Production Methods and Price Introduction of Chinese Ash Bonsai

Chinese ash bonsai is extremely expensive and made from a rare tree species. What are the production methods of Chinese ash bonsai? What is the price of Chinese ash bonsai:

Chinese ash bonsai production:

(1) It is necessary to judge whether the selected Chinese ash stump can survive after transplanting, and secondly, to judge whether the selected Chinese ash stump has prospects for shaping. Generally, stumps that have been chopped by people or trampled by livestock are better.

(2) The dug-up Chinese ash bonsai material is messy and disorderly, with branches growing in all directions, so it is necessary to determine which bonsai tree form is suitable based on the parts such as the head, roots, trunk, and branches. In order to choose the viewing side of the Chinese ash bonsai in the future, the bonsai must be carefully observed from all angles. Finally, the positions of the branch pads must also be designed. These steps are the most critical. Comprehensive rough shaping and transformation of the bonsai lays a solid foundation for the bonsai to become a finished tree.

(3) Before planting the Chinese ash bonsai, its wounds should be disinfected and sealed. For the first planting, it can be planted in the ground or in a pot. Planting in the ground is more beneficial to root growth, speeds up growth, and shortens the cycle to becoming a finished tree; pot planting makes it easier to control the shape of the roots. Daily management after planting is very important. Temperature, humidity, sunlight, and moisture must all be ensured, and fertilization should also be carried out reasonably.

(4) After the initial planting, the Chinese ash bonsai will begin to take root, and then gradually become lush with leaves. At this time, it should be allowed to grow freely to promote root development. After entering the trunk-cultivation period, prune useless branches according to the drawn composition and create the shape.

Chinese ash bonsai price:

The price of Chinese ash bonsai is actually not very expensive. In the plant world, among the overall relatively precious tree categories, the price of Chinese ash is fairly moderate.

Generally, the price of Chinese ash cuttings and small seedlings is about 2 yuan per plant, the price of mountain seedlings under 5 cm is about 60 yuan per plant, the price of mountain seedlings 5-10 cm is about 200 yuan per plant, the price of mountain seedlings 10-15 cm is about 1000 yuan per plant, and the price of a 20 cm shaped Chinese ash bonsai is about 3000 yuan per plant. For larger-sized Chinese ash bonsai, the price generally needs to be negotiated face-to-face with the grower.

The production methods and prices of Chinese ash bonsai are introduced here. Have you learned something new?

Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm

Part One: "Organization of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really resemble eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like the egg white and yolk, and they look really cute. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, and it is very suitable for careful appreciation. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its form is very beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity, sunny environment with good drainage. It is naturally robust and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and is averse to waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. For cultivation, deep, fertile, well-aerated, organic-rich acidic sandy loam is best. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting frangipani, attention must also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if small brown spots appear on the leaves or the leaves even turn dark black, that is due to frangipani leaf spot, and at this time you should pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, frangipani also has red and yellow types, all of which can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap, and food additives. The price is quite high, and it has great commercial development potential; the fresh flowers can also be dried and used to make tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effects of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The frangipani tree has a beautiful form, with many branches on the stem, strange shapes, and countless postures; the leaves resemble loquat leaves, and after they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, much like antlers adorned with beautiful spots. It can be called the top choice small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement, and potted ornamental appreciation. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling, and other conditions. The wood is white, light, and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware, or furniture. Frangipani flower meaning: nurturing hope, revival, new life, as simple and ordinary as life itself, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Magnolia

Magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark that is rough and cracked; the branchlets are slightly stout and grayish brown; the winter buds and pedicels are densely covered with pale grayish-yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, and the vigorous shoots at the base have elliptic leaves. Magnolia flowers look very much like lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of green and white, with dazzling white light, and they have high ornamental value; combined with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart, they are truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-resistant, and can overwinter in the open ground. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity; if the planting site is waterlogged, the roots easily rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Magnolia flowers have strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. When fumigated artificially with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with air pollution. Magnolia likes light, and young trees are relatively shade-tolerant. It is not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun. Too strong light or west-facing sun can easily cause sunburn to the trees. Magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year afterward. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with lush green and thick leaves, not only producing many buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period, and rich fragrance. Magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance. The main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis, and leaf sunburn. Besides ornamental value, magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid, and others, and also contain magnolia alkaloid, alkaloids, yulan magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A, and other components, and have certain medicinal value. Magnolia flowers are pungent and warm in nature and flavor, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, opening the orifices, and ventilating the lungs and nose. They can be used for headache, blood-stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and other conditions. Modern pharmacological research shows that magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids, and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks and can also be brewed as tea. The magnolia flower meaning represents gratitude. Magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with their fragrant scent they give people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the plant is tall and the flowers are positioned relatively high, swaying in the wind and full of spirit, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, they are very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, and the leaves are solitary, relatively large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate veins arranged in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good groundcover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant and likes a warm, humid, and brightly lit environment. It is not cold-resistant and not drought-resistant, and fears blazing sun exposure. If directly exposed to sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, stopping new leaf growth, and turning the leaf color yellow. Therefore, shading must be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to moisture. During the growing period, it should be watered thoroughly to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires sufficient care all 365 days. If the environment fluctuates greatly for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of maranta seedling traders and producers. Plants in the Marantaceae family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies, and others. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta starch is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings, and desserts. Add water and boil to form a transparent, odorless, and tasty paste. Maranta starch is fine in texture. Compared with other starches, it can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter time, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt, and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Main indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Red Loropetalum

Red loropetalum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery and alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, with short pointed tips, rounded and oblique bases, asymmetrical, with stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, and dark red. Red loropetalum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and is tolerant of pruning. It is tolerant of barren soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Red loropetalum has luxuriant branches and leaves, an elegant posture, is tolerant of pruning, and tolerant of wiring. It can be used for hedges and can also be used to make stump bonsai. During the flowering season, the whole tree is covered with red flowers, which is extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and new leaves are bright red. Different strains differ in leaf color and flower color at maturity, and leaf size also differs. In landscaping applications, the main considerations are the two factors of leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, black cutworm moths, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of red loropetalum: anthracnose, damping-off, and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinonema. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the initial infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of red loropetalum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental Peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree, 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark reddish brown, rough and scale-like when old; the branchlets are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the tip, covered with short pubescence, often clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight, is drought-tolerant, and is not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold resistance, and can overwinter safely in a natural environment at minus 25°C. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging. If planted in a waterlogged low-lying place, seedling death easily occurs. Landscape value: ornamental peach has large and colorful flowers and is beautiful when blooming, with an ornamental period of as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used beside lakes, along streams, on both sides of roads, and in parks, etc. In small-scale greening projects such as courtyard landscaping accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted appreciation, and is often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. A common form is also weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, and it shows particularly good results in the year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in groups, or as a specimen, and shows particularly good greening effects in the same year. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colored nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with nursery stock such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf sand cherry. When combined with flowering shrubs, it forms a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and is a kind of polysaccharide substance. Hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, etc. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood, harmonizing blood, and benefiting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and leaf curl. The main pests include aphids, red spider mites, scale insects, and red-necked longhorn beetles, etc.

Artificial Plant Communities

1. Satsuki azalea + red loropetalum + golden-edged euonymus + thornless osmanthus ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three plants with different leaf colors are planted linearly, making the leaf colors rich. Together with large-sized thornless osmanthus balls, they form a neat, full, and clearly layered road greening color band effect.

2. Red loropetalum + red-leaf photinia ball + Michelia figo + Japanese maple

Red loropetalum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability. Its leaf color and flower color are both very beautiful. The old leaves of the red-leaf photinia ball are green and are accented by the red new leaves. Set off against each other, they are extremely beautiful. The combination of the four plants is richly layered and forms a landscape road with vertical rhythm and spatial layering, as well as a strong sense of guidance.

3. Red loropetalum + Japanese aralia + Canary Island date palm + frangipani

In this combination of several plants, green is mainly dominant. The leaves are both small (red loropetalum) and large (Japanese aralia, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a bit of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, and it has the effect of reducing space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, and the spacing between culms varies. The iris has a graceful posture and gorgeous and varied flower colors. The two combined together are very charming.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + red loropetalum + aucuba + osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like sparrow tongues, is low-growing, and can be used as the lowest-layer plant. Aucuba has yellow spots in its leaf color and is a relatively good foliage plant. Osmanthus is a tree, and its flowers are fragrant and refreshing. The combination has varying density, changes in leaf color, and is complemented by floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + red loropetalum + Fagraea ceilanica + canna

Azalea has gorgeous flowers, and with red loropetalum and Fagraea ceilanica as a backdrop, it is even more moving. Canna has large leaves and reduces space, making people feel close.

