Shiitake waste can be used to produce straw-rotting mushrooms
For more than a decade, the open-field shiitake industry in Xinbin County has developed on a relatively large scale, and the cultivation materials have shown a growth trend. For a long time, the waste material left after fruiting in open-field shiitake cultivation was always returned directly to the fields to improve the soil, and the issue of utilizing the waste material was never studied. In recent years, due to climatic reasons, the open-field shiitake cultivation model has gradually shifted to the cold-frame connected mushroom-column model, and therefore a great many spent mushroom sticks appear every year. This year alone, cold-frame shiitake was developed on 1,560 frames, and after fruiting there will be 7 million kg of spent mushroom sticks. These waste materials still contain many nutrients that can be reused, but mushroom farmers generally burn them as fuel, which is a great pity. How can this waste material be turned from waste into treasure and achieve large-scale circular development of the agricultural industry? After market research and discussion from many sides, we finally settled on using the waste material to cultivate straw-rotting mushrooms. This can not only rely on the climatic advantages, technical advantages and resource advantages of Xinbin County, but can also resolve the conflict between mushrooms and forests, and is another new path for farmers to become wealthy. For this reason, we developed a mushroom-log-style straw-rotting mushroom (white oyster mushroom and Hypsizygus marmoreus) cultivation model.
This mushroom-log-style cultivation model adds 50% shiitake waste material to the raw material formula and, after fermentation, makes mushroom logs for fruiting. This cultivation model has the advantages of a simple process, saving labor and effort, lowering costs, saving fuel on fermented material, and high quality with increased efficiency. A simple shed of 210 sq m can create an output value of more than 10,000 yuan, and the benefit is very considerable.
1 Cultivation method
Fermented material is made from 50% spent shiitake sticks and 50% corncobs and soybean straw, using a cylindrical cultivation model.
2 Shed construction and disinfection
Build a simple plastic cold shed, using shade netting and straw curtains for shading, with a width of 7 m and a length of 30 m as one standard shed. The mushroom shed must be sterilized and disinfested 2-3 days before sowing, and quicklime is spread on the ground.
3 Spawn production
Make 2,800 bags of third-level spawn per shed (17 x 33 cm spawn bags); the production method is the same as the general method.
4 Cultivation material formula
Main ingredients: 50% shiitake waste material, 30% corncobs, 20% soybean straw, plus 3%-4% lime. Requirements: the spent shiitake sticks are crushed into a sawdust-like form, the corncobs are rolled or beaten to the size of kidney beans, 3/5 of the soybean straw is crushed, and 2/5 is rolled into small sections about 1 cun long.
5 Fermentation
Mix the main ingredients evenly, dissolve the lime in water in proportion and mix it into the main ingredients, and adjust the water content of the compost to about 65% with clean water. Build a fermentation heap on a cement surface, with the top of the heap 1 m wide, the bottom 2 m wide and the height 1 m, in a trapezoidal shape; the length can be determined according to the site. After building the heap, poke holes with wooden sticks about 5 cm in diameter, 3 rows on each side and 1 row on top of the heap, with a hole spacing of about 33 cm. Cover with straw curtains to keep warm and retain moisture. After 2-3 days it can be turned, and thereafter turn once a day for a total of 3-4 turns. When turning, turn the outer material inward, the inner material outward, the upper material downward and the lower material upward; after each turning, spray 400-fold dichlorvos on the surface of the material to kill insects. During fermentation, the temperature inside the material must reach above 70°C, and only when a large amount of actinomycetes is produced can the compost be well fermented. Well-fermented compost has no foul odor or moldy smell, and feels elastic and soft when grasped.
