Detailed Explanation of the Five Key Points of High-Yield Goji Berry Cultivation Techniques

Goji berry is a health-promoting traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Because of its high nutritional value and its effects of nourishing the liver and kidneys, it is loved by many people and is often used in daily life to make infused water. With large market demand, it is cultivated in many places in our country, but some growers do not achieve high yields. So let me introduce the five key points of high-yield goji berry cultivation:

I. Key Point One: Timely Planting

To increase goji berry yield, we must start from the most basic factors. First of all, every plant has a suitable time and environment for growth. The most suitable temperature for goji berry growth is around 15 degrees, and it can be planted in most areas of our country. However, the most suitable time to plant goji berry is from March to April each spring. Both rainfall and temperature at this time are very favorable for goji berry growth. The survival rate when planting at this time is several times that of other times, which means the survival rate is basically as high as 90%, thus fundamentally solving the problem of goji berry yield.

II. Key Point Two: Select Good Varieties

There are now many varieties of goji berry. Although goji berry has strong adaptability to the environment, some varieties still fall short in certain aspects, such as disease resistance or drought resistance. In northern China, the most common goji berries are generally red goji berry and black goji berry, but black goji berry does not have a high yield, which means red goji berry is more suitable for growing in the north. Therefore, when planting, you must select varieties according to the climate and soil structure of your location so as to ensure yield.

III. Key Point Three: Reasonable Density

The goji berry plant is not very large, but planting density still needs attention. If the density is reasonable, it can also increase yield to a certain extent. The optimal planting density is 1 m between plants and about 2 m between rows. Of course, this can be determined according to the fertility of the soil. If the soil is relatively fertile, generally about 200 plants can be planted per mu; if the land is relatively poor, at least 300 plants can be planted. Only in this way can the air permeability in the goji berry field be ensured and photosynthesis be carried out better.

IV. Key Point Four: Seedling Treatment

Before planting, the purchased goji berry seedlings need to be treated. First, cut off all of part of the branches and leaves of the goji berry seedlings, keeping only the main trunk. Then observe whether there is any damage to the roots of the seedlings. If so, cut off those roots, then apply a layer of medicinal agent to the cut areas. Finally, soak the seedlings in clean water for about one day, and then they can be planted. The purpose of doing this is to avoid excessive vegetative growth of the seedlings and to enhance seedling resistance.

V. Key Point Five: Fertilizer and Water Management

Goji berry can be harvested for many years, so fertilization each year will differ slightly, but it is generally the same. Generally, 3-4 topdressings are needed each year. In the first year, after the goji berry survives, a certain dose of phosphate fertilizer needs to be applied as topdressing. When it blooms and fruits, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer are mainly used, which can prolong the flowering period and increase the fruit-setting rate. The third application is when the fruit is about to mature, mainly using phosphate fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer, with the purpose of promoting ripening. Finally, after the fruit is harvested, another fertilization is needed to ensure the yield for the coming year.

Summary: The above is the relevant introduction to the five key points of high-yield goji berry cultivation. Growers can refer to the above five key points when planting. I hope it is helpful to friends in need!

Japanese Honeysuckle Lonicera Japonica Japanese Honeysuckle Illustrated Guide: How to Grow Japanese Honeysuckle / How to Propagate Japanese Honeysuckle

Examples of rapid propagation techniques for fruit tree plants

Examples of rapid propagation techniques for fruit tree plants

I. Rapid propagation of fruit tree plants;

1. Significance of rapid propagation of peach
At present, peaches are basically propagated by grafting, and the cultivation time is 1~2 years, so the propagation efficiency is not high and the promotion speed of superior varieties is slow, making it difficult to meet the urgent demand of the industry for new varieties. In addition, some peach varieties that need special rootstocks for trait improvement or improved site adaptability, such as the replant-resistant rootstock GF677, must be propagated vegetatively, usually by tissue culture, which is costly and difficult to popularize. There are also cases required by cultivation models, such as the meadow orchard stumping system, which requires rapid propagation of own-rooted seedlings for planting. In addition, producing peaches from rapidly propagated own-rooted seedlings has the excellent characteristics of earlier fruiting and earlier high yield. The implementation of these techniques all requires a simple and practical rapid propagation technique to solve the special demand for planting stock in production. Here is a brief introduction to the application of plant non-test-tube cloning technology in peach trees and the rapid propagation procedure.
2. Mother plant cultivation and material pretreatment
Under conventional conditions, peach is a variety that is relatively difficult to root, which is related to the plant's species characteristics and periodic physiological status. Although there are many peach varieties, and the rooting difficulty and characteristics of each variety differ somewhat, the use of non-test-tube rapid propagation technology can minimize such differences and standardize operating standards. Only by understanding the obstacle factors to peach rooting can a rapid propagation plan be formulated. The factors affecting peach rooting differ among varieties, and variety differences ultimately manifest as differences in growth characteristics, causing differences in the physiological state of detached materials. Therefore, regardless of the variety, the mother plant orchard should first be managed under a unified standard model to narrow variety differences,

so as to obtain relatively consistent rooting results. In addition, differences in the mother plant's different growth stages, differences between dormancy and the growing season, as well as differences in branch age and leaf age, lead to physiological differences in detached materials; these can also be solved through mother plant management and pretreatment. Now, corresponding countermeasures are formulated starting from analysis of peach variety and strain. Northern strains of peach often have a high chilling requirement and a deeper degree of winter dormancy, while southern varieties have shallow dormancy and a low chilling requirement. The reason for the depth of dormancy is the ecological adaptability formed in the evolutionary process in different regions, and it achieves the depth of dormancy through the level of endogenous abscisic acid. Endogenous abscisic acid can be artificially regulated through management and technical measures. For example, when rapid propagation is carried out during the dormant period after leaf fall, before rapid propagation the branches should preferably be artificially chilled to break dormancy before rapid propagation; otherwise the survival rate is extremely low. When rapid propagation is carried out in the growing season, the factors affecting rooting are mainly differences caused by endogenous hormones and the level of carbon source accumulation, which are manifested in the different degrees of tenderness and positions of shoots. These can be achieved by pinching shoots in the mother plant orchard, or by applying pp333 for chemical control, and can also be achieved by promoting growth with fertilizer and water and heavy pruning to stimulate sprouting to increase endogenous growth hormones, or by combining exogenous spraying of gibberellin and auxin to regulate plant growth and development. In short, cultivating mother plants with sufficient nutrition, robust shoots and dark green leaves is the key to achieving efficient rapid propagation of various varieties. In addition, some auxiliary measures can also be combined for detached materials to achieve the purpose of moderate regulation. For example, treating the cut with magnetized water can increase the survival rate, VB treatment can accelerate the manifestation of the effects of endogenous hormones, and sugar supplementation at the cut can increase the total sugar of young materials and promote activation of cut cells. For deeply dormant northern varieties, winter hardwood detached materials can also be combined with running water treatment to reduce endogenous abscisic acid and other rooting-inhibiting substances. High-concentration exogenous IBA treatment can also be used, such as 1000 ppm for 1~2 hours, which can enable extremely difficult-to-root varieties to root. Usually, for peach varieties that root relatively easily, a 10~15 second quick dip is sufficient, while for growing-season rapid propagation of leafy detached materials, only 100~200 ppm indolebutyric acid treatment is needed to achieve the desired effect.

