What are the suitable temperature and humidity for pear storage?

The optimal storage temperature for 'Huangjin' and 'Fengshui' pears is 0°C ± 1°C. During storage, the storage temperature should be kept stable, with temperature fluctuations not exceeding ± 1°C. 'Huangjin' and 'Fengshui' pears should be stored at 90%-95% relative humidity; when stored for more than 4 months, the relative humidity should be maintained at 95% throughout. Appendix A-1 Annual Pear Pest and Disease Control Calendar Period Control Target Control Measures Mid-February Spider mites, fruit borers, pear bud moths, yellow whiteflies, scab, globular scale insects After annual or biennial pruning, scrape the coarse bark from the trunk, main branches and scaffold branches, and the rotten bark at diseased scars; the debris should be carried out of the orchard and destroyed; remove infested branches and buds; clear fallen leaves and fruit from the field and destroy them in a centralized manner. The cut and saw wounds can be coated with the undiluted solution of Nongkang 120 healing agent. Do not use pear, apple or poplar as support stakes. For pear trees on hillsides, wrap plastic film around the trunk and coat the film with petroleum jelly or 99.1% Caltex D-D insecticide emulsifiable concentrate to prevent globular scale insects from climbing the tree; spray Fubiqing, Nongkang 120, Jundu liquid or 3°-5° lime sulfur mixture (also controls overwintering spider mites and aphids). Early to mid-March Pear psylla When overwintering pear psylla reaches more than 10 per tree, spray twice with 30% Taoxiaoling emulsifiable concentrate at 2500 times dilution, or 2.5% Kung Fu emulsifiable concentrate at 2000-3000 times dilution. If pear psylla is scarce, only spray 30-40 times limewater plus 1% salt; to control egg-laying, spray 3%-5% diesel emulsion or 3 degrees lime sulfur mixture to eliminate pear psylla, aphids, etc. Late March Pear canker, black spot, ring rot, spider mites, aphids, yellow pear phylloxera Continue to peel off diseased spots and disease tumors, and apply Fubiqing or Nongkang 120 etc. for disinfection; spray carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl plus 10% imidacloprid; spray Fuxing or 15% fenbuconazole plus chlorpyrifos or pirimicarb once. After spraying, promptly plug ditch cracks; use yellow mud or wall whitening powder, add an appropriate amount of cellulose and water to make a paste, then add 1/1000 imidacloprid, fill and smooth the saw wounds and graft union scars to eliminate yellow pear phylloxera and two-spotted spider mites inside. Early April to early-mid May Pear psylla, spider mites Check the egg-laying amount of pear psylla; if the egg-laying amount is large, spray 1.8% abamectin at 5000 times dilution. In mid-to-late April, 4 days after full bloom, spray 10% imidacloprid at 4000 times dilution; if more than 10 mm of rain fell from inflorescence separation to flowering, add carbendazim at 800 times dilution. Pear fruit borer, pear aphid, pear bud moth, tent caterpillar, mites Two weeks after petal fall, spray 70% fenpyroximate at 400 times dilution or 5% hexythiazox at 1500-2000 times dilution; use natural enemies to control aphids or spray imidacloprid, or spray chlorbenzuron No. 3 suspension concentrate at 1000-2000 times dilution, or 10% abamectin at 5000 times dilution, or 1% matrine alcohol aqueous solution at 1000 times dilution, or Bacillus thuringiensis wettable powder at 500-1000 times dilution to control tent caterpillar and pear bud moth. Scarab beetles, pear weevils, pear sawflies Before flowering, broadcast 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate at 3.0-6.0 kg per hectare + fine soil 450-600 kg on the ground; alternatively, spray phoxim at 500-600 times dilution on the ground; during flowering, strike the trunk and branches to shake pests off. Late May to early June Brown marmorated stink bug, pear psylla, scab, yellow pear phylloxera Spray 1.8% abamectin (avermectin, Aifuding) at 1000 times dilution plus Dacotech M-45 at 800-1000 times dilution; if heavy rain occurs, instead add thiophanate-methyl at 1000 times dilution. Manually shake trees to capture and kill stink bugs. Spray 50% carbendazim wettable powder at 600-800 times dilution. Mid-to-late June Yellow pear phylloxera, pear psylla, spider mites Before wheat harvest, during the period when yellow pear phylloxera moves to fruit and the peak adult period of the second generation of pear psylla, spray imidacloprid and abamectin; if spider mites are severe, additionally spray 70% fenpyroximate at 4000 times dilution. Pear scab, black spot, ring rot Spray lime double-strength Bordeaux mixture at 200 times dilution; for pear varieties susceptible to phytotoxicity, spray lime multi-strength Bordeaux mixture at 300 times dilution; refer also to Tables 6, 7 and 8 for pesticide use. July Oriental fruit moth, pear fruit borer, scab When fruit borers are severe, spray chlorbenzuron No. 3 suspension concentrate at 1000-2000 times dilution; when scab is severe, additionally spray 80% Dacotech M-45 wettable powder at 800 times dilution. Early to mid-August Scab, oriental fruit moth, nettle grub, phalera caterpillar, pear stinging caterpillar, geometrid moth Tie grass bundles around the trunk to attract oriental fruit moths to hide inside the grass; remove and burn the grass bundles before leaf fall; spray lime multi-strength Bordeaux mixture at 200 times dilution, carbendazim wettable powder at 600-800 times dilution; spray Bacillus thuringiensis wettable powder at 500-1000 times dilution to kill phalera caterpillar and tent caterpillar. November