High-yield tobacco cultivation techniques and commonly used pesticides for pest and disease control

Besides being made into cigarettes, dry tobacco, pipe tobacco, cigars and other products for people to smoke, tobacco also has a variety of medicinal uses. Although tobacco has brought many harms to humanity and is even called the "poisonous herb," many countries or regions explicitly restrict its circulation or smoking, and members of the World Health Organization have signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. But as a medicinal plant with a long history, its medicinal value cannot be erased because of its harmful nature.

According to the "National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine," tobacco is warm in nature, sweet in taste, and toxic, with effects of reducing swelling, detoxifying, and killing insects. It is mainly used for boils and swollen toxins, scalp ringworm, white ringworm, bald sores, venomous snake bites and other conditions. It can also treat neck abscesses, back carbuncles, wind-phlegm, crane-knee (including bone tuberculosis, chronic suppurative knee arthritis, etc.) and other diseases. It can also be used to eliminate the "four pests" (snails, mosquitoes, flies, rats) and kill insects.

The average chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco is as follows: total sugar 23.08%, reducing sugar 19.63%, total nitrogen 2.00%, nicotine 1.99%, protein 10.32%, Schumucker value 2.45, total sugar/nicotine 14.21, total nitrogen/nicotine 1.15. Tobacco also contains trace amounts of the radioactive substance polonium-210.

Tobacco carbon-based fertilizer

Cultivation Techniques

Identifying soil quality: Tobacco quality varies, and "it is truly determined by the soil conditions." The ancients believed: "Tobacco grown in sandy fields has thin leaves; tobacco grown in mountain fields has withered leaves. The roots grow long entirely depending on soil fertility; the flavor is rich partly due to fertile soil." Wherever it is planted in thick, loose, well-drained land, it grows well; while tobacco planted in mountain areas and fields grows poorly, and the taste of tobacco leaves from different places is also different. Only newly reclaimed wasteland can be planted continuously once, but the top spikes cut the previous year must be "removed without leaving a trace on the ground," otherwise it will inevitably suffer from blight. Therefore, tobacco must be rotated to new land every year, generally with an interval of 3 years, replanted once.

Sowing and seedling cultivation: Around the winter solstice, choose a fertile plot, hoe and rake it level, spread a layer of charred ash about 5 fen thick, then evenly sprinkle pure fertilizer, and scatter the tobacco seeds on the ash soil. After about half a month, the seeds germinate. Around February, before transplanting, sprinkle again. Through such careful cultivation, the seedlings are plump and strong and easy to establish.

Tobacco carbon-based fertilizer

Soil preparation and fertilization: Before planting, dig the soil 1-2 times to loosen it and remove all weeds, then make ridges and furrows. In addition, the ridges should be shaped like a turtle's back to facilitate drainage, with 1 plant per hole and a plant-to-row spacing of 2 chi. Apply the carbon-based nutrient microbial fertilizer developed by Professor Liu Cunshou into the holes. The application rate of carbon-based nutrient microbial fertilizer can be determined according to soil fertility. After the beginning of spring, tobacco seedlings can be transplanted.

Transplanting: Around Grain Rain, when seedlings have 3-5 leaves and are about four or five cun tall, they can be transplanted on cloudy and rainy days. If it is a sunny day, dilute carbon-based humic acid water-soluble fertilizer and pour it for irrigation for 3 consecutive days until the seedlings establish.

Tobacco carbon-based fertilizer

Disease Control

Mosaic disease

1. Strengthen the selection and utilization of disease-resistant varieties. Each region should, according to actual tobacco production conditions, select disease-tolerant varieties with strong growth vigor, fast development speed, and adaptability to local environmental conditions, so as to reduce the severity of the disease.

2. Hygiene cultivation measures should be strengthened to give play to nutritional resistance. First, the seedling bed should be selected far away from vegetable plots, curing barns, tobacco drying sheds, warehouses and other places with many virus sources, and seedbed soil fumigation and nutrient pot seedling cultivation should be implemented. Second, when operating in seedbeds and fields, hands and tools must be disinfected with soapy water. In thinning and field management, healthy plants should be handled first, then diseased plants. During operation, one must not smoke or eat solanaceous vegetables such as tomatoes, and should not repeatedly walk around and touch the tobacco field too much. Third, cultivation management should be strengthened to improve nutritional resistance. Applying sufficient carbon-based nutrient microbial fertilizer as base fertilizer and timely spraying carbon-based humic acid water-soluble fertilizer can greatly improve the disease resistance level of plants. Finally, crop rotation and appropriately concentrated planting should be maintained, and tobacco should not be intercropped, rotated, or alternated with solanaceous crops.