7. Groundcover lawn + marigold + red-leaf photinia + red loropetalum ball + orange osmanthus

With green groundcover as the base, the bright yellow gorgeous flowers of marigold are extremely beautiful. Behind the marigold, red loropetalum and red photinia serve as a backdrop, and the orange osmanthus has a spreading tree form. The several plants set each other off and are rich in variation.

8. Ophiopogon + guava tree

Both ophiopogon and guava trees adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. Ophiopogon has fine, soft leaves and is extremely suitable as groundcover. The guava tree has smooth yellow bark, a graceful posture, and relatively large leaves with well-spaced density, making it extremely suitable for open woodland paths.

9. Lawn + silver-edged agave + shaped ficus + yellow-flowered double-podded cassia

With green lawn as the base, agave has thick and large leaves, with a leaf color alternating silver-yellow and green, and it is extremely harmonious when paired with shaped ficus, while yellow-flowered double-podded cassia has a beautiful posture and gorgeous flower color. The combination of these several plants is richly layered, with color changes but harmony.

10. Liriope + broadleaf lady palm + areca palm + papaya tree

This plant configuration is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope has fine, soft leaf shapes, while broadleaf lady palm and areca palm have thicker and larger leaves, and papaya has large palmate leaves. Its fruit forms on the main trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Copperleaf + Duranta erecta + red loropetalum

As a plant combination for a patterned flower bed, copperleaf has bright leaf color and is used as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and red loropetalum has dark purple leaf color. The combination of the three plants as a carpet flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping Maintenance and Management Plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repeated task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grass, and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting flowers in flower beds. The completion of landscaping green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say, "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the park:

1. The green area is about 2,454,190,000 sq m, with a high greening coverage rate. There are large numbers of trees of different specifications and varieties, and pruned shaped shrubs. The initial growth has gradually taken shape. After careful investigation by us, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with rows of ginkgo, zhennan, and large trees,

with appropriate matching low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant species combination in this area is complex, with large and small trees, shrubs, and groundcover plants interplanted.

At the entrance, relatively precious large plants are dominant (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf ficus stumps,

premium osmanthus, etc.). Whether the office-area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, refined, spacious, and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa-area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely, and expansive atmosphere,

all depends on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the longitudinal area, we can find the following problems: 1) The shaped shrubs are not growing well and their shapes are monotonous; 2) The flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including the number of flowers, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; 3) There are many weeds in the lawn, and in local areas the grass has a tendency for gramineous weeds to spread unchecked; 4) There are pest and disease problems.

1. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional horticulture and carry out hedges and shrubs with more varied and graceful shaping. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to promote their growth and then shape them according to their form. This depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape. The hedges in local areas are highly regular, and the neat uniform strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a more flowing living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply, base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus, species, and growth habits, and label all plants in the area. In this way,

it can enrich employees' general knowledge of plants, add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labels

make greening receive more attention.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of one morning or one evening. While doing the rectification work well, we will likewise adopt different maintenance and management measures for different

plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme,

and we also ask Party A to offer more opinions so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organizes reasonably, maintains meticulously, and sends professional horticulturists to organize, guide, and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly sends no fewer than ____ experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

6. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately), and other complete processes. {Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass cutting machines, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, dump carts, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, maintenance costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, apply 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per plant, topdress once, apply 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per plant, using hole application, spraying, water-fertilizer, etc., then cover with soil, water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, timely control pests and diseases, maintain the natural growth state of the trees, with no need for shaping and pruning, timely prune yellow branches, diseased and pest branches, shaded vigorous branches, and drooping branches that hinder vehicle passage, and timely clean up pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcasting and water-fertilizer, etc., water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, timely control pests and diseases, prune into round, square, or conical shapes, with minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and beautiful cuts, timely remove pruned material, timely prune dead branches, diseased and pest branches, timely replant old, diseased, and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcasting and water-fertilizer, etc., water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, timely control pests and diseases, prune residual flowers once a week and remove weeds once a week, and timely prune dead and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm, timely control pests and diseases, timely replant withered, dead, and missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(2) Specific arrangement of one year's landscaping maintenance work:

January: the month with the lowest temperature of the year, when open-ground trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest branches on large and small trees, and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings.

2. Street tree inspection: timely inspect the binding and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify when looseness, wire embedding into bark, or loose stakes are found.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out the pupae and cocoons of stinging moths and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin activity, but at this time their movement is slow, and we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds, and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be weeded and edged in time; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: the temperature rises somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Complete the pruning of various trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on controlling stinging moths and scale insects.

March: the temperature continues to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, complete planning and design, dig (hollow out) the tree pits in advance, and achieve digging, transporting, planting, and watering as you go. When planting shrubs, also achieve digging, transporting, and planting as you go, and water fully to improve seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, in order to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas in time.

3. Fertilization: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock showed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller also appeared (control by spraying pesticides such as fenitrothion). For controlling stinging moths, the method of digging out pupae can continue to be used.

April: the temperature continues to rise, and trees all sprout, bloom, or unfold leaves and begin to enter a vigorous growth period.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late, promptly remove and replant shrubs that died in winter (azalea, red loropetalum, etc.), and water newly planted trees fully.

2. Irrigation: continue timely watering of maintained green spaces.

3. Fertilization: for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: prune branches that dried up in winter and spring, and evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, trunk bases, wall corners, and other places, secreting white waxy thin cocoons and pupating. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deeply or soaked in a concentrated way. Alternatively, pesticides such as fenitrothion can be sprayed. (2) Longhorn beetles begin activity. A grafting knife or self-made steel wire can be used to remove larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Prevention and control of other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: the temperature rises sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf expansion period, trees have a very high water demand and should be watered in time.

2. Pruning: prune residual flowers. Carry out the first bud-thinning pruning for street trees.

3. Pest and disease control: continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of stinging moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; make corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, and others has also entered a peak occurrence period (on crape myrtle, pittosporum, oleander, etc.). In mid-to-late May, spray 10-20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500-2000 times dilution to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can also be used.)

June: high temperature

1. Watering: plants have a high water demand and must be watered in time; one cannot "live by watching the sky."

2. Fertilization: combine loosening soil and weeding, fertilizing, and watering to achieve the best effect.

3. Pruning: continue bud thinning and tiller removal for street trees. Carry out pruning for hedges, balls, and some flowering shrubs. {Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

4. Drainage work: during heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: in mid-to-late June, stinging moths enter the peak hatching period, and measures should be taken in time. At present, spraying 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500-800 times dilution is basically used. (Or compound BT emulsion can be sprayed.) Continue manual capture of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job in the inspection work before flood and typhoon prevention for trees, and straighten, reinforce, and re-bind loose and tilted trees.

July: temperatures are at their highest; after mid-month there will be strong winds and heavy rain.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: during the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but keep an eye on weather changes and water promptly if high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Top dressing: apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: carry out typhoon-prevention bud removal and pruning; prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and check each tree stump one by one; if any are loose or unstable, straighten and tie them firmly immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials and tools and equipment, and send people to inspect at all times, dealing with dangerous situations promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: continue controlling longhorn beetles and slug moths. For longhorn beetles, inject a 50% fenitrothion 1:50 dilution (or Guoshu Bao, or Yuanke No. 3) and then seal the hole; this can also achieve good results. For the camphor tree shoot borer, prune and destroy the larval nests promptly to prevent further damage.

August: still the rainy season

1. Drainage: after heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: continue the typhoon prevention work for street trees.

3. Pruning: besides the summer pruning of ordinary trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching them at the roots. Aphid damage and the camphor tree shoot borer must be controlled promptly. In humid weather, watch for powdery mildew and rot, and take measures promptly. September: temperatures drop somewhat; do the relevant work well in welcome of National Day.

1. Pruning: in preparation for city appearance work, remove buds below the third fork of street trees. Shape hedges. Weed within green areas, edge the lawn, and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees are green in branch and leaf and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilizing: for some trees that grow weakly and whose branches are not sufficiently firm, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

3. Pest and disease control: shot hole disease (cherry blossom, peach, plum, etc.) peaks at this time; use 500% carbendazim 1000-fold dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to damaging the roots; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control the wood leopard moth on poplar and willow. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Do a good job of inspecting all kinds of greening facilities before the holiday.

October: temperatures drop; in late October early winter begins, trees start to shed leaves, and one after another enter dormancy.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting; once cold-tolerant trees shed their leaves in late month, planting can begin.

2. Green area maintenance: remove dead trees promptly and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green areas and lawns. Fertilize flowering plants that grow poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling the camphor tree shoot borer. November: the soil begins to freeze at night and thaw by day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: continue planting cold-tolerant plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Soil turning: turn the soil in green areas to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: water dry, hardened soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: various pests prepare to overwinter in late month, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: after deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and map out the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green area maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no bare loess.