3. Inoculation for rapid propagation and seedbed management
The detached materials treated with chemicals are rapidly propagated in an intelligent seedbed using perlite as substrate. In early spring, the substrate temperature is low, which is the limiting factor affecting rooting. The heating wire laid at the bottom of the seedbed is started for automatic heating, controlled above 15°C. Under such a substrate temperature environment, 5 days after inoculation of the detached materials, primary root primordia differentiate from the parenchyma cells of the secondary phloem outside the cambium, and primary roots form in 15~20 days. After hardening off, transplanting can be carried out on days 25~30. For rapid propagation of green shoot detached materials in summer, the limiting high temperature for air temperature is 35°C. When it exceeds 35°C, automatic micro-sprinkling cooling is carried out. Generally, after rapid propagation of green shoot detached materials, root primordium development begins in 7~10 days, some root primordia protrude through the cortex to form root systems in 10~15 days, root systems are basically formed in 15~20 days, and after hardening off, transplanting can be carried out in 20~25 days. During the rooting process, those that root quickly are mostly thick materials with sufficient nutrient accumulation and materials with good leaf photosynthetic function, because during the rooting process a large amount of soluble sugar is needed to participate in metabolism so that root primordium genes can be activated. Therefore, for some peach varieties that are relatively difficult to root, magnetic water treatment can be used to increase α-amylase activity, which has a good catalytic function for rooting. Coupled with the combined effect of a magnetized seedbed and magnetized misting, some varieties that are difficult to root under ordinary environments can also be effectively solved.
In seedbed management, generally it is only necessary to start the expert mode of the intelligent control system. If some overly tender materials are encountered, forced supplementation of carbonated water and oxygen-rich water can also be combined to promote rooting. In daily management, if fallen leaves or rotting materials are encountered, they should be cleaned up in time, and surrounding areas should be disinfected with electrolyzed functional water using local drenching to prevent cross-infection.

4. Technical summary
For peach, regardless of variety or strain, as long as its rooting characteristics are understood, limiting factors are analyzed, and corresponding operating procedures and solutions are formulated, a rooting survival rate of more than 80% can be achieved. For some varieties that are relatively difficult to root, seedlings with strong juvenility are usually used as mother plants to achieve propagation of seedlings from seedlings, and the rooting genes can all be activated. Moreover, as the number of cycles increases, the rooting time becomes shorter and shorter. This rooting characteristic follows the same rule whether in peach or other fruit trees. Conventional longan seedling cultivation usually uses grafting, which is slow and may show poor scion-rootstock compatibility, resulting in severe premature decline. Air-layered seedlings, however, have a low transplanting survival rate, cause too much damage to the mother tree, and have a low propagation coefficient. To address the above problems, non-test-tube cloning technology was successfully researched, which can leave the nursery about 1 year earlier than grafted seedlings. It effectively improves the seedling raising speed and propagation coefficient, and greatly accelerates the supply of planting stock needed for the industrialization of longan.
Longan belongs to the extremely difficult-to-root varieties, mainly because it contains a large amount of rooting-inhibiting substances in the body, and in addition its rooting type is the callus rooting type, so it stays in the seedbed for a long time. Generally, it takes about 60~80 days before transplanting, so management and production costs are stricter than for other seedlings. For difficult-to-root plants, a detached material collection orchard can be established using seedlings as mother plants, and fine management should be carried out to promote vigorous branches with strong vitality as detached materials. When summer light is too strong, the mother plants also need shading treatment, that is, covering with shade netting, which is relatively effective in reducing rooting-inhibiting substances in the body. In addition, gene activation treatment of the mother trees before rapid propagation is also needed, spraying foliar fertilizer or growth hormones on the leaf surface so that the detached materials can be in a state of superior vitality during rapid propagation.

When making detached materials, double-bud materials with 2~3 small leaves are preferred. Especially for varieties containing rooting-inhibiting substances, smaller is more suitable, but they should not be too small, such as single-bud materials, because single-bud detached materials are too small and have poor adaptability and stress resistance to changes in the external environment, which undoubtedly brings difficulties to long-term seedbed management. Double-bud materials with 2~3 small leaves are best. When making materials, it is the same as for other plants, but when collecting materials, semi-lignified materials must be selected, that is, materials selected as light green, dark green and light brown; the degree of lignification should not be too high, because the higher the degree of lignification, the more inhibitory substances accumulated in the body.
The prepared detached materials are treated with 200 ppm IBA for 1~2 hours. It is best to prepare the rooting-promoting solution with magnetized water, as the effect will be better. The treated materials are immediately propagated in an intelligent rapid propagation seedbed using perlite as substrate, and the system settings are adjusted. During the management period, in addition to routine management, a certain 1~5 ppm IBA solution can be sprayed on the leaves every 7~10 days, and nutrient solution can be added together for supplementation. 1~3 ppm sodium nitrophenolate can also be added as a cell activator mixed into the nutrients, playing a role in promoting cell activation and rapidly restoring division and differentiation. Under strong light and high temperature in summer, shade netting is also needed for moderate shading, with 60%~70% light transmittance being preferable, and oxygen-rich water and carbonated water should also be supplemented periodically. After the above comprehensive technical measures, the rooting survival rate of longan can generally also reach more than 80%. Among the current techniques used for vegetative seedling cultivation of longan, this is the propagation technique with the highest survival rate and can be promoted and popularized in production.

