Spider Flower Propagation Methods and Market Prices

 Spider flower blooms are also very beautiful. If you could plant them in large areas at home, they would look even better. What are the propagation methods of spider flower? What is the price of spider flower?

Spider flower propagation methods:

1. How to collect seeds?

Spider flower sets fruit very easily. Generally, once the fruit turns yellow, it can be picked. After air-drying, sow in spring. Of course, if the fruit sets in late summer, it can be sown in autumn.

2. Seed propagation

After sowing, keep the potting soil slightly moist, cover with soil about 1-2 cm, and of course cover with film to keep warm and moist. Generally, they will germinate in 7 days!

(Before sowing, soak the seeds in room-temperature water for 5-8 hours. The potting soil should ideally be sterilized by sun exposure or watered with carbendazim, or placed in a microwave for three minutes.)

Its seeds are relatively small. You can use a toothpick dipped in water to plant them one by one in the potting soil, cover with 1 cm of soil, mist the potting soil to keep it slightly moist, and soak the pot to keep the soil slightly moist. (Do not water with a large stream, as the seeds will be washed away.)

3. When to transplant into pots?

After the seedlings emerge, remove the film. You can let the seedlings get a little sunlight before 9 AM. They are very delicate. Remove diseased plants. Transplant when the seedlings grow 3-4 leaves.

4. Introduction to cuttings

For cuttings, loose sandy soil is sufficient. Pinching and cutting can be done at the same time. If the terminal bud is relatively thick, you can remove the lower leaves and then take the cutting!

The most suitable temperature for cuttings is 20-25 degrees. Neither high nor low temperatures are suitable. If the temperature drops, cover with a bag to keep warm and moist. If the temperature is too high, shade or spray water to cool down. On good weather days, spray 3-5 times a day.

Cuttings need frequent misting to maintain moisture. On sunny days, mist 3-5 times; on cloudy and rainy days, basically do not mist.

After cutting, provide a little light, but of course not direct sun exposure. With more light, increase misting. Once new roots and new shoots grow, gradually increase light exposure.

Spider flower occasionally suffers from leaf spot or rust. For leaf spot, spray with thiophanate; for rust, spray with carboxin.

What is the price of spider flower?

If it is just one seedling, still a small seedling, it is 0.5 yuan per plant. If you want to buy seeds, it is best to ask at several places that sell seeds.

That is all for the introduction to spider flower propagation methods and prices. Hurry and grow a few at home.

Wallflower Cheiranthus cheiri L. Wallflower Illustrated Guide: How to grow wallflower / How to propagate wallflower

Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm

Part One: "Organization of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really look like eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like egg white and yolk, and they look really cute. Its branches are thick and succulent. The leaves are also large. Flowers and leaves cluster at the branch tips. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, very suitable for careful appreciation. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk bends naturally, and its shape is very beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes high temperature, high humidity, sufficient sunlight, and well-drained environments. It is robust by nature and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and hates waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but is also resistant to alkalinity. Cultivation is best with deep, fertile, well-aerated, organic-rich acidic sandy loam. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting frangipani, also pay attention to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves turn dark black, that is frangipani leaf spot, and you should pay attention to taking measures. Of course, there may be other diseases, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, in addition to white, frangipani also has red and yellow types, all of which can be extracted for essence used in making high-grade cosmetics, soap, and food additives, with quite high prices and great commercial development potential; fresh flowers can also be dried for making tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The frangipani tree has a beautiful shape, with many branches and strange, varied forms; the leaves resemble loquat, and after falling in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branches, much like deer antlers adorned with beautiful spots. It can be called the preferred small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement, and potted ornamental appreciation. The bark is thin and gray-green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used externally to treat scabies, redness and swelling, etc. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware, or furniture. Frangipani flower language: Breeding hope, resurrection, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, losing distance.

Yulan Magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark, rough and cracked; branchlets slightly stout, gray-brown; winter buds and pedicels densely covered with light gray-yellow long silky hairs. Leaves papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, with the base of vigorous shoots having elliptic leaves. Yulan magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in sheets of blue-white, with dazzling white light, and having high ornamental value; plus waves of delicate fragrance, refreshing the heart, it is truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter outdoors. It loves dryness and hates low humidity; waterlogged planting sites easily cause root rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. With artificial fumigation using sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 g of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with atmospheric pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant, not tolerant of strong light and west sun. Too strong light or west sun easily causes burns to the trees. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer when planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with green and thick leaves, not only many flower buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period, and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance. The main diseases are anthracnose, chlorosis, and leaf sunburn. Besides ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oils, mainly citral, clove oil acid, etc., and also contain magnolia alkaloids, alkaloids, biond magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A, and other components, with certain medicinal value. Yulan magnolia flowers are pungent and warm in nature and flavor, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold, opening the orifices, and ventilating the lungs and nose. They can be used for headache, blood stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, etc. Modern pharmacological studies show that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids, and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks and can also be brewed as tea. The flower language of Yulan magnolia represents gratitude. Yulan magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery. With its fragrant scent, it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because its plant is tall and the flowering position is relatively high, swaying in the wind, full of spirit, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers. Leaves are solitary, relatively large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate veins arranged in two rows, entire. Maranta is a relatively good ground cover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant and likes warm, humid, and bright-light environments. It is not cold-tolerant, nor drought-tolerant, and fears scorching sun. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing local scorching at the leaf edges, stopping new leaf growth, and yellowing leaf color. Therefore, shading should be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing period, water thoroughly to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged; otherwise, it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires sufficient care 365 days a year. If there are a few days of major environmental fluctuations, they will leave "evidence" on the plant. This is the consensus of maranta seedling traders and producers. Maranta family plants do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies, etc. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta starch is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings, and desserts. Add water and boil into a transparent, odorless, delicious paste. Maranta starch is fine in texture and, compared with other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for making custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt, and low-protein foods. Efficacy: Clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: Used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urinary difficulty due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark dark gray or light gray-brown, much branched. Young branches red-brown, densely covered with stellate hairs. Leaves leathery, alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, apex shortly pointed, base rounded and oblique, asymmetrical, both sides with stellate hairs, entire, dark red. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. Strong adaptability, drought-tolerant. Likes warmth, cold-tolerant. Strong sprouting and branching ability, tolerant of pruning. Tolerant of barrenness, but suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, is tolerant of pruning and wiring, can be used for hedges, and can also be used to make stump bonsai. When in bloom, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant. New leaves are bright red. Different strains have different leaf colors and flower colors at maturity, and leaf sizes also differ. In garden applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing leaf color contrast to form color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, and other noctuid moths, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum: anthracnose, damping-off, and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: Mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is actinomycetes. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, it must be treated promptly.

Ornamental peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree, 3-8 m tall; crown broad and spreading; bark dark red-brown, rough and scale-like when old; branchlets slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; winter buds conical, apex obtuse, covered with short pubescence, often 2-3 clustered, with leaf buds in the middle and flower buds on both sides. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight, is drought-tolerant, and does not tolerate humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold tolerance; it can overwinter safely in a natural environment at minus 25°C. It requires fertile soil with good drainage. It does not like water accumulation; if planted in low-lying waterlogged places, seedling death easily occurs. Garden value: Ornamental peach flowers are large and brightly colored, beautiful when blooming, with an ornamental period as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used by lakesides, streams, roadsides, and parks, etc. In small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted appreciation, and is also often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. Weeping ornamental peach is also common. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects. It shows especially good effects in the year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in groups, or as a solitary plant, showing especially good greening effects in the same year. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colorful nursery stock in landscaping, usually used together with purple-leaf plum, purple-leaf sand cherry, and other nursery stock. Flowering shrubs are combined to form a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from peach tree trunks, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive, etc. It is a polysaccharide substance; hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, etc. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood, harmonizing blood, and benefiting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include: white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and leaf curl. Main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects, red-necked longhorn beetles, etc.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three foliage-color plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors, plus large-sized thornless holly balls, forming a neat, full, and clearly layered roadside greening color band effect.

2. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Japanese maple

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability. Its leaf color and flower color are both very beautiful. Photinia × fraseri balls have old green leaves accented with new red leaves, setting each other off beautifully. The four plants are combined with rich layers, forming a landscape road with longitudinal rhythm and spatial hierarchy, and a strong guiding sense.

3. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fatsia japonica + Canary Island date palm + frangipani

These plants are combined mainly with green as the dominant color. The leaves are both small (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) and large (Fatsia japonica, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a bit of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, with the effect of shrinking space and making people feel close.

4. Moso bamboo + Iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a running bamboo, with spacing between the culms. The iris has a graceful posture and colorful, varied blooms, and the two paired together create a very charming effect.

5. Dwarf gardenia + Chinese fringeflower + Japanese aucuba + Osmanthus

Dwarf gardenia has leaves like a sparrow's tongue and a low-growing habit, so it can serve as the lowest layer of planting. Japanese aucuba has yellow spots on its leaves and is a good foliage plant, while the osmanthus tree has fragrant flowers that refresh the heart. The arrangement has both density and openness, with variation in leaf color, plus floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + Chinese fringeflower + Chinese jasmine + Canna

The azalea's flowers are brilliant, and with Chinese fringeflower and Chinese jasmine as a backdrop, it is even more striking. The canna has large, coarse leaves that reduce the sense of space and make people feel at ease.

7. Groundcover lawn + Marigold + Red photinia + Chinese fringeflower balls + Dan gui osmanthus

With green groundcover as the base, the marigold's bright yellow flowers are extremely beautiful. Behind the marigolds, Chinese fringeflower and red photinia serve as a backdrop, and the Dan gui osmanthus has a spreading tree form. These several plants set each other off, creating rich variation.

8. Dwarf lilyturf + Guava tree

Both dwarf lilyturf and guava tree adapt very well in Fuzhou, growing normally. The dwarf lilyturf has fine, soft leaves, making it very suitable as groundcover. The guava tree has smooth yellow bark, a graceful posture, and relatively large leaves arranged with density and openness, making it very suitable for a small path through an open grove.

9. Lawn + Silver-edged agave + Pruned shaped banyan + Yellow-flowered double-podded cassia

With green lawn as the base, the agave's leaves are thick and large, with silver-yellow and green alternating leaf color. Paired with the pruned and shaped banyan, it is very harmonious, while the yellow-flowered double-podded cassia has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. These several plants create a rich layered arrangement, with color variation that is nonetheless harmonious.