2 Garden plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green areas reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are injured or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Garden trees have basically complete crowns, main and side branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number and reasonably pruned, with an uncluttered interior that is well ventilated and lets light through. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal, neat and uniform branches and leaves. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green areas.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth and normal leaf size and color; under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves and leaves with insect excrement or webbing must not exceed 5%, and the retention rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coni

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches and lower side branches, to ensure that tree development tends toward the reasonable, that branch form is improved, and that the breeding of pests and diseases is reduced.

2. Thin out appropriately trees that are too densely growing; this can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. Dig up slug moth pupae and cocoons in the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated way.

5. As circumstances require, scarify individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning and fertilizing work on lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaf mahonia and to the giant mealybug on coral and Japanese fatsia.

3. In particular, strengthen frost protection and insulation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening and banking soil around tree roots.

4. Apply one top dressing (urea) to cool-season lawns at the end of the month, 10g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Roll lawns and remove weeds promptly, and clear winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: strengthen observation and patrol, and do a good job of forecasting, early warning and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and the boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle mealybug eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on Malus species and cool-season lawns, so pay attention to prevention and reporting.

4. Bank soil and cover with sand on local sunken and low-lying spots in lawns; carry out low pruning of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the sprouting and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilizing for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply thin fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown flowering plants, and for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried out in winter and spring; pruning of evergreen hedges can begin.

3. Pest and disease control: mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period of leaf expansion for trees, with a very large water requirement, so water in good time.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud removal on London plane, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding on lawns, and prune lawn grass promptly to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, early warning and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure an adequate water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding on lawns.

3. Prune lawns promptly and control their growth height, and take care to control the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply one application of compound fertilizer to lawns that grow poorly or lack fertilizer, so that they can pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, early warning and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, in particular ensure that watering work for plants is carried out.

2. Carry out soil loosening and weeding for flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to weed and remove grass to prevent grass from running wild, and continue cultivating, weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Do the typhoon and flood prevention work conscientiously; reinforce and secure trees in the garden to prevent lodging; promptly clear and drain places that are low-lying or have serious waterlogging.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, early warning and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and shape hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune promptly to control lawn height, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding. Fertilize and top-dress promptly, mainly with P and K fertilizer together with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply thin fertilizer frequently, and at the same time take care to get the fertilizing period and climate right.

3. In high-temperature weather, daily watering and drought relief work must be ensured, and it must not be chosen to be done between 10 and 15 o'clock, so as to avoid burning the seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue the typhoon and flood prevention work, further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly clear drainage ditches in low-lying and waterlogging-prone places to prevent water from standing too long.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, early warning and control.

September

1. Shape hedges. Weed within green areas and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees are green in branch and leaf and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely growing, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. Prune lawns promptly, edge them and remove weeds, and pay attention to pest and disease control work.

4. Carry out weeding for flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, early warning and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs; to ensure an attractive appearance, neat and clearly layered. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend toward the reasonable and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill in bare gaps and water, and fertilize those that grow poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and early warning, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, to reduce pests and diseases and enhance growth.

2. Do a good job of weeding and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs and green areas, pull weeds promptly, and promptly replant bare gaps. As circumstances require, adjust trees in the local layout; some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Also begin cold protection and insulation work, and for trees with poorer cold resistance

wrap them with straw and bank soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, taking care to water promptly and prune appropriately. Scarify and aerate lawns as circumstances require, and prune 2-3 times at the same time.

4. Carry out fertilizing work in late month, and combine with applying additional organic fertilizer to carry out soil turning in green areas.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and early warning, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of weeding and edging in color-block shrubs and green areas, and pull weeds promptly.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing remnant stumps and dead branches, in order to make next year's tree growth better (flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds must not be pruned), and at the same time pay attention to clearing cocoons on tree trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palm, date palm and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and early warning, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "Latest Common Plants Used in Southern Landscaping"

Common Garden Plants Used in Southern Landscaping

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, false sterculia, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, choerospondias, fire-resistant manglietia, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Japanese podocarpus, long-leaf podocarpus, white champaca, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, burmann cinnamon, camphor tree, cinnamon, bitter catalpa, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, Siamese senna, red camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, ornate ormosia, water banyan, water stone banyan, avocado, blackboard tree, false betel nut palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, big-leaf eucalyptus, blue gum, cajeput, rambai, Torreya grandis, Chinese plum yew, India rubber fig, banyan, small-leaf banyan, large-fruited fig, weeping fig, yellow banyan, sacred fig, horsetail tree, jackfruit, camphor-leaf maple, tanbark oak, blue Japanese oak, candlenut, silk oak, pointed-leaf elaeocarpus, big-leaf elaeocarpus, sea hibiscus, iron wintergreen, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, albizia, royal palm, sugar palm, Mexican fan palm, sugar palm, long-leaf date palm, bishop wood, red sandalwood, large-flowered dillenia, jackfruit, yellow cassia, jackfruit, big-leaf privet, Lechang michelia, schefflera, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

small-leaf terminalia, Chinese swamp cypress, water wintergreen, Chinese tallow, honey tree, sand pear, soapberry, entire-leaf goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, large-leaf crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flamboyant tree, peacock flower, jacaranda, yellow cassia, chinaberry, Chinese mahogany, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, golden acacia, prickly castor oil tree, sweetgum, weeping willow, Yulan magnolia, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

rosewood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

sago palm, Chinese plum yew, orchid tree, big-leaf boxwood, dense-flowered elaeagnus, sasanqua, Chinese coral tree, spotted laurel, St. John's wort, three-stamen areca, areca palm, Hainan fan palm, four-season orchid tree, soft-branch golden trumpet, small-leaf justicia, bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, Japanese aucuba, Chinese holly, azalea, bright-leaf cordyline, croton, red mulberry, golden-edged mulberry, golden-leaf fig, smooth senna, red-stemmed rhododendron, ardisia, orange jasmine, red-backed excoecaria, climbing ylang-ylang, camellia, oil tea, big-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flowered golden trumpet, snow-in-summer, Michelia figo, pittosporum, mahonia, heavenly bamboo, Japanese fatsia, night-fragrant magnolia, Chinese hibiscus, lantern flower, rhododendron, Yucca gloriosa, yucca, South China boxwood, licuala palm, soft-leaf date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-vein shrimp plant, schefflera, variegated duranta, yellow-leaf duranta, justicia, golden-leaf privet, giant taro, bird's nest fern, Swiss cheese plant, cast-iron plant, snake plant, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, variegated hibiscus, purple croton, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, ximeili, crinum lily, spider lily, powderpuff, red-leaf loropetalum, angel's trumpet, white paper fan, red paper fan, hairy azalea, Western azalea, twin-pod senna, trumpet vine, myrtle, ixora, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, fiddle-leaf coral, blue plumbago, blue star flower, butterfly pea, heavenly bamboo, pepper tree, red-backed excoecaria,

Deciduous shrubs:

cotton rose, bridal wreath spiraea, rhombic-leaf spiraea, modern rose, abelia, pomegranate, beautyberry, purple magnolia, bush clover, amur honeysuckle, Chinese snowball, rose of Sharon, redbud, dwarf flowering cherry, bridal wreath, pearl bush, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small-leaf privet

Vines:

Swiss cheese plant, bougainvillea, millettia, firecracker vine, rangoon creeper, three-leaf akebia, honeysuckle, wintercreeper, climbing fig, kiwifruit, creeping euonymus, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, rhaphidophora, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, southern schisandra, Boston ivy, Chinese trumpet creeper, passionflower, multi-flowered crape myrtle, evergreen mucuna, large-flowered thunbergia

climbing ylang-ylang, large-flowered thunbergia, rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, firecracker vine, white-flowered mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, jasmine, large-flowered Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, trumpet vine, passionflower

Bamboos:

bambusa textilis, bamboo, moso bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, bamboo, golden tortoiseshell bamboo, Neosinocalamus affinis, hedge bamboo, bitter bamboo, indocalamus, Buddha belly bamboo, ma bamboo, bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, punt pole bamboo, square bamboo, green bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, small qinsi bamboo, red bamboo

Lawns and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese lawngrass, fine-leaf lawngrass, carpet grass, centipede grass, knotgrass, Manila grass, lawngrass, Guangdong evergreen, spiderwort, boat lily, lilyturf, large-leaf curculigo, dwarf lilyturf, reineckea, cast-iron plant black-eye flower, acorus, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese leek lily, golden spider lily, white butterfly, butterfly flower, red-flowered oxalis, inch plant,

purple-backed maranta, arrowhead plant, white-butterfly arrowhead plant, pothos, inch plant, sword fern, clearweed, small boat lily, peace lily, silver-edged lilyturf, red-flowered lantana, yellow-flowered lantana, purple-flowered lantana

dan, dusty miller, bleeding heart vine, shrimp plant, red firecracker, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, three-lobed wedelia, red-flowered oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf amaranth, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green grass, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese leek lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean lawngrass, Bermuda grass, large-leaf carpet grass, variegated grass, bahia grass, dwarf lilyturf

