Common pest control methods for the Flamboyant Tree and how it differs from the Silk Tree

With its bright red or orange flowers combined with bright green bipinnate compound leaves, the Flamboyant Tree is hailed as one of the most colorful trees in the world. What are the common pests of the Flamboyant Tree and how to control them? How does it differ from the Silk Tree?

What are the common pests of the Flamboyant Tree and how to control them:

1. Common pests: The pest found on the Flamboyant Tree is an insect of the "Noctuidae" type. This pest damages plants by having its larvae feed on the leaves, often stripping the host plant completely bare, seriously affecting the tree's growth and ornamental value. Pest damage to the Flamboyant Tree is most severe in July, August and September. The Flamboyant Tree Noctuid moth is not harmful to humans, but some people may develop allergic symptoms as a result.

2. Control methods: Seize the period when the larvae cluster together to cause damage, and dust with powder in the early morning before the dew has dried. You can use 2.5% trichlorfon powder or 1.5% parathion (1605) powder, 1.5% dimethoate powder for dusting, at 1.5-2 kg per mu.

How the Flamboyant Tree differs from the Silk Tree:

I. Flamboyant Tree

1. The plant is tall, reaching over 20 m.

2. It prefers a high-temperature, sunny environment and must be grown in a spot with ample sunlight to thrive.

3. The flowers are large and red, with even the inner side of the calyx being blood-red; the four petals spread to about 8 cm long, and the fifth petal is upright, slightly larger, and has yellow and white spots. The stamens are red, the ventral side of the calyx is deep red, and the dorsal side is green.

4. The inflorescence is a raceme, arranged in a corymb-like pattern; both the calyx and corolla have 5 segments each, clustered together in bunches.

5. After flowering, it produces long pod-like fruits, reaching up to 60 cm in length, turning dark brown and becoming woody when mature, containing 40-50 tiny seeds inside, each weighing only 0.4 g on average. The seed coat is mottled and toxic, and must not be eaten by mistake.

6. The leaves are bipinnate compound leaves, with opposite pinnae, 15-30 pairs, and each pinna has 20-40 pairs of leaflets. The leaflets are oblong-elliptical, with a skewed base, entire margins, and rounded-obtuse tips. The leaves are thin and papery, with a smooth and thin surface, green in color, and only the midrib of the veins is prominent.

II. Silk Tree

1. It is a deciduous tree with an umbrella-shaped crown. The leaves are alternate, the inflorescence is corymbose, and the staminal filaments are thread-like, half white and half red, hence the names "Horse's Mane Flower" and "Velvet Flower".

2. The trunk is light grayish-brown, with the bark showing slight longitudinal fissures. The branches are thick and sparsely arranged, and young branches are angular.

3. The leaves are even-pinnate compound leaves, with 10-30 pairs of leaflets, sickle-shaped and round, opening by day and closing at night.

4. The inflorescence is a corymbose head, with both the calyx and petals yellow-green, five-lobed; the upper part of the filaments is red or pink and thread-like, clustered into balls. The flowering period is June to July.

5. The fruit is a pod, with a maturity period of October.

Do you like the Flamboyant Tree?

Care measures for the southern plant Canary Island Date Palm

Part One: "Southern Plant Compilation"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really resemble eggs, with a milky white outer part and a bright yellow center, just like the white and yolk of an egg, and they look really cute. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, and is very suitable for people to admire carefully. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its shape is quite beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity environment with ample sunlight and good drainage. It is robust by nature and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and cannot stand waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. For cultivation, deep, fertile, well-aerated acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter is best. Propagation is by cuttings. When planting Frangipani, you should also pay attention to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves turn dark black, that is because of Frangipani leaf spot disease, and at this time you should pay attention to taking measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so Frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, Frangipani also comes in red and yellow varieties, all of which can be used to extract essential oils for making high-grade cosmetics, soap and food additives, with a rather high price and great potential for commercial development; the fresh flowers can also be dried for making tea, commonly known as Frangipani tea, which has the effects of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The Frangipani tree has a beautiful form, with many branches on the stem, strangely shaped and in countless postures; the leaves resemble those of the loquat, and after they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, much like antlers decorated with beautiful spots, making it a top-choice small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement and potted display. The bark is thin and grayish-green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling, and other conditions. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware or furniture. Frangipani flower meaning: nurturing hope, revival, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life itself, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Yulan Magnolia

Yulan Magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark that is rough and cracked; the branchlets are slightly stout and grayish-brown; the winter buds and flower stalks are densely covered with pale grayish-yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, and the leaves on vigorous shoots at the base are elliptical. The Yulan Magnolia flower is very much like a lotus; when in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of white, with dazzling white light, and it has high ornamental value; together with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart, it is truly an ideal flower form for beautifying courtyards. Yulan Magnolia prefers light and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity, and waterlogging at the planting site easily causes root rot. It prefers fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan Magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. When fumigated artificially with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 g of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan Magnolia is an excellent pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with air pollution. Yulan Magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant, but cannot tolerate strong light or west-facing sun exposure. Too strong light or west-facing sun exposure can easily scorch the trees. Yulan Magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with lush green and thick leaves, not only producing many flower buds but also large flowers, a long flowering period and rich fragrance. Yulan Magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance, and its main diseases include anthracnose, yellowing disease and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, Yulan Magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Yulan Magnolia flowers contain volatile oils, mainly citral, clove oil acid and others, and also contain magnoflorine, alkaloids, biondolide, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A and other components, and have certain medicinal value. The Yulan Magnolia flower is pungent in flavor and warm in nature, and has the effects of dispelling wind and scattering cold, opening the orifices, and diffusing the lungs and clearing the nose. It can be used for headaches, blood-stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and other conditions. Modern pharmacological studies show that Yulan Magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan Magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and scattering cold, and regulating qi and soothing the lungs. They can be processed into snacks or brewed as tea. The flower meaning of Yulan Magnolia represents gratitude. Yulan Magnolia often produces large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the plant is tall, the flowers are positioned relatively high, swaying in the wind and full of spirit, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, with solitary, relatively large leaves, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with veins arranged in a pinnate pattern, in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good groundcover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant that likes a warm, humid environment with bright light. It is not cold-tolerant and not drought-tolerant, and fears scorching sun exposure. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves, and turning the leaf color yellow, so shading must be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing period, it should be watered thoroughly to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate". It requires enough care throughout all 365 days; if the environment fluctuates greatly for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling traders and growers. Plants of the Maranta family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies and others. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta starch is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings and dessert pastries. Added to water and boiled, it becomes a transparent, odorless and tasty paste. Maranta starch is fine in texture and, compared with other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest, making it especially suitable for custards and other egg dishes that cannot be overcooked, and also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Red-leaf Loropetalum