10. Liriope + Broadleaf lady palm + Areca palm + Papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. The liriope has fine, soft leaf shapes, while the broadleaf lady palm and areca palm have thicker, larger leaves, and the papaya has large palmate leaves, with its fruit borne on the main trunk and a very graceful posture.

11. Copperleaf + Duranta + Chinese fringeflower

As a plant combination for a patterned flower bed, copperleaf has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, duranta has yellow-green leaves, and Chinese fringeflower has dark purple leaves. The three plants combined as a patterned flower bed are extremely eye-catching.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscape Greening Maintenance and Management Plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscape greening. It is a long-term, repetitive task with fairly comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and animals, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grasses and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting of flower bed plants. The completion of a green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of the plants in the park area:

1. The green area covers about 245419 ten-thousand sq m, with a high greening coverage rate. There are large numbers of trees of different specifications and varieties, and pruned and shaped shrubs, and the initial growth has gradually taken shape. After careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with ginkgo, zhennan, and large trees in rows,

with appropriate low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are complexly combined, with large and small trees, shrubs, and groundcover plants interplanted.

At the entrance, relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf banyan stump,

premium osmanthus, etc.) are dominant. Whether the office area courtyard can still maintain its elegant and refined, open and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely and relaxed atmosphere,

all depends on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: ① Shaped shrubs are growing poorly and have monotonous forms; ② Flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including number of flowers, flower size, color, and reblooming) are unsatisfactory; ③ The lawn has many weeds, and in local areas the grass has a tendency toward rampant gramineous weeds; ④ There are pest and disease problems.

I. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional horticulture and carry out varied and graceful shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to encourage their growth and then shape them according to their form, which depends on the specific plant's growth and plant shape. In local areas, the hedges are highly regular, and the uniform long strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enliven the atmosphere of the entire courtyard, and also create a more fluid living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar fertilizer; different plants and different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We will classify and count all plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus, species, and living habits, and label all plants in the area. This can

enrich employees' general knowledge of plants, also add cultural atmosphere to the park, and with eye-catching labeling

bring more attention to the greening.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of one morning or one evening. While doing the rectification work well, we will likewise

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached later), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

likewise ask Party A to offer more opinions so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscape greening maintenance operating procedures and landscape greening maintenance quality standards, reasonably organizes and carefully maintains, and dispatches professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly dispatches no fewer than [ ] experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (seedling costs calculated separately), and other complete processes. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shoveling machines, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, carts, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: Apply organic fertilizer once each year, with 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per plant, and topdress once, with 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, and water-fertilizer methods, then cover with soil, water thoroughly, with water penetration depth above 10 cm, timely pest and disease control, maintain the trees' natural growth state without shaping pruning, timely prune yellow branches, pest and disease branches, shaded leggy branches, and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and timely clean up pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once each week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: Fertilize once each quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, water once within three hours after application, water once daily (except rainy days), with water penetration depth above 10 cm, timely pest and disease control, for those pruned into round, square, or conical shapes, light pruning once each week and heavy pruning once each month, with smooth and attractive cut surfaces, timely removal of pruned material, timely pruning of dead branches and pest and disease branches, timely replanting of old, diseased, and dead plants, and weed removal once each week.

C. Herbaceous plants: Fertilize once each quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, water once within three hours after application, water once daily (except rainy days), with water penetration depth above 10 cm, timely pest and disease control, prune spent flowers once each week, remove weeds once each week, and timely prune dead and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: Fertilize once each quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth above 5 cm, timely pest and disease control, timely replanting of wilted and dead missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and pruning 1-2 times each month.

(II) Specific arrangement of annual landscape maintenance work:

January: The month with the lowest temperatures of the year, when open-field trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: Fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, pest and disease branches, and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings on large and small trees.

2. Street tree inspection: Timely inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify any loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, or unstable stakes.

3. Pest control: Winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out the pupae and cocoons of nettle moths and burn them in a concentrated manner. In mid-January, scale insects begin activity, but at this time they move slowly, so we can scrape off the larvae on tree trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: In green spaces, flower beds, and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be timely weeded and edged; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: Temperatures rise somewhat compared with the previous month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as January.

2. Pruning: Continue pruning dead and diseased branches of large and small trees. Before the end of the month, finish pruning all kinds of trees.

3. Pest control: Continue to focus on controlling nettle moths and scale insects.

March: Temperatures continue to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: Spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do planning and design well, dig (excavate) the tree pits in advance, and achieve digging, transporting, planting, and watering as you go. When planting shrubs, also achieve digging, transporting, and planting as you go, and water fully to increase seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: Because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, timely water green spaces and other areas.

3. Fertilizing: After the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: This month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some seedlings show sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller also appears (use pesticides such as fenitrothion for control). For nettle moth control, continue to use the method of digging out pupae.

April: Temperatures continue to rise. Trees all sprout and bloom or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: In early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late. For shrubs that died in winter (azalea, Chinese fringeflower, etc.), timely pull them out and replant, and water newly planted trees fully.

2. Irrigation: Continue timely watering of green spaces under maintenance.

3. Fertilizing: For lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and topdress with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: Prune branches that dried up in winter and spring, and prune evergreen hedges.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molt, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, trunk bases, wall corners, and other places, secreting white waxy thin cocoons and pupating. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deeply in a concentrated manner or soaked. Or use methods such as spraying pesticides like fenitrothion. (2) Longhorn beetles begin activity. You can use a grafting knife or self-made steel wire to remove larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: Pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: Temperatures rise sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: During the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees have a very large water requirement and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: Prune spent flowers. Carry out the first bud removal and pruning of street trees.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of nettle moths hatches but has not yet reached a harmful level; make corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, and others has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, pittosporum, oleander, etc.). In mid- and late May, spray 10?20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsifiable concentrate at 1500?2000 times solution to control diseases and kill pests. (Others can use pesticides such as insecticidal elements and Huabao.)

June: High temperatures

1. Watering: Plants have a large water requirement and should be watered in a timely manner; do not "live by looking at the sky."

2. Fertilizing: Combine loosening soil and weeding, fertilizing, and watering to achieve the best effect.

3. Pruning: Continue bud removal and tiller removal work on street trees. Carry out pruning on hedges, ball-shaped plants, and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Drainage work: During heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid- and late June, nettle moths enter the peak hatching period, and measures should be taken in a timely manner. At present, spraying 50% fenitrothion emulsifiable concentrate at 500?800 times solution is basically used. (Or spray compound BT emulsifiable concentrate.) Continue manual catching of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees, and straighten, reinforce, and re-tie loosened and tilted trees.

July: The highest temperatures, and after mid-month there will be strong winds and heavy rain.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water timely once high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Topdressing: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud removal and pruning, prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and inspect tree stakes one by one, immediately straightening and tying tightly any that are loose or unstable. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials, tools and equipment, and send people to inspect at any time, handling dangerous situations promptly.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue controlling longhorn beetles and nettle moths. For longhorn beetle control, use 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 times solution injection (or Guoshu Bao, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the opening, which can also achieve good results. Camphor tree shoot borers should be pruned promptly, and the insect nests destroyed to avoid further harm.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, promptly drain low-lying waterlogged areas.

2. Typhoon prevention work for street trees: Continue doing typhoon prevention work for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Intertillage and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilize in combination with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree shoot borers should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot disease, and take timely measures. September: Temperatures decline somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, remove buds below the third-level branching of street trees. Shape hedges. Weed in green spaces, edge lawns, promptly remove dead trees, and achieve green branches and leaves on trees and clean and tidy green spaces.

2. Fertilizing: For some trees with weaker growth and insufficiently substantial branches, topdress with some phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (cherry blossom, peach, plum, etc.) is at its peak, and use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times solution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to root damage; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood borers on poplar and willow. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting various greening facilities.

October: Temperatures decline. In late October, early winter begins, trees begin to shed leaves, and they successively enter the dormant period.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting. In late month, once cold-tolerant trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green space maintenance: Timely remove dead trees and water in a timely manner. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green spaces and lawns. Fertilize flowering plants with poor growth.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree shoot borers. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-tolerant plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Turning soil: Turn the soil in green spaces to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry and hardened soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late month, and the control task is relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and draw the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green space maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed loess.

2 Landscape plants

2.1 Normal growth. Various plants in newly built green spaces reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are harmed or die due to poor management, the replanted seedlings survive within one year.

2.2 Landscape trees have basically complete crowns, with main and side branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned, with an untangled interior and good ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green spaces.

2.3 For deciduous trees, new shoot growth is normal, and leaf size and color are normal. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect excrement or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the retention rate of normal leaves must be above 90%. Coniferous

Section Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches, to ensure that tree development trends toward the reasonable, tree branch form is improved, and the breeding of pests and diseases is reduced.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely grown as appropriate, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and turning of the soil, improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover, and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. The pupae and cocoons of nettle caterpillars can be dug out from the loose soil under trees and burned in a centralized manner.

5. As conditions warrant, thin the grass on certain types of lawns and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out grass picking, pruning, and fertilizing work on lawns.

2. Do a good job in the prevention and control of pests and diseases, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaved mahonia and the giant mealybug on coral trees and Japanese aralia.

3. In particular, strengthen freeze-proofing and heat-preservation measures for trees, and do a good job in loosening and banking soil around tree root systems.

4. Apply one topdressing of fertilizer (urea) to cool-season lawns at the end of the month at 10g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees in a timely manner.

2. Roll and pick weeds on lawns in a timely manner, and clear winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and prevention and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, the eggs of crape myrtle mealybug hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapple species and cool-season lawns, so pay attention to prevention reports.

4. For local sunken and low-lying spots on lawns, carry out soil banking and sand covering, and carry out low pruning of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the sprouting and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers, and for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried out in winter and spring, and begin pruning evergreen hedges.

3. Pest and disease control: mainly control aphids, sooty mold, and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period for tree leaf expansion, and water demand is very high, so water timely.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud removal on plane trees, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle, and other trees.

3. Hoe weeds in flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out grass picking on lawns, and prune lawn grass in a timely manner to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and prevention and control.

