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Correct Methods and Technical Key Points for Returning Wheat Straw Compost to the Field
Choose a flat spot at the edge or corner of a field close to a water source, and firm the ground. Chop the wheat straw short, soak it with water, and then build the pile. First spread a layer of wheat straw about 25 cm thick, press it firm, then pour on human and livestock manure and urine, or for every 100 kg of dry wheat straw add 0.5 kg of urea and 2 kg of superphosphate, and spread a layer of pond mud 10 cm thick on top. Then spread another layer of straw, pour on fertilizer, and cover with pond mud. Build up layer by layer in this way until the pile reaches 1.5-2 m high. Finally seal the pile with thin mud. After 30 days, turn the pile and add an appropriate amount of water. After 2 months in summer, or 3-4 months in winter, it will be
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Key Technical Points for No-Till Planting with Rice Straw Return
No-till technology with rice straw return refers to a simple planting method in which, after the rice harvest, the rice straw is spread evenly over the field, no plowing is done, and only chemical weed control is carried out before wheat can be sown. This technology was successfully developed in May 2000 through dedicated experimental research by the Chengdu Second Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The no-till wheat planting technology with rice straw return fully combines the advantages of straw return, no-till, and broadcasting, and scientifically assembles them into a complete new technology package, which has not yet been formally reported at home or abroad. Experimental research shows that this comprehensive supporting technology not only increases
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What flower is the strawflower? Everlasting flower and "beixigong" are both its other names.
Latin name: Helichrysum bracteatum. Other names: strawflower, beixigong. Family and genus: Asteraceae. Origin: native to Australia, now widely cultivated in countries around the world. Characteristics: herbaceous, plant height 70-120 cm, stems stout and rough, seemingly hairy, leaves linear or lanceolate, capitulum solitary at the tip of branches, flower diameter 3-6 cm, the petals at the edge of the disc are multiple layers of involucral bracts surrounding the capitulum, the outer bracts are short and arranged in an imbricate pattern,
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Strawflower
Scientific name: Helichrysum bracteatum. Also known as: wax flower, iron chrysanthemum. Family and genus: Asteraceae. Blooming season: winter to spring, about December to May of the following year. Brief introduction: Strawflower, plant height 70-120 cm, stems thick and coarse, appearing hairy, leaves linear or lanceolate, flower heads solitary at the tips of branches, flower diameter 3-6 cm, the ray-like petals around the flower head are multiple layers of involucral bracts surrounding the flower head, the outer bracts short, arranged in an imbricate pattern, the inner layers of bracts elongated
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The role and application methods of wheat straw and wheat chaff mulching
Wheat straw and wheat chaff mulching is the even scattering of wheat straw or wheat chaff around autumn crops or between rows to form a certain mulch layer, with an appropriate amount of soil pressed over it in spots so as to cover and preserve soil moisture. For wheat straw and wheat chaff mulching, it is necessary to properly grasp the principles of timing, mulching amount, and rational application of chemical fertilizers, etc. 1. Timing. The relatively suitable mulching time is from late June to early and mid-July. Too early makes it easy to press down the seedlings, while too late means the crop plants are tall and not easy to work with. After mulching, if there is no rain or the rainfall is insufficient, it will affect the rotting and decomposition of the straw, and the effect will be poor, so timely watering is needed. It is also possible to water at the first topdressing at the end of June.
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Mock Strawberry
Mock strawberry, also known as ground bayberry, belongs to the genus Duchesnea in the rose family (Rosaceae) and is a perennial low-growing herb. The whole plant is covered with white hairs, and the stems are slender, creeping, and root at every node. The leaves are alternate and palmately compound. The flowers are yellow and borne on long stalks. The fruit is bright red, with a raised central portion that is soft like a sponge. The whole plant is collected in summer and autumn and dried in the sun. A decoction of the whole plant, 15-50 g, taken as a water decoction, can treat cancer.
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Shiitake waste can be used to produce straw-rotting mushrooms
For more than a decade, the open-field shiitake industry in Xinbin County has developed on a relatively large scale, and the cultivation materials have shown a growth trend. For a long time, the waste material left after fruiting in open-field shiitake cultivation was always returned directly to the fields to improve the soil, and the issue of utilizing the waste material was never studied. In recent years, due to climatic reasons, the open-field shiitake cultivation model has gradually shifted to the cold-frame connected mushroom-column model, and therefore a great many spent mushroom sticks appear every year. This year alone, cold-frame shiitake was developed on 1,560 frames, and after fruiting there will be 7 million kg of spent mushroom sticks. In these waste materials there are still
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Strawflower is both a flower and a tea, good for ornamental viewing and for brewing tea
Strawflower is also known as shell flower. The flowers are hard, shaped like shells or wheat straw, and resemble chrysanthemums, hence the name. The flowers can be brewed as tea and have effects such as cooling and relieving summer heat, refreshing the mind and lowering blood pressure, with no toxic side effects, making them a fine beverage. The flower colors are gorgeous, the flowering period is long, planting is simple, management is extensive, and adaptability is strong. It can be grown in pots or in the ground, and it is very popular. 1. Plant characteristics. Asteraceae, annual herbaceous flower. Plant height 50-70 cm, leaves dark green, long elliptical, lanceolate, leaves alternate, 7 cm long and 2 cm wide. Flowers double-petaled, flowers stra
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Straw can be processed into silage. How is it done?