Palms:

royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, sugar palm, windmill palm, dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, queen palm, queen palm, Mexican fan palm, beautiful phoenix palm, short-spike fishtail palm, long-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, three-stamen areca, traveler's palm, lady palm,

seasonal flowers

Pentas, Impatiens, Wax Begonia, Salvia, Petunia, Hybrid Dianthus, Ornamental Kale, French Marigold, African Marigold, Nasturtium, Pansy, Torenia, Cockscomb, Calendula, Globe Amaranth, Zinnia, Moss Rose, Portulaca, Cosmos, Cineraria, Spider Flower, Daylily, Lavender, Purple Loosestrife

Part Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Configurations"

Southern Plant Configurations

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + Cyperus alternifolius + Alpinia zerumbet variegata

Dracaena draco + Dracaena marginata 'Tricolor' + Nandina domestica + Nephrolepis cordifolia + decorative stone

Roystonea regia + Caryota mitis + Phoenix roebelenii + Canna + Coleus + Codiaeum variegatum

Roystonea regia + Phoenix canariensis + Cordyline fruticosa 'Red Edge' + Acalypha wilkesiana + Ixora chinensis

Roystonea regia + Archontophoenix alexandrae + Dypsis lutescens + Rhapis excelsa + Duranta erecta 'Golden Dewdrop'

Part Six: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in the South"

Commonly Used Plants for Southern Courtyards

I. Palm Family:

1, Roystonea regia 2, Archontophoenix alexandrae 3, Washingtonia filifera 4, Phoenix sylvestris 5, Phoenix canariensis 6, Areca triandra

7, Livistona chinensis 8, Washingtonia filifera 9, Dypsis lutescens 10, Rhapis excelsa (slender-leaved Rhapis) 11, Rhapis humilis 12, Phoenix roebelenii

II. Tree Family (street trees, shade trees):

1, Delonix regia 2, Bombax ceiba 3, Ceiba speciosa 4, Erythrina variegata 5, Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6, Alstonia scholaris

7, Ficus microcarpa 8, Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9, Mangifera indica 10, Toona ciliata 11, Cinnamomum burmannii 12, Tabebuia pentaphylla

13, Pterocarpus santalinus 14, Plumeria rubra 15, Terminalia catappa 16, Ravenala madagascariensis 17, Pandanus tectorius 18, Bischofia javanica

19, Averrhoa carambola 20, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata 21, Cassia fistula 22, Albizia falcataria 23, Melaleuca leucadendra

24, Eucalyptus 25, Syzygium hainanense 26, Aphanamixis grandifolia 27, Bauhinia 28, Swietenia mahagoni

29, Ficus altissima 30, Spathodea campanulata 31, Tabebuia chrysantha 32, Koelreuteria bipinnata

III. Flowering Shrubs:

1, Osmanthus fragrans (four-season) 2, Bambusa multiplex 3, Alsophila spinulosa 4, Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaf' 5, Bougainvillea spectabilis

6, Cassia surattensis 7, Callistemon rigidus 8, Agave angustifolia 'Marginata' 9, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 10, Fagraea ceilanica 11, Ficus aspera

12, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 13, Michelia figo 14, Campsis grandiflora 15, Calliandra haematocephala 16, Tabernaemontana divaricata 17, Aglaonema

18, Agave americana 19, Yucca 20, Pyrostegia venusta 21, Thevetia peruviana 22, Polyscias fruticosa

IV. Ground Cover or Color Blocks:

1, Pittosporum tobira 2, Monstera deliciosa 3, Epipremnum aureum 4, Asplenium nidus 5, Alternanthera dentata 'Ruby' 6, Pennisetum alopecuroides 7, Schefflera octophylla

8, Syngonium podophyllum 9, Duranta erecta 10, Cuphea hyssopifolia 11, Ophiopogon japonicus 12, Calathea majestica 13, Rhododendron pulchrum

14, Livistona chinensis (dwarf) 15, Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16, Duranta erecta 'Variegata' 17, Chlorophytum comosum 18, Tradescantia zebrina 19, Allamanda cathartica

20, Alpinia zerumbet variegata 21, Asparagus densiflorus 22, Arachis pintoi 23, Ixora chinensis (slender-leaved) 24, Nephrolepis cordifolia 25, Pachystachys lutea

26, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly' 27, Pilea cadierei 28, Dieffenbachia picta 29, Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow' 30, Codiaeum variegatum 31, Ophiopogon japonicus

32, Liriope spicata 'Silver Edge' 33, Jasminum sambac 34, Calathea zebrina 35, Zoysia matrella 36, Axonopus compressus

37, Zoysia matrella 38, Cynodon dactylon 39, Lolium perenne 40, Festuca arundinacea

Some other commonly used plants:

1, Ficus religiosa 2, Ficus altissima 3, Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4, Campanula 5, Koelreuteria bipinnata 6, Cassia fistula

7, Senna siamea 8, Kigelia africana 9, Thailand yellow flowering ball 10, Melaleuca bracteata

11, Senna alata 12, Cassia bicapsularis 13, Jatropha integerrima 14, Syzygium nervosum 15, Manglietia glauca

16, Hainan golden-flecked 17, Pachira aquatica 'Variegata' 18, Ormosia pinnata 19, Swietenia mahagoni

20, Albizia falcataria 21, Cinnamomum cassia 22, Osmanthus fragrans (autumn) 23, Laurus nobilis 24, Washingtonia filifera 25, Bambusa multiplex

26, Pterocarpus indicus (yellow/purple) 27, Pterocarpus santalinus 28, Dianella ensifolia 29, Ficus concinna 30, Markhamia stipulata

Commonly Used Garden Plants in the South

1. Evergreen Trees

Norfolk Island Pine, Hoop Pine, Keteleeria, Bunya Pine, Kauri, Masson Pine, Slash Pine, Camphor Tree, Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, Melaleuca leucadendra, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium hainanense, Bischofia javanica, Acacia confusa, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Pterocarpus santalinus, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus virens, Ficus altissima, Ficus superba, Ficus elastica, Ficus elastica 'Variegata', Ficus religiosa, Aleurites moluccanus, Swietenia mahagoni, Dillenia indica, Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia mantaly, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Syzygium samarangense, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Manilkara zapota, Toona ciliata, Casuarina equisetifolia, Michelia alba, Magnolia coco, Michelia macclurei, Elaeocarpus sylvestris, Magnolia grandiflora, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Mangifera indica, Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis, Canarium album, Eriobotrya japonica, Myrica rubra, Citrus maxima, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Sabina chinensis, Nageia nagi, Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans (four-season), Michelia figo, Aglaia odorata, Camellia japonica, Ficus benjamina, Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei, Ficus tinctoria subsp. gibbosa

2. Deciduous Trees

Dawn Redwood, Pond Cypress, Bald Cypress, Chinese Swamp Cypress, Tulip Tree, Chinese Parasol Tree, Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria, Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala, Liquidambar formosana, Salix babylonica, Kigelia africana, Anthocephalus chinensis, Grevillea robusta, Celtis sinensis, Sapindus mukorossi, Pistacia chinensis, Melia azedarach, Sapium sebiferum, Vernicia montana, Ginkgo biloba, Sterculia monosperma, Diospyros kaki, Ficus carica, Morus alba, Carica papaya, Psidium guajava, Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum', Acacia farnesiana

3. Palms

Archontophoenix alexandrae, Roystonea regia, Roystonea oleracea, Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, Neodypsis decaryi, Wodyetia bifurcata, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Elaeis guineensis, Borassus flabellifer, Washingtonia robusta, Washingtonia filifera, Phoenix canariensis, Phoenix dactylifera, Phoenix sylvestris, Livistona chinensis, Caryota mitis, Arenga pinnata, Phoenix loureiroi, Phoenix roebelenii, Areca triandra, Areca catechu, Areca triandra (fragrant), Caryota maxima, Caryota mitis, Dypsis lutescens, Trachycarpus fortunei, Musa basjoo, Ravenala madagascariensis, Cordyline fruticosa, Rhapis excelsa, Rhapis excelsa (slender-leaved), Strelitzia nicolai, Philodendron erubescens, Alocasia macrorrhizos

