Planting Methods for Large-Leaf Curculigo and How It Differs from Aspidistra

 Large-leaf curculigo and aspidistra look extremely similar, and many people simply cannot tell them apart. What exactly are the differences between large-leaf curculigo and aspidistra? And how do you grow large-leaf curculigo?

Planting methods for large-leaf curculigo:

1. Pot soil selection

For container growing, mix 3 parts leaf mold with 1 part river sand. In everyday care, avoid direct blazing sun and keep the environment at a fairly consistent humidity.

2. Water and sunlight

Normally it is best placed at the foot of a wall on the north side of a building, in tree shade, or under a shade shed. The soil should be kept constantly moist, and misting should be done to raise the ambient air humidity. If the soil and environment become excessively dry, the leaf tips will scorch and wither.

3. Fertilizer and water management

This herbaceous plant has low fertilizer requirements. From May to August, apply diluted cake fertilizer twice a month. In winter, move it into a cold room to overwinter; keep the soil slightly moist, and when the indoor air is dry, spray water around it once every 1 to 2 days. If ventilation is poor, it is prone to scale insect damage during the growing period, so check regularly and, as soon as a small number of pests is found, scrape them off promptly.

4. Propagation

Large-leaf curculigo can be propagated in March and April. Dig up the rhizomes, cut them into sections 3 to 5 cm long, coat the cut surfaces with plant ash, then bury them directly in pots and keep them moist; new plants will soon sprout.

Differences between large-leaf curculigo and aspidistra:

Large-leaf curculigo is a perennial herb in the Curculigo family (Hypoxidaceae). It can reach 1 m in height, with leaves 30 to 90 cm long and 5 to 15 cm wide, oblong-lanceolate, with 3 to 6 basal leaves, fan-folded veins, and a tuberous rhizome underground.

The flower stalk is axillary and shorter than the leaf stalk; the flowers are yellow and usually bloom in summer. It is an excellent foliage plant.

This plant is native to the southern provinces of our country and is also found in Vietnam, India and elsewhere. It likes warm, shady and humid environments, is relatively cold-tolerant and also drought-tolerant, and requires loose, humus-rich sandy soil.

Do not assume it is the same as aspidistra just because it looks similar. Although their leaves are somewhat alike, the leaf veins and the degree of roughness are different. Large-leaf curculigo has rough leaves that feel strongly scratching when touched, while aspidistra is smoother!

That covers the planting methods for large-leaf curculigo and how it differs from aspidistra. Go ahead and grow one at home and give it a try.

Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm

Part One: "Compilation of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani, whose flowers really resemble eggs: creamy white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like egg white and yolk, making them truly adorable. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving a feeling of purity and elegant refinement, and it is very suitable for careful appreciation. After the leaves drop, the bare trunk curves naturally, a sight of great beauty. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and on lawns. Frangipani likes high temperatures and high humidity, full sunlight and well-drained conditions. It is robust by nature and can withstand drought, but it fears cold and dislikes waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil but is also resistant to alkalinity. For cultivation, deep, fertile, well-aerated acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter is best. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting frangipani, attention must also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or the leaves even turn dark black, that is frangipani angular leaf spot, and at that point you must take measures. Of course, other diseases may also occur, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, frangipani also comes in red and yellow, and all can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap and food additives, at rather high prices, with great commercial development potential; the fresh flowers can also be dried for brewing tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The frangipani tree has a beautiful form, with many branches in strange and varied shapes; its leaves resemble loquat leaves, and after they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branches, much like antlers adorned with beautiful spots, making it truly a top-choice small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement and container appreciation. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used externally to treat scabies, redness and swelling and other conditions. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware or furniture. Frangipani flower language: nurturing hope, resurrection, rebirth - as simple and ordinary as life itself, which is why it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Yulan Magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark that is rough and cracked; the branchlets are somewhat stout and grayish brown; the winter buds and flower stalks are densely covered with pale grayish-yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate or obovate-elliptic, with the basal vigorous shoots having elliptic leaves. Yulan magnolia flowers resemble lotus blossoms; when in full bloom, the petals spread out in all directions, making the courtyard a mass of blue-white, dazzlingly bright, with very high ornamental value; together with wave after wave of delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart, it is truly an ideal flower form for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open. It loves dryness and dislikes low humidity; waterlogged planting sites easily cause root rot. It prefers fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. When fumigated artificially with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 g of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is an excellent pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with atmospheric pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and cannot tolerate strong light or west-facing sun exposure, and overly strong light or west-facing sun can easily scorch the trees. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer; besides applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with lush, thick green leaves, not only producing many flower buds but also large flowers, a long flowering period and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance; its main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oils, mainly citral, clove oil acid and others, and also contain magnolia alkaloids, alkaloids, biondol, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A and other components, with certain medicinal value. Yulan magnolia flowers are pungent and warm in nature and flavor, with the effects of dispelling wind and cold, opening the orifices, and freeing the lungs and clearing the nose. They can be used for headache, blood-stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and other conditions. Modern pharmacological studies show that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold and regulating the flow of qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks or brewed as tea. The flower language of Yulan magnolia represents repaying kindness. Yulan magnolia often produces large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it gives people a sense of indescribable refinement, truly fresh and lovely. Because the tree is tall and the flowers are borne relatively high, swaying in the wind with glowing vitality, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, it is very adorable.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, with solitary, relatively large leaves, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate veins arranged in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a good groundcover plant with diverse colors and is an excellent foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant that likes warm, humid and brightly lit environments, is not cold-tolerant and not drought-tolerant, and fears blazing sun; direct sunlight will scorch the leaves, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, stopping new leaf growth and yellowing the leaf color, so shade must be provided during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water; during the growing period it should be watered thoroughly to keep the pot soil moist, but the soil should not become waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires sufficient careful attention all 365 days; if the environment fluctuates greatly for even a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of maranta seedling traders and producers. Maranta family plants do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects and whiteflies. Of course, it has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta starch is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings and dessert pastries. Added to water and boiled, it becomes a transparent, odorless and tasty paste. Maranta starch is fine in texture and, compared with other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest, making it especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and difficult painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Red Loropetalum

Red loropetalum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery, alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, with a short pointed tip, a rounded and oblique base, asymmetrical, with stellate hairs on both surfaces, entire margins, dark red. Red loropetalum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and is tolerant of pruning. It tolerates poor soil, but grows best in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Red loropetalum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, tolerates pruning and tolerates wiring, and can be used for hedges or for making stump bonsai; when in bloom, the whole tree is covered in red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and new leaves are bright red; different strains differ in leaf color and flower color at maturity, and leaf size also varies. In landscape applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf-color contrast and forming color contrasts, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometer moths, yellow noctuid moths, daopan noctuid moths, large and small cutworms and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of red loropetalum: anthracnose, damping-off and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves; because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf drop, with severe damage in the rainy season from July to August; the pathogen is Actinonema. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary source of infection for the following year's disease. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of red loropetalum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental Peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old; the branchlets are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with numerous small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the tip, covered with short soft hairs, often clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight, is drought-tolerant and cannot tolerate humid environments. It likes warm climates, has good cold tolerance, and can overwinter safely in natural environments at minus 25 degrees Celsius. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging; if planted in waterlogged low-lying places, seedlings easily die. Landscape value: ornamental peach has large, brilliantly colored flowers and is beautiful when blooming, with an ornamental period of as long as 15 days. In landscaping it is widely used around lakesides, streams, both sides of roads and parks, etc. In small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for container appreciation, and is also often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. There is also the common weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, showing particularly good results in the very year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in masses or as specimens, showing particularly good greening results in the very year. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colorful nursery stock in landscaping and is usually used together with purple-leaf plum, purple-leaf cherry and other nursery stock. Mixed planting with flowering shrubs creates a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted on the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and is a polysaccharide substance; hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and others. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood and boosting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis and leaf curl. The main pests include aphids, red spider mites, scale insects and red-necked longhorn beetles.

Artificial Plant Communities

1. Satsuki azalea + red loropetalum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-variegatus' + thornless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three foliage-color plants are planted linearly, giving rich leaf color; together with large-specimen thornless holly balls, they form a neat, full and clearly layered road-greening color-band effect.