Red-leaf Loropetalum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish-brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish-brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery and alternate, ovate or elliptical, 2-5 cm long, with a short pointed tip, a rounded and skewed, asymmetrical base, stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, and dark red color. Red-leaf Loropetalum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and is tolerant of pruning. It tolerates poor soil, but is best suited to growth in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Red-leaf Loropetalum has luxuriant branches and leaves and an elegant posture, tolerates pruning and wiring, and can be used for hedges and also for making stump bonsai. When it blooms, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and its new leaves are bright red. Different strains differ in leaf color and flower color when mature, and leaf size also varies. In garden applications, the main consideration is the contrast in color formed by the two factors of leaf color and leaf size, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuids, Daopan noctuids, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of Red-leaf Loropetalum: anthracnose, damping-off, and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the disease spots appear

as black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinonema. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease damage on the branches and leaves of Red-leaf Loropetalum, you must treat it in time.

Ornamental Peach

Ornamental Peach is a variety of peach, a tree 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark reddish-brown and rough and scaly when old; the branchlets are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with numerous small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, with obtuse tips, covered with short pubescence, often clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental Peach likes sunlight, is drought-tolerant, and cannot tolerate a humid environment. It likes a warm climate and has good cold tolerance, able to overwinter safely in a natural environment at minus 25°C. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging; if planted in waterlogged low-lying places, seedling death easily occurs. Garden value: Ornamental Peach has large flowers and brilliant color, is beautiful when blooming, and has an ornamental period of as long as 15 days. In landscaping it is widely used by lakesides, streams, roadsides, parks and so on, and in small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents, private gardens and others, it is also used for potted display, and is often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. A common form is also the weeping Ornamental Peach. Ornamental Peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, showing particularly good results in the very year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in masses, or as single specimens, and shows particularly good greening effects in the same year. Ornamental Peach is one of the commonly used colored nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with nursery stock such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf dwarf cherry. When combined with flowering shrubs, it creates a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and is a kind of polysaccharide substance; upon hydrolysis it can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and others. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood, and boosting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and leaf curl. The main pests include aphids, red spider mites, scale insects, and red-necked longhorn beetles.

Artificial Plant Communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Red-leaf Loropetalum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. The three foliage-color plants are planted in linear form, giving rich leaf color, and together with large-specification thornless holly balls, they form a neat, full and clearly layered roadside greening color-band effect.

2. Red-leaf Loropetalum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Japanese maple

Red-leaf Loropetalum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability, and both its leaf color and flower color are very beautiful, while the Photinia × fraseri ball has old leaves that are green accented by new leaves that are red, setting each other off beautifully. The combination of the four plants is richly layered and forms a landscape road with vertical rhythm and spatial layers, as well as a strong sense of guidance.

3. Red-leaf Loropetalum + Japanese aralia + Canary Island Date Palm + Frangipani

In this combination of several plants, green is mainly dominant; the leaves include small and fine ones (Red-leaf Loropetalum) and also coarse and large ones (Japanese aralia, Frangipani), while the Canary Island Date Palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, and it has the effect of narrowing the space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + Iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou; it is a running bamboo, and the culms are spaced with intervals of density and openness. Iris has a graceful posture and gorgeous, varied flower colors, and the two combined together have a very charming appeal.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + Red-leaf Loropetalum + Aucuba + Osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like a sparrow's tongue and a low plant form, and can serve as the lowest-layer plant. Aucuba has yellow spots on its leaves and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree Osmanthus has fragrant flowers that refresh the heart. The combination has density and openness, changes in leaf color, and added floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + Red-leaf Loropetalum + Fagraea ceilanica + Canna

Azalea has gorgeous flowers, and with Red-leaf Loropetalum and Fagraea ceilanica as a foil, it is even more moving. Canna has coarse, large leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel intimate.

7. Groundcover lawn + Marigold + Photinia × fraseri + Red-leaf Loropetalum ball + Orange osmanthus

With green groundcover as the base, the brilliant yellow flowers of marigold are extremely beautiful; behind the marigold, Red-leaf Loropetalum and red Photinia serve as a foil, and the orange osmanthus has a spreading tree form. The several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Dwarf lilyturf + Guava tree

Both dwarf lilyturf and guava tree have very good adaptability in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves are fine and soft, making dwarf lilyturf very suitable as groundcover. The guava tree has yellow, smooth bark and a graceful posture, with relatively large leaves arranged with density and openness, making it very suitable for open woodland paths.

9. Lawn + Agave americana 'Marginata' + pruned and shaped banyan tree + yellow butterfly bush

With green lawn as the base, agave has coarse, large leaves, with leaf color alternating between silvery yellow and green, and combined with the pruned and shaped banyan tree it is very harmonious, while yellow butterfly bush has a beautiful posture and gorgeous flower color. The combination of these several plants is richly layered, with color changes that are nevertheless harmonious.

10. Liriope + Broadleaf lady palm + Areca palm + Papaya tree

This plant configuration is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope has a fine, soft leaf shape, while broadleaf lady palm and areca palm have coarser and larger leaves, and papaya has large palmate leaves, with its fruit borne on the main trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Copperleaf + Duranta + Red-leaf Loropetalum

As a plant combination for a carpet flower bed, copperleaf has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, Duranta has yellow-green leaf color, and Red-leaf Loropetalum has dark purple leaf color; the combination of the three plants as a carpet flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping Maintenance and Management Plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repeated task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grass and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting of flower bed flowers. The completion of landscaping green space does not mean the completion of the garden landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management"; only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the garden landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of the plants in the park:

1. The green area covers about 245,419 ten-thousand sq m, with a high greening coverage rate, and there are large numbers of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned and shaped shrubs. The initial growth has gradually taken shape. After careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is dominated by rows of ginkgo, Phoebe zhennan and large trees,

with appropriately matched low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are complexly combined, with large and small trees, shrubs and groundcover plants interplanted.