4. Foliage Shrubs

Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaf', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaf', Ficus lyrata, Ficus salicifolia, Garcinia subelliptica, Thysanolaena maxima, Polyalthia longifolia 'Pendula', Pandanus tectorius, Pittosporum tobira, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata', Cycas revoluta, Callistemon rigidus, Cestrum nocturnum, Cotinus coggygria, Justicia brandegeeana, Fatsia japonica, Juniperus procumbens, Manihot esculenta 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Schefflera octophylla, Schefflera octophylla 'Variegata', Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Acalypha wilkesiana, Syringa japonica, Duranta erecta, Duranta erecta 'Variegata', Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaf', Murraya paniculata, Codiaeum variegatum, Codiaeum variegatum 'Ovalifolium', Codiaeum variegatum 'Hainan', Codiaeum variegatum 'Aucubaefolium', Gendarussa vulgaris, Carmona retusa, Buxus sinica var. parvifolia, Ligustrum sinense 'Golden Leaf', Euphorbia milii, Agave americana 'Marginata', Agave americana, Agave americana 'Marginata', Yucca, Beaucarnea recurvata, Aspidistra elatior, Sansevieria trifasciata, Cactus, Alocasia macrorrhizos, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata', Scaevola taccada, Rhaphiolepis indica, Breynia disticha, Phyllanthus myrtifolius, Rosa chinensis

5. Flowering Shrubs

African Jasmine, Brunfelsia, Jasminum, Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus schizopetalus, Malvaviscus arboreus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Calliandra haematocephala, Bougainvillea, Gardenia jasminoides var. grandiflora, Hydrangea macrophylla, Justicia carnea, Melastoma candidum, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura suaveolens, Mussaenda frondosa, Mussaenda erythrophylla, Allamanda cathartica, Rhododendron hybridum, Cassia bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Ixora chinensis, Fagraea ceilanica, Jasminum mesnyi, Jasminum sambac, Crinum asiaticum,

Hymenocallis, Clivia, Canna (dwarf), Reinwardtia indica, Jatropha pandurifolia, Plumbago auriculata, Oxypetalum caeruleum, Hedyotis

6. Ground Cover

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Epipremnum aureum, Tradescantia zebrina, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea, Spathiphyllum, Ophiopogon japonicus, Ophiopogon japonicus 'Silver Edge', Lantana camara (red), Lantana camara (yellow), Lantana camara (purple), Senecio cineraria, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Justicia brandegeeana, Russelia equisetiformis, Asparagus densiflorus, Oenothera drummondii, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Hedera helix, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Hedychium coronarium, Cyperus alternifolius, Cyperus papyrus, Iris, Lythrum, Narcissus, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis corymbosa, Arachis pintoi, Dichondra repens, Iresine herbstii, Alternanthera paronychioides, Coleus, Verbena tenuisecta, Alternanthera versicolor, Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes rosea, Hippeastrum, Lilium, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Catharanthus roseus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Zoysia matrella, Zoysia tenuifolia, Cynodon dactylon, Axonopus compressus, Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegata', Paspalum notatum, Liriope muscari

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora, Quisqualis indica, Antigonon leptopus, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Pyrostegia venusta, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosissimum, Wisteria sinensis, Ficus pumila, Quamoclit pennata, Ipomoea, Ipomoea cairica, Gnetum, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, Pseudocalymma alliaceum, Merremia tuberosa, Clytostoma callistegioides, Passiflora caerulea

Part Seven: "Document on Commonly Used Plant Configurations in the South"

Practical Plant Configuration Table —- Concise Table of Common Plant Configurations

Aquatic Plants:

Wetland Plants: Salix matsudana, Salix babylonica, Salix integra, Salix psammophila, Salix viminalis, Salix wallichiana, Populus simonii, Populus maximowiczii, Sabina vulgaris, Sabina chinensis, Platycladus orientalis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Melia azedarach, Pterocarya stenoptera, Fraxinus chinensis, Forsythia suspensa, Ulmus pumila, Ulmus laciniata, Ulmus parvifolia, Sapium sebiferum, Prunus serrulata, Eucommia ulmoides, Koelreuteria paniculata, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, Nerium oleander, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Vitis vinifera, Wisteria sinensis, Amorpha fruticosa, Tamarix chinensis, Ranunculus, Halerpestes, Ranunculus longifolius, Lysimachia, Stachys palustris, Stachys chinensis, Mentha, Lindernia, Veronica, Nasturtium officinale, Scirpus, Scirpus triangulatus, Scirpus planiculmis, Cyperus, Cyperus glomeratus, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus sanguinolentus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus bufonius, Juncus minimus, Juncus gracillimus, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum plebeium, Polygonum orientale, Polygonum caespitosum, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum sagittifolium, Polygonum perfoliatum, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum thunbergii, Polygonum thunbergii (large-leaved), Polygonum cuspidatum, Imperata cylindrica, Calamagrostis epigejos, Calamagrostis langsdorffii, Beckmannia syzigachne, Stipa capillata, Arundinella, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Coix lacryma-jobi, Hemarthria, Wetland Aster,

Emergent Plants: Scirpus validus, Phragmites australis, Nelumbo nucifera (rhizome), Sagittaria sagittifolia, Cyperus flabelliformis, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Nelumbo nucifera, Lythrum salicaria, Typha angustifolia, Monochoria vaginalis, Monochoria korsakowii, Acorus calamus, Pontederia cordata, Oryza sativa, Kandelia candel, Narcissus, Oenanthe javanica, Zizania latifolia, Colocasia esculenta, Marsilea quadrifolia, Phragmites australis, Eleocharis dulcis, Scirpus yagara, Heleocharis, Typha angustifolia, Cyperus alternifolius, Typha latifolia

Floating Plants: Lemna minor, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphaea, Euryale ferox, Victoria amazonica, Nuphar pumilum, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphoides peltata, Brasenia schreberi, Utricularia aurea, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Nymphoides indica,

Submerged Plants: Ceratophyllum demersum, Ottelia alismoides

Colorful Foliage Plants:

Red or Purple: Liquidambar formosana, Rhus verniciflua, Acer palmatum, Acer ginnala, Celastrus orbiculatus, Quercus rubra, Acer truncatum, Sapium sebiferum, Rhus typhina, Rhus chinensis, Sorbus, Nandina domestica, Euonymus, Crataegus, Pistacia chinensis, Pterocarya stenoptera, Berberis, Carpinus hupeana, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Golden Yellow or Yellow-Brown: Ginkgo biloba, Diospyros kaki, Koelreuteria paniculata, Liriodendron chinense, Firmiana simplex, Ulmus, Juglans regia, Catalpa bungei, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Lagerstroemia indica, Ulmus parvifolia, Phoebe zhennan, Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa, Actinidia chinensis, Aesculus chinensis, Sorbus alnifolia, Chimonanthus praecox, Punica granatum, , Cassia surattensis, Hamamelis mollis, Sapindus mukorossi, Acacia farnesiana

Aromatic Plants:

Aromatic plants that can be optionally planted in residential areas include: herbs such as Mentha, Ocimum basilicum, Melissa officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Cymbopogon citratus, Salvia, Taraxacum, Calendula officinalis, Thymus, Borago officinalis, Pelargonium graveolens, Malva; and shrubs such as Lavandula, Rosmarinus officinalis, Gardenia jasminoides, Rosa, Aloysia citrodora.

Woody plants with fragrance through the four seasons can be configured as: Prunus mume and Citrus blossoms in spring; Gardenia jasminoides and Michelia alba in summer; Osmanthus fragrans in autumn and Chimonanthus praecox in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: Robinia pseudoacacia, Paulownia, Pinus bungeana, Sabina chinensis, Viburnum odoratissimum, Photinia serratifolia, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar source, bird-attracting, butterfly-attracting plants: Taxus cuspidata (dwarf), Podocarpus macrophyllus, Torreya grandis, Ilex crenata, Cinnamomum camphora, Myrica rubra, Ligustrum lucidum, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, Viburnum, Aucuba japonica, Mahonia, Pyracantha, Buxus, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc., Buddleja davidii, Pistacia chinensis, and other fragrant flowering plants (such as plants of the genus Citrus in the family Rutaceae)

Perennial (herbaceous) flowers: Kniphofia (torch lily), Lupinus, Festuca glauca, Astilbe, Coreopsis, Lysimachia nummularia, Origanum vulgare, Hibiscus moscheutos, Mentha spicata 'Red', Trachelospermum asiaticum 'Tricolor', Lampranthus spectabilis, Helleborus, Lycoris radiata, Hemerocallis, Iris, Tradescantia, Hosta, Canna 'Variegata', Canna 'Red Leaf', Aster novi-belgii, Farfugium japonicum, Bletilla striata, Verbena peruviana

Flowering Trees and Shrubs for the Four Seasons:

Spring: Various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus micromalus, Malus spectabilis, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia 'Red', Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), Cercis chinensis, red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: Lagerstroemia indica, Hibiscus syriacus, Hydrangea macrophylla, Michelia figo, Rhododendron (summer azalea), Punica granatum (flowering), Gardenia jasminoides, Campsis grandiflora, Albizia julibrissin, Acacia farnesiana Autumn: Osmanthus fragrans, Lagerstroemia indica, Hibiscus syriacus, flowering pomegranate, Hibiscus mutabilis, Campsis grandiflora, etc.