2. Red loropetalum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Japanese maple

Red loropetalum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability, with beautiful leaf color and flower color, while the Photinia × fraseri ball has green old leaves accented by red new leaves, setting each other off beautifully. The combination of the four plants is richly layered and forms a landscape road with vertical rhythm and spatial layering and a strong guiding sense.

3. Red loropetalum + Fatsia japonica + Canary Island date palm + frangipani

In this combination of several plants, green is dominant; the leaves range from small (red loropetalum) to large (Fatsia japonica, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich and it has the effect of narrowing space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, with varying density between culms. Iris has a graceful posture and varied, beautiful flower colors. The two combined together have great charm.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + red loropetalum + Aucuba japonica + osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like a sparrow's tongue and a low plant form, and can serve as the lowest-layer plant. Aucuba japonica has yellow spots on its leaves and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree osmanthus has fragrant flowers that refresh the heart. The combination has varying density, changes in leaf color, and added floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + red loropetalum + Fagraea ceilanica + canna

Azalea has brilliant flowers, and with red loropetalum and Fagraea ceilanica as a backing, it is even more moving. Canna has large leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel intimate.

7. Groundcover lawn + marigold + Photinia × fraseri + red loropetalum ball + Dan gui osmanthus

With green groundcover as the base, marigold's bright yellow flowers are extremely beautiful; behind the marigold, red loropetalum and red photinia serve as a backing, and the Dan gui osmanthus has a spreading tree form. The several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Ophiopogon + guava tree

Both Ophiopogon and guava trees adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. Ophiopogon has fine, soft leaves and is very suitable as groundcover. The guava tree has smooth yellow bark, a graceful posture and relatively large leaves with well-spaced density, making it very suitable for open groves and small paths.

9. Lawn + Agave americana var. marginata + pruned and shaped banyan + Senna bicapsularis

With green lawn as the base, agave has thick, large leaves in alternating silvery-yellow and green, and matches extremely harmoniously with the pruned and shaped banyan, while Senna bicapsularis has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. The combination of these several plants is richly layered, with color changes that are nevertheless harmonious.

10. Liriope + Rhapis excelsa + Areca palm + papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope has fine, soft leaf shapes, while Rhapis excelsa and areca palm have thicker, larger leaves, and papaya has large palmate leaves, with its fruit borne on the main trunk and a very graceful posture.

11. Acalypha wilkesiana + Duranta erecta + red loropetalum

As a plant combination for carpet flower beds, Acalypha wilkesiana has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and red loropetalum has dark purple leaf color. The combination of the three plants as a carpet flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Care Plan 4"

Landscape Greening Care and Management Plan

Care and management are very important in landscape greening. It is a long-term, repetitive task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grass and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting of flower bed flowers, among other things. The completion of green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level care and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of the plants in the care area:

1. The greening area is about 2,454,190,000 sq m, with a high greening coverage rate, and there are large numbers of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned and shaped shrubs; the initial growth has gradually taken shape. After our careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: the plant planting style in this area is relatively open, and the plaza is mainly planted with ginkgo, Phoebe zhennan and large trees in

rows, appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: the plant varieties in this area are complexly combined, with large and small trees, shrubs and groundcover plants interplanted.

At the entrance, relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf banyan stump,

top-grade osmanthus, etc.) dominate. Whether the office-area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, refined and open, spacious scenery,

and whether the hotel villa-area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle and leisurely, relaxed atmosphere,

all depend on the care and management that comes afterward.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: 1) shaped shrubs are not growing well and their shapes are monotonous; 2) flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including how many flowers, flower size, color and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; 3) lawns have many weeds, and in local areas grass-family weeds show a tendency to run rampant; 4) pest and disease problems exist.

1. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional horticulture and carry out varied and graceful shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to encourage their growth and then shape them according to their form; this depends on the specific plant's growth and plant form. The hedges in local areas are highly regular, and the neat uniform long strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the whole courtyard and creating a smoother living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different care and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing and foliar fertilizer; different plants and different seasons all have different fertilizing methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We will classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus and species, and their growth habits, and label all the plants in the area. In this way we can

enrich employees' general knowledge of plants, add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and, with eye-catching labels,

bring more attention to the greening.

6. Greening care is not a matter of a single day. While doing the rectification work well, we will likewise

adopt different care and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to its extreme, and

we also ask the client to offer more opinions so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Care responsibilities

Within the contract care period, our company, in accordance with landscape greening care operating procedures and landscape greening care quality standards, organizes reasonably and cares meticulously, and sends professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange the management and protection work, and flexibly sends no fewer than ______ experienced workers according to the weather in each season and the plant growth conditions, to complete the care and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

Six, Care content

1. Management procedures: including the whole process of watering, opening planting holes and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately). {Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, carts, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, maintenance costs

3. Care content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per tree; apply topdressing once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying and water-fertilizer methods, then cover with soil and water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, maintain the trees' natural growth state without shaping or pruning, promptly cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, shaded vigorous shoots and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and promptly clean up pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure there are no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, etc.; water once within three hours after application, and water once a day (except on rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly. For those pruned into round, square or conical shapes, do light pruning once a week and heavy pruning once a month, with smooth, attractive cut surfaces; promptly remove pruned material, promptly cut off dead branches and diseased and pest-infested branches, promptly replant old, diseased and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, etc.; water once within three hours after application, and water once a day (except on rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, cut off spent flowers once a week, remove weeds once a week, and promptly cut off dead and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilizing and thorough watering, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, promptly replant wilted and dead missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(2) Specific annual landscape care work schedule:

January: the month with the lowest temperatures of the year, when open-field trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest-infested branches and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings on large and small trees.

2. Street tree inspection: promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify any loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, or unstable stakes found.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. You can dig out the pupae and cocoons of slug moths from the loose soil under the trees and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin to become active, but at this time they move slowly, so we can adopt the method of scraping the larvae off the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space care: in green spaces, flower beds and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be weeded and edged promptly; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: temperatures rise somewhat compared with the previous month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Care is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead and diseased branches of large and small trees. Finish pruning all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on preventing slug moths and scale insects.

March: temperatures continue to rise; after mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do planning and design well, dig the tree holes in advance, and ensure digging, transporting, planting and watering are done promptly in sequence. When planting shrubs, likewise ensure digging, transporting and planting are done promptly, and water fully to increase the survival rate of nursery stock.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas promptly.

3. Fertilizing: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion sprays for control). For slug moth control, the method of digging out pupae can continue to be used.

April: temperatures continue to rise, and trees all sprout and bloom or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late; promptly remove and replant shrubs that died in winter (azalea, red loropetalum, etc.), and water newly planted trees fully.

2. Irrigation: continue to water the green spaces under care promptly.

3. Fertilizing: for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, tree trunk bases, wall corners and other places, secreting white waxy thin cocoons and pupating. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deeply or soaked in a concentrated way. Or use the method of spraying pesticides such as fenitrothion. (2) Longhorn beetles begin to become active; a grafting knife or self-made steel wire can be used to remove the larvae, but the wound should be made as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Care within green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: temperatures rise sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees need a lot of water and should be watered in good time.

2. Pruning: prune spent flowers. Carry out the first bud-removal pruning on street trees.

3. Pest and disease control: continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of slug moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; make corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the care area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids and others has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, Pittosporum tobira, oleander, etc.). In mid-to-late May, spray 10-20 times diluted rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500-2000 times dilution to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal agents and Huabao can be used.)

June: temperatures are high

1. Watering: Plants have a high water demand, so water them promptly; do not "leave it to the weather."

2. Fertilizing: Combine loosening the soil and weeding, fertilizing and watering to achieve the best results.

3. Pruning: Continue bud removal and sucker removal on street trees. Carry out pruning on hedges, topiary balls and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Drainage work: During heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid-to-late June, the spiny moth enters its peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly; currently, spraying with 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500-800 times dilution is basically used. (Or spray with compound BT emulsion.) Continue manual capture of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees, and right, reinforce and re-tie trees that are loose or leaning.