At the entrance, relatively precious large plants (Canary Island Date Palm, Jacaranda, small-leaf banyan stump,

premium osmanthus, etc.) are dominant. Whether the office-area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, refined, spacious and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa-area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely and relaxed atmosphere,

all depends on subsequent maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the longitudinal area, we can find the following problems: ① The shaped shrubs are not growing well and their shapes are monotonous; ② The flowering shrubs are in poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including the amount of flowering, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; ③ There are many weeds in the lawn, and in local areas the grass-family weeds show a tendency to spread unchecked; ④ There are pest and disease problems.

I. We plan to take the following corrective measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional gardening and carry out multi-style shaping of hedges and shrubs. For the flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to encourage their growth and then shape them according to their form; this depends on the specific plant's growth and plant form. The hedges in some areas are highly regular, and the neat, uniform long strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes, matching the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a more flowing living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-area chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual removal. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus and species, and growth habits, and label all the plants in the area. In this way,

it can not only enrich the employees' general plant knowledge, but also add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labeling

it can bring more attention to the greening.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of a single day or night. While doing the corrective work well, we will likewise

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached later), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to its extreme, and

likewise we ask Party A to offer more opinions, so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organizes reasonably, maintains meticulously, and dispatches professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange the management and protection work, and flexibly dispatches no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and the plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening planting holes and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately), and the whole set of processes. {Care measures for the southern plant Canary Island Date Palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, weed, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, dump carts, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, with 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per tree; topdress once, with 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, water-fertilizer and other methods, then cover with soil and water thoroughly, with the water penetration depth at more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases in time, maintain the trees' natural growth state, with no need for shaping and pruning, and in time prune out yellow branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, shaded and leggy branches, and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and clean up the pruned material in time. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure there are no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, with 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application, water-fertilizer and other methods; water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except on rainy days), with the water penetration depth at more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases in time. For those pruned into round, square or cone shapes, do minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and attractive cut surfaces; remove the pruned material in time, prune out dead branches and diseased and pest-infested branches in time, replant old, diseased and dead plants in time, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: fertilize once a quarter, with 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application, water-fertilizer and other methods; water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except on rainy days), with the water penetration depth at more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases in time, prune out spent flowers once a week, remove weeds once a week, and prune out dead branches and yellow branches in time.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, with 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, applying fertilizer evenly and watering thoroughly, with the water penetration depth at more than 5 cm. Control pests and diseases in time, replant withered and missing parts in time, with a coverage rate of more than 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(II) Specific annual landscaping maintenance work schedule:

January: the month with the lowest temperatures of the year, when open-field trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out the shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest-infested branches on large and small trees, and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings.

2. Street tree inspection: inspect in time the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify any cases of loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, or loose stakes.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. You can dig up the pupae and cocoons of slug moths in the loose soil under the trees and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin to become active, but at this time they move slowly, and we can take the method of scraping off the larvae on the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be weeded and edged in time; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: temperatures rise somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Finish pruning all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on controlling slug moths and scale insects.

March: temperatures continue to rise, and after mid-month trees begin to sprout; in late month some trees (such as camellias) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do a good job of planning and design, dig (excavate) the tree pits in advance, and ensure that digging, transporting, planting and watering are done in sequence. When planting shrubs, also ensure digging, transporting and planting in sequence, and water fully to increase the survival rate of the nursery stock.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas in time.

3. Fertilizing: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Care measures for the southern plant Canary Island Date Palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock has developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller has also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion for control). To control slug moths, you can continue to use the method of digging up pupae.

April: temperatures continue to rise, and trees all sprout, bloom, or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late, promptly remove and replant shrubs that died in winter (azaleas, Red-leaf Loropetalum, etc.), and water newly planted trees fully.

2. Irrigation: continue to water the maintained green spaces in time.

3. Fertilizing: for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and topdress with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: prune out branches that dried up in winter and spring, and evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molt, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, trunk bases, wall corners and other places, secrete a white waxy thin cocoon and pupate. You can sweep them away with a hard bamboo broom, then bury them deeply or soak them in a concentrated way. Or use the method of spraying pesticides such as fenitrothion. (2) Longhorn beetles begin to become active; you can use a grafting knife or self-made steel wire to pick out the larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: temperatures rise sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees have a very high water requirement and should be watered in good time.

2. Pruning: Remove spent flowers. Carry out the first bud-thinning and pruning of street trees.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue to focus on capturing longhorn beetles. The first generation of slug moths has hatched but has not yet reached damaging levels; take appropriate measures based on the actual conditions in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, etc. has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, Pittosporum tobira, oleander, etc.). In mid-to-late May, spray 10-20 times diluted rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500-2000 times dilution to prevent and control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can also be used.)

June: High temperatures

1. Watering: Plants have a high water demand, so water promptly; do not "leave it to the weather."

2. Fertilizing: Combine loosening the soil and weeding, fertilizing, and watering to achieve the best results.

3. Pruning: Continue bud-thinning and sucker removal on street trees. Prune hedges, topiary balls, and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Drainage work: During heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid-to-late June, slug moths enter their peak hatching period; take timely measures. Currently, spraying 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500-800 times dilution is basically used. (Or spray compound BT emulsion.) Continue manual capture of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees; right, reinforce, and re-tie loose or leaning trees.

July: Highest temperatures; after mid-month, strong winds and heavy rain will occur.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes; once high temperatures occur, water promptly.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Topdressing: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud-thinning and pruning; prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and check each tree stump one by one; if any are loose or unstable, right and tie them immediately. Prepare in advance for labor organization, materials, tools and equipment, and send personnel to inspect at any time; handle dangers promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue to control longhorn beetles and slug moths. For longhorn beetles, inject 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 dilution (or fruit tree treasure, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the hole; this can also achieve good results. For camphor tree stem borers, prune out and destroy the pest nests promptly to prevent recurring damage.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: Continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously; weed promptly, and fertilize in combination with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on capturing longhorn beetles, and pay attention to capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Control aphid damage and camphor tree stem borers promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot diseases, and take timely measures. September: Temperatures decline somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, thin buds below the third-level branching of street trees. Shape-prune hedges. Weed within green spaces, edge lawns, and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and neat.