Winter: Lonicera japonica, Nandina domestica, Prunus mume, Michelia figo, Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua, etc.

Classification diagram of common landscaping tree species:

(I) Evergreen Conifers

1. Trees: Cedrus deodara, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus thunbergii, Sabina chinensis, Pinus massoniana, Sabina chinensis, Cycas revoluta, Araucaria cunninghamii, Cryptomeria japonica, Torreya grandis

2. Shrubs: (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Platycladus orientalis 'Sieboldii', Calocedrus macrolepis, Juniperus procumbens, Cryptomeria japonica 'Japonica', Pinus parviflora

(II) Deciduous Conifers (no shrubs):

Trees: Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pseudolarix amabilis, Taxodium distichum, Taxodium ascendens

(III) Evergreen Broadleaf Trees:

1. Trees: Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Ligustrum lucidum, Trachycarpus fortunei

2. Shrubs: Viburnum odoratissimum, Euonymus japonicus, Buxus sinica, Buxus bodinieri, Ilex cornuta, Citrus, Photinia serratifolia, Pittosporum tobira, Osmanthus fragrans, Nerium oleander, Jasminum floridum, Jasminum nudiflorum, Aucuba japonica 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Serissa japonica, Ligustrum sinense, Fatsia japonica, Gardenia jasminoides, Distylium racemosum, Camellia japonica, Hypericum monogynum, Rhododendron, Yucca (Agave, Agave americana), Cycas revoluta (sago palm), Mahonia

(IV) Deciduous Broadleaf Trees:

1. Trees: Salix babylonica, Salix babylonica (upright), Pterocarya stenoptera, Salix matsudana 'Tortuosa', Sapium sebiferum, Sophora japonica, Firmiana simplex (Chinese parasol

tree), Platanus acerifolia (London plane), Sophora japonica (Chinese scholar tree), Sophora japonica var. pendula, Albizia julibrissin, Ginkgo biloba, Melia azedarach, Catalpa ovata

2. Shrubs: Prunus serrulata, Magnolia denudata, Prunus persica, Chimonanthus praecox, Lagerstroemia indica, Cercis chinensis, Acer, Acer palmatum, Prunus cerasifera 'Atropurpurea', Chaenomeles speciosa, Malus halliana, Hydrangea macrophylla, Spiraea cantoniensis, Forsythia viridissima, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, Alchornea davidii, Punica granatum

(V) Bamboo: Bambusa multiplex, Phyllostachys sulphurea, Phyllostachys edulis, Phyllostachys nigra, Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf', Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa ventricosa, Bambusa multiplex 'Golden Stripe'

(VI) Vines: Wisteria sinensis, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy, wall creeper), Hedera helix, Vitis vinifera, Euonymus fortunei

(VII) Flowers: Portulaca grandiflora, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Salvia splendens, Canna, Alternanthera, Brassica oleracea (ornamental cabbage), Chrysanthemum, Orchid

(VIII) Lawn: Zoysia tenuifolia, Zoysia japonica, Ophiopogon japonicus, Lolium perenne (four-season), Festuca arundinacea, Zoysia matrella, Trifolium, Dichondra repens

Detailed Table of Common Plant Configurations

Table of Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific Name Family Tree Shape Characteristics

Camphor Tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, aromatic, berries spherical.

London Plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant Tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm and hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; flowers red and beautiful, flowering period May to August

Silk Tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as courtyard ornamental tree and street tree

Sweet Acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, golden yellow flowers, excellent tree vigor

Weeping Willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn.. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor Tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and round, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese Fan Palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, dark green leaf surface, robust growth, very beautiful posture

Longan Tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, relatively slow growth, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (Melia) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, pale purple flowers

Chinese Parasol Tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreads when old

Paper Mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, beautiful posture

Formosan Alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, not suitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash Tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, robust, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Hoop Pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm and hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, graceful posture

Qinghai Spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the Northwest region

Korean Pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool and humid climate and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese Juniper (Juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, drought and barren-tolerant, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, pruning-tolerant, good dust-proof and sound-insulating effect

Southern Magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, flowers large, white, fragrant, beautiful tree form,

Taiwan Acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth

Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, robust growth, beautiful posture

Canary Island date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Arecaceae family, pinnate, evergreen broadleaf tree, with a thick, tall and majestic trunk, dense and spreading pinnate fronds,

Royal palm (Oreodoxa regia H.B.K.), Arecaceae family, umbrella-shaped, single straight trunk, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very vigorous, highly ornamental

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Ginkgoaceae family, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree, yellow autumn leaves, cold-resistant, deep-rooted, intolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (Liriodendron chinense), Magnoliaceae family, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a mandarin jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa), Salicaceae family, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool temperate climate, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, relatively long-lived; neat tree form, straight trunk, gray-white bark

Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra var. italica), Salicaceae family, narrow cylindrical, deciduous broadleaf tree, cold-resistant and drought-resistant, slightly tolerant of salinity-alkalinity and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), Ulmaceae family, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Box elder (Acer negundo), Aceraceae family, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light salinity-alkalinity, tolerant of pruning, yellow autumn leaves {Care measures for southern plants: date palm}.

Table of Common Landscape Tree Characteristics

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor tree (Cinnamomun camphcra), Lauraceae family, spherical, large evergreen tree, leaves alternate, triple-veined, aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane (Platanus x acerifolia), Platanaceae family, ovate, prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.), Magnoliaceae family, ovate, evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful tree form,

Yulan magnolia (Magnolia denudata), Magnoliaceae family, umbrella-shaped, fairly cold-resistant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large and pure white, blooming in March to April. Suitable for garden viewing.

Chinese tulip tree (Liriodendron chinense), Magnoliaceae family, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a mandarin jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae (Thuja orientalis Linn), Cupressaceae family, conical, evergreen tree, neat tree form when young, mostly curved when old, strong growth, long-lived, beautiful tree form

Ash tree (Faxinus insularis Hemsl.), Oleaceae family, round, evergreen tree, vigorous, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Bischofia (Bischoffia javanica Blanco), Euphorbiaceae family, round, evergreen tree, very beautiful when young leaves sprout, strong growth, beautiful tree form

Weeping willow (Salix babylonica Linn.), Salicaceae family, umbrella-shaped, deciduous small tree, suitable for low-lying wet ground, lush and fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese incense cedar (Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz), Cupressaceae family, umbrella-shaped, evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, with irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green when young, flat.

Royal palm (Roystonea regia), Arecaceae family, umbrella-shaped, single straight trunk, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very vigorous, highly ornamental

Japanese euonymus (Euonymus japonica), Celastraceae family, ovate, prefers warm and humid climate, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Formosan sweetgum (Liquidamdar formosana Hance.), Hamamelidaceae family, conical, deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera), Juglandaceae family, umbrella-shaped, highly adaptable, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, and bank-protection tree

Creeping juniper (Sabina procumbens), Cupressaceae family, evergreen creeping low shrub, branches spreading horizontally along the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, with a unique tree form and flowing, emerald-green foliage. Suitable for ground cover and beautifying the surroundings of garden stones, ponds, sand pits, and slopes. {Care measures for southern plants: date palm}.

Golden dewdrop (Duranta repens), Verbenaceae family, round, evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, and hedges. Golden dewdrop with yellow leaves is mainly grown for foliage, with wide uses; it can be used as ground cover, pruned into shapes, used to form patterns, or planted to emphasize color, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta), Aquifoliaceae family, round, resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.), Moraceae family, umbrella-shaped, evergreen tree, leaves huge, soft and thin, branches spreading in all directions, also beautiful in posture

Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), Ulmaceae family, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Chinese juniper (Juniperus Chinensis Linn), Cupressaceae family, conical, evergreen medium-sized tree, branches densely grown, dark green, vigorous growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form

Pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira), Pittosporaceae family, round, white flowers fragrant, blooming in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as a hedge or potted plant. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera Linn), Arecaceae family, umbrella-shaped, trunk tillering, up to 20-25m tall, leaves gray-white with arched curvature, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Hankow willow (Salix matsudana), Salicaceae family, umbrella-shaped, suitable as a shade tree, street tree, and bank-protection tree

Silk tree (Albizia julibrissin), Mimosaceae family, umbrella-shaped, flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Japanese black pine (Pinus Thumbergii Porl.), Pinaceae family, conical, evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, needles hard and borne two per cluster, long-lived

Purple-leaf plum (Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea), Rosaceae family, umbrella-shaped, deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, red-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purple-red, pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both solitary and group planting, as a backdrop.

Washington palm (Washingtonia filifera Wend.), Arecaceae family, umbrella-shaped, single cylindrical trunk, swollen at the base, up to 4-8m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form {Care measures for southern plants: date palm}.