June

1. Water plants in a timely manner to ensure sufficient water supply for plants.

2. Loosen soil and hoe weeds in tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out grass picking on lawns.

3. Prune lawns in a timely manner and control their growth height, and pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply one compound fertilizer application to lawns that are growing poorly or lack fertilizer, so that they can safely pass the summer.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and prevention and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that plant watering work is implemented.

2. Carry out soil loosening and hoeing in flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job in grass picking of ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity, and weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to carry out hoeing and grass picking to prevent grass overgrowth, and continue intertillage, weeding, and soil loosening.

3. Earnestly do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, reinforce and strengthen trees in the garden to prevent lodging; promptly dredge and drain low-lying or severely waterlogged areas.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and prevention and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune in a timely manner, control lawn height, and combine weeding with fertilization. Timely supplementary and topdressing fertilizer is needed, mainly P and K fertilizers, together with N fertilizer. For small seedlings, shrubs, and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to mastering the fertilization period and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought relief work, and do not choose 10-15 o'clock to do it, so as to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue to do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and strengthen large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly dredge drainage channels in low-lying and other water-prone areas to prevent water from standing for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and prevention and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed in green areas and promptly clear dead trees, so that tree branches are green and leaves are lush, and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely grown, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. Lawns should be pruned, edged, and cleared of weeds in a timely manner, and attention should be paid to the prevention and control of pests and diseases.

4. Carry out hoeing work in flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job in grass picking of ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting, reporting, and prevention and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness, and distinct layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development trend toward the reasonable and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted herbaceous flowers, promptly fill empty and bare spots, water, and fertilize those growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting and reporting, actively prevent and control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen arbor trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light transmission, reducing pests and diseases, and enhancing growth vigor.

2. Do a good job in grass picking and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs, and green areas, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant empty and bare spots. Adjust trees in local layouts as conditions warrant, and some evergreen trees and a small number of deciduous tree species may be transplanted. Begin cold-proofing and warmth-preserving work, and for trees with

poor cold resistance, carry out straw wrapping and soil banking.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. Lawn should be thinned and aerated as conditions warrant, and pruned 2-3 times at the same time.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late this month, and combine with increasing organic fertilizer application to carry out green area soil turning work.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting and reporting, actively prevent and control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job in grass picking and edging in color-block shrubs and green areas, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous arbor trees and shrubs, mainly removing residual stumps and dead branches, in order to make trees grow better in the second year (do not prune flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds), and at the same time pay attention to clearing insect cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap straw rope around southern plants such as sago palm and date palm to ensure their safe overwintering.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting and reporting, actively prevent and control, and keep relevant records.

Section Four: "Latest Commonly Used Plants in Southern Landscaping"

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern Landscaping

Evergreen arbor trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Nageia nagi, long-leaf Nageia nagi, Michelia alba, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, Cinnamomum burmannii, camphor tree, cinnamon, Gmelina hainanensis, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, senna, red camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Bauhinia variegata, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, Cleistocalyx operculatus, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, avocado, Alstonia scholaris, Archontophoenix alexandrae, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Syzygium hainanense, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, Timor mountain gum, swamp mahogany, blue gum, cajeput tree, Irvingia gabonensis, Torreya grandis, Cephalotaxus fortunei, Indian rubber tree, banyan, small-leaf banyan, cluster fig, weeping fig, Ficus virens, sacred fig, horsetail tree, jackfruit, Acer cinnamomifolium, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, candlenut, silver birch, Elaeocarpus apiculatus, big-leaf Elaeocarpus, sea hibiscus, Ilex rotunda, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, Albizia falcataria, royal palm, Caryota obtusa, Washingtonia, Arenga pinnata, Canary Island date palm, bishop wood, red sandalwood, Dillenia indica, jackfruit, yellow cassia, jackfruit, big-leaf privet, Michelia chapensis, Schefflera octophylla, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous arbor trees:

Terminalia mantaly, Chinese swamp cypress, water wintermelon, Chinese tallow tree, Hovenia dulcis, sand pear, soapberry, goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, big-leaf crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flame tree, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Jacaranda mimosifolia, yellow cassia, Chinaberry, Chukrasia tabularis, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, sweet acacia, Kalopanax septemlobus, sweetgum, weeping willow, Magnolia soulangeana, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

rosewood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

sago palm, Chinese plum yew, orange jasmine, big-leaf boxwood, Elaeagnus pungens, camellia sasanqua, sweet viburnum, gold-dust dracaena, Hypericum monogynum, Areca triandra, areca palm, Chuniophoenix hainanensis, orange jasmine, golden trumpet vine, Justicia gendarussa, bottlebrush, Carmona retusa, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Jasminum mesnyi, Aucuba japonica, Chinese holly, azalea, Cordyline fruticosa, croton, red mulberry, golden-edge mulberry, golden-leaf ficus, Senna glauca, Rhododendron ovatum, Ardisia japonica, orange jasmine, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, ylang-ylang vine, camellia, oil tea, big-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flower golden trumpet, serissa, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, heavenly bamboo, Japanese aralia, magnolia coco, hibiscus, Chinese lantern, Rhododendron simsii, Spanish dagger, yucca, South China boxwood, Licuala spinosa, soft-leaf date palm, dwarf fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden ficus, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden shrimp plant, Schefflera octophylla, variegated Duranta, golden Duranta, Justicia gendarussa, golden-leaf privet, elephant ear, Philodendron xanadu, Monstera deliciosa, Aspidistra elatior, snake plant, Rhaphiolepis indica, variegated hibiscus, Euphorbia cotinifolia, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, Brunfelsia, Hamelia patens, crinum lily, spider lily, Calliandra, Chinese fringeflower, angel's trumpet, Mussaenda frondosa, Mussaenda erythrophylla, Hairy azalea, Western azalea, Senna bicapsularis, Cape honeysuckle, myrtle, ixora, Jasminum mesnyi, jasmine, Euphorbia tirucalli, blue plumbago, blue star flower, butterfly pea, heavenly bamboo, pepper tree, Excoecaria cochinchinensis,

Deciduous shrubs:

cotton rose, bridal wreath spirea, Spiraea vanhouttei, modern rose, Abelia chinensis, pomegranate, beautyberry, purple magnolia, lespedeza, Amur honeysuckle, Chinese snowball viburnum, rose of Sharon, redbud, dwarf flowering cherry, Spiraea prunifolia, pearl bush, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small wax privet

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, flame vine, Rangoon creeper, Akebia trifoliata, honeysuckle, Euonymus fortunei, creeping fig, kiwi, Euonymus fortunei, Hong Kong climbing aroid, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax plant, Epipremnum pinnatum, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, Schisandra sphenanthera, Boston ivy, Chinese trumpet creeper, passionflower, Lagerstroemia indica, Mucuna sempervirens, Thunbergia grandiflora

ylang-ylang vine, Thunbergia grandiflora, Rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, flame vine, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosum, wisteria, creeping fig, cypress vine, morning glory, Ipomoea cairica, snake vine, Jasminum officinale, Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, Macfadyena unguis-cati, passionflower

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, moso bamboo, fernleaf hedge bamboo, Phyllostachys glauca, Bambusa vulgaris var. vittata, Neosinocalamus affinis, Bambusa multiplex, Pleioblastus amarus, Indocalamus tessellatus, Buddha belly bamboo, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, green bamboo, Bambusa multiplex var. nana, Bambusa multiplex 'Alphonse Karr', red bamboo

Lawns and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass, Zoysia sinica, fine-leaf zoysia, carpet grass, centipede grass, Paspalum distichum, Manila grass, zoysia, Guangdong evergreen, spiderwort, oyster plant, lily turf, Molineria capitulata, Liriope spicata, Reineckea carnea, Aspidistra elatior, black-eyed Susan vine, Acorus gramineus, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese leek lily, Lycoris aurea, white butterfly, butterfly flower, red wood sorrel, Tradescantia zebrina,

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, white butterfly arrowhead, pothos, Tradescantia zebrina, sword fern, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea, peace lily, silver-edge lily turf, red lantana, yellow lantana, purple lantana,

purple lantana, dusty miller, bleeding glorybower, shrimp plant, red firecracker plant, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, Wedelia trilobata, red wood sorrel, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, Alternanthera dentata, Alternanthera ficoides, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, Alternanthera versicolor, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese leek lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean velvet grass, Bermuda grass, big-leaf carpet grass, variegated dwarf grass, bahia grass, dwarf lily turf

Palms:

royal palm, Washington fan palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, Caryota obtusa, windmill palm, dragon scale palm, Chinese fan palm, queen palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, Washingtonia, pygmy date palm, dwarf fishtail palm, clustering fishtail palm, areca palm, Areca triandra, traveler's palm, lady palm,

Seasonal flowers

star flower, African impatiens, four-season begonia, scarlet sage, petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, French marigold, marigold, nasturtium, pansy, wishbone flower, cockscomb, pot marigold, globe amaranth, zinnia, Portulaca grandiflora, moss rose, cosmos, cineraria, spider flower, daylily, lavender, purple loosestrife

Section Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Configurations"

Southern Plant Configuration

Philodendron xanadu + umbrella plant + variegated galangal

Dracaena fragrans + Dracaena fragrans 'Colorama' + heavenly bamboo + sword fern + ornamental stone

royal palm + Caryota obtusa + pygmy date palm + canna + coleus + croton

royal palm + Canary Island date palm crown + Cordyline fruticosa + red mulberry + ixora

royal palm + Archontophoenix alexandrae + areca palm + big-leaf lady palm + golden leaf

Section Six: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China"

Commonly Used Plants in Southern Courtyards

I. Palm category:

1. Royal palm 2. Archontophoenix alexandrae 3. Washington fan palm 4. Silver date palm 5. Canary Island date palm 6. Areca triandra

7. Chinese fan palm 8. Washingtonia 9. Areca palm 10. Lady palm (fine-leaf lady palm) 11. Guilin dwarf lady palm 12. Soft-leaf date palm

II. Arbor tree category (street trees, shade trees):

1. Flame tree 2. Kapok 3. Beautiful silk floss tree 4. Coral tree 5. Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6. Alstonia scholaris

7. Fine-leaf banyan 8. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9. Mango 10. Chukrasia tabularis 11. Cinnamomum burmannii 12. Big-leaf crape myrtle