2. Fertilizing: For trees that grow weakly and whose branches are not sufficiently full, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (on cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) is at its peak incidence; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to root damage; pay attention to capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood borers on poplars and willows. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting all kinds of landscaping facilities.

October: Temperatures drop; in late October, early winter begins; trees begin to shed leaves and gradually enter dormancy.

1. Prepare for autumn tree planting; in late October, once cold-hardy trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green space maintenance: Remove dead trees promptly and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green spaces and lawns. Fertilize flowering plants that grow poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree stem borers. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-hardy plants; complete before the soil freezes.

2. Turning the soil: Turn the soil in green spaces to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry, compacted soil; complete before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late November; control tasks are relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and map out the locations to be adjusted.

VII. Green space maintenance quality objectives

1. Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed yellow soil.

2. Landscape plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green spaces reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Landscape tree crowns are basically complete, with main and side branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the interior is not messy, and ventilation and light transmission are good. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedge and color-block branches and leaves are normal, neat, and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green spaces.

2.3 New shoot growth of deciduous trees is normal, and leaf size and color are normal. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect excrement or webs must not exceed 5%, and the preservation rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Conifer

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches, to ensure that tree development tends to be reasonable, tree branch form is improved, and pest and disease breeding is reduced.

2. Appropriately thin trees that are too densely grown, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and carry out winter fertilization on all trees, ground cover, and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. Dig up slug moth pupae and cocoons in the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated manner.

5. As appropriate, dethatch individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning, and fertilizing work on lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaved mahonia and soft scale on coral and Fatsia japonica.

3. Particularly strengthen frost protection and insulation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening soil and hilling soil around tree root systems.

4. Apply one topdressing (urea) at the end of the month to cool-season lawns at 10 g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Roll and weed lawns promptly, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of forecasting, early warning, and control. Especially pay special attention to sooty mold and boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapple types and cool-season lawns; pay attention to prevention and reporting.

4. For local sunken and low-lying spots on lawns, add soil and cover with sand; carry out low pruning on winter ryegrass lawns to ensure germination and growth of the base grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization for planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown flowering plants; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried out in winter and spring; begin pruning evergreen hedges.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold, and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period for trees to unfold leaves and they need a lot of water, so water timely.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and Malus halliana, and promptly carry out bud-thinning on plane trees, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle, and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, weed lawns and prune lawn grass promptly to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, early warning, and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and weed lawns.

3. Prune lawns promptly and control their growth height; pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply one compound fertilizer to lawns that grow poorly or lack fertilizer, so they can pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, early warning, and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that plant watering work is implemented.

2. Loosen soil and weed flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to weed and remove grass to prevent grass from running wild; continue cultivation, weeding, and loosening the soil.

3. Do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention; reinforce and secure trees in the park to prevent lodging; for low-lying or severely waterlogged places, dredge and drain promptly.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, early warning, and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously; weed and prune promptly, control lawn height, and fertilize in combination with weeding. Supplement and topdress fertilizer promptly, mainly P and K fertilizers, with N fertilizer as a supplement. For small seedlings, shrubs, and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently; at the same time, pay attention to mastering the fertilization period and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought relief work; do not choose 10-15 o'clock to do it, so as to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention; further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and for low-lying and easily waterlogged places, dredge drainage channels promptly to prevent water from accumulating for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, early warning, and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed in green spaces and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and neat.

2. Thin trees that are too densely grown, and at the same time carry out bud-thinning work.

3. Prune, edge, and remove weeds from lawns promptly, and pay attention to pest and disease control.

4. Weed flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, early warning, and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness, and clear layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend to be reasonable and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill gaps and water, and fertilize those growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and early warning, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light transmission, to reduce pests and diseases and enhance growth vigor.

2. Do a good job of weeding and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs, and green spaces, pull out weeds promptly, and replant gap areas promptly. As appropriate, adjust trees in the local layout, and some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Begin cold protection and warmth work; for trees with

poor cold resistance, wrap with rice straw and hill up soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. Dethatch and aerate lawns as appropriate, and prune 2-3 times at the same time.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late this month, and carry out green space soil turning in combination with increasing organic fertilizer application.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and early warning, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of weeding and edging in color-block shrubs and green spaces, and pull out weeds promptly.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing residual stumps and dead branches, in order to make next year's tree growth better (do not prune flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds); at the same time, pay attention to cleaning pest cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms, and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and early warning, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "Latest Common Southern Landscape Plants"

Common Garden Plants in Southern Landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Buddhist pine, long-leaf Buddhist pine, white champaca, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, Cinnamomum burmannii, camphor tree, cinnamon, Gmelina arborea, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, siamese senna, red flowering camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, water banyan, water stone banyan, avocado, blackboard tree, false betel nut, Chinese fan palm, fish-tail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, large-leaf eucalyptus, blue gum, paperbark tree, butterfly fruit, Chinese Torreya, Chinese plum yew, Indian rubber fig, banyan, small-leaf banyan, large-fruit fig, weeping fig, yellow phayung fig, sacred fig, horsetail tree, jackfruit, Acer cinnamomifolium, Castanopsis sclerophylla, oriental white oak, candlenut, silk oak, Elaeocarpus apiculatus, large-leaf Elaeocarpus, sea hibiscus, iron wintergreen, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, Albizia falcataria, royal palm, Dong palm, Washingtonia palm, sugar palm, long-leaf date palm, autumn maple, red sandalwood, large-flowered Dillenia, jackfruit, yellow sophora, tree jackfruit, large-leaf privet, Michelia chapensis, Schefflera octophylla, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