July: Temperatures are at their highest, and strong winds and heavy rain will occur after mid-month.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly once high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Topdressing: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud removal and pruning; prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and check each tree stump one by one; if any are loose or unstable, right and tie them immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials, tools and equipment, and send people to inspect at any time, handling hazards promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue controlling longhorn beetles and spiny moths. To control longhorn beetles, inject 50% fenitrothion at a 1:50 dilution (or Fruit Tree Treasure, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the hole; this can also achieve good results. For camphor tree shoot borers, prune them off promptly and destroy the insect nests to prevent further damage.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: Continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to the summer pruning of general trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on capturing longhorn beetles, and pay attention to capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree shoot borers should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot, and take measures promptly. September: Temperatures drop somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, remove buds below the third branching level of street trees. Shape-prune hedges. Weed within green areas, edge the lawn, and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilizing: For some trees that grow weakly and whose branches are not sufficiently sturdy, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) is at its peak, use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to root damage; pay attention to capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood moths on poplars and willows. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Do inspection work on all kinds of landscaping facilities before the holiday.

October: Temperatures drop; in late October, early winter begins, trees start to shed leaves, and successively enter the dormant period.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting; in late October, once cold-hardy trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green area maintenance: Promptly remove dead trees and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green areas and lawns. Fertilize herbaceous flowers that are growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree shoot borers. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-hardy plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Turning the soil: Turn the soil in green areas to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry, compacted soil, completing before the freeze.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and draw up the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green area maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed loess.

2 Landscape plants

2.1 Growing normally. Various plants in newly built green areas reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Landscape trees have basically complete crowns, with main and lateral branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number and reasonably pruned; the interior is not chaotic, with ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green areas.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth, and leaf size and color are normal. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves and leaves with insect excrement or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the retention rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coni-

Section 3: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower lateral branches, to ensure that tree development tends to be reasonable, tree branch form is improved, and pest and disease breeding is reduced.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely growing as appropriate; this can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. You can dig out spiny moth pupae and cocoons from the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated manner.

5. As circumstances require, thin the grass on individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning and fertilizing work on lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaf mahonia and globe scale on coral and Japanese fatsia.

3. In particular, strengthen freeze-proofing and heat-preservation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening soil and hilling soil around tree roots.

4. Apply a topdressing (urea) to cool-season lawns once at the end of the month at 10g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Promptly roll and weed lawns, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapple types and cool-season lawns; pay attention to prevention and reporting.

4. For local depressions and low-lying spots on lawns, add soil and cover with sand; carry out low pruning of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the sprouting and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilizing for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried out in winter and spring; you can begin pruning evergreen hedges.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period for trees to unfold leaves, and water demand is very high, so water promptly.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud removal on plane trees, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding on lawns, and promptly prune lawn grass to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure an adequate water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding on lawns.

3. Prune lawns promptly and control their growth height, and pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply compound fertilizer once to lawns that grow poorly or lack fertilizer, so they can safely pass the summer.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that plant watering work is carried out.

2. Loosen soil and weed flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to weed and remove grass to prevent grass from running wild; continue cultivation, weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, reinforce and secure trees in the park to prevent lodging; promptly clear and drain low-lying or seriously waterlogged places.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune promptly, control lawn height, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding. Apply supplementary and topdressing fertilizer promptly, mainly P and K fertilizers, together with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to mastering the fertilization timing and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought relief work; it must not be chosen between 10:00 and 15:00, to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly clear drainage ditches in low-lying and easily waterlogged places to prevent water from accumulating for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed within green areas and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely growing, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. Promptly prune, edge and clear weeds from lawns, and pay attention to pest and disease control work.

4. Weed flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure an attractive appearance, neatness and clear layering. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend to be reasonable and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted herbaceous flowers, promptly fill gaps and water, and fertilize those growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction and forecasting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, reducing pests and diseases and enhancing growth vigor.

2. Do a good job of weeding and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs and green areas, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant empty or bare spots. As circumstances require, adjust trees in the local layout, and some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Also begin cold-proofing and warmth-preserving work; for trees with

poor cold resistance, wrap with rice straw and hill up soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. As circumstances require, scarify and aerate lawns, and prune 2-3 times at the same time.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late this month, and carry out soil turning in green areas together with increased application of organic fertilizer.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction and forecasting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of weeding and edging in color-block shrubs and green areas, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing residual stumps and dead branches, in order to make next year's tree growth better (flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds must not be pruned), and at the same time pay attention to cleaning insect cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they safely overwinter.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction and forecasting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Section 4: "Latest Common Southern Landscape Plants"

Common landscape plants of the south

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Renmianzi (Dracontomelon duperreanum), Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Oriental arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Buddhist pine (Podocarpus nagi), long-leaf podocarpus, white champaca, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, grey cinnamon, camphor tree, cinnamon, Keteleeria, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, siamese cassia, red-flowered camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, butterfly tree, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, water banyan, water stone banyan, avocado, blackboard tree, false betel nut palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, big-leaf eucalyptus, blue gum, cajuput, butterfly fruit, Chinese torreya, Chinese plum yew, Indian rubber fig, banyan, small-leaf fig, big-fruit fig, weeping fig, Huangge fig, sacred fig, beefwood, jackfruit, camphor-leaf maple, sweet oak, blue Japanese oak, candlenut, silver birch, pointed-leaf elaeocarpus, big-leaf elaeocarpus, yellow hibiscus, iron wintergreen, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, Albizia falcataria, royal palm, fish-tail palm (Caryota obtusa), Mexican blue palm, sugar palm, long-leaf date palm, autumn maple, red sandalwood, Dillenia indica, jackfruit, yellow cassia, tree jackfruit, big-leaf privet, Michelia chapensis, schefflera, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

Small-leaf terminalia, Chinese swamp cypress, water winter melon, Chinese tallow, candied fruit tree, sand pear, soapberry, entire-leaf goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, Chinese tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, happy tree, big-leaf crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flame tree, peacock flower, jacaranda, yellow cassia, chinaberry, Chinese mahogany, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, golden acacia, prickly castor oil tree, sweetgum, weeping willow, Magnolia soulangeana, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

rosewood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm, Chinese plum yew, orchid tree, big-leaf boxwood, densely flowered oleaster, camellia sasanqua, South China coral tree, spotted laurel, St. John's wort, three-stamen areca, areca palm, Qiong palm, four-season orchid tree, soft-branch allamanda, small-leaf justicia, red bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, Chinese holly, foreign azalea, shiny-leaf cordyline, croton, red mulberry, golden-edged mulberry, golden-leaf fig, smooth senna, Marigold azalea, Ardisia, orange jasmine, red-back eupatorium, eagle-claw flower, camellia, oil tea, big-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flower allamanda, June snow, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, nandina, Japanese fatsia, night-blooming magnolia, hibiscus, lantern flower, rhododendron, yucca, Adam's needle, South China boxwood, licuala palm, soft-leaf date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-vein shrimp plant, schefflera, variegated duranta, yellow-leaf duranta, justicia, golden-leaf privet, elephant ear, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Aspidistra, snake plant, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, variegated hibiscus, purple brocade wood, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, Brunfelsia, Hebe, crinum lily, spider lily, beautyberry flower, red-flowered loropetalum, large-flower datura, white paper fan, red paper fan, hairy azalea, Western azalea, double-pod senna, hard-stem trumpet creeper, rose myrtle, Chinese ixora, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, fiddle-leaf coral, blue snowflake, blue star flower, butterfly pea, nandina, pepperwood, red-back eupatorium,

Deciduous shrubs:

Cotton rose, bridal wreath spirea, rhombus-leaf spirea, modern rose, glossy abelia, pomegranate, beautyberry, purple magnolia, lespedeza, honeysuckle, Japanese snowball, rose of Sharon, redbud, dwarf flowering cherry, bridal wreath, pearl flower, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small wax privet

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, flame vine, rangoon creeper, three-leaf akebia, honeysuckle, wintercreeper, climbing fig, kiwifruit, creeping euonymus, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, epipremnum, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, southern magnolia vine, Boston ivy, Chinese trumpet creeper, passionflower, multi-flower crape myrtle, evergreen mucuna, large-flower thunbergia

