Detailed Explanation of Management Techniques for Adult Pollution-Free Pear Orchards
February to March - Bud Break and Blooming Period
1. Apply bud-break fertilizer: In mid-to-late February, before the pear trees bud, apply 1000 kg of decomposed farmyard organic fertilizer per mu, supplemented with a quick-acting multi-element compound fertilizer based mainly on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to improve quality. The application amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium account for 35%, 30%, and 15% of the annual usage respectively. In addition, add 1.5% borax to the total amount to improve flower quality.
2. Irrigation: Irrigate once each before and after blooming in a timely manner to promote budding and uniform blooming.
3. Flower and fruit preservation:
(1) During the bud-swelling stage, use Xinsheng at 5000-8000 times dilution to eliminate the pathogens causing pear flower rot.
(2) Use Nongdile at 1500 times dilution or Lesiben at 1000 times dilution to control pear bud aphids, pear psylla, and pear gall midge.
(3) Flower thinning: When flower buds open, promptly thin out deformed flowers, incompletely developed flowers, flowers on weak branches, and crowded flowers.
(4) Manual pollination: ① Pollen collection: 2-4 days before the full bloom period of the trees to be pollinated, collect in advance the ready-to-open flowers of varieties with abundant pollen and strong affinity. Back indoors, rub two pear flowers together to extract anthers. Spread them on clean white paper and place indoors at 20-25°C (regulate temperature with an electric blanket and light bulbs). After the anthers burst, collect the pollen in a clean small bottle for later use. ② Pollination time and method: When 25% of the flowers on the trees to be pollinated have opened, dip a brush (or cotton ball) into the pollen in the bottle and gently touch it onto the stigma of the flowers needing pollination.
(5) Bee release in the pear orchard: 2-3 days before blooming, move @#@255@#@ into the pear orchard. One colony of honeybees can pollinate 1000-3000 sq m of pear orchard.
April - Shoot Growth, Leaf Expansion, and Young Fruit Period
1. Fruit thinning, fruit setting, and flower thinning time: Begin fruit thinning about 7 days after petal fall. The targets for thinning are deformed fruit, upward-facing fruit (prone to stem turning), and fruit on thin weak branches. Keep only one fruit per cluster. The thinning standard is calculated by leaf-to-fruit ratio: approximately 40:1 for large-fruited types, approximately 35:1 for medium-fruited types, and approximately 30:1 for small-fruited types. For large-fruited types, retain 5000-7000 fruit per mu; for small-fruited types, retain 8000-10000 fruit per mu. After determining the number of fruit to retain per tree, adjust in practice according to the tree and branch: vigorous trees and branches may retain appropriately more, while weak trees and branches should retain appropriately fewer. Retain more in the inner canopy and fewer or none on the distal long shoots. After thinning, promptly spray Jindasheng at 600-800 times dilution 2-3 times, with an interval of about 10 days, to protect both leaves and fruit.
2. Control of pear gall midge: Mix 1 kg of 15% Lesiben granules per mu with 30-40 jin of fine soil or fine sand. After weeding, spread evenly under the tree canopy of pear trees. The effective period lasts 45-60 days.
3. Bagging: ① Bagging time: If preventing fruit russeting (such as for Huangjinli, Lübaoshili, Cuiguanli, and other varieties), spray 500 times Taiwan Jinhuang powder plus 3000 times Baomeiling 1-2 times 10-15 days after petal fall. ② To make the pear fruit surface smooth and clean, promote rapid expansion, and ensure the fruit bags are not easily broken by rain, choose fruit bags of guaranteed quality. ③ Before bagging, spray once with safe, highly effective agents mainly targeting pear scab, black spot, fruit borers, and pear psylla: Jindasheng at 600-800 times + Xinsheng at 6000 times + Lesiben at 1000 times (Nongdile at 1500 times). This spray must be uniform and thorough, and bagging should be done promptly after the solution dries. Strictly prohibit the use of highly toxic, high-residue, emulsion-type, and copper-based pesticides. ④ Bagging method: First open the paper bag mouth, use your hand to push it open inside, gently place the young fruit into the bag opening, and fit the bag mouth over the fruit stalk. Fold and gather it, then twist the wire 2-3 turns. Tie the bag mouth tightly so that sunlight, rain, diseases, and pests cannot enter through the bag opening. Finally, to prevent sunburn on the pear fruit, adjust the bag so the young fruit is positioned in the middle of the bag, making the bag lantern-shaped.
4. Apply fruit-stabilizing fertilizer: In early April, promptly apply 500-1500 kg of decomposed farmyard organic fertilizer per mu, supplemented with micro-fertilizers such as iron, zinc, and calcium at application amounts accounting for 3% of the total annual fertilizer application, along with quick-acting fertilizers based mainly on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The application amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium account for 30% (about 22 kg), 20% (49 kg), and 30% (about 19 kg) of the annual application respectively. If drought occurs, irrigate promptly to avoid affecting fruit expansion.
5. Pest and disease control: At this time, attention should be paid to controlling pear scab, black spot, rust, and damage from fruit borers, aphids, caterpillars, psylla, pear stem sawfly, pear gall midge, and others.