Processing fresh straw into silage that livestock relish is simple, quick and labor-saving. The specific method is: on a harvested rice field or a threshing floor, lay out an extra-large nylon film bag with a thickness of 0.15 cm; then fill the bag with fresh straw, forming it into a haystack shape; finally, tie the bag opening tightly so that no air can enter. After about 1 month, the fresh straw has finished fermenting in the sealed plastic bag and becomes a feed with good palatability, which can replace other silage to feed livestock.
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Detailed Explanation of the Key Technical Points for Raw-Material Cultivation of Shiitake Mushrooms
I. Significance of raw-material cultivation 1. The substrate has a wide range of sources and is easy to obtain locally, such as sawdust, cottonseed hulls, soybean stalk powder, corn cobs, etc. 2. The raw-material cultivation process is simple and greatly saves labor and working hours. 3. Raw-material cultivation has a short cycle and quick returns. From pressing the blocks or bagging and inoculating to fruiting generally takes only about 40 days. The substrate is not subjected to high-temperature sterilization, so the nutrients are not destroyed, and pile fermentation can decompose most macromolecular substances into small-molecule substances easily absorbed by the mycelium. At the same time, because an appropriate amount of fungicidal agent is added to the substrate, infection by contaminating microorganisms is also markedly reduced. 4. Raw-material cultivation has low cost, good quality, and high yield. Compared with cooked substrate, raw material increases yield by 27%, while production cost is reduced by 29%. II. Raw material preparation 1. Substrate formulas. Because shiitake is a wood-rotting fungus, in order to improve yield and quality, the substrate must contain more than 30% sawdust. The four substrate formulas are introduced as follows: (1) Sawdust 38 kg, wheat bran 10 kg, sugar 1 kg, gypsum 0.5 kg, superphosphate 0.5 kg, carbendazim 35 g. (2) Cottonseed hulls 20 kg, sawdust 19 kg, wheat bran 10 kg, sugar 0.75 kg, gypsum 0.5 kg, carbendazim 35 g. (3) Corn cobs 25 kg, sawdust 15 kg, wheat bran 8.5 kg, sugar 0.75 kg, gypsum 0.5 kg, urea 0.25 kg, carbendazim 35 g. (4) Rice straw (or wheat straw) powder 19.5 kg, sawdust 19.5 kg, wheat bran 9.25 kg, sugar 0.75 kg, gypsum 0.5 kg, carbendazim 35 g. 2. Pretreatment of sawdust. Sawdust is the raw material most favored by shiitake. Because sawdust is mixed with large amounts of components from pine, cypress, fir, and other such species, and the sawdust of these tree species contains terpenoid substances that inhibit mycelial growth, necessary measures must be taken to treat it when cultivating shiitake so that the mycelium can grow normally. The specific methods are as follows: (1) Limewater soaking method: its principle is that limewater has a relatively high pH, and its alkalinity can destroy the chemical structure of terpenoid substances. Generally, sawdust is soaked in 2% limewater for 12 hours-24 hours, then removed, rinsed with clean water, and sun-dried for later use. (2) Potassium permanganate solution soaking: its principle is that potassium permanganate can oxidize terpenoid substances. Generally, sawdust is soaked in 0.2%-0.3% potassium permanganate solution for about 12 hours, then removed, rinsed with clean water, and sun-dried for later use. (3) Boiling: boil sawdust in boiling water for about 15 minutes, remove it, rinse with clean water, and air-dry for later use. (4) Sun exposure: exposing sawdust to the sun for 60 days-90 days can also cause terpenoid substances to decompose and volatilize. 3. Pile fermentation (1) Functions: a. Through fermentation, some macromolecular substances can be degraded into small-molecule substances directly utilized by the mycelium. b. During fermentation, the temperature can reach 70°C, which can kill most contaminating microorganisms. c. During fermentation, terpenoid substances that inhibit mycelial growth can be degraded. (2) Process: mix the substrate uniformly according to the formula, then add water at a ratio of 1:1.3, mix well, and build a pile. The pile width is 1.2 m-2 m, the height is 1 m-1.5 m, in a trapezoidal shape, and the length depends on the amount of material and the site. The piling period is generally about 26 days, and the pile is generally turned 4 times-5 times, with the time intervals allocated as 7 days, 6 days, 5 days, 4 days, and 4 days. If the fermentation time is short, the material cannot fully decompose; if the fermentation time is long, the nutrient loss in the substrate is too great. Other materials are added in conjunction with pile turning, and the order is as follows: gypsum is added in two portions at the 1st and 2nd turnings; urea is added in 3 portions at pile building and the 1st and 2nd turnings; lime is