Small-leaf Terminalia, Chinese swamp cypress, water winter melon, Chinese tallow, Hovenia dulcis, sand pear, soapberry, goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, large-flowered crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flamboyant tree, peacock flower, Jacaranda, yellow sophora, chinaberry, Chukrasia tabularis, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, acacia, Kalopanax septemlobus, sweetgum, weeping willow, Magnolia soulangeana, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, India

red sandalwood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm, Chinese plum yew, Aglaia odorata, large-leaf boxwood, Elaeagnus pungens, camellia sasanqua, Chinese coral tree, spotted aucuba, St. John's wort, three-stamen areca, areca palm, bottle palm, Aglaia odorata, golden trumpet, bunchosia, red bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, Chinese holly, azalea, red-edge dracaena, croton, red mulberry, golden-edge mulberry, golden-leaf fig, Senna gaudichaudii, Rhododendron ovatum, Ardisia japonica, orange jasmine, red-back Excoecaria, climbing ylang-ylang, camellia, oil tea, large-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flowered golden trumpet, snow-in-summer, banana shrub, Pittosporum tobira, Mahonia, nandina, Fatsia japonica, Magnolia coco, hibiscus, Chinese lantern flower, rhododendron, yucca, Yucca, South China boxwood, Rhapis excelsa, soft-leaf date palm, short-spike fish-tail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-vein shrimp plant, Schefflera octophylla, variegated Duranta, golden-leaf Duranta, bunchosia, golden-leaf privet, Alocasia, Philodendron, Monstera deliciosa, Aspidistra, snake plant, Rhaphiolepis indica, variegated hibiscus, Euphorbia cotinifolia, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, Brunfelsia, Hymenocallis, spider lily, Calliandra, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura, white paper fan, red paper fan, hairy azalea, Western azalea, Senna bicapsularis, hard-stem trumpet vine, rose myrtle, Ixora, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, Euphorbia tirucalli, blue snowflake, blue star flower, Butterfly pea, nandina, pepper tree, red-back Excoecaria,

Deciduous shrubs:

Cotton rose, Spiraea cantoniensis, Spiraea prunifolia, modern rose, Abelia chinensis, pomegranate, Callicarpa, Magnolia liliiflora, Lespedeza, Lonicera maackii, Hydrangea macrophylla, hibiscus, redbud, Prunus japonica, Spiraea thunbergii, pearl flower, Butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, Buddleja, small wax

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, Bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, Pyrostegia venusta, Rangoon creeper, Akebia trifoliata, honeysuckle, Euonymus fortunei, creeping fig, kiwi, Euonymus fortunei var. radicans, Hong Kong Rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, Rhaphidophora, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, Schisandra chinensis, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, trumpet vine, passionflower, Lagerstroemia indica, Mucuna sempervirens, large-flowered Thunbergia

Climbing ylang-ylang, large-flowered Thunbergia, Rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, Pyrostegia venusta, white-flowered Mucuna, beautiful Clerodendrum, wisteria, creeping fig, cypress vine, morning glory, red morning glory, snake vine, Jasminum officinale, large-flowered Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, Bignonia capreolata, passionflower

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), Bambusa multiplex f. fernleaf, Phyllostachys glauca, Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata', Bambusa emeiensis, Bambusa multiplex, Pleioblastus amarus, Indocalamus tessellatus, Bambusa ventricosa, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Bambusa oldhamii, Bambusa multiplex 'Alphonse Karr', Bambusa multiplex 'Riviereorum', Bambusa multiplex f. variety

Lawn and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), Zoysia sinica, Zoysia tenuifolia, Axonopus compressus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Paspalum distichum, Manila grass (Zoysia matrella), Zoysia japonica, Aglaonema modestum, Tradescantia virginiana, Rhoeo spathacea, Ophiopogon japonicus, Curculigo capitulata, Liriope spicata, Reineckea carnea, Aspidistra elatior, Thunbergia alata, Acorus gramineus, Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes rosea, Lycoris aurea, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Iris tectorum, Oxalis corymbosa, Tradescantia zebrina,

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Epipremnum aureum, Tradescantia zebrina, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea 'Tricolor', Spathiphyllum kochii, Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus', Lantana camara (red), Lantana camara (yellow), Lantana camara (purple),

Lantana camara, Senecio cineraria, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Justicia brandegeeana, Russelia equisetiformis, Asparagus cochinchinensis, Oenothera drummondii, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Hedera helix, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Hedychium coronarium, Cyperus alternifolius, Cyperus papyrus, Iris tectorum, Lythrum salicaria, Narcissus tazetta, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea tetragona, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis corymbosa, Arachis pintoi, Dichondra repens, Iresine herbstii, Alternanthera dentata, Coleus scutellarioides, Verbena tenuisecta, Alternanthera bettzickiana, Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes rosea, Hippeastrum rutilum, Lilium brownii, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Catharanthus roseus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Manila grass (Zoysia matrella), Korean velvet grass (Zoysia tenuifolia), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), Axonopus compressus, Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Variegatum', Paspalum notatum, Liriope muscari

Palm family:

Roystonea regia, Washingtonia filifera, Dypsis decaryi, Roystonea regia (royal palm), Wodyetia bifurcata, Butia capitata, Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, Phoenix dactylifera, Phoenix canariensis, Bismarckia nobilis, Elaeis guineensis, Caryota obtusa, Trachycarpus fortunei, Raphia farinifera, Livistona chinensis, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Caryota mitis, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Washingtonia filifera (California fan palm), Phoenix roebelenii, Caryota mitis, Caryota maxima, Dypsis lutescens, Areca triandra, Ravenala madagascariensis, Rhapis excelsa,

Seasonal flowers

Pentas lanceolata, Impatiens walleriana, Begonia cucullata, Salvia splendens, Petunia hybrida, Dianthus chinensis x barbatus, Brassica oleracea var. acephala, Tagetes patula, Tagetes erecta, Tropaeolum majus, Viola tricolor, Torenia fournieri, Celosia cristata, Calendula officinalis, Gomphrena globosa, Zinnia elegans, Portulaca grandiflora, Portulaca pilosa, Cosmos bipinnatus, Pericallis hybrida, Cleome spinosa, Hemerocallis fulva, Lavandula angustifolia, Lythrum salicaria

Chapter 5: "Examples of Southern Plant Arrangements"

Southern Plant Arrangements

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + Cyperus alternifolius + Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata'

Dracaena fragrans (large) + Dracaena fragrans 'Colorama' + Nandina domestica + Nephrolepis cordifolia + ornamental stone

Roystonea regia + Caryota obtusa + Phoenix roebelenii + Canna indica + Coleus scutellarioides + Codiaeum variegatum

Roystonea regia + Phoenix canariensis (head) + Cordyline fruticosa 'Red' + Acalypha wilkesiana + Ixora chinensis