Clean the orchard Gather dead branches, fallen leaves, diseased and insect-damaged fruit etc. and burn them in a centralized manner; deep plow the tree plate. Appendix A-2 Annual Pear Orchard Management Calendar Time Operation Item Main Work Content November to early March Clean the orchard Sweep fallen leaves, dead branches, diseased and insect-damaged fruit clean and burn them in a centralized manner. Irrigate with winter water Irrigation must be completed in early to mid-November; the water amount should be sufficient to connect with the subsoil moisture. Winter pruning According to the determined tree shape, follow the principle of timely fruiting, high and stable yield. Young trees should form their shape as early as possible; fruiting trees should maintain a moderate tree vigor, with fine and dense pruning of tree groups. Prevent the occurrence of "alternate bearing." Scrape tree bark, spray pesticide Appendix A-1 Material preparation Prepare sufficient fertilizer, pesticides, and repair agricultural machinery and tools Mid-to-late March Repair soil and water conservation works Complete by early March; where irrigation conditions exist, repair the channels. Topdressing and irrigation For young pear trees, apply pure nitrogen at 0.045-0.09 kg per tree per year; the ratio of pure nitrogen, pure phosphorus and pure potassium is 1:0.5:1, and it can be applied all at once. For fruiting trees, apply 0.25 kg of pure nitrogen per 50 kg of fruit produced per year; the ratio of pure nitrogen, pure phosphorus and pure potassium is 1:0.5:1; this application should be based on the previous autumn's base fertilizer and apply 1/3 of the annual nitrogen amount. Mix phosphate fertilizer into the base fertilizer; the entire year's phosphate fertilizer should be applied all at once. After fertilizing, irrigate and cultivate to conserve soil moisture. Spray pesticide See Appendix A-1 Replant missing trees For pear orchards missing trees or pollinizer trees, replant at this time. Top-grafting to replace inferior varieties For pear orchards with inferior varieties or lacking pollinizer trees, top-grafting to replace with superior varieties can be carried out at this time to increase pollinizer variety trees. April Spray pesticide See Appendix A-1 Irrigation and frost prevention Irrigate once near the flowering period to reduce frost damage. Flower thinning Carry out when inflorescences extend; retain flowers amounting to 37%-45% of total growing points. For 'Yali' pear, leave one inflorescence every 16 cm on average; for 'Xuehuali' pear, leave one inflorescence every 20-25 cm. Pollination Prepare pollen in advance. Generally, the optimal pollination period is when 60% of flowers on a tree are open. Artificial pollination or bee release can be used for pollination; never spray pesticides when bees are released. May Spray pesticide See Appendix A-1 Fruit thinning Fruit-bearing branches should reach 20% of total growing points; carry out after young fruit shed their calyx. For 'Yali' pear, leave one fruit every 16-20 cm on average, and double fruit may be left every 30 cm; for 'Xuehuali' pear, do not leave double fruit, leave one fruit every 20-25 cm; for 'Jingbaili' pear, retain fruit by unit branch. Fruit from low inflorescence positions should be retained. Bagging Bagging can be done at the same time as fruit thinning; bagging must be completed within 40 days after petal fall. Spray fungicides before bagging. Fertilizing, irrigation For large fruiting trees, topdress 2/3 of the planned annual nitrogen fertilizer amount in late May, and apply potassium fertilizer. If the potassium fertilizer is plant ash, it should be applied separately from nitrogen chemical fertilizer. After fertilizing, irrigate and loosen the soil. Starting in late May, carry out foliar spraying every 20-25 days (urea 0.3%-0.4%, monopotassium phosphate 0.2%-0.3%, sprayed 3 times consecutively). June Spray pesticide See Appendix A-1 Irrigation and cultivation Irrigate 1-2 times according to weather conditions; after irrigation, cultivate and weed. Grass mulching Combine clearing weeds from the tree plate and wheat harvest to carry out grass mulching on the tree plate; the mulching thickness must not be less than 20 cm. July Spray pesticide See Appendix A-1 Branch hanging and propping For large branches with heavy fruit load, especially under dense planting conditions, fruiting branches with wide branch angles should be propped to prevent breakage. For newly planted young trees, bend branches to open the branch angle. Weeding, composting Make green manure. Especially for newly reclaimed orchards in mountainous areas to be planted next spring, after leveling the land before the rainy season, fill grass into the planting holes or trenches at this time to ensure planting next spring. Spray pesticide, trap insects See Appendix A-1 Early to mid-August Harvest preparation Before harvest, disinfect and repair the fruit yard, repair the fruit shed, and prepare harvest tools, cartons and transport tools, etc. Harvest Harvest and store in sequence. Late August to September Apply base fertilizer Apply after harvest until early November; for young trees, apply 25-50 kg of organic fertilizer per tree or press in 75 kg of green manure; for large fruiting trees, apply 2 kg of organic fertilizer per kg of fruit. October Deep plowing Carry out in conjunction with applying base fertilizer. Especially in places with more sand and gravel, expanded deep plowing is needed; this work should be done well to ensure stable yield. When deep plowing, be careful not to damage large roots.