Japanese pagoda tree (Sophora japonica), Fabaceae family, umbrella-shaped, dense branches and leaves, broad crown, suitable as a shade tree and street tree

Glaucous cassia (Cassia glauca Lam.), Fabaceae family, round, deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Box elder (Acer negundo), Aceraceae family, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light salinity-alkalinity, tolerant of pruning, yellow autumn leaves

Japanese maple (Acer palmatum), Aceraceae family, umbrella-shaped, elegant leaf shape, red autumn leaves. Suitable for garden viewing and potted plants.

Golden larch (Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd.), Pinaceae family, ovate pagoda-shaped, evergreen tree, branches and leaves spreading, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, leaflets radiating, tree form sturdy and upright.

Bottle palm (Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart.), Arecaceae family, umbrella-shaped, trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen, forming a wine bottle shape, very beautiful in posture

Mandarin orange tree (Citrus reticulata), Rutaceae family, round, flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry tree (Melia azedarch Linn.), Meliaceae family, round, deciduous tree, bark gray-brown, bipinnate odd-pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, fast-growing

Snowbush (Serissa serissoides), Rubiaceae family, round, evergreen small shrub. Leaves dark green, flowers snowy white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, fine texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, and pruned shapes.

Dragon juniper (Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort), Cupressaceae family, upright tower-shaped, evergreen medium-sized tree, branches densely grown, dark green, vigorous growth, very long-lived, very beautiful tree form

Dragon-claw pagoda tree (S. j. cv. Pendula), Fabaceae family, umbrella-shaped, branches drooping, suitable for garden viewing, planted in pairs or rows

Dragon-claw willow (S. m. cv. Tortuosa), Salicaceae family, round, branches twisted like a dragon roaming, suitable as a shade tree and ornamental tree

Pygmy date palm (Phehix Roebelenii Brien.), Arecaceae family, umbrella-shaped, trunk upright, 2m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist pine (Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don), Podocarpaceae family, long conical, evergreen tree, plain and elegant posture, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, or layered forms for garden landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.), Pinaceae family, umbrella-shaped, evergreen tree, trunk bark red-brown, winter buds brown, majestic posture when mature

Nandina (Nandina domestica), Berberidaceae family, umbrella-shaped, elegant branches and leaves, red berries in autumn and winter; for garden viewing, can be group-planted or potted. Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria ecelsa Br.), Araucariaceae family, conical, evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, vigorous growth

Glossy privet (Ligustrum lucidum), Oleaceae family, ovate, flowers white, blooming in June. Suitable as a hedge or street tree.

Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis R. Br.), Arecaceae family, umbrella-shaped, trunk upright, up to 6-12m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, lush growth, elegant posture

Globe juniper (Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa.), Cupressaceae family, broad round, shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple (Acer serrulatum), Aceraceae family, umbrella-shaped conical, deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful, can be trained into a noble-shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, and forest-bathing tree.

Boxwood (B. bodinieri), Buxaceae family, ovate, branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for garden viewing. Can be group-planted, used as a hedge, or potted. Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don), Taxodiaceae family, conical, ovate, round, evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Care of Arecaceae Plants"

The Arecaceae family is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, well-developed root system, tolerant of drought, tolerant of poor soil, and highly resistant to pests and diseases, with outstanding effects when used to create tropical-style garden landscapes. This section will introduce their introduction, transplanting, and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants. A few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term water immersion, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the Alexander palm and Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape effects of palm plants have been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian, and Yunnan, as well as later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Yunnan and other areas, successively set off a boom in the introduction, production, and application of palms.

Several units led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high latitudes and high altitudes in the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, moisture, and soil. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing plant growth and development; low winter temperatures are the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on palm salt tolerance and shade tolerance, researchers screened out a group of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkaline tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora blight, coconut leaf beetle, and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanisms of palm seed germination, summarized and invented techniques for accelerating palm seed germination, mastered whole-crown transplanting of palm plants and cultivation techniques for large-specification container seedlings, and did fruitful work on techniques such as soil improvement and winter cold protection and maintenance.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including royal palm, Chinese fan palm, palm grass, southern coconut, and fishtail palm; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the Arecaceae plants successfully applied mainly include Butia palm, hairy Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm, and more than ten other species, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

Discussion of the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Blight

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Blight

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palm plants such as royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm, and Canary Island date palm. In affected plants, the heart leaf cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the entire plant withers in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora blight is caused by Phytophthora and can be identified by culture in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splash, and air movement.

Occurrence Pattern of Washington Palm Phytophthora Blight

This disease occurs during periods of high temperature and high humidity between summer and autumn. Drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, soil moisture content

suddenly increasing, poor ventilation, or plants located in wind gaps, are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, and continuous-cropping plots. In addition, this disease is often related to severe root injury during seedling digging and long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young tender heart leaf rots, and the leaf turns gray-green and droops, and it can be pulled out with slight force. When the stem is dissected, a paste-like secretion with a foul odor can be seen at the growing point or even the entire heart, and white mold-like material can grow on the diseased tissue. In severely affected plants, damage to the roots is also often seen, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotting roots and a peculiar

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is less common in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage has been relatively severe in nursery land. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, and the lesions rapidly expand, slightly sunken, and in humid conditions the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under humid conditions. When it occurs on stems, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part shows wilting. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes the root system and stem when cut open exude pus-like liquid, and in severe cases the young leaf vein margins carry large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora blight is a vascular bundle disease, and in severe cases the entire plant wilts, droops, dries up, and eventually dies, with a high mortality rate from the disease.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly during high temperature and high humidity periods, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all regions the disease could be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoon rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness, and drainage in the nursery. Every autumn and winter, the leaves can be moderately pruned, and pits can be opened and soil hilled up in the planting area to keep the nursery land dry. Usually, potassium fertilizer can be applied additionally, and quicklime and superphosphate can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the plant's disease resistance.

2. Choose a good plot, and select loam or sandy loam land with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation, and require a rotation of three to four years or more for land that has grown Washington palm.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth, deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain waterlogging promptly after rain, and ensure the ground dries after rain; water promptly during drought, and strictly prohibit flooding irrigation when watering, and do it in the afternoon or evening on sunny days.

5. Achieve prevention first and comprehensive control. Pay attention to observation at ordinary times, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One to two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl-aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol types such as Kameitong, that is, hydroxyisoxazole (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), and dexon (500 times) for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palm, first spray the planting site and the roots of Washington palm with 600 to 700 times hydroxyisoxazole solution, or first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization on continuous sunny days, or spread lime powder for disinfection, or use 500 times dexon solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or fosetyl-aluminum (prone to developing resistance), adding 0.4% laundry detergent, into the heart or as a spray for both prevention and treatment. You can also spray with 700 times 80% mancozeb solution, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora blight. After adopting this measure, the incidence rate of Washington palm and hairy Washington palm at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company has dropped from 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Control Experience

The control effect of using carbendazim and the like is not obvious. In the early stage of the disease, if all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can successively revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater, and rainwater. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, and the like are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies in large numbers when moisture is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conductive tissue, and the plant loses water, wilts, and dies. The heart rot disease introduced in some literature is actually also Phytophthora blight, only occurring at the heart leaf site.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves and, when it occurs, shows small water-soaked spots that later expand into larger lesions and are easy to find, and can generally be controlled with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens being Phyllosticta, Pestalotiopsis, and the like, often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Large Single-Trunk Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

l. Root pruning should be carried out in advance on the seedlings to be transplanted. After root pruning, the soil ball size should be twice the ground diameter, and the root pruning depth should be 50 cm to 60 cm. After root pruning, stones and broken roots should be removed from the soil and it should be backfilled promptly, and moisture should be maintained: the purpose is to exercise the adaptability of the seedling and promote new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If heeled-in seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the soil. The planting site should have holes dug 20 days before transplanting, and the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. The soil from digging the holes should be exposed to the sun in the open air for a period, and the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of decomposed phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn being the best, and summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants prefer warmth and humidity. In summer, temperatures are high, and seedling moisture evaporates quickly, easily causing excessive water loss and affecting survival; in winter, temperatures are low, and some places even have frost, and strong north winds can easily cause frostbite or even death of seedlings.

Moving Seedlings

Some large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick stems, the workload of moving seedlings is large, and the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when moving seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with gunny bags or straw, especially the green wrapped trunk portion at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. First, it protects the trunk, and second, it maintains moisture and prevents sunburn. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with leaf pruning, remove old leaves, and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically determined according to the strength of the tree vigor). At the same time, cut off the leaves together with the petiole by 1/5, to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

Seedlings are best dug and planted on the same day. If the time is too long, seedling moisture evaporates greatly, and it is easy for water loss to affect survival. If they cannot all be planted on the same day, they should be covered with shade netting and a small amount of water sprayed on the leaf surface every day, with good shading and moisture maintenance.