13. Red sandalwood 14. Frangipani 15. Terminalia catappa 16. Traveler's palm 17. Pandanus tectorius 18. Bishop wood

19. Star fruit 20. Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata 21. Golden shower tree 22. Albizia falcataria 23. Cajeput tree

24. Eucalyptus 25. Syzygium hainanense 26. Aphanamixis grandifolia 27. Camel's foot tree 28. Mahogany

29. Banyan 30. Spathodea campanulata 31. Yellow tabebuia 32. Goldenrain tree

III. Flowering shrub category:

1. Four-season osmanthus 2. Fine-leaf bamboo 3. Tree fern 4. Yellow ficus 5. Bougainvillea

6. Yellow cassia 7. Bottlebrush 8. Golden-edge sisal 9. Hibiscus 10. Fagraea ceilanica 11. Variegated ficus

12. Hibiscus 13. Banana shrub 14. Crape myrtle 15. Calliandra 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Aglaonema

18. Furcraea 19. Yucca 20. Flame vine 21. Yellow oleander 22. Polyscias

IV. Ground cover or color blocks:

1. Pittosporum 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Pothos 4. Bird's nest fern 5. Red ruby 6. Big-leaf red grass 7. Schefflera octophylla

8. Small angel 9. Golden leaf 10. Cuphea 11. Fine-leaf frog orchid 12. Three-star arrowroot 13. Hairy azalea

14. Dwarf fan palm 15. Philodendron xanadu 16. Variegated Duranta 17. Spider lily 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Golden trumpet vine

20. Variegated galangal 21. Asparagus fern 22. Golden peanut 23. Fine-leaf ixora 24. Sword fern 25. Yellow shrimp plant

26. White butterfly 27. Pilea cadierei 28. Variegated dieffenbachia 29. Rainbow cordyline 30. Croton 31. Lily turf

32. Silver-edge grass 33. Jasmine 34. Velvet calathea 35. Taiwan grass 36. Big-leaf carpet grass

37. Manila grass 38. Bermuda grass 39. Ryegrass 40. Tall fescue

Some other commonly used plants:

1. Ficus religiosa (sacred fig) 2. Ficus altissima (lofty fig) 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis (Hainan elaeocarpus) 4. Campanula (bellflower) 5. Senna spectabilis (cassia) 6. Cassia fistula (golden shower tree)

7. Senna siamea (Siamese cassia) 8. Kigelia africana (sausage tree) 9. Thai yellow large yellow flower ball 10. Melaleuca bracteata (golden wattle)

11. Senna alata (candle bush) 12. Senna bicapsularis (dual-pod senna) 13. Jatropha podagrica (Buddhist plant) 14. Cleistocalyx operculatus (water banyan) 15. Manglietia glauca (grey magnolia)

16. Hainan golden-spotted 17. Variegated Pachira aquatica (money tree) 18. Ormosia pinnata (Hainan ormosia) 19. Swietenia mahagoni (mahogany)

20. Albizia falcataria (Moluccan albizia) 21. Cinnamomum cassia (sandalwood cinnamon) 22. Osmanthus fragrans var. semperflorens (autumn osmanthus) 23. Laurus nobilis (bay laurel) 24. Washingtonia filifera (desert fan palm) 25. Bambusa multiplex (slender bamboo)

26. Pterocarpus indicus (Indian yellow/purple sandalwood) 27. Pterocarpus santalinus (red sandalwood) 28. Dianella ensifolia (flax lily) 29. Ficus concinna (Leizhou fig) 30. Markhamia stipulata (cat-tail tree)

Commonly used landscape plants in southern China

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine, hoop pine, Keteleeria, bunya pine, kauri, masson pine, slash pine, camphor tree, Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, Melaleuca leucadendra, Syzygium jambos (rose apple), Syzygium hainanense (Hainan rose apple), Bischofia javanica (autumn maple), Acacia confusa (Taiwan acacia), Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Pterocarpus santalinus (red sandalwood), Ficus microcarpa (small-leaved fig), Ficus virens (large-leaved fig), Ficus altissima (lofty fig), Ficus superba (bird fig), Ficus elastica (Indian rubber fig), variegated Ficus elastica, Ficus religiosa (sacred fig), Aleurites moluccanus (candlenut), Swietenia mahagoni (mahogany), Dillenia indica (elephant apple), Alstonia scholaris (devil's tree), Terminalia catappa (tropical almond), Terminalia mantaly (small-leaved terminalia), Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit), Syzygium samarangense (wax apple), Dracontomelon duperreanum (indochina dragonplum), Manilkara zapota (sapodilla), Chukrasia tabularis, Casuarina equisetifolia (horsetail tree), Michelia alba (white champaca), Magnolia coco, Michelia macclurei, Elaeocarpus decipiens, Magnolia grandiflora (southern magnolia), Hibiscus tiliaceus (sea hibiscus), mango, longan, lychee, olive, loquat, bayberry, pomelo, Elaeocarpus hainanensis (Hainan elaeocarpus), Podocarpus macrophyllus (yew plum pine), Sabina chinensis (dragon juniper), Podocarpus nagi, Osmanthus fragrans (sweet osmanthus), Osmanthus fragrans var. semperflorens (four-season osmanthus), Michelia figo (banana shrub), Aglaia odorata (mock lime), Camellia japonica (camellia), Ficus benjamina (weeping fig), Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei, Ficus pandurata (lopsided fig)

2. Deciduous trees

Metasequoia glyptostroboides (dawn redwood), Taxodium ascendens (pond cypress), Taxodium distichum (bald cypress), Glyptostrobus pensilis (Chinese swamp cypress), Liriodendron chinense (Chinese tulip tree), Firmiana simplex (Chinese parasol tree), Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria (Moluccan albizia), Albizia lebbeck (woman's tongue tree), Leucaena leucocephala (white leadtree), Liquidambar formosana (Formosan gum), Salix babylonica (weeping willow), Kigelia africana (sausage tree), Neolamarckia cadamba (burflower tree), Grevillea robusta (silky oak), Celtis sinensis (Chinese hackberry), Sapindus mukorossi (soapberry), Pistacia chinensis (Chinese pistache), Melia azedarach (chinaberry), Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree), Vernicia montana (mu-oil tree), Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo), Sterculia nobilis (noble bottle tree), Diospyros kaki (persimmon), Ficus carica (fig), Morus alba (mulberry), Carica papaya (papaya), Psidium guajava (guava), Acer palmatum f. atropurpureum (red maple), Acacia farnesiana (sweet acacia)

3. Palms

Archontophoenix alexandrae (Alexandra palm), Roystonea regia (royal palm), Roystonea oleracea (king palm), Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (bottle palm), Hyophorbe verschaffeltii (spindle palm), Neodypsis decaryi (triangle palm), Wodyetia bifurcata (foxtail palm), Syagrus romanzoffiana (queen palm), Elaeis guineensis (oil palm), Borassus flabellifer (sugar palm), Washingtonia robusta (Mexican fan palm), Washingtonia filifera (California fan palm), Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm), Phoenix dactylifera (date palm), Phoenix sylvestris (Indian date palm), Livistona chinensis (Chinese fan palm), Caryota obtusa (giant fishtail palm), Arenga pinnata (sugar palm), Phoenix loureiroi (spiny date palm), Phoenix roebelenii (pygmy date palm), Areca triandra (three-stamen areca), Areca vestiaria (orange crownshaft palm), Areca catechu (betel nut palm), Caryota mitis (clustered fishtail palm), Caryota ochlandra (Chinese fishtail palm), Dypsis lutescens (areca palm), Trachycarpus fortunei (windmill palm), Musa basjoo (Japanese banana), Ravenala madagascariensis (traveler's palm), Cordyline fruticosa (ti plant), Rhapis excelsa (broadleaf lady palm), Rhapis humilis (slender lady palm), Strelitzia nicholai (giant bird of paradise), Philodendron erubescens (red-leaf philodendron), Alocasia macrorrhizos (giant taro)

4. Foliage shrubs

Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaves', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden', Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig), Ficus salicifolia (willow-leaf fig), Garcinia subelliptica (fukugi), Arundo donax var. versicolor (variegated giant reed), Polyalthia longifolia (mast tree), Pandanus utilis (common screw pine), Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. variegata (variegated Chinese hibiscus), Cycas revoluta (sago palm), Callistemon rigidus (stiff bottlebrush), Cestrum nocturnum (night-blooming jasmine), Cotinus coggygria 'Golden' (smoke tree), Justicia brandegeeana (shrimp plant), Fatsia japonica (Japanese aralia), Sabina procumbens (creeping juniper), Manihot esculenta var. variegata (variegated cassava), Nandina domestica (heavenly bamboo), Schefflera octophylla (octopus tree), variegated Schefflera, Zanthoxylum beecheyanum (pepperwood), Excoecaria cochinchinensis (Chinese croton), Acalypha wilkesiana (copperleaf), Syringa japonica (Japanese lilac), Duranta repens (golden dewdrop), variegated Duranta repens, Duranta repens 'Golden Leaves', Murraya paniculata (orange jasmine), Codiaeum variegatum (croton), Codiaeum variegatum var. pictum, Codiaeum variegatum 'Hainan', Codiaeum variegatum 'Aucubaefolium', Buddleja asiatica (white butterfly bush), Carmona retusa (Philippine tea), Buxus microphylla (littleleaf boxwood), Ligustrum sinense 'Aureum' (golden Chinese privet), Euphorbia milii (crown of thorns), Furcraea foetida 'Mediopicta' (variegated Mauritius hemp), Agave americana (century plant), Agave americana var. marginata (variegated century plant), Yucca filamentosa (yucca), Beaucarnea recurvata (ponytail palm), Aspidistra elatior (cast iron plant), Sansevieria trifasciata (snake plant), cactus, Alocasia macrorrhizos (giant taro), Philodendron bipinnatifidum (tree philodendron), Monstera deliciosa (Swiss cheese plant), Alpinia zerumbet var. variegata (variegated shell ginger), Scaevola taccada (beach naupaka), Rhaphiolepis indica (Indian hawthorn), Breynia disticha (snowbush), Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Ceylon phyllanthus), Rosa chinensis (Chinese rose)