Roystonea regia + Archontophoenix alexandrae + Dypsis lutescens + Rhapis excelsa (large leaf) + Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves'

Chapter 6: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China"

Commonly Used Plants for Southern Courtyards

I. Palm family:

1. Roystonea regia 2. Archontophoenix alexandrae 3. Washingtonia filifera 4. Phoenix sylvestris 5. Phoenix canariensis 6. Areca triandra

7. Livistona chinensis 8. Washingtonia filifera (California fan palm) 9. Dypsis lutescens 10. Rhapis excelsa (slender-leaf lady palm) 11. Syagrus romanzoffiana 12. Phoenix roebelenii

II. Tree species (street trees, shade trees):

1. Delonix regia 2. Bombax ceiba 3. Ceiba speciosa 4. Erythrina variegata 5. Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6. Alstonia scholaris

7. Ficus microcarpa 8. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9. Mangifera indica 10. Chukrasia tabularis 11. Cinnamomum burmannii 12. Tabebuia pentaphylla

13. Pterocarpus indicus 14. Plumeria rubra 'Acutifolia' 15. Terminalia catappa 16. Ravenala madagascariensis 17. Pandanus tectorius 18. Bischofia javanica

19. Averrhoa carambola 20. Olea europaea (pointed-leaf) 21. Cassia fistula 22. Albizia falcataria 23. Melaleuca leucadendra

24. Eucalyptus 25. Syzygium hainanense 26. Aphanamixis grandifolia 27. Bauhinia purpurea 28. Swietenia mahagoni

29. Ficus altissima 30. Spathodea campanulata 31. Tabebuia chrysantha 32. Koelreuteria bipinnata

III. Flowering shrubs:

1. Osmanthus fragrans (four-season) 2. Bambusa multiplex 'Stripestem' 3. Alsophila spinulosa 4. Ficus microcarpa 'Golden' 5. Bougainvillea spectabilis

6. Senna surattensis 7. Callistemon rigidus 8. Agave americana 'Marginata' 9. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 10. Fagraea ceilanica 11. Ficus aspera 'Variegata'

12. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 13. Michelia figo 14. Campsis grandiflora 15. Calliandra haematocephala 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Aglaonema

18. Furcraea foetida 19. Yucca smalliana 20. Pyrostegia venusta 21. Thevetia peruviana 22. Polyscias fruticosa

IV. Ground cover or color-block plants:

1. Pittosporum tobira 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Epipremnum aureum 4. Asplenium nidus 5. Iresine herbstii 'Rubra' 6. Cyperus alternifolius (large leaf) 7. Schefflera octophylla

8. Syngonium podophyllum 'Pixie' 9. Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves' 10. Cuphea hyssopifolia 11. Ophiopogon japonicus (slender leaf) 12. Calathea 'Triostar' 13. Rhododendron pulchrum

14. Livistona chinensis (dwarf) 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Duranta erecta 'Variegata' 17. Chlorophytum comosum 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Allamanda cathartica

20. Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata' 21. Asparagus cochinchinensis 22. Arachis pintoi 23. Ixora chinensis (slender leaf) 24. Nephrolepis cordifolia 25. Pachystachys lutea

26. Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly' 27. Pilea cadierei 28. Dieffenbachia picta 29. Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow' 30. Codiaeum variegatum 31. Ophiopogon japonicus

32. Acorus gramineus 'Variegatus' 33. Jasminum sambac 34. Calathea zebrina 35. Zoysia matrella (Taiwan grass) 36. Axonopus compressus

37. Manila grass (Zoysia matrella) 38. Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) 39. Lolium perenne 40. Festuca arundinacea

Some other commonly used plants:

1. Ficus religiosa 2. Ficus altissima 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4. Tabebuia 5. Koelreuteria bipinnata 6. Cassia fistula

7. Senna siamea 8. Kigelia africana 9. Thai yellow flowering ball 10. Melaleuca bracteata 'Revolution Gold'

11. Senna alata 12. Cassia bicapsularis 13. Jatropha integerrima 14. Syzygium nervosum 15. Manglietia glauca

16. Hainan gold-dusted 17. Pachira aquatica 'Variegata' 18. Ormosia pinnata 19. Swietenia mahagoni

20. Albizia falcataria 21. Cinnamomum cassia 22. Osmanthus fragrans (autumn) 23. Laurus nobilis 24. Washingtonia filifera 25. Bambusa multiplex 'Stripestem'

26. Pterocarpus indicus (yellow/purple sandalwood) 27. Pterocarpus indicus 28. Dianella ensifolia 29. Ficus microcarpa (Leizhou) 30. Markhamia cauda-felina

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China

1. Evergreen trees

Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine), Araucaria cunninghamii, Keteleeria fortunei, Araucaria bidwillii, Agathis dammara, Pinus massoniana, Pinus elliottii, Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, Melaleuca leucadendra, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium hainanense, Bischofia javanica, Acacia confusa, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Pterocarpus indicus, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus virens, Ficus altissima, Ficus superba, Ficus elastica, Ficus elastica 'Variegata', Ficus religiosa, Aleurites moluccanus, Swietenia mahagoni, Dillenia indica, Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia mantaly, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Syzygium samarangense, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Manilkara zapota, Chukrasia tabularis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Michelia alba, Magnolia coco, Michelia macclurei, Elaeocarpus chinensis, Magnolia grandiflora, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Mangifera indica, Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis, Canarium album, Eriobotrya japonica, Myrica rubra, Citrus maxima, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Sabina chinensis 'Kaizuca', Nageia nagi, Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans (four-season), Michelia figo, Aglaia odorata, Camellia japonica, Ficus benjamina, Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei, Ficus tinctoria

2. Deciduous trees

Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium ascendens, Taxodium distichum, Glyptostrobus pensilis, Liriodendron chinense, Firmiana simplex, Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria, Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala, Liquidambar formosana, Salix babylonica, Kigelia africana, Neolamarckia cadamba, Grevillea robusta, Celtis sinensis, Sapindus mukorossi, Pistacia chinensis, Melia azedarach, Sapium sebiferum, Vernicia montana, Ginkgo biloba, Sterculia monosperma, Diospyros kaki, Ficus carica, Morus alba, Carica papaya, Psidium guajava, Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum', Acacia farnesiana