Eagle-claw flower, large-flower thunbergia, rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, flame vine, white-flower mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, Jasminum officinale, large-flower Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, glory bower, passionflower

Bamboos:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, moso bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, bamboo (Phyllostachys glauca), golden-striped bamboo, Bambusa emeiensis, hedge bamboo, bitter bamboo, indocalamus, Buddha belly bamboo, ma bamboo, green-shell bamboo, Thailand bamboo, punt pole bamboo, square bamboo, green bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, small qin silk bamboo, red bamboo

Lawns and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese lawngrass, fine-leaf lawngrass, carpet grass, centipede grass, jointhead paspalum, Manila grass, Zoysia grass, Guangdong evergreen, spiderwort, oyster plant, lilyturf, large-leaf curculigo, mountain lilyturf, pink reineckea, Aspidistra, black-eyed Susan vine, Acorus gramineus, autumn zephyr lily, pink zephyr lily, golden spider lily, white butterfly, butterfly iris, red-flowered oxalis, inch plant,

Calathea roseopicta, arrowhead plant, white butterfly arrowhead plant, pothos, inch plant, sword fern, aluminum plant, small oyster plant, peace lily, silver-edged lilyturf, red-flowered lantana, yellow-flowered lantana, purple-flowered lantana,

dusty miller, bleeding glory-bower, shrimp plant, red firecracker plant, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, trident creeping daisy, red-flowered oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf bloodleaf, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green herb, autumn zephyr lily, pink zephyr lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean lawngrass, Bermuda grass, large-leaf carpet grass, variegated blunt grass, bahia grass, short-leaf lilyturf

Palms:

Royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, fishtail palm, windmill palm, dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, queen palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, Mexican fan palm, pygmy date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, long-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, three-stamen betel nut palm, traveler's palm, bamboo palm,

Seasonal flowers

Star cluster, African impatiens, four-season begonia, scarlet sage, petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, French marigold, African marigold, nasturtium, pansy, summer snapdragon, cockscomb, pot marigold, globe amaranth, zinnia, moss rose, purslane, cosmos, cineraria, spider flower, daylily, lavender, purple loosestrife

Chapter Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Configurations"

Southern Plant Configurations

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + umbrella papyrus + variegated galangal

Large Madagascar dragon tree + rainbow Madagascar dragon tree + heavenly bamboo + sword fern + placed stone

Royal palm + fishtail palm + pygmy date palm + canna + coleus + croton

Royal palm + Canary Island date palm head + red dracaena + red mulberry + Chinese ixora

Royal palm + false betel nut palm + areca palm + large-leaf bamboo palm + golden leaf

Chapter Six: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in the South"

Commonly Used Plants in Southern Courtyards

I. Palms:

1. Royal palm 2. False betel nut palm 3. Washington palm 4. Silver date palm 5. Canary Island date palm 6. Three-stamen betel nut palm

7. Chinese fan palm 8. Mexican fan palm 9. Areca palm 10. Bamboo palm (fine-leaf bamboo palm) 11. Queen palm 12. Soft-leaf date palm

II. Trees (street trees, shade trees):

1. Flamboyant tree 2. Kapok 3. Pretty silk floss tree 4. Coral tree 5. Pointed-leaf elaeocarpus 6. Blackboard tree

7. Small-leaf banyan 8. Water stone banyan 9. Mango 10. Chinaberry 11. Cinnamon 12. Large-leaf trumpet vine

13. Red sandalwood 14. Frangipani 15. Tropical almond 16. Traveler's palm 17. Red-leaved pandanus 18. Autumn maple

19. Star fruit 20. Pointed-leaf osmanthus 21. Golden shower tree 22. Albizia 23. Paperbark tree

24. Eucalyptus 25. Hainan rose apple 26. Large-leaf aphanamixis 27. Bauhinia 28. Mahogany

29. Alpine banyan 30. African tulip tree 31. Yellow-flowered trumpet tree 32. Goldenrain tree

III. Flowering shrubs:

1. Four-season osmanthus 2. Fine-leaf bamboo 3. Tree fern 4. Yellow banyan 5. Bougainvillea

6. Yellow cassia 7. Red bottlebrush 8. Golden-edged sisal 9. Hibiscus 10. Fagraea 11. Variegated banyan

12. Hibiscus 13. Banana shrub 14. Trumpet vine 15. Powderpuff plant 16. Crepe jasmine 17. Dragon orchid

18. Century plant 19. Yucca 20. Firecracker vine 21. Yellow oleander 22. Polyscias

IV. Ground covers or color blocks:

1. Pittosporum 2. Monstera 3. Pothos 4. Bird's nest fern 5. Red ruby 6. Large-leaf red grass 7. Schefflera

8. Small angel 9. Golden leaf 10. Cigar flower 11. Fine-leaf frog orchid 12. Three-star arrowroot 13. Azalea

14. Dwarf Chinese fan palm 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Variegated golden dewdrop 17. Spider lily 18. Inch plant 19. Soft-branch allamanda

20. Variegated galangal 21. Asparagus fern 22. Golden peanut 23. Fine-leaf Chinese ixora 24. Sword fern 25. Yellow shrimp plant

26. White butterfly 27. Aluminum plant 28. Variegated dieffenbachia 29. Rainbow cordyline 30. Croton 31. Lilyturf

32. Silver-edged grass 33. Jasmine 34. Velvet calathea 35. Taiwan grass 36. Large-leaf carpet grass

37. Manila grass 38. Bermuda grass 39. Ryegrass 40. Tall fescue

There are also some commonly used plants:

1. Bodhi banyan 2. Alpine banyan 3. Water stone banyan 4. Bellflower 5. National Day flower 6. Golden shower tree

7. Siamese senna 8. Sausage tree 9. Thai yellow large yellow flower ball 10. Golden melaleuca

11. Winged senna 12. Twin-pod senna 13. Dwarf barbados cherry 14. Water banyan 15. Gray manglietia

16. Hainan sprinkled gold 17. Variegated money tree 18. Hainan ormosia 19. Mahogany

20. Albizia 21. Sandalwood cinnamon 22. Autumn osmanthus 23. Laurel 24. Mexican fan palm 25. Fine-leaf bamboo

26. Indian yellow (purple) sandalwood 27. Red sandalwood 28. Mountain dianella 29. Leizhou banyan 30. Cat-tail tree

Commonly Used Garden Plants in the South

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine, Cunningham's araucaria, Chinese fir, large-leaf araucaria, kauri, masson pine, slash pine, camphor tree, cinnamon, giant eucalyptus, paperbark tree, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, autumn maple, Taiwan acacia, pointed acacia, ear-pod acacia, red sandalwood, small-leaf banyan, large-leaf banyan, alpine banyan, bird banyan, Indian rubber fig, variegated Indian rubber fig, bodhi tree, candlenut, mahogany, dillenia, blackboard tree, tropical almond, small-leaf tropical almond, jackfruit, wax apple, Indian laurel, sapodilla, chinaberry, casuarina, white magnolia, night-blooming magnolia, firepower magnolia, small-leaf elaeocarpus, southern magnolia, sea hibiscus, mango, longan, lychee, olive, loquat, bayberry, pomelo, water stone banyan, Buddhist pine, dragon juniper, podocarpus, osmanthus, four-season osmanthus, banana shrub, orchid tree, camellia, weeping banyan, butterfly fruit, oblique-leaf banyan

2. Deciduous trees

Dawn redwood, pond cypress, bald cypress, Chinese swamp cypress, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, autumn maple, albizia, large-leaf albizia, silver wattle, sweetgum, weeping willow, sausage tree, anthocephalus, silver oak, Chinese hackberry, soapberry, Chinese pistache, chinaberry, Chinese tallow, wood oil tree, ginkgo, sterculia, persimmon, fig, mulberry, papaya, guava, red maple, acacia

3. Palms

False betel nut palm, royal palm, king palm, bottle palm, club palm, triangle palm, foxtail palm, queen palm, oil palm, sugar palm, large Washingtonia, Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Iranian honey date palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, sugar palm, scaly date palm, soft-leaf date palm, three-stamen betel nut palm, green palm, fragrant palm, long-spike fishtail palm, short-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, windmill palm, banana, traveler's palm, cordyline, bamboo palm, fine-leaf bamboo palm, Nicolas bird of paradise, red-stem philodendron, false taro