The seedlings used in papaya cultivation, if produced from seeds after sowing and germination, are all called seedling plants. In papaya cultivation to date, no matter which variety, seedling plants are used. Because papaya has complex genetic factors, the trait expression of seedling plants within a variety differs greatly depending on the traits of the paternal and maternal plants at sowing. For example, Tainong No. 2 is a first-generation hybrid. When collecting seeds, if bisexual plants are used as the paternal parent and female plants as the maternal parent, then among the progeny seeds, 50% of seedling plants will be bisexual plants and 50% will be female plants. If the traits of the paternal and maternal plants are changed, the sex of the seedling plants after seed collection will vary greatly, with bisexual plants, female plants or male plants all having a chance to appear. The identification of the traits of such seedling plants still cannot be distinguished to date, and must wait until the flowering stage.

When ordinary farmers cultivate papaya, bisexual plants do not need artificial pollination to set fruit, while female plants lack staminate pollen themselves, so artificial pollination is necessary. Because the fresh fruit consumer market prefers bisexual fruit (commonly called spring fruit) set by bisexual plants and prices it higher, while female fruit (commonly called mother fruit) set by female plants is less welcomed by consumers and priced lower because of thin flesh and many seeds, when planting the same papaya variety, the planting density is doubled, and when the plants flower, the female plants are cut down, leaving only bisexual plants. This not only saves pollination labor costs, but also allows production of the bisexual fruit required by the consumer market.

The use of non-test-tube cloning allows the traits of the mother plant to be known in advance, and excellent mother plants and bisexual plants can be rapidly propagated in a targeted manner, which can greatly reduce production costs and improve fruit quality. It is currently the most effective papaya propagation technique, and its promotion and application will bring major practical significance to papaya production. The relevant rapid propagation technique is briefly introduced as follows:
After selecting excellent papaya plants, the terminal bud is removed between April and September. After an average of 25 days, 5~7 lateral branches 30~40 cm long will grow out from the lateral buds on the trunk immediately below the terminal bud cut. These lateral branches are cut from the base and 3~5 leaves are retained. The cut is treated with IBA 2000 ppm, then rapidly propagated in a substrate composed of vermiculite + perlite at 1:1. The intelligent system is started, and roots generally form after an average of 20 days. After another 10 days of rejuvenation, they can be planted in the field.
After the lateral buds near the terminal bud are harvested, the section of trunk bearing the lateral buds can be cut off, and the buds below the cut can sprout again and grow into lateral branches. Continuing in this sequence, each plant can cultivate lateral branches four times from April to September, with an average total lateral branch production of 24 branches. However, when one leaf and one bud are taken as material, this can be increased several times, but the cultivated seedlings are smaller in specification, so when mother plants are few, one leaf and one bud is used. When the trunk is cut to about 30 cm above the ground, the trunk can be recultivated to continue producing lateral branches for the coming year. When lateral branches are cultivated from the trunk, the rooting rate of rapid propagation can reach 100%, and the rooting time is relatively short. In autumn and winter, because the temperature is low, lateral branches are not easy to cultivate, and the average rooting rate is only 85%.
Rapid propagation seedlings from lateral branches cultivated from the same plant, because they are vegetatively propagated, all have the same characteristics as the mother plant. That is, if the mother plant is a bisexual plant, the rapid propagation seedlings obtained from it are all bisexual plants, and female plants or male plants will no longer appear. In this way, production costs can be greatly reduced and economic benefits improved.
II. Rapid propagation of landscaping plants;
(1) Rapid propagation technique for Chinese tulip tree

Chinese tulip tree (also known as Yulan magnolia relative? No, also called Chinese tulip tree; Latin name Liriodendron chinense) grows fast, has good timber, peculiar leaf shape, and a straight trunk. The hybrid Chinese tulip tree bred by artificial hybridization has a beautiful tree shape, peculiar leaf shape, gorgeous flowers, and golden autumn leaves. It has strong resistance to pests and diseases, its own litter causes no pollution, grows rapidly, has excellent timber, and has strong adaptability. It is a famous excellent timber and landscaping tree species in China. However, because the seed-setting rate is low, generally only 1%~3%; cutting is difficult, with the rooting rate usually less than 30%; and improper seedling techniques such as seed treatment result in very low seedling production efficiency, seriously restricting the development of this excellent broadleaf tree species.

To solve this practical production problem, the use of plant non-test-tube cloning technology can achieve a survival rate of more than 93%. The relevant technique is briefly introduced as follows: before sprouting in early spring, 7~8 cm branch segments can be taken as detached materials, soaked in 200 ppm indolebutyric acid solution for 2~4 hours, and propagated in an intelligent seedbed. Generally, callus tissue begins to form in 15 days, root systems form in 25~30 days, and the survival rate reaches more than 95%.
In the growing season, one leaf and one bud are taken as detached materials, treated with 100 ppm indolebutyric acid for 1~2 hours, and propagated in an intelligent seedbed, with leaves not overlapping as the standard. Generally, rooting occurs in 20~25 days, and transplanting can be carried out in 30~35 days. The root system is well developed and the survival rate is high, making this the most practical technique for Chinese tulip tree propagation.
(2) Rapid propagation technique for red maple
Usually red maple is propagated by seeds and grafting, and the seedling cycle is long. Traditional cuttings are also difficult to survive. However, the use of plant non-test-tube cloning technology can achieve a very high rooting survival rate, and is the most effective technique for achieving rapid propagation of red maple. Red maple belongs to difficult-to-propagate varieties.
For the rapid propagation substrate, vermiculite or perlite is best. Under full-light intelligent seedbed conditions, a relatively good rooting effect can be achieved. This is because under full-light conditions, the photosynthesis of red maple is not affected, and the transpiration of detached materials and water supply are in a balanced state. At the same time, naphthaleneacetic acid can strengthen the cellular tissue activity of detached materials, promote the differentiation of root primordia in detached materials, and advance rooting.
Selection of detached materials and requirements for rapid propagation of red maple: detached materials should be robust and thick, with a diameter of 0.5~1 cm, semi-lignified being superior, tender branches medium, and old branches inferior. Each segment is about 5~10 cm long, with 1~3 leaves retained. At the same time, the leaves also need pruning; for one leaf, 1/3 or 1/2 should also be cut off. The lower end of the detached material is cut into a slanted opening. If necessary, the basal cortex can be scarified, and soaked in 500~1000 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid for 5~0 seconds. One leaf and one bud branch segments of red maple can also be taken directly as detached materials, and the cut treated with 100 ppm indolebutyric acid for 2 hours. During operation, try to cut, treat and inoculate immediately. If the detached materials are far from the seedbed, the cut branches should be wrapped well with a wet towel to prevent water loss from the detached materials and avoid affecting rapid propagation survival.

