Key Technical Points and Management Methods for Sugar Pear Planting and Cultivation
Sugar Pear Planting and Cultivation Techniques
1 Variety Configuration
Most pear varieties require pollen from other varieties to set fruit. When establishing an orchard, in addition to selecting good main cultivars, suitable pollinator varieties must also be properly configured. The pollinator variety itself should have high economic value and high yield, and must also adapt to local conditions. When pollinating the main cultivar, note that compatibility should be good, and this variety should have a large flower quantity and pollen quantity, as well as a high pollen germination rate. It must have the same flowering period as the main cultivar, and note that the number of pollinator varieties should not be excessive. Generally, 1 row of pollinator variety is configured for every 3-4 rows of main cultivar.
2 Planting Density
Planting density should be determined according to differences in climate, soil, rootstock, agricultural techniques, varieties and other conditions; different conditions require different planting densities. For low-density planting: 3-4 m is the plant spacing, 4-5 m is the row spacing, and the number of plants per 667 m2 is 33-56. For medium-high density planting: 2-2.5 m is the plant spacing, 3.5-4 m is the row spacing, and the number of plants per 667 m2 is 66-95.
3 Soil, Fertilizer and Water Management
3.1 Requirements of Soil, Fertilizer and Water at Different Phenological Stages
Pear trees experience seasonal climate changes within a year, with seasonal emergence of buds, flowering, leaf and bud branching, vigorous growth, and leaf harvesting adapting to the rhythm changes. During the vegetative growth period before bud break, nitrogen fertilizer can be applied; after 20-30 d or during the fruit enlargement period, phosphorus fertilizer should be applied in combination. The flowering period is in mid-to-late November, when daylight is short and the temperature drops below 15 °C. When the day-night temperature for leaves increases, the tree enters the dormant period. The lower the temperature, the more mature the tree dormancy, the more abundant the stored nutrients, the stronger and fuller the branch growth, and the stronger the resistance to winter climate.
3.2 Fertilization and Irrigation Management
Natural fertilizers such as green manure, garbage, manure, compost, sludge, ash, soil and others can all be widely applied. By observing the growth, thickness, length, buds, and depth or lightness of leaf color of pear trees as indicators; observing climate changes to determine fertilization and irrigation; in hot and dry weather, combine irrigation with fertilization; determine fertilization and soil management according to different soil and terrain conditions. For barren soil, fertilizers should focus on heavy application of humus fertilizers.
3.3 Application
Fertilization Timing and Methods The fertilization period can be applied after fruit harvest until before bud break the following year, with pure nitrogen applied per tree at 6.2 kg, pure phosphorus at 4.8 kg, and pure potassium at 5.2 kg. Methods include circular trench ring grooves, with a width of 67 cm and a depth of 30-60 cm; radial trenches dug around the trunk center, with 4-8 evenly distributed radial grooves, 67 cm wide and 67 cm deep, with inner arc depth; arc-shaped trenches on both sides of the tree canopy, alternating to opposite sides in the following year; the position, depth and width of the 4-8 point lower ring are 45-67 cm.
4 Training and Pruning
4.1 Prun
ing Timing and Methods Winter pruning of pears after entering winter dormancy; summer pruning during the tree growth period when activity is vigorous, opening the angle, branch shape, angle of 50°-60°, changing angle, changing direction, changing intensity, transforming and utilizing. Through cutting and thinning techniques, cutting off, removing buds, removing sprouts, pinching, twisting shoots, girdling, pulling and turning, mainly controlling the support of the head, crown height, solid framework, and improving yield.
4.2 Prun
ing During the Fruiting Period When pear trees enter the full fruiting period, the drooping branches, branches and dense branches of the pear tree should be cut off to increase vegetative growth, while controlling the number of flowers and fruits.
5 Pest and Disease Control
The main pests and diseases of pear trees include black spot disease, black spot, ring rot, anthracnose, rust, pear psylla, aphids, fruit borers, scale insects, pear gall midge and others. The specific control methods are as follows:
Black spot disease: 43% Flint 3,000 times, 75% Nativo 3,000 times, 70% Antracol 600 times.
Black spot: 43% Flint 3,000 times, 75% Nativo 3,000 times, 30% Amistar 3,000 times.
Ring rot: 43% Flint 3,000 times, 70% Antracol 600 times.
Anthracnose: 75% Nativo 3,000 times, 70% Antracol 600 times.
Rust: 30% Ami 2,000 times, 25% Tilt 3,000 times.
Aphids: 25% Alika 3,000 times, 25% Actara 5,000 times, 70% Admire 10,000 times, 70% Gaohong 4,000 times.
Pear psylla: 25% Alika 3,000 times, 24% Movento 4,000 times, 70% Admire 10,000 times, 70% Gaohong 4,000 times.
Fruit borers: 25% Alika 3,000 times, 10% Dateng 1,000 times, 20% Longge water-dispersible granules 3,000 times.
Scale insects: 24% Movento 4,000 times, 32% Jiatian Puliang 40 mL/667 m2.
Pear gall midge: 6.3% Jiatian Benteng 4,000 times, 25% Alika 3,000 times.