3. Palm family

Archontophoenix alexandrae, Roystonea regia, Roystonea regia (king palm), Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, Dypsis decaryi, Wodyetia bifurcata, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Elaeis guineensis, Borassus flabellifer, Washingtonia robusta, Washingtonia filifera, Phoenix canariensis, Phoenix dactylifera, Phoenix sylvestris, Livistona chinensis, Caryota obtusa, Arenga pinnata, Phoenix loureiroi, Phoenix roebelenii, Areca triandra, Areca vestiaria, Areca catechu, Caryota maxima, Caryota mitis, Dypsis lutescens, Trachycarpus fortunei, Musa basjoo, Ravenala madagascariensis, Cordyline fruticosa, Rhapis excelsa, Rhapis excelsa (slender leaf), Strelitzia nicolai, Philodendron erubescens, Alocasia macrorrhizos

4. Foliage shrubs

Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaves', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden', Ficus lyrata, Ficus salicifolia, Garcinia subelliptica, Arundo donax 'Variegata', Polyalthia longifolia (weeping), Pandanus tectorius, Pittosporum tobira, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata', Cycas revoluta, Callistemon rigidus, Cestrum nocturnum, Cotinus coggygria, Odontonema strictum, Fatsia japonica, Sabina procumbens, Manihot esculenta 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Schefflera octophylla, Schefflera octophylla 'Variegata', Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Acalypha wilkesiana, Syringa japonica, Duranta erecta, Duranta erecta 'Variegata', Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves', Murraya paniculata, Codiaeum variegatum, Codiaeum variegatum (halberd-leaf), Codiaeum variegatum (Hainan), Codiaeum variegatum 'Aucubaefolium', Justicia gendarussa, Carmona retusa, Buxus sinica (small leaf), Ligustrum sinense 'Golden Leaves', Euphorbia milii, Furcraea foetida 'Aureo-variegata', Agave americana, Agave americana 'Marginata', Yucca smalliana, Beaucarnea recurvata, Aspidistra elatior, Sansevieria trifasciata, Cactus, Alocasia macrorrhizos, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata', Scaevola taccada, Rhaphiolepis indica (thick leaf), Breynia disticha, Phyllanthus myrtifolius, Rosa chinensis

5. Flowering shrubs

Tabernaemontana divaricata, Brunfelsia acuminata, Murraya paniculata (rare), Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Ceropegia, Malvaviscus arboreus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Calliandra haematocephala, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Gardenia jasminoides (large flower), Hydrangea macrophylla, Pachystachys coccinea, Melastoma candidum, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura suaveolens, Mussaenda frondosa (white), Mussaenda erythrophylla (red), Allamanda cathartica, Rhododendron (Western), Cassia bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Ixora chinensis, Calliandra (pink), Jasminum mesnyi, Jasminum sambac, Crinum asiaticum,

Hymenocallis littoralis, Clivia, Canna indica (dwarf), Reinwardtia indica, Jatropha pandurifolia, Plumbago auriculata, Oxypetalum coeruleum, Papilio butterfly

6. Ground cover

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Epipremnum aureum, Tradescantia zebrina, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea 'Tricolor', Spathiphyllum kochii, Ophiopogon japonicus, Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus', Lantana camara (red), Lantana camara (yellow), Lantana camara (purple), Senecio cineraria, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Justicia brandegeeana, Russelia equisetiformis, Asparagus cochinchinensis, Oenothera drummondii, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Hedera helix, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Hedychium coronarium, Cyperus alternifolius, Cyperus papyrus, Iris tectorum, Lythrum salicaria, Narcissus tazetta, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea tetragona, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis corymbosa, Arachis pintoi, Dichondra repens, Iresine herbstii, Alternanthera dentata, Coleus scutellarioides, Verbena tenuisecta, Alternanthera bettzickiana, Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes rosea, Hippeastrum rutilum, Lilium brownii, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Catharanthus roseus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Manila grass (Zoysia matrella), Korean velvet grass (Zoysia tenuifolia), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), Axonopus compressus, Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Variegatum', Paspalum notatum, Liriope muscari

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora, Quisqualis indica, Antigonon leptopus, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Pyrostegia venusta, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosum, Wisteria sinensis, Ficus pumila, Quamoclit pennata, Ipomoea nil, Ipomoea cairica, Snake vine, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, Pseudocalymma alliaceum, Merremia tuberosa, Campsis radicans, Passiflora caerulea

Chapter 7: "Document on Commonly Used Plant Arrangements in Southern China"

Practical Plant Arrangement Table ---- Concise Table of Common Plant Arrangements

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Salix matsudana, Salix babylonica, Salix gilgiana, Salix psammophila, Salix viminalis, Salix wallichiana, Populus simonii, Populus maximowiczii, Sabina vulgaris, Sabina chinensis, Platycladus orientalis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Melia azedarach, Pterocarya stenoptera, Fraxinus chinensis, Forsythia suspensa, Ulmus pumila, Ulmus laciniata, Ulmus parvifolia, Sapium sebiferum, Prunus serrulata, Eucommia ulmoides, Koelreuteria paniculata, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, Nerium oleander, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Vitis vinifera, Wisteria sinensis, Amorpha fruticosa, Tamarix chinensis, Ranunculus japonicus, Halerpestes ruthenica, Halerpestes longiloba, Lysimachia, Stachys palustris, Stachys chinensis, Mentha haplocalyx, Lindernia procumbens, Veronica, Nasturtium officinale, Scirpus triqueter, Scirpus mucronatus, Scirpus planiculmis, Cyperus serotinus, Cyperus glomeratus, Cyperus difformis, Cyperus sanguinolentus, Juncus setchuensis, Juncus bufonius, Juncus minimus, Juncus gracillimus, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum plebeium, Polygonum orientale, Polygonum caespitosum, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum sagittatum, Polygonum perfoliatum, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum thunbergii, Polygonum robustius, Reynoutria japonica, Imperata cylindrica, Calamagrostis epigejos, Calamagrostis langsdorffii, Beckmannia syzigachne, Stipa bungeana, Arundinella anomala, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Coix lacryma-jobi, Hemarthria altissima, Hygrophila salicifolia,

