What are the control methods for the main diseases of edible fungi?

Trichoderma. Trichoderma, commonly known as green mold, can harm almost all edible fungi, and its harm to edible fungi is shown as follows: it contaminates the compost and competes with the edible fungi for nutrients and space; it secretes toxins that injure and kill the host; when Trichoderma hyphae come into contact with the host hyphae, they wrap around and sever the host hyphae. Control: carry out comprehensive control work. The culture room and cultivation site should be kept at low temperature, the relative air humidity should be controlled at about 85%, and cleanliness and hygiene should be maintained with good ventilation; once Trichoderma damage occurs, ventilation and dehumidification must be carried out immediately. In the early stage of infection of the fungus logs, injection of 2% aldehyde solution or 30%-5% carbolic acid can be used to inhibit the expansion of Trichoderma. For some infected mature fungus logs, the contaminated parts can be dug out, and lime powder or lime-sulfur mixture or Bordeaux mixture, etc., can be spread on the treated parts. Fungicides such as carbendazim, Sportak, and thiophanate-methyl can also be used for control. For example, mixing 50% carbendazim 1000 into the substrate can prevent the occurrence of Trichoderma, but carbendazim should not be used on lion's mane mushroom, wood ear, or silver ear.

Neurospora. Neurospora, commonly known as red bread mold disease or pink bread mold disease, is a common contaminant fungus in edible fungus production and can contaminate all edible fungi. It is a tenacious, fast-growing aerial mold. After the compost is contaminated, it rapidly forms an orange-red or pink mold layer on the surface of the substrate. Control: try as much as possible to avoid production during the stuffy, humid high-temperature summer period, and pay attention to good environmental hygiene. Once orange-red block-like conidial masses appear, carefully wrap them with a damp cloth or damp paper and remove them, soak them in the medicinal solution or bury them deeply. Never use a sprayer to directly spray fungicide on the pathogen, so as to avoid the spores scattering; an appropriate amount of formaldehyde, kerosene, or diesel can also be dripped on in time, then wrapped with plastic film, which can cause the mold to rot and die. If damage occurs in the later stage of mycelial growth, the affected fungus bags can be buried in soil with poor air permeability at a depth of 30-40 cm. After 10-20 days of oxygen-deficient treatment, the disease can be reduced and mushrooms can still be produced. Fungicides such as carbendazim and Sportak can control the growth of Neurospora.

Aspergillus and Penicillium. Aspergillus is commonly known as yellow mold, green mold, black mold, etc. There are many species of Aspergillus. The colony of Aspergillus niger is black, loose, and granular; Aspergillus flavus is yellow, yellow-green, and finally brown-green; Aspergillus glaucus is initially white and later gray-green; Penicillium has many species, and its colonies form gray-green, yellow-green, or blue powdery mold layers. Aspergillus and Penicillium are both common contaminant fungi. They compete with edible fungi for nutrients and water, and secrete toxins that inhibit edible fungus production. Control: strengthen ventilation in the culture room, lower the temperature, and reduce relative air humidity, which can reduce the harm. For localized occurrence, 5%-10% lime water can be used to wash it. For other control methods, refer to the control of Trichoderma.