3. Avoid aphids to prevent disease. Aphids play a decisive role in the transmission of CMV and are an important pathway for the spread of CMV virus. The number of aphid generations per year varies by region. On tobacco, they generally reproduce 15-17 generations by parthenogenesis. Because aphids have two lifestyles, complete cycle and incomplete cycle, their overwintering hosts also differ. The former mainly overwinters as eggs on peach trees, while the latter overwinters as wingless female aphids on autumn vegetables or weeds. Therefore, for aphid control, in March to April each year, pesticides should be sprayed intensively on surrounding peach orchards, vegetables, weeds, etc., to kill tobacco aphids that have already hatched or are hatching and reviving, thereby achieving prevention.

4. Application and promotion of antiviral agents. On the basis of other disease prevention measures, the timely application of antiviral agents is also a good method. Each region can, according to its own actual conditions, spray some antiviral drugs at the appropriate time, which will certainly play a better role.

Tobacco carbon-based fertilizer

Angular leaf spot

1. Implement crop rotation to reduce sources of inoculum.

2. Plant disease-resistant or disease-tolerant high-quality varieties.

3. Seed disinfection. 4. Seedbed soil disinfection.

5. Strengthen seedbed management and cultivate strong seedlings. Seedbed humidity should not be too high, and proper ventilation is needed. Once diseased seedlings are found, remove them immediately and spray pesticide for protection. Use agricultural streptomycin 150-200 μg/ml or Xinzhimei spray, spraying 2 consecutive times with an interval of 1 week.

6. Rational fertilization and strengthened field management.

7. Spray protection. In early June, closely monitor the occurrence of angular leaf spot. Spray fungicide 1:1:200 Bordeaux mixture or 50% DTM wettable powder 500 times dilution for prevention. After rain, once central diseased plants are found, spray the whole field immediately. Spray agricultural streptomycin 150-200 μg/ml or Xinzhimei, spraying 2-3 consecutive times with an interval of 7 days. In rainy weather, increase the number of sprayings. For severely affected plots, remove diseased leaves before spraying. Diseased leaves should be taken out of the field and buried deep; never leave them in the field.

Tobacco carbon-based fertilizer

Weather fleck

Select disease-resistant (tolerant) varieties: This is the most economical and effective control measure proven by production practices at home and abroad.

Cultivate strong seedlings and standardize cultivation: Guangdong's experience is to cultivate strong seedlings, use a reasonable NPK ratio, spray 200 ppm paclobutrazol at the cross stage, and delay the sowing and planting period for varieties sensitive to low temperatures. In the field, keep as far away as possible from factories, mines, and brick kilns, promote standardized cultivation, use high ridges for drainage, control N and increase PK, prevent viral diseases, and for introduced high-quality susceptible varieties, emphasize adaptive acclimation cultivation.

Spray protective agents: Many protective agents have been tested abroad, including antioxidants, antitranspirants, stomatal regulators, growth regulators, commonly used pesticides and chemical reagents, such as benzidine, Benlate, phenylmercuric acetate, etc., but they are still far from application.

Protect the atmosphere. With the rapid development of population and economy, air pollution is becoming increasingly serious. Therefore, protecting the atmosphere and curbing pollution is the fundamental prerequisite for control.

Tobacco carbon-based fertilizer

Tobacco budworm

Agricultural control: Deep plowing and irrigation in winter and spring to kill insects.

Trap and kill adults: Eliminate adults before they lay eggs.

Physical control: Adults have strong phototaxis, and black light lamps can also be set up to trap and kill them.

Chemical control: (1) Spraying: 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times dilution, 40% jusha emulsifiable concentrate 3000 times dilution, 2.5% kungfu emulsifiable concentrate 5000 times dilution spray. (2) Heart dripping: To control the second generation of cotton bollworm, in the early peak of eggs, use 50% monocrotophos diluted 100-200 times for heart dripping, dripping 5-8 drops per cotton plant. (3) Bt emulsion 200 times dilution sprayed during the egg stage.

This article was compiled by Qinshuqiao Agriculture. Welcome to share. Readers who want to learn more can enter L581220L and note "planting" to learn more.