For red maple, people previously generally believed that vegetative propagation was difficult and had a low survival rate, so vegetative propagation methods were rarely used to cultivate seedlings; grafting was mostly used. Experiments have proved that red maple can be propagated by vegetative rapid propagation. As long as the growth habits of red maple are satisfied and rooting conditions are created, the survival rate of its detached materials is at least more than 85%. The key to survival in red maple rapid propagation is satisfying the requirements of detached materials for full-day light, moisture, temperature and ventilation, and adopting a full-sun intelligent seedbed. The rapid propagation survival rate can reach more than 95%. After rooting in red maple rapid propagation, development is relatively fast, and after hardening off, they can be transplanted to the field for rejuvenation cultivation.
III. Rapid propagation of economic crop plants;Many potato diseases use seed potato tubers as the source of infection, and propagation by tubers not only has a low propagation coefficient but also cannot meet growers' requirements for supplying good seed. The use of non-test-tube cloning technology, in addition to a high propagation rate, can also prevent various diseases transmitted by tubers. Especially for black scurf, which is difficult to eradicate by general control methods, disease-free plants can be cultivated by rapid propagation of branches and leaves. There are two technical routes for potato rapid propagation:
1. Stem propagation
Use terminal buds and stem segments for rapid propagation. They can be rapidly propagated directly in an intelligent seedbed with vermiculite or perlite, or the aerial propagation root-promoting method can be used, and after rooting they are transplanted to substrate, which gives a high survival rate and can prevent missing plants. The method is: in mid-March, plant good seed tubers in a greenhouse; in mid-May, cut terminal buds for rapid propagation, and at the same time promote multiple lateral buds. When branches grow to about 10 cm, terminal bud stem segments about 5 cm long can be cut as detached materials for rapid propagation. Under intelligent seedbed conditions, roots can form in one week; in early June they can be planted, and in 80 days they can be harvested, with a single plant yield of about 600 grams.
2. Leaf propagation
     (1) Method of directly producing tubers: that is, not allowing rooting, directly producing tubers, and then using small tubers as seed potatoes. In late January, from mother plants planted in the greenhouse in late November of the previous year, one leaf and one bud materials are taken and inoculated into a perlite seedbed, with axillary buds buried in the substrate and leaves left on the bed surface. After about 20 days, small tubers form at the leaf axils. This method relies on the nutrients contained in the leaves themselves after being cut from the mother body and on external light, carbon dioxide and water to produce tubers. To enlarge the tubers, nutrient solution supplementation is needed for the leaves to increase the nutrients contained in the tubers. This method of directly producing tubers with leaves can also be used for stem propagation, but considering obtaining more detached materials from one stem, the leaf propagation method is more practical.

(2) Method of planting after rooting: plant the rooted plants directly into the nursery field, and the operation is basically the same as stem propagation. After planting, the initial growth period is later than that of stem propagation because it has fewer roots and the plant volume is relatively small. However, subsequent growth and development are the same as stem propagation, both sending out strong lateral branches from the stem base. Harvest in 80 days, with 4 tubers per plant, about 500 grams or so.
The single plant yield of potato rapid propagation seedlings differs depending on the degree of rooting. Those with good rooting survive quickly after planting, and stem and leaf growth and development are early, with plant yield reaching more than 600 grams. Therefore, to increase the yield of rapid propagation seedlings, striving for more roots and early survival is indeed the key, so combining chemical treatment during rapid propagation has a promoting effect.
Experiments were conducted to study the effects of mixed use of different concentrations of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indolebutyric acid (IBA), and gibberellin (GA3) on the survival of potato rapid propagation. The results showed that the treatment with concentrations NAA 50 ppm + IBA 50 ppm + GA3 50 ppm was the best combination, with the highest survival rate, best rooting, and strongest growth.
In rapid propagation, whether stem propagation or leaf propagation, within 10~20 days, three situations all appear: first, only tubers form at the axillary bud site at the base of the detached material and no roots form; second, both roots and tubers form; third, only roots form and no tubers grow.
The reason these three phenomena occur in detached materials is related to substances such as plant hormones. For example, when the first situation is found during stem propagation, the tuber can be cut off during transplanting, and sometimes roots can still form; when the second situation is encountered, the tuber should also be cut off, and then growth can proceed smoothly. Because netted melon seeds are expensive, in order to reduce seed costs, early sowing and seedling raising are adopted. When the melon seedlings grow to a certain height, one leaf and one bud or leafy melon vines are taken as detached materials, the cut is treated with 100 ppm indolebutyric acid for 1 hour, and rapid propagation is carried out in an intelligent seedbed using perlite as substrate,

generally rooting in 8~9 days. After supplementary nutrient solution strengthens the seedlings, they can be transplanted and planted in the field, with a survival rate of 100%. If a vegetative line rapid propagation system is established and multi-generation cycling technology is used, factory seedling production can be carried out year-round, greatly reducing seedling costs. This is currently the least-investment factory seedling technique for netted melon. Trial cultivation in 2002 showed that rapid propagation seedlings have uniform growth vigor, and their fruiting traits, yield and quality are no different from seed-sown seedlings. It is a relatively economical new seedling technique for netted melon seedling production.
(3) Rapid propagation techniques for cucumber, watermelon and tomato
These three varieties all belong to extremely easy-to-root varieties. In an intelligent rapid propagation seedbed, no chemical treatment is needed to achieve a 100% rooting survival rate. During operation, it is only necessary to cut leafy stems and vines and rapidly propagate them into a seedbed using perlite as substrate, then start the system. Generally, roots begin to appear in 3~4 days, and a well-developed root system forms in 7~10 days, allowing transplanting to the field. Most of these detached materials have already formed root primordia while on the plant, so as soon as they encounter a suitable

environment, they immediately form a root system. In the fastest case, such as watermelon, roots appear the next day. These varieties have important value and production significance when used in production. Using multi-generation cycling technology, one seed can produce hundreds of thousands or even millions of seedlings, which can greatly reduce seed costs. Moreover, the root system of rapid propagation seedlings is more developed than that of seed seedlings, the fruiting and bearing period is greatly advanced, and both yield and quality are improved. It is an important technique to be popularized and promoted in future production.
IV. Rapid propagation of medicinal plants;