5. Flowering shrubs

African jasmine, Brunfelsia pauciflora (yesterday-today-and-tomorrow), Murraya paniculata (orange jasmine), Hibiscus syriacus (rose of Sharon), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Chinese hibiscus), Ceropegia woodii (lantern flower), Malvaviscus arboreus (wax mallow), Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia), Calliandra haematocephala (red powder puff), Bougainvillea spectabilis (bougainvillea), Gardenia jasminoides var. grandiflora (large-flowered gardenia), Hydrangea macrophylla (hydrangea), Pachystachys lutea (golden shrimp plant), Melastoma candidum (Asian melastome), Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum (Chinese fringe flower), Datura suaveolens (angel's trumpet), Mussaenda frondosa (white paper fan), Mussaenda erythrophylla (red paper fan), Allamanda cathartica (golden trumpet), Rhododendron indicum (Indian azalea), Senna bicapsularis (dual-pod senna), Tecomaria capensis (Cape honeysuckle), Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (rose myrtle), Ixora chinensis (Chinese ixora), Phoenix pearl (dwarf pentas), Jasminum mesnyi (primrose jasmine), Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine), Crinum asiaticum (crinum lily),

Hymenocallis littoralis (spider lily), Schlumbergera truncata (crab claw cactus), dwarf Canna indica (dwarf canna), Reinwardtia indica (yellow flax), Jatropha pandurifolia (fiddle-leaf coral plant), Plumbago auriculata (blue plumbago), Evolvulus pilosus (blue star flower), Papilio (butterfly)

6. Ground covers

Maranta bicolor (peacock plant), Syngonium podophyllum (arrowhead vine), Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Epipremnum aureum (pothos), Tradescantia zebrina (inch plant), Nephrolepis auriculata (sword fern), Pilea cadierei (aluminum plant), Rhoeo spathacea (Moses-in-the-cradle), Spathiphyllum kochii (peace lily), Ophiopogon japonicus (dwarf lilyturf), Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus', Lantana camara (red flower), Lantana camara (yellow flower), Lantana camara (purple flower), Senecio cineraria (dusty miller), Clerodendrum thomsoniae (bleeding heart vine), Justicia brandegeeana (shrimp plant), Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant), Asparagus cochinchinensis (Chinese asparagus), Oenothera littoralis (beach evening primrose), Ipomoea pes-caprae (goat's foot vine), Hedera helix (English ivy), Trachelospermum jasminoides (star jasmine), Hedychium coronarium (white ginger lily), Cyperus alternifolius (umbrella papyrus), Cyperus papyrus (papyrus), Iris tectorum (wall iris), Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife), Narcissus tazetta (narcissus), Nelumbo nucifera (lotus), Nymphaea tetragona (water lily), Wedelia trilobata (Singapore daisy), Oxalis rubra (red woodsorrel), Arachis pintoi (pinto peanut), Dichondra repens (dichondra), Iresine herbstii 'Purple' (purple bloodleaf), Alternanthera amoena (joyweed), Coleus scutellarioides (coleus), Verbena tenera (moss verbena), Alternanthera versicolor (red-green weed), Zephyranthes candida (white rain lily), Zephyranthes grandiflora (pink rain lily), Hippeastrum rutilum (amaryllis), Lilium brownii (lily), Zantedeschia aethiopica (calla lily), Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle), Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipedegrass), Zoysia matrella (Manila grass), Zoysia tenuifolia (Korean velvetgrass), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Axonopus compressus (carpet grass), Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. Augustine grass), Paspalum notatum (bahia grass), Liriope muscari (big blue lilyturf)

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora (Bengal clock vine), Quisqualis indica (Rangoon creeper), Antigonon leptopus (coral vine), Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy), Pyrostegia venusta (flame vine), Mucuna birdwoodiana (white jade vine), Clerodendrum japonicum (glorybower), Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria), Ficus pumila (creeping fig), Quamoclit pennata (cypress vine), Ipomoea nil (morning glory), Ipomoea cairica (mile-a-minute vine), snake vine, Jasminum officinale (common jasmine), Aristolochia gigantea (Brazilian Dutchman's pipe), Pseudocalymma alliaceum (garlic vine), Merremia tuberosa (Spanish arborvine), Clytostoma callistegioides (violet trumpet vine), Passiflora caerulea (blue passionflower)

Chapter 7: "Document on Common Plant Configurations in Southern China"

Practical Plant Configuration Table ---- Concise Table of Common Plant Configurations

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Salix matsudana (Hankow willow), Salix babylonica (weeping willow), Salix integra (cotton willow), Salix psammophila (sand willow), Salix viminalis (basket willow), Salix wilsonii (Wilson willow), Populus simonii (Simon poplar), Populus maximowiczii (Japanese poplar), Sabina vulgaris (sand juniper), Sabina chinensis (Chinese juniper), Platycladus orientalis (Chinese arborvitae), Metasequoia glyptostroboides (dawn redwood), Melia azedarach (chinaberry), Pterocarya stenoptera (Chinese wingnut), Fraxinus chinensis (Chinese ash), Forsythia suspensa (weeping forsythia), Ulmus pumila (Siberian elm), Ulmus laciniata (Manchurian elm), Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm), Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree), Cerasus serrulata (cherry blossom), Eucommia ulmoides (hardy rubber tree), Koelreuteria paniculata (goldenrain tree), Hibiscus mutabilis (confederate rose), Hibiscus syriacus (rose of Sharon), Nerium oleander (oleander), Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy), Vitis vinifera (grape), Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria), Amorpha fruticosa (false indigo), Tamarix chinensis (Chinese tamarisk), Ranunculus japonicus (Japanese buttercup), Halerpestes ruthenica (water crowfoot), Halerpestes longiloba, Lysimachia vulgaris var. davurica (yellow loosestrife), Lysimachia clethroides (gooseneck loosestrife), Stachys palustris (marsh woundwort), Stachys chinensis (Chinese woundwort), Mentha haplocalyx (wild mint), Lindernia procumbens (common false pimpernel), Veronica polita (grey field-speedwell), Nasturtium officinale (watercress), Beckmannia syzigachne (American sloughgrass), Scirpus triangulatus (triangular bulrush), Scirpus planiculmis (flat-stem bulrush), Cyperus serotinus (tall flatsedge), Cyperus glomeratus (flat-stemmed galingale), Cyperus difformis (small-flowered umbrella plant), Cyperus rotundus var. brevibracteatus, Juncus setchuensis (bamboo joint rush), Juncus bufonius (toad rush), Juncus gracillimus (small rush), Juncus tenuis (slender rush), Polygonum aviculare (common knotweed), Polygonum lapathifolium (pale persicaria), Polygonum orientale (prince's feather), Polygonum caespitosum (tufted knotweed), Polygonum lapathifolium (dock-leaved persicaria), Polygonum senticosum (spiny knotweed), Polygonum sieboldii (Siebold's knotweed), Polygonum perfoliatum (Asiatic tearthumb), Polygonum dissitiflorum (spiny knotweed), Polygonum thunbergii (Thunberg's knotweed), Polygonum macrophyllum (large-leaved knotweed), Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed), Imperata cylindrica (cogon grass), Calamagrostis epigejos (wood small-reed), Calamagrostis langsdorffii (large-leaved reedgrass), Beckmannia syzigachne (American sloughgrass), Polypogon monspeliensis (annual beard grass), Arundinella anomala (wild grass), Miscanthus sacchariflorus (silvergrass), Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's tears), Hemarthria altissima (limpograss), wet-loving buttercup,

Emergent plants: Scirpus validus (softstem bulrush), Phragmites australis (common reed), lotus root, Sagittaria sagittifolia (arrowhead), Carex siderosticta (broadleaf sedge), Alisma orientale (Asian water plantain), Nelumbo nucifera (lotus), Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife), Typha orientalis (cattail), Monochoria vaginalis (pickerel weed), Monochoria korsakowii (heartleaf false pickerelweed), Acorus calamus (sweet flag), Pontederia cordata (pickerelweed), rice, Kandelia candel (mangrove), Narcissus tazetta (narcissus), Oenanthe javanica (water dropwort), wild rice stem, taro, Marsilea quadrifolia (four-leaf clover), Phragmites australis (common reed), Eleocharis dulcis (Chinese water chestnut), Scirpus yagara (river bulrush), Scirpus juncoides (needle spikerush), Typha angustifolia (narrowleaf cattail), Cyperus alternifolius (umbrella papyrus), Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail)

Floating plants: Lemna minor (common duckweed), Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), Nymphaea tetragona (water lily), Euryale ferox (fox nut), Victoria amazonica (giant water lily), Nuphar pumilum (yellow water lily), Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), Nymphoides peltata (floating heart), Brasenia schreberi (watershield), Utricularia aurea (yellow bladderwort), floating fern, Nymphoides cristata (crested floating heart),

Submerged plants: Ceratophyllum demersum (hornwort), Ottelia alismoides (duck lettuce)

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: Liquidambar formosana (Formosan gum), Toxicodendron vernicifluum (lacquer tree), Acer palmatum (Japanese maple), Acer ginnala (Amur maple), Celastrus orbiculatus (oriental bittersweet), Quercus rubra (red oak), Acer truncatum (Shantung maple), Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree), Rhus typhina (staghorn sumac), Rhus chinensis (Chinese sumac), Sorbus pohuashanensis (mountain ash), Nandina domestica (heavenly bamboo), Euonymus alatus (burning bush), Crataegus pinnatifida (Chinese hawthorn), Pistacia chinensis (Chinese pistache), Pterocarya stenoptera (Chinese wingnut), Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry), Carpinus hupeana (Hubei hornbeam), Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy)

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo), Diospyros kaki (persimmon), Koelreuteria paniculata (goldenrain tree), Liriodendron chinense (Chinese tulip tree), Firmiana simplex (Chinese parasol tree), Ulmus pumila (Siberian elm), Juglans regia (walnut), Catalpa bungei (Manchurian catalpa), Metasequoia glyptostroboides (dawn redwood), Lagerstroemia indica (crape myrtle), Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm), Phoebe zhennan (nanmu), Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (wild jujube), Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit), Aesculus chinensis (Chinese horse chestnut), Sorbus alnifolia (Korean mountain ash), Chimonanthus praecox (wintersweet), Punica granatum (pomegranate),, Cassia surattensis (glossy shower), Hamamelis mollis (Chinese witch hazel), Sapindus mukorossi (soapberry), Acacia farnesiana (sweet acacia)

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be planted in residential areas include: Mentha haplocalyx (mint), Ocimum basilicum (basil), Melissa officinalis (lemon balm), Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile), Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass), Salvia japonica (sage), Taraxacum mongolicum (dandelion), Calendula officinalis (calendula), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Borago officinalis (borage), Pelargonium graveolens (scented geranium), Malva sylvestris (common mallow) and other herbaceous plants; Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Gardenia jasminoides (gardenia), Rosa rugosa (rose), Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena) and other shrubs.

