Introduction to the high-quality late-maturing pear variety Jinshui No. 1
Jinshui No. 1 is a new variety bred by the Fruit and Tea Research Institute of the Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, with the parents Changshilang X Jiangdao. It won awards from the Hubei Provincial and National Science Conferences in 1978, was rated as a high-quality fruit of Hubei Province in 1999, and was designated a key variety for promotion. It has now been promoted for planting in Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Fujian, Chongqing and other provinces and cities, and in southern regions it shows high yield, high quality and strong disease resistance, with promising prospects for development and application.
1. Fruit economic traits: the fruit is round, with an average single fruit weight of 290 grams and a maximum fruit weight of 540 grams. The peel is green and turns green-yellow at maturity; the fruit dots are medium-large and moderately numerous; the fruit surface is relatively smooth and clean, and the fruit shape is uniform with a beautiful appearance. The flesh is white, fine and tender, crisp, with few stone cells, abundant juice, and a pleasant sweet-sour taste. It contains 11.3-13% soluble solids, 6.84% soluble sugars, and 0.3% titratable acid, with superior quality. It matures in late August in the Wuhan area, is relatively tolerant to storage and transportation, and can be stored at room temperature for 20-30 days. It is a high-quality fresh-eating mid-to-late-maturing sand pear variety.
2. Growth and fruiting habits: the plant has strong vigor, a relatively upright tree posture, and robust one-year-old branches. The germination rate is 71.58%, and the branching ability is 1.3. Trees in full fruiting stage mainly bear fruit on short fruit branches; the proportions of fruiting branch types are 78.4% short fruit branches, 11.7% axillary flower branches, and 9.9% medium and long fruit branches. It has good early fruiting ability, high and stable yield, bearing fruit in the 3rd-4th year after planting. Five-year-old trees average 27.5 kg per tree, with the highest per-tree yield of 45 kg, after which the yield stabilizes at 2500-3000 kg/667 sq m. In the Wuhan area, the first bloom stage is in late March, the full bloom stage is in late April, and the fruit development period is about 140 days.
3. Resistance and adaptability: it has strong resistance, is highly resistant to scab and black spot, and has moderate resistance to rust and ring rot. It is relatively tolerant to high temperature and humidity, tolerant to poor soil, grows and fruits well on red-yellow soil, yellow-brown soil and fluvo-aquic soil, and also has relatively strong cold resistance. It can be promoted for planting in the old course of the Yellow River region, the Yangtze River basin and southern China.
4. Key points of cultivation techniques:
1. Planting density and selection and arrangement of pollinizer trees. In plain lake areas with deep and fertile soil, the planting row and plant spacings are 5 m * 4 m and 5 m * 3 m, and raised ridges should be used for high planting, with attention to opening the "three ditches." In low hills, uplands and secondary high mountain areas, the planting row and plant spacings are 5 m * 2 m and 4 m * 3 m. Suitable pollinizers are Annong No. 1, Huanghua, and No. 24, with a configuration ratio of no less than 1:4.
2. Artificial pollination. Jinshui No. 1 has a relatively low fruit-setting rate, and the flowering period in southern regions is prone to low temperature and continuous rain, so artificial pollination should be carried out. When the germination rate of commercial pollen is above 40%, mix it with 4-5 parts of fillers such as lycopodium powder and starch. Begin when 25% of the flowers on the whole tree have opened, and use a brush or rubber tip to dip pollen and pollinate 1-3 side flowers per inflorescence. During full bloom, 0.3% borax + 250 times edible vinegar can also be sprayed.
3. Reasonable fertilization. The application ratio of N:P2O5:K2O is 1:1.5:1. In mid-June, apply a heavy fruit-swelling fertilizer, applying 100-120 kg of compound fertilizer or K2SO4 per 667 sq m, or 200-250 kg/667 sq m of special organic biological fertilizer for sand pear. After harvesting in early September, immediately apply base fertilizer. For farmyard manure, use 2-3 liang of fertilizer per 1 jin of fruit; for cake fertilizer, use 2-4 liang of fertilizer per 1 jin of fruit. At the same time, mix in 250-300 kg of superphosphate per 667 sq m at one time, and apply it in trenches 40-50 cm wide and 50 cm deep. Irrigate thoroughly during drought.
4. Use the double-layer open-center shape. The reasonable tree structure is a tree height of 2.5-3.0 m and a crown width of 3.5-4.0 m. The main branches are divided into two layers. The first layer has 3-4 main branches with a basal angle of 60-70°C, and each main branch is equipped with 1-2 side branches; the second layer has 2 sub-main branches with a basal angle of 50-60°C, on which 2-3 large fruiting branch groups are arranged. The interlayer spacing is 100-120 cm, and small branch groups are borne directly on the trunk above it. The whole tree resembles a "straw hat."
5. Base pruning mainly on the growth period, combined with winter pruning. Use hands more and pruning shears less. In mid-to-late April, when new shoots are 20-40 cm long, remove the apical 1-2 young leaves and the growth point. In mid-May, thin out overly dense and poorly positioned vigorous new shoots. In June and July, for 2-3-year-old branches that bear little fruit, girdle or ring them at 10 cm from the base to promote flower bud formation, and at the same time bend and spread the main and side branches that grow upright to open their angles. In winter pruning, apart from retracting overly weak branch groups, heading back extension branches, and thinning branches with too many flower buds, basically do not prune.
6. Training and pruning of young trees. Young trees have strong vigor and upright branches, so mainly use growth-period measures such as branch bending and pinching to slow growth. In winter pruning, apart from heading back the extension branches of the main and side branches, basically do not prune. This achieves the goals of rapid canopy formation and early high yield.