Because Taxus media contains extractable anti-cancer drugs, it has become an important medicinal material currently being developed on a large scale nationwide, and the demand for seedlings is growing. Traditional cutting propagation alone cannot meet production needs, and generally only one batch can be cultivated per year. After adopting non-test-tube cloning technology, at least 5~6 batches can be cultivated, and both the survival rate and seedling quality are greatly improved. More importantly, rapid propagation seedlings can be transplanted year-round, planted year-round, and developed year-round.

Generally, leafy branch segments 3~5 cm long are taken as detached materials. When materials are scarce, they can be even smaller, even 1~2 cm is acceptable. The cut is treated with 100 ppm indolebutyric acid for 2 hours, and rapid propagation is carried out in a computer-intelligently controlled rapid propagation seedbed. Callus tissue forms in 7~10 days, rooting begins in 25 days, and after 35~40 days hardening off and transplanting can be carried out, with a survival rate of more than 90%. In addition, it has been found in production that electric field treatment has an extremely obvious effect on increasing the root-shoot ratio, accelerating rooting speed, and cultivating strong seedlings. The application of non-test-tube cloning technology to Taxus media is the most ideal technique for realizing the industrialization of yew, unmatched by any other method. Honeysuckle has long been a major bulk Chinese medicinal material highly valued by the pharmaceutical industry, and it is also a daily beverage that can be made into tea. With deepening research and development, its uses are becoming broader and broader. Especially after SARS, a nationwide upsurge in developing honeysuckle was set off. Mountain farmers who rely on cultivating honeysuckle to become wealthy and earn foreign exchange have further stimulated enthusiasm for industrialization. However, seedling cultivation relying only on grafting and cuttings can no longer supply the needs of mountain farmers developing honeysuckle bases. The use of non-test-tube cloning technology can not only greatly increase the propagation coefficient of traditional honeysuckle varieties that are easy to root from cuttings, but also enable successful rapid propagation of the excellent variety honeysuckle king, which traditionally can only be cultivated by grafting.
At present, there are many honeysuckle varieties used in production and cultivation, most of which belong to varieties easy to rapidly propagate. Generally, without any chemical treatment, a very high survival rate can be obtained, and rooting occurs in 10~15 days, with full transplanting and planting possible in 20~25 days. However, some varieties cannot be rooted by traditional methods and can only rely on grafting, and the grafting survival rate is also not high. This may be related to the excessively high chlorogenic acid content in high-yield varieties, and is the technical difficulty in the current difficult propagation of honeysuckle king. To address this problem, the propagation system using non-test-tube cloning technology can solve it, and it has now been applied on a large scale in production. The technique is summarized as follows:
Honeysuckle king is a variant variety of common honeysuckle, showing extremely high single plant yield and relatively weak growth vigor, often producing too many flowers and affecting vegetative growth. In the rapid propagation process, this variety often shows overly developed callus tissue, few and slow roots, and often early leaf abscission during rapid propagation. To address these problems, we conducted a comprehensive analysis and formulated corresponding measures, greatly improving the survival rate of rapid propagation and basically meeting the technical requirements in production. Originally, when honeysuckle king was grafted, late incompatibility with the rootstock appeared, producing "strangled-neck seedlings" that easily broke at the graft union in strong winds, which became the main factor limiting the development of this high-yield variety. If traditional cuttings were used, it could not survive. These phenomena indicate that there are genetic differences between this variant variety and the original common variety, as proved by graft incompatibility. In addition, this variety has too many flowers, leading to excessively high chlorogenic acid content in the body, and overly weak growth causes a sharp rise in endogenous abscisic acid. The combination of these three aspects becomes the comprehensive physiological factor making it difficult to root.

First, in mother plant management, the main management goal should be to cultivate strong seedlings with vigorous vegetative growth. Flower quantity and chlorogenic acid content can be reduced through moderately shaded cultivation and applying more nitrogen fertilizer. Flower quantity can also be reduced by spraying 40~100 ppm gibberellin during flower bud differentiation, because plants with more flowers have less nutrient accumulation in leaves and also greatly increase chlorogenic acid content. Chlorogenic acid is the main indicator for measuring honeysuckle quality, but it is also the main factor causing difficult propagation and rooting of honeysuckle king. By reducing light intensity, the chlorogenic acid content in branches, leaves and flowers can be reduced. In addition, increasing nitrogen fertilizer can reduce chlorogenic acid content by 32.99%~6.78%, while increasing phosphate fertilizer greatly increases flower quantity and also greatly increases chlorogenic acid content, which can reach more than 8.68%~14.44%. These studies show that the mother plant orchard must adopt a management method of applying less phosphate fertilizer and more nitrogen fertilizer. Such fertilization management measures can also increase endogenous growth hormones in the plant body and reduce abscisic acid. Therefore, mother plant management should be exactly opposite to conventional management aimed at production, so as to be more conducive to rooting.

In addition to special management of the mother plant orchard, leaf premature aging and abscission can also occur during rapid propagation. To address this problem, growth hormones can be sprayed on the leaf surface periodically during mother plant management or the rapid propagation period, playing a role in extending leaf age to prevent abscission. Production findings show that detached materials whose leaves remain intact will sooner or later root, while materials that lose leaves immediately stop development. When supplementing nutrient solution during rapid propagation, 1~5 ppm indolebutyric acid or 1 ppm sodium nitrophenolate can be added to the nutrient solution, which has a certain effect on extending leaf age and improving survival rate.