4. Foliage shrubs

Golden-leaf weeping banyan, golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, garcinia, variegated reed bamboo, drooping polyalthia, red-leaved pandanus, pittosporum, variegated hibiscus, sago palm, red bottlebrush, woody night jasmine, smoke tree, golden-veined shrimp plant, Japanese aralia, creeping juniper, variegated cassava, heavenly bamboo, schefflera, variegated schefflera, pepper tree, red-back excoecaria, red mulberry, Japanese lilac, golden dewdrop, variegated golden dewdrop, yellow-leaf golden dewdrop, orange jasmine, croton, halberd-leaf croton, Hainan croton, gold-sprinkled croton, justicia, Fukien tea, small-leaf boxwood, golden-leaf privet, crown of thorns, yellow-striped century plant, agave, silver-edged agave, yucca, bottle palm, Aspidistra, snake plant, cactus, giant taro, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera, variegated shell ginger, beach naupaka, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, colorful-leaf breynia, Ceylon phyllanthus, Chinese rose

5. Flowering shrubs

African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, rare jasmine, hibiscus, Chinese hibiscus, Chinese lantern, sleeping hibiscus, poinsettia, powderpuff plant, bougainvillea, large-flowered gardenia, hydrangea, red-bracted flower, wild peony, red-flowered loropetalum, large-flowered datura, white mussaenda, red mussaenda, yellow allamanda, Western azalea, twin-pod senna, hard-stem trumpet vine, rose myrtle, Chinese ixora, foxtail pearl, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, crinum lily,

spider lily, crab claw flower, dwarf canna, stone sea pepper, fiddle-leaf coral, blue snowflake, blue star flower, butterfly plant

6. Ground covers

Calathea roseopicta, arrowhead plant, white butterfly arrowhead plant, pothos, inch plant, sword fern, aluminum plant, small oyster plant, peace lily, lilyturf, silver-edged lilyturf, red-flowered lantana, yellow-flowered lantana, purple-flowered lantana, dusty miller, bleeding glory-bower, shrimp plant, red firecracker plant, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, trident creeping daisy, red-flowered oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf bloodleaf, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green herb, autumn zephyr lily, pink zephyr lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean lawngrass, Bermuda grass, large-leaf carpet grass, variegated blunt grass, bahia grass, short-leaf lilyturf

7. Vines

Large-flowered thunbergia, rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, firecracker vine, white-flowered mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, creeping fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, jasmine, large-flowered dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, lianli vine, passionflower

Chapter Seven: "Document on Commonly Used Plant Configurations in the South"

Practical Plant Configuration Table ---- Brief Table of Common Plant Configurations

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Hankow willow, weeping willow, cotton willow, sand willow, artemisia willow, soap willow, small-leaf poplar, Liaoning poplar, sand cypress, Chinese juniper, oriental arborvitae, dawn redwood, chinaberry, Chinese wingnut, white ash, forsythia, elm, laciniate elm, Chinese elm, Chinese tallow, cherry blossom, eucommia, goldenrain tree, cotton rose, hibiscus, oleander, Boston ivy, grape, wisteria, false indigo, tamarisk, buttercup, water hyacinth buttercup, long-leaf alkali grass, marsh willow-leaf, willow-leaf grass, marsh woundwort, Chinese woundwort, mint, water hyssop, speedwell, watercress, Scirpus triqueter, water wool grass, flat-stem Scirpus, water nutgrass, flower-spike water nutgrass, globe-spike pycreus, red-phosphorus pycreus, jointed rush, small-flower rush, small rush, fine rush, knotgrass, common smartweed, red smartweed, clustered smartweed, dock-leaf smartweed, willow-leaf prickly smartweed, small arrow-leaf smartweed, mile-a-minute vine, prickly smartweed, halberd-leaf smartweed, large halberd-leaf smartweed, Japanese knotweed, cogon grass, calamagrostis, large-leaf grass, beckmannia, long-awn clubhead, wild mikania, silvergrass, Job's tears, niubiancao, wetland reed,

Emergent plants: water onion, reed, lotus root, arrowhead, broad-leaf cyperus, water plantain, lotus, purple loosestrife, cattail, duck-tongue grass, Monochoria, Acorus calamus, pickerelweed, rice, water pen, narcissus, water celery, wild rice stem, taro, marsilea, reed, water chestnut, Scirpus, needle rush, water candle, umbrella sedge, broad-leaf cattail

Floating plants: duckweed, water hyacinth, water lily, gorgon nut, Victoria lily, spatterdock, water hyacinth, water shield, water shield, yellow bladderwort, floating fern, long-gland water snowflake,

Submerged plants: hornwort, water plantain

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: sweetgum, lacquer tree, Japanese maple, trident maple, Oriental bittersweet, red oak, Tang maple, Chinese tallow, staghorn sumac, sumac, mountain ash, heavenly bamboo, euonymus, hawthorn, Chinese pistache, Chinese wingnut, barberry, Hubei hornbeam, Boston ivy

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: ginkgo, persimmon, goldenrain tree, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, elm, walnut, catalpa, dawn redwood, crape myrtle, Chinese elm, nanmu, wild jujube, kiwi, horse chestnut, water elm mountain ash, wintersweet, pomegranate, yellow cassia, witch hazel, soapberry, acacia

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be planted in residential areas include: mint, basil, lemon balm, German chamomile, lemongrass, sage, dandelion, pot marigold, thyme, borage, scented geranium, mallow and other herbaceous plants, and lavender, rosemary, gardenia, rose, lemon verbena and other shrubs.

An arrangement of woody plants fragrant in turn through the four seasons, such as: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and white magnolia in summer; osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: black locust, paulownia, lacebark pine, Chinese juniper, coral tree, photinia, pittosporum, Japanese aralia, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, false indigo, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting, butterfly-attracting plants: dwarf yew, Buddhist pine, Torreya, Japanese holly, camphor, bayberry, privet, ternstroemia, viburnum, aucuba, mahonia, firethorn, boxwood, pittosporum, Japanese aralia, etc., butterfly bush, Chinese pistache, and other fragrant-flowering plants (such as Citrus plants in the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous) flowers: torch lily (red-hot poker), lupine, blue fescue, astilbe, coreopsis, moneywort, oregano, large-flowered hibiscus, red-flowered mint, variegated star jasmine, jisongye chrysanthemum, hellebore, spider lily, daylily, iris, spiderwort, hosta, variegated canna, red-leaf canna, Dutch aster, large windflower grass, bletilla, perennial verbena

Four-season flowering trees:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Mulus micromalus, Mulus cathayensis, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (southern magnolia, white magnolia, Magnolia soulangeana, purple magnolia, red magnolia, banana shrub, Manglietia insignis, etc.), redbud, red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: crape myrtle, hibiscus, hydrangea, banana shrub, summer azalea, pomegranate (flower), gardenia, trumpet vine, albizia, acacia. Autumn: osmanthus, crape myrtle, hibiscus, flowering pomegranate, cotton rose, trumpet vine, etc.

Winter: honeysuckle, heavenly bamboo, plum blossom, banana shrub, camellia, sasanqua, etc.