Woody plants with fragrance in rotation through the four seasons, such as: plum blossoms and orange blossoms in spring; gardenia and white champaca in summer; sweet osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-gas-resistant plants: Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust), Paulownia fortunei (paulownia), Pinus bungeana (lacebark pine), Sabina chinensis (Chinese juniper), Viburnum odoratissimum (sweet viburnum), Photinia serrulata (Chinese photinia), Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum), Fatsia japonica (Japanese aralia), etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia (locust genus), Lonicera (honeysuckle genus), Albizia (albizia genus), Amorpha fruticosa (false indigo), Caragana (pea shrub genus), Glycine (soybean genus), Lespedeza (bush clover genus), Melilotus (sweet clover genus), Pisum (pea genus), Phaseolus (bean genus), Myrica (bayberry genus), Elaeagnus (silverberry genus), Cycas (cycad genus)

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: Taxus cuspidata (Japanese yew), Podocarpus macrophyllus (yew plum pine), Torreya grandis (Chinese nutmeg tree), Ilex crenata (Japanese holly), Cinnamomum camphora (camphor tree), Myrica rubra (bayberry), Ligustrum lucidum (glossy privet), Ternstroemia gymnanthera (Japanese ternstroemia), Viburnum dilatatum (linden viburnum), Aucuba japonica (Japanese aucuba), Mahonia fortunei (Chinese mahonia), Pyracantha fortuneana (firethorn), Buxus sinica (Chinese boxwood), Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum), Fatsia japonica (Japanese aralia), etc.; Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush), Pistacia chinensis (Chinese pistache), and other fragrant-flower plants (such as plants of the Citrus genus in the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous perennial) flowers: Kniphofia uvaria (torch lily), Lupinus polyphyllus (lupine), Festuca glauca (blue fescue), Astilbe chinensis (Chinese astilbe), Coreopsis grandiflora (large-flowered coreopsis), Lysimachia christinae (Christina loosestrife), Origanum vulgare (oregano), Hibiscus moscheutos (rose mallow), Mentha rubra (red mint), Trachelospermum jasminoides 'Variegatum' (variegated star jasmine), Lampranthus spectabilis (trailing ice plant), Helleborus thibetanus (Chinese hellebore), Lycoris radiata (red spider lily), Hemerocallis fulva (daylily), Iris tectorum (wall iris), Tradescantia virginiana (spiderwort), Hosta plantaginea (fragrant plantain lily), Canna indica var. variegata (variegated canna), Canna indica 'Red Leaf' (red-leaf canna), Aster novi-belgii (New York aster), Farfugium japonicum (leopard plant), Bletilla striata (hyacinth orchid), perennial verbena

Flowers and trees of the four seasons:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus micromalus, Malus cathayensis, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia 'Red', Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), Cercis chinensis (redbud), red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: Lagerstroemia indica (crape myrtle), Hibiscus syriacus (rose of Sharon), Hydrangea macrophylla (hydrangea), Michelia figo (banana shrub), Rhododendron indicum (summer azalea), Punica granatum (pomegranate flower), Gardenia jasminoides (gardenia), Campsis grandiflora (Chinese trumpet creeper), Albizia julibrissin (silk tree), Acacia farnesiana (sweet acacia) Autumn: Osmanthus fragrans (sweet osmanthus), Lagerstroemia indica (crape myrtle), Hibiscus syriacus (rose of Sharon), Punica granatum (flowering pomegranate), Hibiscus mutabilis (confederate rose), Campsis grandiflora (Chinese trumpet creeper), etc.

Winter: Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle), Nandina domestica (heavenly bamboo), Prunus mume (plum blossom), Michelia figo (banana shrub), Camellia japonica (camellia), Camellia sasanqua (sasanqua camellia), etc.

Schematic classification of common greening tree species:

(1) Evergreen conifers

1. Trees: Cedrus deodara (deodar cedar), Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine), Pinus thunbergii (black pine), Sabina chinensis (dragon juniper), Pinus massoniana (masson pine), Sabina chinensis (Chinese juniper), Cycas revoluta (sago palm), Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine), Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar), Torreya grandis (Chinese nutmeg tree)

2. Shrubs: (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Platycladus orientalis 'Sieboldii' (dwarf white cedar), Calocedrus macrolepis (Chinese incense cedar), Sabina procumbens (creeping juniper), Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar), Pinus parviflora (Japanese white pine)

(2) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Trees: Metasequoia glyptostroboides (dawn redwood), Pseudolarix amabilis (golden larch), Taxodium ascendens (pond cypress), Taxodium distichum (bald cypress)

(3) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: Cinnamomum camphora (camphor tree), Magnolia grandiflora (southern magnolia), Ligustrum lucidum (glossy privet), Trachycarpus fortunei (windmill palm)

2. Shrubs: Viburnum odoratissimum (sweet viburnum), Euonymus japonicus (evergreen spindle tree), Buxus sinica (Chinese boxwood), Buxus bodinieri (Bodinier boxwood), Ilex cornuta (Chinese holly), citrus tree, Photinia serrulata (Chinese photinia), Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum), Osmanthus fragrans (sweet osmanthus), Nerium oleander (oleander), Jasminum floridum (showy jasmine), Jasminum nudiflorum (winter jasmine), Aucuba japonica 'Variegata' (variegated Japanese aucuba), Nandina domestica (heavenly bamboo), Serissa japonica (snow bush), Ligustrum quihoui (Quihou privet), Fatsia japonica (Japanese aralia), Gardenia jasminoides (gardenia), Distylium racemosum (island witch hazel), Camellia japonica (camellia), Hypericum monogynum (golden St. John's wort), Rhododendron simsii (azalea), Yucca filamentosa (yucca) (pineapple flower, arrow hemp), Cycas revoluta (sago palm), Mahonia fortunei (Chinese mahonia)

(4) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: Salix babylonica (weeping willow), Salix matsudana (Hankow willow), Pterocarya stenoptera (Chinese wingnut), Salix babylonica 'Tortuosa' (dragon-claw willow), Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree), Sophora japonica (Chinese scholar tree), Firmiana simplex (Chinese parasol tree) (Chinese parasol

tree), Platanus acerifolia (London plane) (French plane), Sophora japonica (Chinese scholar tree), Sophora japonica var. pendula (weeping pagoda tree), Albizia julibrissin (silk tree), Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo), Melia azedarach (chinaberry), Catalpa ovata (Chinese catalpa)

2. Shrubs: Cerasus serrulata (cherry blossom), Magnolia denudata (white magnolia), peach blossom, Chimonanthus praecox (wintersweet), Lagerstroemia indica (crape myrtle), Cercis chinensis (redbud), maple, Acer palmatum (green maple), Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea (red-leaf plum), Chaenomeles speciosa (flowering quince), Malus halliana (Hall crabapple), Hydrangea macrophylla (hydrangea), Spiraea cantonensis (reeves spiraea), Forsythia viridissima (golden bell), Hibiscus mutabilis (confederate rose), Hibiscus syriacus (rose of Sharon), Alchornea davidii (David's alchornea), Punica granatum (pomegranate)

(5) Bamboo: Bambusa multiplex (hedge bamboo), Phyllostachys sulphurea (giant timber bamboo), Phyllostachys edulis (moso bamboo), Phyllostachys nigra (black bamboo), Bambusa multiplex (fernleaf hedge bamboo), Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf' (fernleaf bamboo), Bambusa ventricosa (Buddha belly bamboo), Bambusa multiplex 'Golden Goddess' (golden bamboo)

(6) Vines: Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria), Trachelospermum jasminoides (star jasmine), Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy, wall creeper), Hedera helix (English ivy), grape vine, Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper)

(7) Flowers: Portulaca grandiflora (moss rose), Coreopsis tinctoria (dyer's coreopsis), Salvia splendens (scarlet sage), Canna indica (canna), Alternanthera versicolor (Joseph's coat), Brassica oleracea (ornamental cabbage), Chrysanthemum morifolium (chrysanthemum), orchid

(8) Lawn: Zoysia tenuifolia (velvet grass), Zoysia japonica (Japanese lawngrass), Ophiopogon japonicus (dwarf lilyturf), Cynodon dactylon (evergreen grass), Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue), Zoysia matrella (Manila grass), Trifolium repens (clover), Dichondra repens (dichondra)

Detailed Table of Common Plant Configurations

Table of commonly used street trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Camphor family Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, three-veined, fragrant, spherical berry.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Plane tree family Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Witch hazel family Conical Deciduous tree, gray smooth bark, triangular leaves, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm and hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; beautiful red flowers, flowering from May to August

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosa family Umbrella-shaped Pink flowers, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Sweet acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosa family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, densely branched and leafy, golden yellow flowers, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Willow family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-lying land, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn.. Mulberry family Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for all kinds of pruning

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Laurel family Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and rounded, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Palm family Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, dark green leaf surface, vigorous growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Soapberry family Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, relatively slow growth, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (bead tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, deformed crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, pale purple flowers

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, huge soft thin leaves, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, beautiful posture

Formosan alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, not suitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, vigorous, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Hoop pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm and hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, beautiful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the northwest region

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cold, cool and humid climates and acidic soil, blue-green needles

Chinese juniper (dragon juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, saplings slightly shade-tolerant, tolerant of drought and barren soil, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerant of pruning, good dust-proof and sound-insulating effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful tree form,

Taiwan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Palm family Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, branching trunk, strong heat resistance, vigorous growth, beautiful posture

Canary Island date palm Phoenix dactylifera Palm family Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, thick trunk, tall and majestic, dense and spreading pinnate leaves,

Royal palm (king coconut) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Palm family Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, great ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, yellow autumn leaves, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, intolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaf shape resembles a horse jacket, yellow-green flowers, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Willow family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool climates, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, relatively long-lived; upright tree form, straight trunk, gray-white bark

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Willow family Narrow cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold and drought tolerant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Elm family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, tolerant of drought and barren soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke and toxic gases, strong dust retention capacity

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, yellow autumn leaves {Maintenance measures for date palms in southern China}.