After the above comprehensive technical management, rapid propagation operations can be carried out. Branch segments with 1~2 leaves are taken as detached materials, the cut is treated with 200 ppm IBA for 1~2 hours, and then rapid propagation is carried out in an intelligent seedbed with perlite. In addition to conventional management techniques, it is best to combine carbonated water and oxygen-rich water supplementation techniques; this measure is especially effective for difficult-to-root plants. In addition, the aerial fog method can also be used for rapid propagation, also called fog multiplication method, exposing the cut to nutrient-containing fog, so rooting will be faster. Experiments show that when honeysuckle king is rapidly propagated using perlite substrate, rooting takes 30~45 days, while using aerial fog propagation, that is, the fog multiplication method, rooting occurs in 22 days, and the survival rate can reach more than 80%. However, aerial fog propagation also has a disadvantage: a special hardening-off area still needs to be established for transplanting and hardening off, because most roots formed in fog are aerial roots and still need a period of acclimation to adapt to the soil environment.
Honeysuckle has a wide range of applications, among which making honeysuckle distillate is one of its functions and one of the most widely used applications. Using plant non-test-tube rapid propagation technology to propagate seedlings has greatly increased honeysuckle yield and also promoted the process of honeysuckle industrialization.
V. Rapid propagation of ornamental flower plants;Miniature rose is currently an excellent raw material for mini potted flower production, hydroponic flower production and test-tube flower production, and is also an excellent variety for courtyard and balcony landscaping and beautification. In addition to traditional cuttings, the fastest and most efficient method for its propagation is the use of non-test-tube rapid propagation technology. It can enable one-leaf-one-bud detached materials, through multi-generation cycling technology within one year, to multiply into several thousand commercial seedlings, and the operation is simple and convenient, with short rooting time and high survival rate. Take one leafy branch segment, one leaf and one bud, or a flower-bud-bearing terminal shoot from a miniature rose plant as detached material, treat the cut with 100 ppm IBA for 1~2 hours, and rapidly propagate in an intelligent seedbed using perlite as substrate. Usually rooting begins in 7~10 days, and transplanting is possible in 15~20 days, with a rooting survival rate of more than 95%. Using miniature rose as material for rapid propagation of micro-materials with buds, after rooting, inoculate them into an agar substrate environment in a test tube to grow, making a test-tube rose that can grow and bloom in a test tube. It is currently a premium product among test-tube flowers at home and abroad, and also the best gift for Valentine's Day.

(1) Stem-cutting induction method: Phalaenopsis is a monopodial plant, growing upward from an upright stem and continuing endlessly. Although there are 1~3 latent buds at the leaf axil stem, most cannot sprout into plants. However, after the plant grows larger, between the lower clustered leaves and clustered roots, a sterilized knife or scissors can be used to cut it off. The upper part with roots is planted into a new pot or heeled in to continue growing, and the lower part with root stem is given appropriate water. Soon after, 1~3 new buds can sprout (depending on plant characteristics and management methods). If the stem is too long, it can also be cut into multiple segments. As long as each segment is 3 cm or more in length and has one or more roots, each node can send out 1~2 buds. Cut off the small buds with a blade and propagate them in an intelligent seedbed. Generally, rooting and transplanting can be carried out in 10~15 days.
(2) Chemical stimulation method: this chemical is available in flower markets. Its main component is cytokinin, and it is oily and waxy. When using, dip a toothpick into the agent and smear it on dormant bud points. The chemical can penetrate and stimulate germination. When the bud body grows out smoothly, it can be cut off for rapid propagation.
(3) Flower stalk tiller buds: many varieties of Phalaenopsis have the habit of sprouting tiller buds at the base of the flower stalk, at non-flowering stalk nodes, and at the tip. Native species such as P. lueddemanniana, P. schillerana, P. equestris, etc., sprout tiller buds at the very front end of the flower stalk. Cut them off and propagate them in an intelligent seedbed. When they grow and root, they can be transplanted to become new individuals. If the variety has no stalk tillering habit, a bud-promoting agent containing plant hormones can be smeared on the nodes of the Phalaenopsis flower stalk, using chemical stimulation to achieve the purpose of propagating new seedlings. Before applying the agent, first remove the bracts covering the flower stalk nodes with a blade. When removing the bracts, care must be taken to avoid breaking the bud body. After removing the bracts, apply the bud-promoting agent. When using a plant hormone bud-promoting agent, it is best to do so during the plant's growing period, and the effect is better when the temperature is above 20°C.
VI. Rapid propagation of economic forest plants;Oil tea is an important oil plant and also an important economic plant for mountain farmers. However, long-term seed sowing and seedling raising have caused mixed varieties, severe degeneration, decreased yield, and late fruiting, greatly affecting the industrialization and development of oil tea.
Under facility greenhouse conditions, year-round rapid propagation and multi-generation cycling of oil tea can be implemented, with relatively high production efficiency and relatively guaranteed rooting survival rate, unmatched by other grafting and cutting methods. It is an indispensable new seedling cultivation technique for the current industrialization and development of oil tea. The technical points are introduced as follows: detached materials should be selected from 1-year-old robust, already lignified, plump axillary bud, intact leaf, pest- and disease-free branches on superior mother trees, cut into detached materials about 4 cm long with one bud and one leaf. Material collection should preferably be done in the early morning. After collection, 50~100 detached materials should be tied into a bundle, and attention should be paid to moisture retention. Before rapid propagation, ABT rooting powder should be used to treat the detached materials to promote cut healing and rapid rooting. During rapid propagation, detached materials should be inoculated upright, with buds and leaves exposed above the substrate, leaf surfaces facing upward, and plant and row spacing of about 5 cm X 15 cm, with leaves not overlapping as the standard. After inoculation is completed, immediately start the intelligent system.
Practice has shown that treating oil tea detached materials with ABT No. 1 rooting powder results in survival rate and current-year sprouting rate significantly higher than treatment with 200 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid; the number of roots and root length are also greater and longer than with naphthaleneacetic acid treatment. The survival rate can reach more than 85%. After adopting multi-generation cycling technology of propagating seedlings from seedlings, the survival rate can be further improved and rooting time further shortened. Usually for first-generation seedlings, callus tissue forms in 10~15 days, root primordia form in 20~25 days, and root systems form in 30~45 days for transplanting to the field. If seedling-from-seedling operation is adopted, juvenility and rooting genes will be activated, and rooting time can be shortened to 20~25 days, with higher efficiency and faster speed. Therefore, when rapidly propagating oil tea seedlings, the construction of a juvenilized mother plant orchard is extremely important.