Schematic classification of common greening tree species:

(1) Evergreen conifers

1. Trees: deodar cedar, Korean pine, black pine, dragon juniper, masson pine, Chinese juniper, sago palm, Norfolk Island pine, Japanese cedar, Torreya

2. Shrubs: (Buddhist pine), oriental arborvitae, creeping juniper, creeping juniper, Japanese cedar, five-needle pine

(2) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Trees: dawn redwood, golden larch, pond cypress, bald cypress

(3) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: camphor, southern magnolia, privet, windmill palm

2. Shrubs: coral tree, large-leaf boxwood, small-leaf boxwood, boxwood, holly, orange tree, photinia, pittosporum, osmanthus, oleander, yellow jasmine, winter jasmine, gold-sprinkled coral, heavenly bamboo, snow-in-summer, small-leaf privet, Japanese aralia, gardenia, wenmu, camellia, hypericum, azalea, yucca (pineapple flower, arrow hemp), sago palm (iron tree), mahonia

(4) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: weeping willow, upright willow, Chinese wingnut, dragon-claw willow, Chinese tallow, pagoda tree, Chinese parasol tree (Chinese paulownia),

plane tree (French plane), pagoda tree (Chinese scholar tree), panhuai, albizia, ginkgo, chinaberry (bitter chinaberry), catalpa

2. Shrubs: cherry blossom, white magnolia, peach blossom, wintersweet, crape myrtle, redbud, ash tree, green maple, red-leaf plum, Chaenomeles speciosa, bellflower crabapple, hydrangea, maye xiqiu, forsythia (golden tiao), cotton rose, hibiscus (hibiscus tree), shanmagan (cassava tree), pomegranate

(5) Bamboo: cixiao bamboo, bamboo, moso bamboo, purple bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, Buddha belly bamboo, golden-embedded-jade bamboo

(6) Vines: wisteria, star jasmine, Boston ivy (Boston ivy, climbing ivy), ivy, grape vine, wintercreeper

(7) Flowers: moss rose, pot marigold, scarlet sage, canna, five-color amaranth, kale (ball cauliflower), chrysanthemum, orchid

(8) Lawn: velvet grass, Zoysia grass, lilyturf grass, four-season green grass, tall fescue, Manila grass, clover, dichondra

Detailed Table of Common Plant Configurations

Table of Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, three-veined, double fragrant, spherical berry.

Plane tree Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown and dense shade, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, gray smooth bark, triangular leaves, slow growth, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; beautiful red flowers, flowering period May to August

Albizia Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Pink flowers, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental tree, street tree

Acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, golden yellow flowers, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature land, lush and rapid growth, beautiful tree form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn.. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and rounded, strong growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, dark green leaf surface, strong growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, slower growth, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (chinaberry tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, deformed crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, light purple flowers

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaf surface, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, huge soft thin leaves, branches scattered in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, also beautiful posture

Alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, strong tree vigor, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, beautiful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia, Pinaceae, tower-shaped evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the northwest region

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis, Pinaceae, tower-shaped evergreen conifer, weakly shade-tolerant (light-demanding), prefers cool and humid climates and acidic soil, blue-green needles

Chinese juniper (Sabina chinensis) Sabina chinensis, Cupressaceae, conical evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, tolerant of drought and poor soil, cold-resistant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerates pruning, good for dust prevention and sound insulation

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L., Magnoliaceae, oval-shaped evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful tree form,

Taiwan acacia Acacia confusa Merr., Fabaceae, umbrella-shaped evergreen tree, bark smooth when young and rough when old, trunk often crooked, strong growth vigor

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L., Arecaceae, pinnate evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, robust growth, graceful form

Canary Island date palm Phoenix dactylifera, Arecaceae, pinnate evergreen broadleaf tree, thick sturdy trunk, tall and majestic, dense spreading pinnate fronds,

Royal palm (Roystonea regia) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K., Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, single straight trunk up to 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, great ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgoaceae, umbrella-shaped deciduous broadleaf tree, yellow autumn leaves, cold-resistant, deep-rooted, intolerant of waterlogging, resistant to many toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (Chinese tuliptree) Liriodendron chinense, Magnoliaceae, umbrella-shaped deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a Chinese jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa, Salicaceae, umbrella-shaped deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool climates, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, fairly long-lived; well-formed tree shape, straight trunk, gray-white bark

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica, Salicaceae, narrowly cylindrical, deciduous broadleaf tree, cold- and drought-resistant, slightly tolerant of salinity and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese elm (lacebark elm) Ulmus parvifolia, Ulmaceae, umbrella-shaped deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo, Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light salinity, tolerates pruning, yellow autumn leaves {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Table of Traits of Commonly Used Landscape Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra, Lauraceae, spherical, large evergreen tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, doubly aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia, Platanaceae, oval-shaped, prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerates pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L., Magnoliaceae, oval-shaped evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful tree form,

Yulan magnolia Magnolia denudata, Magnoliaceae, umbrella-shaped, quite cold-resistant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large and pure white, blooming from March to April. Suitable for garden viewing.

Chinese tulip tree (Chinese tuliptree) Liriodendron chinense, Magnoliaceae, umbrella-shaped deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a Chinese jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae (oriental arborvitae) Thuja orientalis Linn, Cupressaceae, conical evergreen tree, neat tree form when young, often crooked when old, strong growth, long-lived, beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl., Oleaceae, round-shaped evergreen tree, robust, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Bischofia Bischoffia javanica Blanco, Euphorbiaceae, round-shaped evergreen tree, very beautiful when young leaves sprout, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn., Salicaceae, umbrella-shaped deciduous small tree, suitable for low-lying wet ground, luxuriant and rapid growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz, Cupressaceae, umbrella-shaped evergreen tree, bark gray-brown with irregular longitudinal fissures; twigs alternate, green when young, flattened.

Royal palm Roystonea regia, Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, single straight trunk up to 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, great ornamental value

Japanese euonymus Euonymus japonica, Celastraceae, oval-shaped, prefers warm and humid climates, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable as hedges and foundation planting.

Maple tree Liquidamdar formosana Hance., Hamamelidaceae, conical deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera, Juglandaceae, umbrella-shaped, highly adaptable, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as shade trees, street trees and bank-protection trees

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens, Cupressaceae, evergreen creeping dwarf shrub, branches and trunk sprawling along the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, uniquely styled tree form, verdant and smooth foliage and branches. Suitable for ground cover and beautifying the surroundings of courtyard rocks, ponds, sand pits and slopes. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens, Verbenaceae, round-shaped evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs and hedges. Golden dewdrop with yellow leaves is grown mainly for foliage, widely used, can serve as ground cover, trimmed into shapes, used to form patterns or as a color accent in plantings, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta, Aquifoliaceae, round-shaped, resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent., Moraceae, umbrella-shaped evergreen tree, leaves huge, soft and thin, branches spreading in all directions, graceful form

Chinese elm (lacebark elm) Ulmus parvifolia, Ulmaceae, umbrella-shaped deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn, Cupressaceae, conical evergreen medium-sized tree, densely branched, dark green, robust growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form

Pittosporum Pittosporum tobira, Pittosporaceae, round-shaped, white fragrant flowers, blooming in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as hedges or potted plants. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn, Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, trunk tillering, up to 20-25 m tall, leaves gray-white with arched bends, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Hankow willow Salix matsudana, Salicaceae, umbrella-shaped, suitable as shade trees, street trees and bank-protection trees

Silk tree (Persian silk tree) Albizia julibrissin, Mimosaceae, umbrella-shaped, flowers pink, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental trees and street trees

Japanese black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl., Pinaceae, conical evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, twigs orange-yellow, needles hard and in bundles of two, long-lived

Purple-leaf plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea, Rosaceae, umbrella-shaped deciduous small tree, twigs smooth, red-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purple-red, pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen and group planting, as a contrasting background.

Washington palm Washingtonia filifera Wend., Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, single cylindrical trunk, swollen at the base, up to 4-8 m tall, leaves fan-shaped and round, robust growth, beautiful tree form{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica, Fabaceae, umbrella-shaped, dense foliage and branches, broad crown, suitable as shade trees and street trees

Yellow shower cassia Cassia glauca Lam., Fabaceae, round-shaped deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, yellow flowers, fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo, Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light salinity, tolerates pruning, yellow autumn leaves

Japanese maple Acer palmatum, Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped, elegant leaf shape, red autumn leaves. Suitable for garden viewing and potted cultivation.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd., Pinaceae, oval tower-shaped evergreen tree, foliage and branches well spaced, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, small leaves radially arranged, tree form vigorous and upright.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart., Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen forming a wine bottle shape, very graceful form

Mandarin orange tree Citrus reticulata, Rutaceae, round-shaped, flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry tree Melia azedarch Linn., Meliaceae, round-shaped deciduous tree, bark gray-brown, bipinnate odd-pinnate compound leaves, purple flowers, fast-growing

Snowbush (June snow) Serissa serissoides, Rubiaceae, round-shaped evergreen small shrub. Leaves dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Foliage and branches slender, excellent texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds and trimmed shapes.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort, Cupressaceae, upright tower-shaped evergreen medium-sized tree, densely branched, dark green, robust growth, very long-lived, very beautiful tree form