Table of characteristics of commonly used landscape trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Camphor family Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, three-veined, fragrant, spherical berry.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Plane tree family Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful tree form,

White magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Quite cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Large pure white flowers, blooms in March to April. Suitable for garden viewing.

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaf shape resembles a horse jacket, yellow-green flowers, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, neat tree form when young, mostly curved when old, vigorous growth, long lifespan, beautiful tree posture

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round Evergreen tree, vigorous, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Autumn maple Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round Evergreen tree, very beautiful when young leaves sprout, vigorous growth, beautiful tree posture

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Willow family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-lying land, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, gray-brown bark, irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Royal palm Roystonea regia Palm family Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, great ornamental value

Evergreen spindle tree Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Oval Prefers warm and humid climates, resistant to toxic gases. Foliage plant. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Witch hazel family Conical Deciduous tree, gray smooth bark, triangular leaves, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Strong adaptability, moisture-tolerant, fast-growing. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping low shrub, branches and trunk creeping along the ground, needle-like leaves. Slow-growing, unique tree form, emerald green and smooth branches and leaves. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc. {Maintenance measures for date palms in southern China}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Round Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden-leaf Duranta repens is mainly grown for foliage, widely used, can be used as ground cover, pruned into shapes, formed into patterns, or used in color-contrasting plantings, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Round Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red fruit, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, huge soft thin leaves, branches spreading in all directions, beautiful posture

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Elm family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, tolerant of drought and barren soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke and toxic gases, strong dust retention capacity

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium tree, densely branched, dark green, vigorous growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form

Japanese pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Round White flowers fragrant, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as a hedge or potted plant. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Palm family Umbrella-shaped Tillering trunk, up to 20-25m tall, gray-white leaves with arching curves, vigorous growth, beautiful tree posture

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Willow family Umbrella-shaped Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosa family Umbrella-shaped Pink flowers, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, gray-brown bark, orange-yellow branchlets, hard needles in pairs, long-lived

Red-leaf plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Small deciduous tree, smooth reddish-brown branchlets, ovate leaves, entirely purple-red, pale pink small flowers in April, purple drupe. Suitable for both solitary and group planting, as a contrasting background.

California fan palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Palm family Umbrella-shaped Single cylindrical trunk, swollen at the base, up to 4-8m tall, fan-shaped round leaves, vigorous growth, beautiful tree posture {Maintenance measures for date palms in southern China}.

Sophora japonica (Chinese scholar tree), Fabaceae, umbrella-shaped crown, dense branches and leaves, broad crown, suitable as a shade tree and street tree

Cassia glauca Lam., Fabaceae, round crown, deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, yellow flowers, fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Acer negundo (box elder), Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped crown, deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, dry cold, and mild salinity-alkalinity, tolerant of pruning, yellow autumn leaves

Acer palmatum (Japanese maple), Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped crown, elegant leaf shape, red autumn leaves. Suitable for garden viewing and bonsai.

Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. (golden larch), Pinaceae, ovate-tower-shaped, evergreen tree, branches and leaves spreading, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, small leaves arranged radially, sturdy and upright tree form.

Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. (bottle palm), Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, trunk about 3 m tall, base elliptically swollen to form a bottle shape, very beautiful posture

Citrus reticulata (mandarin orange tree), Rutaceae, round crown, white flowers, yellow-green fruit, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Melia azedarach Linn. (chinaberry tree), Meliaceae, round crown, deciduous tree, bark grayish-brown, bipinnately odd-pinnate compound leaves, purple flowers, fast-growing

Serissa serissoides (snowbush), Rubiaceae, round crown, small evergreen shrub. Dark green leaves, snow-white flowers, slightly pale pink. Slender branches and leaves, fine texture, suitable for bonsai, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, and pruning into shapes.

Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort (dragon juniper), Cupressaceae, upright tower-shaped, medium evergreen tree, densely growing branches, dark green, vigorous growth, very long lifespan, very beautiful tree form

S. j. cv. Pendula (dragon-claw pagoda tree), Fabaceae, umbrella-shaped, drooping branches, suitable for garden viewing, paired planting or row planting

S. m. cv. Tortuosa (dragon-claw willow), Salicaceae, round crown, branches twisted like a dragon, suitable as a shade tree and ornamental tree

Phoenix roebelenii Brien. (pygmy date palm), Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, upright trunk, 2 m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Podocarpus macrophyllus D. Don (yew podocarpus), Podocarpaceae, long cone-shaped, evergreen tree, simple and elegant posture, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, or tiered forms for garden landscaping and beautification.

Pinus massoniana Lamb. (Masson pine), Pinaceae, umbrella-shaped, evergreen tree, trunk bark reddish-brown, winter buds brown, majestic posture when mature

Nandina domestica (heavenly bamboo), Berberidaceae, umbrella-shaped, elegant branches and leaves, red fruit in autumn and winter; for garden viewing, can be group-planted or potted. Araucaria excelsa Br. (Norfolk Island pine), Araucariaceae, conical, evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower branches drooping, dark green leaves, beautiful tree form, vigorous growth

Ligustrum lucidum (glossy privet), Oleaceae, ovate, white flowers, blooms in June. Suitable as a hedge or street tree.

Livistona chinensis R. Br. (Chinese fan palm), Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, upright trunk can reach 6-12 m tall, round leaves, petiole margins spiny, luxuriant growth, elegant posture

Juniperus chinensis cv. Globosa (dwarf Japanese garden juniper), Cupressaceae, broad-round, shrub, no main trunk, branches growing in clusters.

Acer serrulatum (Taiwan maple), Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped conical, deciduous tree. Upright trunk. Light and graceful tree form, can be trained into an elegant shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, and forest bathing tree.

B. bodinieri (Chinese boxwood), Buxaceae, ovate, fine dense branches and leaves, suitable for garden viewing. Can be group-planted, used as a hedge, or potted. Cryptomeria japonica D. Don (Japanese cedar), Taxodiaceae, conical, ovate, round, evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Part Eight: "Cultivation and Care of Arecaceae Plants"

The Arecaceae is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems solitary or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, well-developed root systems, tolerant of drought and poor soil, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This edition will introduce their introduction, transplanting, and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2,400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants; a few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and many palm species that can tolerate long-term waterlogging, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the Alexander palm and Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape value of palm plants has been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian, and Yunnan, as well as later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Yunnan, successively set off a wave of introducing, producing, and applying palms.

Led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, several organizations, based on plant geography and ecology theory, through observational research on the growth and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-hardiness potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high latitudes and high altitudes in the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold hardiness. Through research on the cold hardiness and cold-hardiness mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, water, and soil. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing plant growth and development; low winter temperatures are the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm introduction and acclimatization. Through research on salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers selected a group of varieties with strong saline-alkaline tolerance and shade tolerance. At the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora rot, coconut leaf beetle, and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases has been greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the germination mechanism of palm seeds, summarized and invented techniques for accelerating palm seed germination, mastered whole-crown transplanting of palm plants and large-specification container seedling cultivation techniques, and carried out effective work on soil improvement and winter cold protection and maintenance techniques.

At present, researchers have selected and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including royal palm, Chinese fan palm, bamboo palm, southern palm, fishtail palm, etc.; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the Arecaceae plants successfully applied mainly include Butia palm, Mexican washingtonia, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm, and more than ten other species. The related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

Discussion on the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Rot

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Rot

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palm plants such as royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican blue palm, and Canary Island date palm. The heart leaves of affected plants cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the entire plant wilts in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora rot is caused by Phytophthora, which can be identified by incubation in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splashing, and air movement.

Occurrence Pattern of Washington Palm Phytophthora Rot

This disease occurs during periods of high temperature and high humidity in summer and autumn. Drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, causing soil moisture content to

suddenly increase, poor ventilation, or plants located in drafty positions, are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, and continuous cropping plots. In addition, this disease is often related to severe root injury during seedling digging and long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young heart leaf rots, the leaves turn grayish-green and droop, and they can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, the growth point and even the entire heart of the plant show pasty secretions with a foul odor, and the infected tissue can grow white mold-like substances. Severely affected plants also often show root damage, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots with an abnormal

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries; adult trees planted in green spaces are less affected.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage has been relatively severe in nursery fields. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, and the lesions rapidly expand and become slightly sunken; when moist, the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under moist conditions. When it occurs on stems, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part shows wilting. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes the root system and stem, when cut open, exude pus-like liquid, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves carry large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora rot is a vascular bundle disease; in severe cases the entire plant wilts, droops, dries up, and eventually dies, with a high mortality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly during high temperature and high humidity periods, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all areas the disease could be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness, and drainage in the nursery. In autumn and winter each year, moderately prune leaves, and dig pits and earth up the planting site to keep the nursery dry. Usually, increase the application of potassium fertilizer, and also apply quicklime and superphosphate separately, to enhance plant tissue density and resistance to infection, and improve disease resistance.

2. Choose a good plot: select loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Practice crop rotation: plots where Washington palms have been planted require rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, increase organic fertilizer application, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and luxuriant leaves, and improve resistance. Practice high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly during drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, carrying it out on clear afternoons or evenings.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Observe routinely, regularly prune dead branches and fallen leaves, promptly remove diseased plants when found, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One to two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosethyl aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as Kameitong, also known as soil fungicide (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and Washington palm roots with soil fungicide at 600 to 700 times; or on consecutive sunny days first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization, or sprinkle lime powder for disinfection, or use dexon at 500 times for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or fosethyl aluminum (prone to resistance), adding 0.4% laundry detergent, and pour into the heart or spray for both prevention and treatment. It can also be sprayed with 80% mancozeb at 700 times, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two to three times consecutively, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora rot. After adopting this measure, the incidence rate of Washington palms and Mexican washingtonia at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company dropped from 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Control Experience

The control effect of using carbendazim and the like is not obvious. In the early stage of the disease, if all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can successively revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth vigor is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater, and rainwater. When the root system, trunk, leaves, etc. of the plant are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies massively when water is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant wilts and dies from water loss. The heart rot disease described in some literature is actually also Phytophthora rot, only occurring at the heart leaf position.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves; when it occurs, water-soaked small spots appear, then expand into larger lesions, and it is easily found, generally controllable with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens being Phyllosticta, Pestalotia, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Large Single-Trunk Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

1. Root pruning should be carried out on seedlings to be transplanted in advance. After root pruning, the soil ball size should be twice the ground diameter, and the root pruning depth should be 50 cm to 60 cm. Stones and broken roots should be removed from the root-pruned soil and it should be backfilled promptly, with good moisture retention: the purpose is to exercise the adaptability of the seedling and promote new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If heeled-in seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the soil. The planting site should have holes dug 20 days before transplanting, and the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. The soil from the holes should be exposed to the sun in the open air for a period; the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of matured phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn being best; try to avoid summer and winter, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants prefer warmth and humidity. In summer, temperatures are high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, and it is easy to cause excessive water loss that affects survival; in winter, temperatures are low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds can easily cause frostbite or even death of seedlings.