In addition, for chemical treatment, high-concentration ABT No. 1 quick dipping is preferable, with high operational efficiency and good survival rate. Comparing high-concentration ABT No. 1 rooting powder solution quick dipping with low-concentration slow soaking, the former's survival rate and root number are superior to the latter. The best combination treatment is 500 ppm ABT No. 1, quick dipping for 10 seconds and then rapid propagation. Treating oil tea detached materials with ABT No. 2 rooting powder also gives survival rate and root number superior to treatment with 200 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid. Comparing the quick dipping method and slow soaking method, high-concentration quick dipping is also more effective than low-concentration chemical slow soaking. For ABT rooting powder, a 200 ppm concentration solution quick dipped for 20 seconds is preferable. Comparing ABT No. 1 rooting powder with ABT No. 2 rooting powder, the survival rate of oil tea detached materials treated with ABT No. 1 is significantly higher than with 200 ppm ABT No. 2, but the effect produced by the same concentration of ABT No. 2 shows no significant difference from naphthaleneacetic acid treatment. Therefore, considering comprehensively, when using non-test-tube cloning for oil tea seedling raising, ABT No. 1 rooting powder should be selected, and the higher concentration (500 ppm) quick dipping method should be used.
II. Applications of oil tea
Red-flowered large-fruit oil tea is an evergreen small tree of the Theaceae family, with a tree height of 3-6 m. It is a rare and precious woody oil tree. The tea oil is orange-yellow, clear and transparent, and aromatic. It contains more unsaturated fatty acids than peanut oil and rapeseed oil, and does not contain erucic acid, behenic acid, aflatoxin or other carcinogenic substances. Regular consumption of oil tea can reduce human blood lipids and cholesterol levels, and has preventive and therapeutic effects on hypertension, stroke, cerebral thrombosis, cancer and other diseases. It is a pure natural green health-care edible oil with good quality.
For example, the recently very popular Tibetan secret oil-reducing tea is one of the applications of oil tea. It fully reflects the position of oil tea applications in the market and has also greatly developed the role of oil tea as an economic crop.
VII. Rapid propagation of endangered plants;Abies beshanzuensis is a rare endangered plant. Because the survival rate of traditional propagation methods is very low, it has always been a major technical problem for forestry workers trying to rescue this germplasm resource. However, using plant non-test-tube cloning technology can achieve a fairly high survival rate. The relevant technique is briefly introduced as follows: detached materials come from Baishanzu, Qingyuan County, Zhejiang Province. Cut the detached materials into leafy branch segments 3~5 cm long, treat the cuts with 1000 ppm indolebutyric acid for 8~10 hours, and then propagate them in an intelligent seedbed. According to observation, in 25~30 days the cortex swells and callus tissue begins to form; in 45 days some root primordia in papilla form grow out; in 60~70 days most have grown root systems 1~2 cm long. The checked survival rate is more than 90%.

Golden camellia contains natural organic germanium, selenium, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, zinc and more than ten other trace elements with important health-care value for the human body, as well as tea polyphenols and essential amino acids. It has health-care functions such as preventing cancer, inhibiting tumor growth, lowering blood cholesterol, lowering cholesterol, preventing atherosclerosis, delaying aging, and improving body immune function. It is a raw material plant for health-care beverages with great development value. In addition, golden camellia has golden waxy flowers, golden petals and jade stamens, fresh and delicate, dotted among green leaves and fine branches, with graceful elegance. It is hailed as a "superstar" among flowers, the "queen of the tea family" and the "giant panda" of the plant world, and is a national first-class protected rare plant. In addition to its extremely high ornamental value, golden camellia is the finest among camellias.

Guangxi golden camellia is a first-class protected plant. Rapid propagation experiments were conducted on golden camellia and Camellia liberofilamenta. For the former, treated with rooting powder (ABT) No. 1 at 200 ppm, 1-year-old detached materials on perlite substrate had a survival rate of 0 for cuttings without leaves, a survival rate of 85.0%~87.8% with 1 leaf, and 72.0% for the control; the survival rate for 2-year-old materials was 20.5%. For the latter, on perlite substrate, treated with rooting powder No. 1 at 150 ppm, 1-year-old detached materials had the highest survival rate on perlite, 97.5%. Therefore, in production it is recommended to use 1-year-old seedlings as mother plants and carry out multi-generation cyclic multiplication by propagating seedlings from seedlings, which can achieve good seedling raising results.

Introduction to plant rapid propagation technology

The so-called non-tissue-culture efficient rapid propagation technology for plants is also known as plant cloning technology. Some people also call it plant non-tissue-culture rapid propagation technology, plant rapid propagation technology, plant full-sunlight mist propagation technology, full-light mist cutting technology, micro-material or micro-tissue cutting propagation technology, mist propagation technology, mist cutting propagation technology, or foolproof cloning. Regardless of whether it is called plant rapid propagation or plant cloning, the principle and method are the same.

The key to plant cloning technology (plant rapid propagation technology) is misting. More than a decade ago, authoritative institutions were already promoting full-sunlight mist propagation technology, which is actually what later came to be called non-tissue-culture efficient rapid propagation technology for plants, and is now more often called by fashionable terms such as plant cloning or foolproof cloning. The complete misting equipment developed in the past was mechanical, costing as much as tens of thousands of yuan, and it was prone to rusting and damage, so after a period of time no one used it anymore. However, since the introduction of Israeli micro-mist (nozzle) technology, the micro-misting problem was successfully solved at low cost, and thus plant cloning technology (plant rapid propagation technology) was rapidly promoted and popularized across the country.

Another obstacle to the promotion of plant rapid propagation technology (plant cloning technology) was the issue of automatic controllers. Imported temperature and humidity control equipment was easy to use but expensive. The so-called agricultural intelligent computer systems, apart from being even more expensive, were always immature and riddled with problems in use, often causing failures in seedling propagation. It was only after using them for two years that the author had no choice but to develop a domestically made seedling propagation instrument, whose low price and rich, practical functions were quickly appreciated by peers nationwide.