6 Sowing
When the material temperature drops to about 25°C, it can be sown. When inoculating, two people form a group, divided into two groups, with another person transporting material, 5 people in total, and 1 shed can be sown in 2 days. When sowing, place a round bucket about 20-30 cm in diameter in the middle on the ground of the built shed, and use sheet iron around the outer end to form a ring, with the outer ring about 60 cm in diameter; sow inside the ring using the layer-sowing method, placing one layer of spawn at the very bottom, then one layer of compost and one layer of spawn, for a total of 5 layers, with the ring column about 60 cm high, and seal the top with spawn. The compost must be compacted, with a spawn dosage of 15%-20%. After sowing, remove the outer sheet iron, then wrap it with 1.5 m wide plastic film to keep warm and retain moisture, then poke holes; at the bottom, poke 4 holes around the perimeter with wooden sticks or steel bars about 2 cm in diameter, and they must penetrate the compost; alternatively, place wooden sticks or steel bars at the bottom in advance before sowing and pull them out after sowing; on the sides and top, poke holes with wooden sticks or steel bars about 1 cm in diameter, 3 rows on the sides, penetrating the compost, and 1 row on top, poking to about 2 cm from the ground, with a hole spacing of 20 cm, and then remove the middle round bucket
7 Spawn running and soil covering
During the spawn-running period, regulating temperature and ventilation in the shed is especially important: raise the temperature in the early stage, and lower the temperature and increase oxygen in the later stage. The temperature should be controlled at 20-22°C, the material temperature must not exceed 25°C, and the relative humidity should be controlled at 50%-65%. Pay attention to frequent ventilation at the hollow center; for slight ventilation, leave a small gap in the upper plastic, and at night the top plastic film can be fully or half opened for greater ventilation. Be careful to maintain humidity; in this way, with light-shielded cultivation for about 30 days, the mycelium can grow well. After the spawn has run well, cultivate for about another 10 days at 20-22°C to promote physiological maturity of the mycelium. After 40 days of cultivation, it can enter the fruiting management stage. Before fruiting, fill the middle of the ring column with disinfected sandy soil; afterward, when replenishing water to the compost, water the soil. For yellow clay, add more sand, so that it has both permeability and water retention.
8 Fruiting management
Use the method of scoring cuts or poking holes to induce fruiting. When the mycelium has reached physiological maturity, small cuts or holes 1-2 cm deep can be made or poked on the side of the ring column every 15-20 cm.
The general management requirements: in the early stage, promote primordium differentiation to achieve increased group yield; in the middle stage, keep all differentiated primordia maturing to increase the mushroom formation rate; in the later stage, promote stipe elongation to produce more high-quality mushrooms. Specific methods:
8.1 Primordium differentiation stage
Control the temperature at 12-17°C to form a certain temperature difference, raise the relative humidity to 85%-90%, ventilate the greenhouse twice a day for 15 minutes each time, and supplement with appropriate light stimulation, so that as many primordia as possible differentiate.
8.2 Button formation stage
Hypsizygus marmoreus has poor adaptability to environmental conditions during the button formation stage. If the air humidity is below 75% for a short time, the buttons are likely to dry out and die, and they will also turn yellow and shrink when struck by strong winds. This will cause the buttons to die, lower the mushroom formation rate, and although the total yield will not decrease as the individual fruiting bodies become larger, the commercial appearance is affected. Therefore, during this stage, the cultivation site should minimize differences in temperature and humidity, the air temperature should be controlled at 15-20°C, the relative air humidity should be stabilized at 85%-90%, and care should be taken not to let cold air blow directly on the buttons. In short, environmental conditions should be stabilized to increase the mushroom formation rate.
8.3 Fruiting body growth stage
When the buttons grow to 2 cm, their adaptability to the environment begins to increase; at this time, the greater the fluctuation of temperature and relative humidity within the suitable range, the plumper and stronger the fruiting bodies grow. Artificially creating alternating temperature and humidity differences and creating a simulated natural ecological environment can greatly increase the weight of a single mushroom and its commercial value. To promote stipe growth, the amount of air exchange can be reduced and the carbon dioxide concentration in the room increased.
9 Harvesting
When the fruiting bodies grow to 4-5 cm long and the mushroom caps are 2-3 cm in diameter, they must be harvested in time. Harvesting method: press the compost with the left hand, hold the stipe with the right hand and twist it off, or cut it off with a knife at the base of the fruiting body close to the surface of the material. Do not leave the stubble too high, to avoid causing rot. When harvesting, pick the large ones and leave the small ones. After all are picked, clean the surface of the material, removing all mushroom roots, dead mushrooms and dry mushrooms remaining on the surface of the compost, and shift to the spawn-resting stage to promote early flushing and greater mushroom production, increasing the total yield. For the first few flushes, there is no need to water; the moisture in the compost itself can meet the needs of fruiting. After picking several flushes, the compost will lose water and should be replenished in time; water can be poured onto the sandy soil in the middle. Generally, more than 8 flushes can be picked, and the total biological efficiency is above 100%.