1. Backfilling soil Once the seedling is positioned, backfill soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is completed, make the soil mound into a "water storage basin" with slightly higher surroundings and a slightly lower middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering After backfilling, immediately water thoroughly to settle the roots. Before watering, first use bamboo poles and the like to poke the loose soil around the soil ball firmly, until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing There are many kinds of supports, and using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The binding height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-Planting Management

l. Moisture maintenance Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, to the extent of wetting the leaves and trunk wrapping. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow downward, and water accumulation will cause root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with straw to prevent sunburn, prevent excessive soil temperature differences from causing soil compaction, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist, and aerated, which is conducive to the sprouting of new roots.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally relatively tall and are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds after transplanting, the supports should be regularly checked after planting to see whether they have loosened. Especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, it should be straightened and re-tied promptly.

3. Topdressing About one month after planting, urea water can be used as foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half a month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut cake for hole fertilization. The hole position should be outside the edge of the soil ball in a ring-shaped trench, with the trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer and backfill soil should be mixed evenly.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings are relatively weak in tree vigor and are extremely susceptible to pests and diseases, especially tender leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is quite serious in its harm to Arecaceae plants. Adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping spaces of the not-yet-unfolded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing part or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsion 1000 times; ② cypermethrin 500 times; ③ use "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve very good control effects. Based on actual operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient, and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the heart leaf in combination with tying during planting for control.

About one month after planting large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether their leaves remain green, but to truly determine survival, it is generally necessary to wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author used the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to more than 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and necessary to promote and apply.

Transplanting Techniques for Seedlings, Large Trees, and Clustered Seedlings

Key Techniques for Transplanting Seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during a period after germination and rooting. At this time, the seedlings are relatively small and can be transplanted with seeds, and in addition they have few fibrous roots, so the root system is not easily damaged when moving seedlings. Use nutrition bags for seedling cultivation, with the size depending on the time for cultivating the seedlings. Generally speaking, for 1-year-old seedlings, 16 cm x 18 cm containers are suitable, and for 2-year-old seedlings, 19 cm x 20 cm. Nutrition bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutrition soil is prepared with loose topsoil, burned soil, and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer and then bagged. First fill half the bag with mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling and fill it full and compact it, so that the seedling root system and the mixed soil are pressed closely together, and then water thoroughly. Palm plants cannot be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward so that the seedling root system spreads out.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Trees

Arecaceae plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most need several bed-to-bed transplantings, so selecting sparsely planted strong seedlings results in a relatively high survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass The root tissue of palm plants is tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots, so when digging, carry as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize the degree of root mass damage as much as possible, so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve the transplanting survival rate. During construction, accurately set out lines and fix holes to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning The amount of leaves retained during transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to different species, the climate at the time of transplanting, and transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original number of leaves should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause the leaves to turn yellow and dry due to large water evaporation; retaining too few leaves will make plant recovery difficult and the cycle long, and the initial landscape effect will also be poor.

Protect the plant stem and its pseudostem During the process of digging, carrying, loading, and unloading the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem part should not be squeezed or bent. This is the guarantee of plant health and rapid rejuvenation.

Soil at the new planting site Arecaceae plants will damage root tips during transplanting, and it is difficult for new root tips to sprout within one month after transplanting, so water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, if the soil has good permeability and aeration, it is conducive to seedling survival, so when planting, large holes should be dug and attention should be paid to the quality of the imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer, to facilitate palm recovery after planting.

Maintenance Within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability, and the seedlings should be carefully maintained. Be sure to replenish water promptly and shade appropriately, and strive to have new leaves sprout within three months. If continuous rainy weather is encountered after transplanting, palm seedlings will recover relatively well, because rainy days can avoid the adverse effects of scorching sun exposure and the like.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Clustered Seedlings

Clustered species of Arecaceae plants have multiple growing points, and after growing into a multi-stem clustered state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clustered palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks, large leaf area causing high water evaporation, and poor ventilation making them susceptible to strong wind damage. Therefore, in addition to handling them according to single-trunk palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "hairy root method" transplanting, that is, after digging a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retain more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and immediately wrap it with lightweight moisture-retaining material on the outside, to reduce the weight of the soil ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting clustered palms that recover relatively slowly, such as fishtail palm and three-stamen areca.

2. Carry out bare-root heeling-in or potting for concentrated care until new roots sprout and the plant is stable before official planting. This method is suitable for robust clumping palms such as areca palm, clustered fishtail palm, and Hawaiian palm, and can reduce freight costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for transplanting large palm seedlings and mature trees, the key is to grasp five aspects: select strong seedlings; dig good soil balls and transport them carefully; prune leaves moderately; ensure good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and carry out post-planting care focusing on sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and mature trees is that within half a year after planting, most leaves can be retained and new leaves can sprout, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves indicates complete success of transplanting.

Drainage: First understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and try to place the very bottom of the soil ball 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site in a position with thick fertile soil. At the same time, a drainage layer for the root system in the soil ball underground and a surface runoff drainage network should be established to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting. If the hydrological conditions cannot meet the requirements, the method of planting with a raised soil ball can be used, that is, first pile up the planting site with loose medium mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand as much as possible to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil mound, and fill and bury the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose medium, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly dredge drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots, so as to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: Immediately after planting, water once with settling water to ensure the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil, promoting root development. Then water three more times thoroughly and cover the soil ball in time to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, spray water more on the ground and tree crown to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray anti-transpirants on the leaves to inhibit plant physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. in clear weather, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen leaf water absorption and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water in time to ensure the soil ball remains moist and the roots can breathe freely. Fertilization: After planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, a low-concentration foliar fertilizer can be appropriately sprayed to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant. If new roots are found growing, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is above 2O℃, applying mainly organic fertilizer and appropriately adding compound fertilizer with high P and K content, so as to promote balanced nutrition for the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: Spray chemicals to prevent and control pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery. After arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed before unloading, and ensure continuous application three times within one month after planting at intervals of one week to ten days, and then a reasonable pest and disease control plan still needs to be formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Landscaping of Shidalisien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd.

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Shidalisien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a green area of 28,186 sq m. The plant configuration in the factory green space is relatively reasonable, rich in color, and with obvious seasonal changes, forming a distinct layered and naturally ecological plant community, basically showing the natural landscape of plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties such as camphor tree, southern magnolia, zelkova, osmanthus, and crape myrtle have been planted in the factory area, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor trees, and scenic spots at the numbered buildings composed of varieties such as ancient red maple, pomegranate, Malus spectabilis, ginkgo, and Canary Island date palm.

In view of the existing situation of the factory green landscape, we believe that the initial landscaping construction was relatively extensive, and the understanding of plant habits was insufficient. In particular, the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not in place, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Landscaping Maintenance Plan Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold protection equipment, facilities, and seedling cold protection wrappings.

3. Plow the land for winter cultivation and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune dead, residual, diseased, and pest-infested branches and leaves, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons, and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning diseased and pest-infested branches, and observe the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue collecting fertilizer and making compost, prepare culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various insect and disease control equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scale, and achieve timely control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Carry out control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs, mole crickets, and diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do well in loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply light fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do well in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess young buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Perform post-flowering pruning and hedge pruning on shrubs that bloom in spring. According to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning on trees, and prune and remove root sprouts of small seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do well in replanting, thinning, and final spacing of seedlings, increase additional fertilization, and apply light fertilizer frequently.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases cause great harm to trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and prevention and disease control.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Perform post-flowering pruning and fertilization on flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do well in pest and disease control. This month focuses on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and soft scale, and diseases such as leaf spot, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. The weather this month is hot and weeds grow quickly. Continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, soft scale, armored scale, second-generation cottony cushion scale, and mites occur in large numbers. Attention should be paid to their control, and at the same time continue to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot, and so on.

3. During the dog days with high temperature and little rain, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so attention should be paid to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tide season, so typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, with frequent inspections and timely righting of wind-thrown trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue doing well in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal seedling growth.

3. Seedlings grow vigorously this month, so additional fertilizer should be applied in time, and for small seedlings, light fertilizer should be applied frequently.

4. Continue doing well in typhoon and flood prevention, and promptly right wind-thrown trees when found.

5. Continue doing well in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harming trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do well in pest elimination and disease control; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, carpenter moths, and so on, and once found, control immediately.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and perform shaping and pruning on topiary and hedges.

3. Continue to do well in pest and disease control. In particular, check the conditions of pests and diseases such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease, and sooty mold on flowering shrubs, which occur relatively often, and control them in time.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do well in pest and disease control, and eliminate various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, clarify the actual situation, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring landscaping work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do well in cold protection work, whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cut off diseased branches and dead branches; insect-egg-bearing branches and competing branches, excessive