Introduction to the Ecological Habits and Disease Control Methods of Stock (Matthiola incana)
Stock is native to the Mediterranean coast and is now widely cultivated in the south of that country, and is one of the famous flowers of Europe. It can often be seen in many cities, or can be planted in gardens or greenhouses for viewing. What are the ecological habits of stock? This is a short series introducing stock disease prevention and control.
Ecological Habits of Stock
Stock enjoys a cool climate and avoids high temperatures. It likes a well-ventilated environment, warm and mild winters, but can also withstand short-term low temperatures of -5°C. The daytime growth temperature is 15-18°C, and the nighttime growth temperature is 10°C. It is not strict about soil requirements, but grows well in soil that is well-drained, neutral to alkaline, and avoids acidic soil.
Stock is cold-tolerant, not shade-tolerant, and afraid of waterlogging. It is suitable for high positions. In hot and poorly ventilated moldy rainy weather, it is susceptible to pests and diseases. Fertilization should not be excessive, otherwise it will not flower well; if light and ventilation are insufficient, it is susceptible to pests and diseases.
Stock Disease Prevention
During maintenance, stock is often harmed by pests and diseases. The main diseases are stock fusarium wilt, stock verticillium wilt, stock white rust and stock leaf diseases.
Downy Mildew
Stock downy mildew was found in Shanghai Zhongshan Park, causing leaves to droop and even the whole plant to die.
Symptoms
The surface of the diseased leaf produces green spots, which become yellow lesions, with no obvious edges, and are limited by the veins. On the back of the corresponding leaf, there is a layer of white frost. The flower branches and parts may also be infected, causing the plant to become dwarfed or deformed.
Occurrence Characteristics
The disease overwinters in the soil and in the residual tissues of diseased plants. In spring it begins to sprout and spread. Sowing too densely and poor drainage easily lead to severe disease.
Prevention Methods
Avoid cutting from diseased plants, and remove diseased plants in time. Spray with 0.5—1% Bordeaux mixture at discretion; Shanghai Pesticide has extensively trial-produced a new fungicide, acetic acid B a3, at a concentration of 2 ml per liter of water; 3 g.
Fusarium Wilt
The disease is caused by Fusarium oxysporum.
Symptoms
The plant is short and wilted. The veins of the seedlings produce obvious vein symptoms, causing symptoms such as drooping leaves in large plants.
Prevention Methods
1 You can soak the seeds in warm water at 50~55°C for 10 minutes, which can kill the bacteria carried by the seeds.
2 Chemical disinfection. The soil used for planting stock should be disinfected before reuse. The agent can be used as a 1000-fold potassium permanganate solution.
3 If a diseased plant with severe infection is found, it should be removed immediately and burned to prevent infection of other healthy plants.
Verticillium Wilt
Symptoms
The lower leaves of the plant turn yellow and wilt. The diseased plant is severely dwarfed, and the vascular tissue quickly discolors.
Prevention Methods
1 You can soak the seeds in warm water at 50~55°C for 10 minutes, which can kill the bacteria carried by the seeds.
2 Chemical disinfection. The soil used for planting stock should be disinfected before reuse. The agent can be used as a 1000-fold potassium permanganate solution.
3 If a diseased plant with severe infection is found, it should be removed immediately and burned to prevent infection of other healthy plants.
White Rust
Symptoms
The disease is caused by white rust, and after stock plants are infected, the diseased parts turn yellow and later become brown. Chain-like colorless spores are produced under the epidermis of the leaves.
Prevention Methods
1 The disease condition of other cruciferous plants is also very serious. If stock is placed together with other cruciferous plants, they will infect each other, so weeds should be removed and it should be isolated from other cruciferous plants.
2 Stock plants should be sprayed with 3 to 4 degree sulfur before the disease occurs. During the growing season, spray 65% zineb wettable powder at 500-600 times, or sodium rust at 250~300 times.
Mosaic Disease
Symptoms
This disease is caused by turnip mosaic virus, also known as cabbage virus No. 1. It can also be spread by the sap of 40 to 50 species of aphids, mainly based on green peach aphid and cabbage aphid. The virus can harm many cruciferous plants and other non-cruciferous plants. It should be separated from these plants.
Prevention Methods
1 Separate from other virus-carrying plants.
2 Aphids should be eliminated in time, and the agent can be controlled with botanical insecticide 1.2% oxymatrine 2000~4000-fold solution or 10% imidacloprid 2000-fold solution.
Blight
Symptoms
The incidence on stock leaves appears as round and large lesions. They are soft and rotten when moist. They are easy to crack when dry and appear blue-white. The pathogenesis on stems is water-soaked and dark green, and the diseased parts usually shrink, but the vascular bundles do not change color, and some leaves above the affected part wilt. If the plant has several stems, the whole plant quickly wilts and dries up. Seedlings are susceptible to the disease, and the growing point is usually dark green, water-soaked, and soft-rotten after drying.
Prevention Methods
In addition to selecting disease-resistant varieties and crop rotation cultivation management, timely emphasis is also placed on the disease, and once a central diseased plant is found, it should be used immediately.
Leaf Spot Disease
Symptoms
This is caused by continuous cropping, poor ventilation and high humidity.
Prevention Methods
1 Remove diseased plant residues and reduce infection sources;
2 Select disease-resistant varieties, increase the application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and improve plant disease resistance;
3 Implement rotation;
4 Water along the soil surface to avoid spraying water on the plants;
5 Spray 1% Bordeaux mixture or 25% carbendazim wettable powder at 300~600 times, or 50% thiophanate-methyl at 1000 times, or 80% mancozeb at 400~600 times.
Damping-off
Symptoms
It is mainly spread through soil and fertilizer. Excessive humidity, excessively high soil temperature, sowing too densely, and thinning of seedlings, etc.
Prevention Methods
1 Remove diseased plants in time;
2 Disinfect the soil;
3 For seedlings in the early soil stage, appropriately control watering;
4 In the early stage of the disease, water with 50% dexamethasone 30% 400-fold solution or 100% thiophanate-methyl soluble WP solution.
Rot Disease
Symptoms
Mainly due to high humidity, insufficient light, and poor ventilation.
Prevention Methods
Appropriately control moisture, light and ventilation.
Root-knot Nematode
Symptoms
It is mainly spread through irrigation and cultivation operations, and diseased soil and residual strains are the main infection sources.
Prevention Methods
1 Soil disinfection.
2 Carry out chemical treatment.
Pests
It is mainly aphids, which accumulate on leaves, buds and flower buds. They suck plant tissues with piercing-sucking mouthparts to absorb sap, producing yellow spots or black spots on the affected parts. Damaged leaves shrink and fall off, and flower buds shrink or deform. In severe cases, the plant may die. Aphids can secrete honeydew, causing bacterial growth and inducing diseases such as sooty mold.
Prevention Methods
1 Eliminate by removing nearby weeds.
2 Spray 40% dimethoate or omethoate at 1000~1500 times, or fenpropathrin at 2000~3000 times, or 80% dichlorvos at 1000 times.