May to June - Fruit Expansion and Shoot Growth Period
1. Bud removal and pinching: For buds at pruning cuts and vigorous water shoots on the upper side of branches, twist or remove them. When general shoots reach 4-5 cun in length, promptly remove buds to regulate the leaf-to-fruit ratio. For some extension shoots and extension shoots of branch groups that grow over 80 cm, pinch promptly to moderate growth and promote flower bud formation.
2. Shoot control: To balance vegetative growth and reproductive growth of pear trees, use 150-200 times monopotassium phosphate or pp0 300-500 times spray to control shoots.
3. Apply fruit-enlarging fertilizer: From late June to early-to-mid July, to improve fruit quality and promote flower bud differentiation, apply 500-1500 kg of decomposed farmyard organic fertilizer per mu at the appropriate time, supplemented with quick-acting fertilizers based on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The application amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium account for 15% (about 11 kg), 30% (about 73 kg), and 30% (about 19 kg) of the annual application respectively. To enhance tree vigor and improve fruit quality, add iron, zinc, and calcium micro-fertilizers accounting for 3% of the total chemical fertilizer amount to this application.
4. Pest and disease control: During this period, pay attention to controlling pear weevils, pear lace bugs, psylla, longhorn beetles, pear gall midge, aphids, as well as pear scab, black spot (brown spot), and rust.
July - Early-Maturing Pear Harvest and Flower Bud Differentiation Period
1. Ditching and drainage: Pay attention to ditching and drainage to avoid root death and prevent adverse effects on fruit quality and flower bud differentiation.
2. Harvest: Harvest early-maturing pears at the appropriate time, and be sure to do post-harvest handling well, including sorting, grading, packaging, and @#@136@#@. Special reminder: prohibit the use of all chemical fertilizers and pesticides 10-15 days before harvest.
3. Branch bending to promote flowering: At the appropriate time, bend vigorous branches with small angles on young trees to promote flowering.
4. Pest and disease control: Pay attention to controlling psylla, caterpillars, slug moths, pear lace bugs, cicadas, red and yellow spiders, as well as pear scab, black spot, and other pests and diseases. Spray Jindasheng at 600-800 times + Xinsheng at 6000 times + Lesiben at 1000 times (Nongdile at 1500 times) to prevent early leaf drop and autumn flowering.
August to September - Mid- and Late-Maturing Fruit Ripening and Flower Bud Differentiation Period
1. Ditching and drainage: Continue to manage ditching and drainage well so that the orchard remains appropriately dry, which is beneficial for leaf retention and flower development.
2. Harvest: Do a good job in harvesting and post-harvest handling of mid- and late-maturing pears, as well as grading, packaging, and sales.
3. Apply post-harvest fertilizer: In mid-to-late September, apply 4500 kg of decomposed farmyard organic fertilizer per mu, supplemented with quick-acting fertilizers based on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and iron fertilizer accounting for 2% of the total chemical fertilizer amount. The application amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium account for 20% (about 14 kg), 20% (about 49 kg), and 25% (about 16 kg) of the annual application respectively, so as to restore tree vigor as soon as possible and improve the quality of flower bud differentiation.
4. Strengthen pest and disease control: Continue spraying Jindasheng at 600-800 times dilution. If pest outbreaks occur, add highly effective insecticide Lesiben at 1000 times or Nongdile at 1500 times to Jindasheng to prevent disease, kill insects, protect leaves, promote flower development, and prevent autumn flowering in pear trees.
October to December - Leaf Drop and Dormancy Period
1. Cultivation and orchard turning: From mid-to-late October to the end of the year, promptly carry out cultivation and turn the orchard soil to improve the good environment for root growth, while also helping to destroy overwintering sites for pests and diseases.
2. Winter pruning: ① Pruning principles: Prune young trees lightly, old trees heavily; vigorous trees lightly, weak trees heavily; trees with many fruit heavily, trees with few fruit lightly. ② Pruning methods: Heading back, thinning, renewal pruning, and branch bending. ③ Pruning targets (bend first, then prune): Head back extension shoots, long fruit branches, crossing branches, weak branches, etc.; thin out crowded branches, declining branches, useless long shoots, upright water shoots on the upper side of branches, dead branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, etc.; renewal prune aging branches, ox-tail branches, and excessively long extension branches, etc. Through pruning, achieve sparse outside and dense inside, sparse upper and dense lower, large branches balanced and small branches dense; branch tips distributed in an orderly manner, not shading each other, with ventilation and light penetration, and three-dimensional fruiting.
3. Orchard cleaning in late winter and early spring: ① Three prunings (remove diseased branches, pest-infested branches, and dead branches), two scrapings (scrape off loose bark and diseased spots), one whitewashing (apply lime whitewash); ② Weed, clean the orchard, and sweep fallen leaves: Remove weeds in and around the orchard and sweep up fallen leaves and fallen fruit to burn in a centralized manner; ③ When flower buds swell and show white, use Rongshajieman at 80-100 times or Qingyuanbao at 80-100 times to wash the tree body and eliminate overwintering sources of pests and diseases.