The current investment in plant cloning technology (plant non-tissue-culture efficient rapid propagation technology) is only a bit over 2000 yuan. Vigorously promoting plant cloning technology and plant rapid propagation technology benefits the country and the people.

Compared with plant tissue culture tube rapid propagation and traditional seedling propagation techniques, foolproof plant cloning technology has the following advantages:

1. Using one leaf and one bud plant explants as the propagation unit material, directly inoculated into field sand beds or nutrient bags, seedlings are produced in one step and ready for production supply, without any need for moving, and with a high survival rate.

2. Whether in the south or the north, at different latitudes, in different soils, and in different climates, this method can be used for continuous rapid propagation throughout the four seasons. From the second generation onward, most varieties can reach 6-12 generations. This rapid propagation technology can be used to start production on any of the 365 days of the year, expanding both the time and space of technical application.

3. The technical operation is easy to promote. After a period of training, an ordinary laborer who qualifies can inoculate 3000-5000 unit materials per day (8 hours). Long-term promotion practice has proven: first, the requirements for the quality of production technicians are not high, the technical training period is short, adaptability is extremely broad, and it is easy to promote; second, individual operation speed is faster than both tissue culture rapid propagation and conventional seedling propagation. If organization and management are proper, and other conditions are met, each base can rapidly inoculate 200,000-1,000,000 unit propagation materials per day, and the technology is easy to promote on a large scale, which is unmatched by tube rapid propagation technology.

  4. After a period of planned training, ordinary personnel can participate in rapid propagation operations, and the inoculation speed is extremely fast (several times faster than tissue culture tube rapid propagation inoculation speed; from the second generation onward, most plants exceed both conventional seedling propagation operation speed and tube rapid propagation operation speed. This greatly saves labor costs and improves labor efficiency).

      5. Each technically qualified worker after a period of training can produce and manage 20,000-100,000 seedlings per month, and each core worker plus a certain number of auxiliary workers can produce at least 300,000 young seedlings every half year, creating extremely high economic benefits.

6. For most plants, after being cultured to the second generation using foolproof plant cloning technology, complete regenerated plants can be obtained in 4-11 days, with a regenerated plant rate of over 90%, truly achieving efficient rapid propagation. Some families and genera have special rooting and propagation conditions, such as Dacrycarpus imbricatus, spruce, yew, Cinnamomum porrectum, rock cinnamon, Chinese orchids, peony, etc., whose rooting lasts a relatively long time. But they are still faster than tube rapid propagation and conventional seedling propagation, and the overall rapid propagation efficiency is higher.

7. For most plants after the second generation, each regenerated plant propagates one generation every 30-60 days, with a multiplication coefficient of 2-15 times per generation (efficient proliferation in geometric progression based on the original plant quantity base). This advantage is even more prominent than that of tissue culture tube rapid propagation. The further along the generations, the more germplasm resource materials are propagated, and the faster the propagation speed.

      8. There are few technical steps and the time required is short, greatly saving overall production costs and improving personnel production efficiency. Starting propagation from micro-materials can directly cultivate plants that grow under natural conditions, without any need for transplanting. For most plants, only 15-60 days of cultivation are needed before they can be used for production cultivation, and the plants all show early flowering and fruiting and good yield performance. (For example, tomato begins rooting in 4 days and flowers and fruits in 20 days; goji blooms and fruits in the nursery field in the same year; virus-free potato one-leaf-one-bud materials can differentiate into small tubers from inoculation to 40 days, and when cultivated in the same year can directly harvest large virus-free potatoes in the field. Virus-free potato seedlings cultivated in the field in the same year can reach a yield of 3 to 4 tons, which not only saves farmers 300 jin of seed potatoes per mu, but also allows farmers to plant original seed potatoes every year. Cut rose does not need transplanting; from inoculating one leaf, it flowers in 70 days, with large and brilliant flowers, and the flowering cycle is longer than that of plants cultivated by other methods. Coniferous tree species such as yew, coast redwood, western Sichuan spruce, Japanese larch, etc. generally require 4 months for field planting on hills. The first generation generally begins rooting in 20-40 days, and after the second generation the rooting time is shortened by about one third. However, many coniferous plants are very difficult to propagate by tissue culture and basically cannot be produced on a large scale. Conventional cuttings also have slow rooting and low survival rates. As a result, seedlings of these varieties have always been propagated by seed, and the progeny traits vary greatly.

9. Mature seedlings cultivated by this method have high purity, no pests or diseases, well-developed and complete root systems, root length over 25 cm, root number of 3-6, plump mature buds, stem height of 20-60 cm, and a survival rate of over 90% when planted in production fields. For coniferous tree species, 5 cm-15 cm, the survival rate for field planting on hills is generally as high as over 95%.

10. Green seedlings directly inoculated and cultured in nutrient bags during the plant growing season have high purity, no pests or diseases, grow more than 3-5 leaves, have plump axillary buds, strong branching ability, well-developed root systems, and high hardening quality, with a survival rate of over 95% when planted in production fields.

11. For many plants, the first generation is already normal. Large-scale rapid propagation production can begin immediately. However, some difficult-to-propagate plants can only reach the indicators required by this technology from the second generation. For these seedlings, the main goal pursued in the first generation is to obtain as many original basic seedlings as possible, laying a good foundation for normal production after the second generation. Foolproof plant cloning technology can be used for the vast majority of plants that can be propagated by plant tissue culture shoot-tip rapid propagation and conventional cutting propagation techniques, or for plants for which neither of the above two techniques is suitable for propagation; it can be used in plant breeding work to fix heterosis; it can be used in seedling engineering for special transgenic plants, new plants from space breeding, rapid propagation promotion and protection of various new germplasm materials or endangered economic plants, forest tree seedling propagation, seed engineering, and seed industrialization; it can be used for selection, purification, and large-scale production utilization of natural mutant plants, superior individual plants, and polyploid superior clones; it can be used for isolated expansion propagation of virus-free original seedlings; and it can be used for introduction and diffusion of new varieties at home and abroad, hybrid breeding, and so on. In these aspects, this technology has the optimality of technology and a relatively infinite market.