added at the 3rd turning. Wheat bran, sugar, and carbendazim are added after the pile fermentation is completed and before bagging. The pile color is brown or coffee-colored, not black; the smell is mellow, without stench, sourness, or mustiness; the material is soft and elastic; the volume is reduced by 40% compared with the original, and the weight is reduced by about 30%. III. Disinfection of the mushroom house. The first disinfection is carried out before the substrate enters the mushroom house, and the second disinfection is carried out after it enters the mushroom house. In this way, contaminating microorganisms and pests in the mushroom house, bed frames, and substrate can be reduced to the greatest extent. The specific method is: for every 100 cubic meters of space, use sulfur 500 g, dichlorvos 100 g, and formaldehyde 200 g, mix with sawdust, heat, and fumigate sealed for 24 hours, then open doors and windows for ventilation, and only enter to operate after the medicinal odor in the mushroom house has dissipated. IV. Cultivation management 1. Pressing blocks or bagging. (1) Mixing materials: dissolve carbendazim in a small amount of clean water, add it with wheat bran to the substrate, gradually add an appropriate amount of clean water, and stir thoroughly and evenly. The water content in the substrate is about 60%, judged by water appearing between the fingers when the material is squeezed in the hand but not dripping, and the pH is 6.5-7, then mix in 10% spawn. (2) Pressing blocks or bagging: on a cement floor, first spread a layer of plastic film soaked in 0.2% potassium permanganate solution, place a wooden frame mold 33 cm long, 33 cm wide, and 8 cm high on the film, then sprinkle a 1 cm thick layer of spawn, pour the spawn-mixed substrate into the wooden frame, press flat slightly, sprinkle another 1 cm thick layer of spawn on the surface, preferably so that the substrate is not exposed, finally scrape flat with a wooden board and press firm, release the frame mold, and it becomes a spawn block 6 cm-7 cm thick, and finally fold the film well. If using bagging, first put the spawn-mixed substrate into the bag, then insert a hole in the center with a conical stick, and finally sprinkle a 1 cm thick layer of spawn at both ends of the substrate bag, preferably so that the substrate is not exposed, then tie the opening tightly to seal it. 2. Management during the mycelial culture period. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth is 25°C. During mycelial growth, the relative air humidity is required to be 60%-65%. Before the mycelium has fully colonized, avoid lifting the film, in order to prevent contamination by foreign microorganisms and to help maintain temperature. When the mycelium has fully colonized, turn the spawn block over and continue culturing for 4 days-5 days. When about 40% of the surface mycelium has turned brown, it can be placed on the shelves to induce fruiting. 3. Management during the fruiting period. The optimum temperature for fruiting is 12°C-18°C. A large day-night temperature difference can promote the formation of shiitake fruiting bodies. The relative air humidity in the mushroom house is maintained at about 90%. The specific measures taken are: spraying water on the floor and walls, and misting in the air. The water content of the spawn blocks should reach 50%-60%. As the culture time increases, the water content of the spawn blocks gradually decreases, but water must not be sprayed directly on the fruiting bodies, otherwise the fruiting bodies rot easily. If the water content of the spawn blocks drops below 40% and they feel very light when picked up by hand, then soak the spawn blocks in a water pool for 15 hours-20 hours so that they fully absorb water, then take them out and put them back on the shelves. Generally, 4 batches-5 batches of mushrooms are harvested, until the nutrients in the substrate are completely exhausted. 4. Harvesting. When the fruiting bodies have opened to 70%-80%, harvest them promptly. When harvesting, take care to pick the large ones and leave the small ones, combine harvesting with management, prevent damage to the surrounding small mushrooms and spawn blocks, and do not leave the base of the stipe on the spawn block, so as to avoid invasion by contaminating microorganisms that affects fruiting. 5. Spraying nutrient solution. (1) Formulas. No. 1 vigor agent: B9 0.5 g, vitamin B1 40 mg, urea 100 g, water 100 kg. No. 2 vigor agent: B9 1 g, vitamin B1 100 mg, magnesium sulfate 50 g, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 100 g, water 100 kg. (2) Method of use. After harvesting two flushes and stopping water for 2 days-3 days, use No. 1 vigor agent and spray continuously 2 times-3 times, using 0.25% nutrient solution per square meter, which can make the mycelium turn white and thicken.
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