Moving Seedlings

Some large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick stems, the workload of moving seedlings is large, and the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when moving seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with burlap bags or straw, especially the green wrapped trunk portion at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. First, it protects the trunk; second, it retains moisture and blocks sunlight. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with pruning leaves, removing old leaves and retaining 40% to 45% of leaves (specifically determined according to tree vigor). At the same time, cut off 1/5 of the leaves together with the petioles to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

Seedlings are best dug and planted on the same day; if the time is too long, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water and are prone to water loss affecting survival. If they cannot all be planted on the same day, cover them with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaf surfaces every day, doing a good job of shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil: Once the seedling is positioned, backfill soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, shape the earth mound into a "water storage basin" with slightly higher surroundings and a slightly lower middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering: Immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to settle the roots. Before watering, first use bamboo poles, etc. to poke and firm the loose soil around the soil ball until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing: There are many kinds of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-Planting Management

1. Moisture retention: Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, until the leaves and trunk wrapping are wet. Do not water at the roots, because excess water will flow downward, and accumulated water will cause root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with straw to block sunlight, prevent soil compaction caused by excessive soil temperature differences, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist, and aerated, which is conducive to new root sprouting.

2. Wind protection: Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally taller and are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds after transplanting, regularly check whether the supports are loose after planting, especially after strong winds; if the trunk is found to be leaning, promptly straighten and re-tie it.

3. Topdressing: About one month after planting, urea water can be used for foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, dig holes and fertilize with fully decomposed peanut bran. Dig the holes by opening a ring-shaped trench outside the edge of the soil ball, with trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer must be evenly mixed with the backfill soil.

4. Pest and disease control: Newly transplanted large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings are relatively weak in vigor and highly susceptible to pests and diseases, especially tender leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is quite seriously harmful to Arecaceae plants; adults and larvae gather in the overlapping spaces of not-yet-unfolded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing some or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsifiable concentrate at 1000 times; ② cypermethrin at 500 times; ③ use "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve good control effects. Based on practical operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient, and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the heart leaf together with the tying at planting for control.

For large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether the leaves remain green, but to truly confirm survival, one generally must wait until after one growing season and use whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to above 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and worth promoting and applying.

Transplanting Techniques for Seedlings, Large Trees, and Clustered Seedlings

Key Techniques for Transplanting Seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during a period after germination and rooting. At this time the seedlings are smaller and can be transplanted with seeds; moreover, they have few fibrous roots, so the root system is not easily damaged when moving seedlings. Use nutrient bags for seedling cultivation; the size depends on the cultivation time. Generally speaking, 1-year-old seedlings are suitable with 16 cm x 18 cm containers, and 2-year-old seedlings with 19 cm x 20 cm. Nutrient bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutrient soil is prepared with loose topsoil, burnt soil, and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, then put into bags. First fill half the bag with mixed soil, then place the seedling, straighten it, fill the bag full, and compact it so that the seedling root system and mixed soil are closely attached, then water thoroughly. Palm plants cannot be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, lift the seedling upward so that the root system spreads out.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Trees

Arecaceae plants cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years mostly require several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting, so selecting sparse-planted strong seedlings gives a relatively high survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass. Palm plant root tissue is tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots. When digging, carry as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize root mass damage as much as possible in order to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve transplant survival rate. During construction, accurately set out lines and fix hole positions to avoid rework and prevent soil ball loosening.

Leaf pruning. The amount of leaves retained during transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to different species, the climate at transplanting time, and transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original leaf count should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause leaves to turn yellow and dry due to high water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes plant recovery difficult and the cycle long, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the plant stem and its false stem. During digging, transport, loading, and unloading, the stem should be protected from damage, and the false stem part should not be squeezed or bent. This is the guarantee of plant health and rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site. Palm plants damage root tips during transplanting, and within one month after transplanting it is difficult for new root tips to sprout, so water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, if the soil has good permeability and aeration, it is conducive to seedling survival. Therefore, when planting, dig large holes and pay attention to the quality of imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to facilitate post-planting recovery of palms.

Maintenance. Within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability, so seedlings should be carefully maintained, with timely water supplementation and appropriate shading, striving to have new leaves sprout within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs after transplanting, palm seedlings recover better, because rainy days can avoid adverse factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Clustered Seedlings

Clustered species of Arecaceae plants have multiple growth points, and after growing into a multi-stem clustered state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clustered palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks, large leaf area causing high water evaporation, and poor ventilation making them susceptible to strong wind damage. Therefore, in addition to handling them according to single-trunk palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "hairy root method" transplanting: that is, after digging a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retain more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and then immediately wrap it with lightweight moisture-retaining material, to reduce soil ball weight while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slower-recovering clustered palms such as fishtail palm and three-medicine areca palm.

2. Implement bare-root heeling-in or pot planting for centralized maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant stabilizes, then formally plant. This method is suitable for robust clustered palms such as areca palm, strange wrinkle-seed palm, and Hawaiian palm, and can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for transplanting large seedlings and large trees of Arecaceae plants, to put it simply, do a good job in five aspects: select strong seedlings; dig good soil balls and transport and plant carefully; prune leaves moderately; ensure aeration and drainage at the planting site; and do a good job in post-planting maintenance, especially sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is being able to retain most leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves means complete transplanting success.

Drainage: First understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and try to place the very bottom of the soil ball at a position 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site and with deep fertile soil. At the same time, do a good job in the drainage layer for the soil ball root system and the surface runoff guidance network to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions cannot meet the requirements, the method of planting with a raised soil ball can be used, that is, first pile up the planting site with loose medium mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand as much as possible to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil mound, and bury the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose medium, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities, and appropriately loosen the soil at the roots to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: Immediately after planting, water once to settle the roots, ensuring the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil to promote root development; then water thoroughly three more times and promptly cover the soil ball to prevent surface soil cracking. In hot summer, spray water more on the ground and canopy to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of leaves; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on leaves to inhibit plant physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. under clear weather conditions, spray atomized water on leaves as much as possible to strengthen leaf water absorption and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water promptly to ensure the moisture of the soil ball and the permeability of root respiration. Fertilization: After planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, appropriately spray low-concentration foliar fertilizer to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant. If new roots are found, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is above 20°C, applying mainly organic fertilizer, with an appropriate additional application of compound fertilizer high in P and K, to promote balanced nutrition for the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: Spray pesticides to control pests and diseases before seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the site, spray the plants before unloading, and ensure continuous pesticide application three times at intervals of one week to ten days within one month after planting, and then reasonably formulate a pest and disease control plan. Special

Part Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Greening

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28,186 sq m. The plant configuration in the factory greening is relatively reasonable, rich in color, and with obvious seasonal changes, forming a plant community with clear layers and natural ecology, basically displaying the natural landscape of plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges between the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties such as camphor, Magnolia grandiflora, zelkova, osmanthus, and crape myrtle have been planted in the factory area, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor, and scenic spots at the gatehouse composed of ancient red maple, fruiting pomegranate, Malus spectabilis, ginkgo, Canary Island date palm, and other varieties.

In view of the existing situation of the factory greening landscape, we believe that the initial greening construction was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits, especially the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not in place, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Greening Maintenance Plan Arrangement

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold protection equipment, facilities, and seedling cold protection wrapping.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing, and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Cut off dead, damaged, diseased, and pest-infested branches and leaves, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons, and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue cutting off diseased and pest-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, giant mealybug, etc.).

3. Continue accumulating fertilizer and making compost, preparing culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

The weather gradually warms, and many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various insecticidal and disease-prevention equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and giant mealybugs, and achieve timely control. April (Clear and Bright, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in the control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs, and mole crickets, as well as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply light fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess tender buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Clear and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning of spring-blooming shrubs and hedge pruning. According to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and prune and remove sprouting root suckers of small seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning, and final singling of seedlings, increase topdressing, and apply light fertilizer frequently.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases cause extensive damage to trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and prediction, and pest and disease prevention work should be done well.

4. Carry out lawn rolling and mowing, and continue to remove weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperatures and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-bloom pruning and fertilizing of flowering shrubs, and pinch-prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue to remove weeds and continue rolling and mowing.

4. Do a good job of pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, geometer moths, and tortoise wax scales, as well as leaf spot disease, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. The weather is hot this month and weeds grow quickly, so continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scales, armored scales, the second generation of cottony cushion scales, and mites occur in large numbers, so attention should be paid to their control, while continuing to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, and so on.

3. During the dog days, when temperatures are high and rainfall is low, irrigation is needed to combat drought. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so attention should be paid to preventing waterlogging.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season, so typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, with frequent inspections and timely righting of wind-thrown trees.

August (Beginning of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue to do a good job of drought prevention and drainage to ensure the normal growth of seedlings.

3. Seedlings grow vigorously this month, so fertilizer should be applied promptly as a top dressing, and for small seedlings apply light fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue to do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, and right wind-thrown trees promptly when found.

5. Continue to do a good job of pest and disease control, and carefully control the main pests harming trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot disease, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to grasp the work of eliminating pests and diseases; in particular, frequently inspect for the occurrence of aphids, wood moths, and so on, and once found, control them immediately.

2. Continue intertillage weeding, continue to remove lawn weeds, carry out lawn rolling and mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of topiary and hedges.

3. Continue to grasp pest and disease control work. In particular, inspect for the more frequently occurring aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease, and sooty mold of flowering shrubs, and control them promptly.

October (Cold Dew, Frost's Descent)

1. Do a good job of pest and disease control, eliminating various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate and get a clear picture of the stock, to ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Beginning of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job of cold protection, whitewashing some trees, or wrapping them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter pruning of trees, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with insect eggs as well as competing branches, ex-