Dragon-claw pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula, Fabaceae, umbrella-shaped, branches drooping, suitable for garden viewing, paired or row planting

Dragon-claw willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa, Salicaceae, round-shaped, branches twisted like a dragon in motion, suitable as shade trees and ornamental trees

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien., Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, trunk upright, 2 m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don, Podocarpaceae, long conical evergreen tree, plain and elegant appearance, can be pruned as premium bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical or tiered forms for garden landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb., Pinaceae, umbrella-shaped evergreen tree, trunk bark red-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic

Nandina Nandina domestica, Berberidaceae, umbrella-shaped, elegant foliage and branches, red berries in autumn and winter; for garden viewing, can be group-planted or potted. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria ecelsa Br., Araucariaceae, conical evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, robust growth

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum, Oleaceae, oval-shaped, flowers white, blooming in June. Suitable as hedges or street trees.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br., Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, trunk upright up to 6-12 m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, luxuriant growth, elegant form

Globe juniper Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa., Cupressaceae, broad round-shaped shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum, Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped conical deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful, can be trained into noble-shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree and forest-bathing tree.

Boxwood B. bodinieri, Buxaceae, oval-shaped, dense foliage and branches, suitable for garden viewing. Can be group-planted, used as hedges or potted. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don, Taxodiaceae, conical, oval, round-shaped evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Arecaceae Plants"

The Arecaceae family is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, well-developed root systems, tolerant of drought and poor soil, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This section introduces their introduction, transplanting and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in the humid tropical and subtropical regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants, while a few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term waterlogging, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the false betel nut palm and the Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape value of palm plants has been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, and later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan, all successively set off a wave of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Several units led by the Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on plant geography and ecology theory, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally possess cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high latitudes and high altitudes in the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, water and soil, etc. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing plant growth and development; low winter temperatures are the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers selected a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora blight, coconut leaf beetle and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the germination mechanism of palm seeds, summarized and invented techniques for hastening palm seed germination, mastered whole-crown transplanting of palm plants and large-specification container seedling cultivation techniques, and did fruitful work on soil improvement, winter cold protection and preservation techniques.

At present, researchers have selected and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including the royal palm, Chinese fan palm, palm bamboo, southern coconut palm and fishtail palm; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the Arecaceae plants successfully applied mainly include Butia palm, hairy Washington palm, Canary Island date palm and Washington palm, more than ten species in all, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

Discussion of the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Blight

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Blight

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palm plants such as the royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm and Canary Island date palm; in affected plants the central leaf cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrivel and dry up, and in severe cases the entire plant or whole patches wither. The pathogen of Phytophthora blight is caused by Phytophthora and can be identified by incubation in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The fungus spreads through watering, rain splash and air movement.

Occurrence Pattern of Washington Palm Phytophthora Blight

This disease occurs during periods of high temperature and high humidity in summer and autumn. Early drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, causing soil moisture content to

rise suddenly, poor ventilation, or plants located in wind gaps, are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained and continuous-cropping plots. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root injury during seedling digging combined with long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young central leaf rots, the leaf turns gray-green and droops, and it can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, the growth point and even the entire central part of the plant show mushy secretions with a foul odor, and white mold-like growth can appear on the affected tissue. In severely affected plants, root damage is also often seen, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotting roots with an abnormal

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries; adult trees planted in green spaces are less often affected.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage in nursery land has been relatively severe. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand, are slightly sunken, and when moist the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When the disease occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown and white mold grows under moist conditions. When it occurs on the stem, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and later the upper part shows withering. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes purulent liquid oozes when the root system and stem are cut open, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves carry large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora blight is a vascular bundle disease; in severe cases the whole plant wilts, droops and dries up until it dies, with a high mortality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature and high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all areas the disease can be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and heavy rain, sometimes occurring sporadically and sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness and drainage in the nursery; light pruning of leaves can be done in autumn and winter each year, and pits can be opened and soil mounded in the planting area to keep the nursery land dry. Usually potassium fertilizer can be applied more, and quicklime and superphosphate can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of the plants.

2. Choose a good plot; select loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Practice crop rotation; land that has grown Washington palms requires crop rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Practice high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, carrying it out on sunny afternoons or in the evening.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Observe regularly, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly by deep burial or burning, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One or two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% phosethyl-Al (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as Kameitong, also known as soil fungicide (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and the roots of the Washington palm with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization on continuous sunny days, or spread lime powder for disinfection, or use 500 times dexon solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or phosethyl-Al (prone to developing resistance), adding 0.4% washing powder, into the heart or as a spray for both prevention and treatment. 80% mancozeb 700 times solution can also be sprayed, once every 7 to 10 days, for two or three consecutive sprays, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora blight. After adopting this measure, the Washington palms and hairy Washington palms at the Shanghai base of the Guangdong Palm Landscape Company have dropped from a disease incidence of 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Experience in Control

The control effect of using carbendazim and the like is not obvious. If all leaves are cut off in the early stage of the disease and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can gradually revive after 2 to 3 years, but with poor growth.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature dry areas such as Los Angeles, so the disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk and leaves are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies massively when water is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conductive tissue, and the plant wilts and dies from water loss. The heart rot disease described in some literature is actually also Phytophthora blight, only occurring at the central leaf position.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, with small water-soaked spots appearing at onset and then expanding into larger lesions that are easily found, and can generally be controlled with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens such as Phyllosticta and Pestalotiopsis, often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Single-trunk Large Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance; after root pruning the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. After root pruning, stones and broken roots should be removed from the soil and it should be backfilled promptly, with good moisture retention: the purpose is to exercise the seedling's adaptability and promote new root growth. After root pruning it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If heeled-in seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the ground. Dig holes 20 days before transplanting at the planting site; the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. Let the soil from the holes be exposed to the sun for a period, and the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of matured phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done all year round, with spring and autumn being best; try to avoid summer and winter, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants like warmth and moisture; in summer temperatures are high and seedlings evaporate water quickly, easily causing excessive water loss that affects survival; in winter temperatures are low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds can easily cause frostbite or even death of seedlings.

Moving the Seedlings

Some single-trunk Arecaceae large seedlings have relatively thick trunks, the workload of moving seedlings is large, and the seedlings are very easily injured; therefore, when moving seedlings, the trunk must be wrapped with burlap sacks or straw, especially the green wrapped part of the trunk at the boundary between trunk and petiole. This protects the trunk, retains moisture and blocks sunlight. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with leaf pruning, remove old leaves and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on tree vigor). At the same time, cut off the leaves together with the petiole by 1/5, to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

It is best to plant seedlings the same day they are dug; if the time is too long, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water and are prone to water loss affecting survival. If they cannot all be planted the same day, cover them well with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaves every day, doing good shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil Once the seedling is positioned, backfill the soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, shape the soil mound into a "water storage basin" slightly higher around the edges and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering Immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to settle the roots; before watering, first use bamboo poles etc. to poke the loose soil around the soil ball firm, until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing There are many kinds of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-planting Management

1. Moisture retention Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, just enough to wet the leaves and trunk wrapping. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow down and accumulate, causing root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with straw to block sunlight, prevent soil compaction caused by excessive soil temperature fluctuations, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and airy, which helps new roots sprout.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted single-trunk palm large seedlings are generally tall and are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds after transplanting, the supports must be checked regularly after planting to see whether they have come loose; especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, it must be straightened and re-tied promptly.

3. Top dressing About one month after planting, urea water can be used as a foliar top dressing by spraying, with top dressing about once every half month. After the first new leaf grows out and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. Dig the holes by opening a ring-shaped trench outside the edge of the soil ball, with the trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer must be mixed evenly with the backfill soil.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted single-trunk Arecaceae large seedlings are relatively weak in vigor and extremely susceptible to pests and diseases, especially the young leaves and central leaf. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" causes quite serious damage to Arecaceae plants; adults and larvae gather in the overlapping layers of the not-yet-unfolded central leaf and chew the leaf flesh, causing part or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. Control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsion 1000 times solution; ② cypermethrin 500 times solution; ③ use "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve good control effects. Based on actual practice, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the central leaf during planting together with tying.

