronger the attraction, the better its quality is generally considered to be. It should be noted that after long-term storage or high-temperature treatment, its magnetism may gradually weaken.

According to processing methods, magnetite can be divided into two types: raw magnetite and calcined magnetite. Raw magnetite is used directly after being crushed; it is hard in texture and its components are not easily extracted by decoction. Calcined magnetite is made by high-temperature calcination followed by quenching in vinegar while hot; it is crisp and brittle, making it easier to crush and decoct. The processed magnetite is what is used in the traditional formula Cizhu Pill.

In traditional medicine, magnetite is believed to have effects such as calming the mind and settling fright, subduing liver yang, and improving hearing and vision. It is often combined with other medicinal materials for palpitations, insomnia, dizziness, tinnitus, and deafness. In addition, magnetite is also an important raw material for iron smelting, and in ancient times the directional property of natural magnetite was used to make early directional devices. It should be noted that mineral medicinal materials should be used under the guidance of a physician, and when used in decoction they are generally best decocted first; it is not recommended to take them blindly on one's own.