What are the methods for preventing and controlling edible mushroom pests and diseases?

What methods are there for preventing and controlling edible mushroom pests and diseases.

Edible mushrooms are also a type of organic, nutritious, health-promoting green food. Developing the edible mushroom industry meets the needs of growing consumer demand and sustainable agricultural development, and is an effective way for farmers to get rich quickly. In the early cultivation process of edible mushrooms, preventing and controlling pests and diseases is crucial.

Using pest habits for prevention and control

1. Handpick fungus gnats.

2. Place mushroom bags infested with gall midges in direct sunlight for 1-2 hours or sprinkle quicklime powder on them.

Water immersion control

For bottle cultivation and bag cultivation, water can be poured into the bottles or bags; for block cultivation, the cultivation blocks can be immersed in water with a heavy object placed on top, soaking for 2-3 hours. After soaking, drain the water from the bottles or bags and return them to their original place.

Trapping and killing

1. Use black light lamps or energy-saving lamps to trap and kill mosquitoes and moths. The method is to place 0.1% dichlorvos in a basin under the lamp; pests that fall into the basin are killed.

2. For armyworms, place sticky traps coated with 40% polypropylene at a strong light source.

Control of Aspergillus

1. Remove waste materials promptly.

2. When filling bottles with substrate, it must not come into contact with the bottle mouth. After filling, wash the bottle mouth clean and remove debris, keeping the cotton plug clean.

3. Apply 5 mg/L carbendazim, but it must be applied after the mushrooms have been completely harvested.

Control of green mold

1. Lower the temperature and humidity of the mushroom house, increase ventilation, and cover the moldy areas with plant ash to prevent mold spores from spreading.

2. Take 9 parts quicklime and 1 part carbendazim, mix well with an appropriate amount of water, and pour or brush the mixture onto the moldy areas.

3. When cultivating with raw substrate, add 100 grams of kemeiling per 100 kg of dry substrate, which can thoroughly prevent mold growth.

4. Sprinkle potassium permanganate granules on the moldy areas, then spray water around the outer edges.

5. Soak the mold with 5% lime water; after the mold disappears, drain the lime water and add fresh substrate.

6. Brush 95% alcohol or kerosene onto the moldy areas, set it on fire to burn it away, then dig it out and fill in fresh substrate.

Control of bacteria

1. The culture medium must be thoroughly sterilized; during sterilization, the temperature, pressure, and time must meet the requirements.

2. After the culture medium is prepared, place it in a 30°C incubator for one day before use to ensure there is no bacterial contamination.

3. Antibiotics can be added to the culture medium, generally at 100-200 units per milliliter.

As people's living habits change, the domestic market has great potential, and moreover China is a major exporter of edible mushrooms. If each person in China eats 2 jin of edible mushrooms per year, sales revenue could increase by more than 8 billion yuan, which shows that the mushroom market will be a very large market.

During cultivation, due to improper cultivation management techniques, suitable environmental conditions, or genetic variation and other reasons, the growth and development of edible mushrooms may suffer physiological disorders, resulting in abnormalities or even death; such phenomena are all classified as physiological diseases.

1. Excessive mycelial growth

This phenomenon occurs in the cultivation of shiitake mushrooms and oyster mushrooms. Overgrown mycelium grows too vigorously on the casing soil surface or substrate surface, forming a dense, water-impermeable mycelial mat, causing delayed fruiting or sparse fruiting and a large reduction in yield.

(1) Causes

① Management causes: In oyster mushroom cultivation, if ventilation is neglected and the covering plastic film is not opened for ventilation and air exchange, carbon dioxide accumulates too much; the surface humidity of the shiitake substrate is too high; the oyster mushroom substrate is too dry, etc. These adverse environmental conditions are all suitable for mycelial growth but not conducive to fruiting body formation, thus causing excessive mycelial growth.

② Spawn causes: When isolating the mother culture, if too much aerial mycelium is picked, it often causes the stock culture and cultivation spawn to clump, resulting in excessive mycelial growth.

(2) Prevention and control methods

In the later stage of mycelial growth, attention should be paid to ventilation and air exchange in the mushroom house, frequently lifting the plastic film to increase air permeability, and appropriately reducing carbon dioxide concentration; the substrate moisture should be adjusted appropriately to prevent it from being too dry or too wet; appropriately lower the temperature in the mushroom house. In short, during cultivation, scientific and correct management should be strengthened to avoid environmental conditions that cause excessive mycelial growth and promote fruiting body formation.

If the mycelium has already overgrown and mycelial strands or a mycelial mat appear on the substrate surface, you can use a knife to cut through the mycelial mat or mycelial strands, spray a heavy watering once, and carry out thorough ventilation, lower the temperature, and create a temperature difference stimulus to promote fruiting body formation.

2. Deformed mushrooms

During cultivation of edible mushrooms, irregularly shaped fruiting bodies often appear, called deformed mushrooms, such as in oyster mushrooms and shiitake mushrooms.

(1) Causes

There are many causes of deformed mushrooms, such as mechanical damage; poor air circulation in the mushroom house and excessively high carbon dioxide concentration; insufficient light on the mushroom bed; too high temperature; virus damage; improper pesticide use due to disease, causing phytotoxicity; or the action of physical and chemical mutagens, as well as genetic variation and other reasons, all of which can cause deformed mushrooms.

(2) Prevention and control methods

The measures to prevent and control deformed mushrooms are mainly symptomatic treatment, such as strengthening ventilation in the mushroom house, providing appropriate light and temperature conditions, rationally using pesticides, properly using mutagens, and selecting excellent varieties.