For single-trunk Arecaceae large seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined by whether the leaves remain green, but to truly confirm survival, generally one must wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate rose from the original 75% to more than 90%, and the above techniques are highly practical and worth promoting and applying.

Transplanting Techniques for Seedlings, Large Trees and Clustered Seedlings

Key Techniques for Transplanting Seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during the period after they germinate and take root. At this time the seedlings are small and can be transplanted with the seed, and since there are few fibrous roots, the root system is not easily damaged when moving seedlings. Use nutrition bags for raising seedlings, with the size depending on the seedling cultivation time; generally, 1-year-old seedlings use 16 cm x 18 cm containers, and 2-year-old seedlings use 19 cm x 20 cm; nutrition bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. Prepare the nutrition soil with loose topsoil, burned soil and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, then bag it. First fill half the bag with mixed soil before placing the seedling, then hold the seedling upright and fill the bag full and compact it, so that the seedling root system and the mixed soil are pressed tightly together, then water thoroughly. Palm plants must not be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, lift the seedling upward so that the seedling root system spreads out.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Trees

Arecaceae plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most need several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting; therefore, selecting widely spaced strong seedlings gives a relatively high survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass Palm plant root tissues are young and tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots; when digging them up, bring as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize the degree of root mass damage as much as possible, so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve the transplanting survival rate. During construction, lines should be set and holes positioned accurately to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning The amount of leaves retained at transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to the different species, the climate at transplanting, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original leaf number should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause the leaves to turn yellow and dry due to high water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes it difficult for the plant to recover and prolongs the cycle, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the plant's stem and its pseudostem: during excavation, transport, loading and unloading of the plant, the stem should be kept free from damage, and the pseudostem should not be squeezed or bent; this is the guarantee of the plant's health and its rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site: palm plants suffer damage to their root tips during transplanting, and within one month after transplanting it is very difficult for new root tips to sprout, so their water-absorbing capacity is weak. At this time, if the soil has good water permeability and aeration, it will help the seedling survive, so when planting, large holes should be dug and attention paid to the quality of imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to help the palm recover after planting.

Maintenance: within one month after planting, the plant's adaptability is poor, so the seedling should be carefully maintained, water must be replenished in time, and appropriate shading provided, striving to have new leaves sprout within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs for several days after transplanting, the palm seedling will recover better, because rainy days can avoid the effects of unfavorable factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key techniques for transplanting large clustered seedlings

Clustered species of palm plants have multiple growth points, and after growing into a multi-stemmed clustered state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clustered palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks, large leaf area causing high water evaporation, and poor wind permeability making them vulnerable to strong winds. Therefore, in addition to the treatment measures for transplanting single-stemmed palms, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "fibrous root method" of transplanting: after digging out a relatively large root ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the root ball, retain more fibrous roots and an appropriate root ball, and immediately wrap it with a moisture-retaining lightweight material, so as to reduce the weight of the root ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slow-recovering clustered palms such as the fishtail palm and the three-stamened areca palm.

2. Implement bare-root temporary planting or potting for concentrated maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant is stable before formal planting. This method is suitable for vigorous clustered palms such as the areca palm, the strange wrinkle-seeded palm, and the Hawaiian coconut palm, and can reduce freight costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for the transplanting of large palm seedlings and large trees, in brief, five aspects should be done well, namely: select strong seedlings; dig the root ball well and transport the plants carefully; prune the leaves appropriately; ensure aeration and drainage at the planting site; and do well in post-planting maintenance such as sun protection and moisture retention. The sign for judging the success of transplanting large seedlings and large trees is that within half a year after planting, most of the leaves can be retained and new leaves can sprout, among which the sprouting of three healthy new leaves means the transplanting is completely successful

Drainage: first understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and try to place the very bottom of the root ball at a position 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site and with deep, fertile soil; at the same time, a drainage layer for the root ball underground and a surface runoff guidance network should be well established to prevent water accumulation around the root ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions do not meet the requirements, the method of planting with a raised root ball can be used, that is, first build up the planting site with loose medium mixed with fertile soil or with coarse sand, try to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil mound, and fill and bury the root ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose medium, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots, so as to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: immediately after planting, water once with settling water to ensure the root ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil, promoting root development; then water three more times thoroughly and promptly cover the root ball well to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray water more on the ground and tree canopy to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. under sunny weather conditions, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the root ball and roots at any time and replenish water in time to ensure the moisture of the root ball and the permeability of root respiration. Fertilization: after planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, foliar fertilizer can be appropriately sprayed at low concentration to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant, and if new roots are found to have grown, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is higher than 2O°C, applying mainly organic fertilizer as much as possible, and appropriately adding compound fertilizer with high P and K content, so as to promote balanced nutrition for the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: spray pesticides before the seedlings leave the nursery to prevent and control pests and diseases, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed with pesticides for prevention and control before unloading; also ensure that within one month after planting, pesticide is applied three times consecutively at intervals of one week to ten days, and afterward a reasonable pest and disease control plan still needs to be formulated. Special

Part Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Sutarion (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. landscaping

Main

te

nance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Sutarion (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28,186 sq m. The plant configuration in the factory landscaping is relatively reasonable, rich in color, and with obvious seasonal changes, forming a plant community with distinct layers and natural ecology, basically showing the natural landscape of the plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties have been planted in the factory area, such as camphor, southern magnolia, zelkova, osmanthus, and crape myrtle, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-sized camphor trees, and a guardhouse scenic spot composed of ancient red maple, pomegranate, Malus spectabilis, ginkgo, Canary Island date palm and other varieties.

In view of the existing situation of the factory landscaping, we believe that the initial construction of the landscaping was relatively extensive, and the understanding of plant habits was insufficient; in particular, the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not in place, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Landscaping Maintenance Plan Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold protection equipment, facilities and seedling cold protection wraps.

3. Plow the soil for winter cultivation and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Cut off dead, damaged, diseased and pest-infested branches and leaves, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue cutting off diseased and pest-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue collecting fertilizer and making compost, preparing culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur; maintain and repair various insect- and disease-control equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scale, and achieve timely control. April (Clear and Bright, Grain Rain)

1. Do well in the control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs, mole crickets and other parasitic insects, as well as powdery mildew and rust disease.

2. Do well in loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply dilute fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do well in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess tender buds and branches in improper growth positions at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning and hedge pruning for shrubs that bloom in spring; according to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and prune and remove root sprouts of small seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do well in replanting, thinning and final spacing of seedlings, increase topdressing, and apply dilute fertilizer frequently.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases greatly harm trees and flowers; attention should be paid to pest forecasting and prediction, and pest and disease prevention should be done well.

4. Carry out lawn rolling and mowing, and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization for flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue rolling and mowing.

4. Do well in pest and disease control; this month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and tortoise wax scale, as well as leaf spot disease, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly, so continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scale, armored scale, the second generation of cottony cushion scale, and mites occur in large numbers; attention should be paid to their control, and at the same time continue to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, etc.

3. During the dog days with high temperature and little rain, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so attention should be paid to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season, so typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, inspections should be frequent, and wind-toppled trees should be righted in time.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue doing well in drought prevention and drainage so as to ensure the normal growth of seedlings.

3. This month the seedlings grow vigorously, so topdressing should be applied in time, and for small seedlings dilute fertilizer should be applied frequently.

4. Continue doing well in typhoon and flood prevention, and right wind-toppled trees in time when found.

5. Continue doing well in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harming trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot disease, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do well in pest elimination and disease control; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood borers, etc., and once found, control them immediately.

2. Continue intertillage weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn rolling and mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of topiary and hedges.

3. Continue to do well in pest and disease control. In particular, check the conditions of pests and diseases such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease and sooty mold of flowering shrubs, which occur relatively more, and control them in time.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do well in pest and disease control, and eliminate various adult insects and insect eggs.

2. Continue intertillage weeding.

3. After the seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, find out the real situation, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring landscaping work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do well in cold protection, whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter pruning of trees, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with insect eggs as well as competing branches, excessive