Emergent plants: Scirpus validus, Phragmites australis, lotus root, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Carex siderosticta, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Nelumbo nucifera, Lythrum salicaria, Typha angustifolia, Monochoria vaginalis, Monochoria korsakowii, Acorus calamus, Pontederia cordata, Oryza sativa, Kandelia obovata, Narcissus tazetta, Oenanthe javanica, Zizania latifolia, Colocasia esculenta, Marsilea quadrifolia, Phragmites australis, Eleocharis dulcis, Scirpus yagara, Eleocharis valleculosa, Typha angustifolia, Cyperus alternifolius, Typha latifolia

Floating plants: Lemna minor, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphaea tetragona, Euryale ferox, Victoria amazonica, Nuphar pumilum, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphoides peltata, Brasenia schreberi, Utricularia aurea, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Nymphoides hydrophylla,

Submerged plants: Ceratophyllum demersum, Ottelia alismoides

Colorful foliage plants:

Red or purple: Liquidambar formosana, Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Acer palmatum, Acer ginnala, Celastrus orbiculatus, Quercus rubra, Acer truncatum, Sapium sebiferum, Rhus typhina, Rhus chinensis, Sorbus pohuashanensis, Nandina domestica, Euonymus alatus, Crataegus pinnatifida, Pistacia chinensis, Pterocarya stenoptera, Berberis thunbergii, Carpinus hupeana, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: Ginkgo biloba, Diospyros kaki, Koelreuteria paniculata, Liriodendron chinense, Firmiana simplex, Ulmus pumila, Juglans regia, Catalpa bungei, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Lagerstroemia indica, Ulmus parvifolia, Phoebe zhennan, Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa, Actinidia chinensis, Aesculus chinensis, Sorbus alnifolia, Chimonanthus praecox, Punica granatum, Senna surattensis, Hamamelis mollis, Sapindus mukorossi, Acacia farnesiana

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be planted in residential areas include: herbs such as Mentha haplocalyx, Ocimum basilicum, Melissa officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Cymbopogon citratus, Salvia japonica, Taraxacum mongolicum, Calendula officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Borago officinalis, Pelargonium graveolens, Malva sylvestris; and shrubs such as Lavandula angustifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Gardenia jasminoides, Rosa rugosa, Aloysia citrodora.

Woody plants arranged to release fragrance in rotation through the four seasons, such as: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and Michelia alba in summer; Osmanthus fragrans in autumn and Chimonanthus praecox in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: Robinia pseudoacacia, Paulownia fortunei, Pinus bungeana, Sabina chinensis, Viburnum odoratissimum, Photinia serratifolia, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting, butterfly-attracting plants: Taxus cuspidata (dwarf), Podocarpus macrophyllus, Torreya grandis, Ilex crenata, Cinnamomum camphora, Myrica rubra, Ligustrum lucidum, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, Viburnum dilatatum, Aucuba japonica, Mahonia fortunei, Pyracantha fortuneana, Buxus sinica, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc., Buddleja davidii, Pistacia chinensis, and other fragrant-flower plants (such as Citrus of the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous) flowers: Kniphofia uvaria, Lupinus polyphyllus, Festuca glauca, Astilbe chinensis, Coreopsis grandiflora, Lysimachia christinae, Origanum vulgare, Hibiscus moscheutos, Mentha spicata (red flower), Trachelospermum jasminoides 'Variegatum', Lampranthus spectabilis, Helleborus thibetanus, Lycoris radiata, Hemerocallis fulva, Iris tectorum, Tradescantia virginiana, Hosta plantaginea, Canna indica 'Variegata', Canna indica 'Red Leaf', Aster novi-belgii, Farfugium japonicum, Bletilla striata, Verbena peruviana

Flowers and trees of the four seasons:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus spectabilis, Chaenomeles sinensis, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia 'Red', Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), Cercis chinensis, red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, Syringa, etc.

Summer: Lagerstroemia indica, Hibiscus syriacus, Hydrangea macrophylla, Michelia figo, Rhododendron (summer azalea), Punica granatum (flower), Gardenia jasminoides, Campsis grandiflora, Albizia julibrissin, Acacia farnesiana. Autumn: Osmanthus fragrans, Lagerstroemia indica, Hibiscus syriacus, Punica granatum (flower), Hibiscus mutabilis, Campsis grandiflora, etc.

Winter: Lonicera japonica, Nandina domestica, plum blossom, Michelia figo, Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua, etc.

Classification diagram of common landscaping tree species:

(I) Evergreen conifers

1. Tree species: Cedrus deodara, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus thunbergii, Sabina chinensis 'Kaizuca', Pinus massoniana, Sabina chinensis, Cycas revoluta, Araucaria cunninghamii, Cryptomeria fortunei, Torreya grandis

2. Shrub species: (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Platycladus orientalis 'Sieboldii', Calocedrus macrolepis, Sabina procumbens, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus parviflora

(II) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Tree species: Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pseudolarix amabilis, Taxodium ascendens, Taxodium distichum

(III) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Tree species: Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Ligustrum lucidum, Trachycarpus fortunei

2. Shrub species: Viburnum odoratissimum, Euonymus japonicus, Buxus sinica, Buxus bodinieri, Ilex cornuta, Citrus, Photinia serratifolia, Pittosporum tobira, Osmanthus fragrans, Nerium oleander, Jasminum floridum, Jasminum nudiflorum, Aucuba japonica 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Serissa japonica, Ligustrum quihoui, Fatsia japonica, Gardenia jasminoides, Distylium racemosum, Camellia japonica, Hypericum monogynum, Rhododendron, Yucca smalliana (pineapple flower, arrow hemp), Cycas revoluta (sago palm), Mahonia fortunei

(IV) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Tree species: Salix babylonica, Salix matsudana, Pterocarya stenoptera, Salix matsudana 'Tortuosa', Sapium sebiferum, Sophora japonica, Firmiana simplex (Chinese parasol

tree), Platanus acerifolia (London plane), Sophora japonica (Chinese scholar tree), Sophora japonica 'Pendula', Albizia julibrissin, Ginkgo biloba, Melia azedarach, Catalpa ovata

2. Shrub species: Prunus serrulata, Magnolia denudata, Prunus persica, Chimonanthus praecox, Lagerstroemia indica, Cercis chinensis, Acer, Acer palmatum, Prunus cerasifera 'Atropurpurea', Chaenomeles speciosa, Malus halliana, Hydrangea macrophylla, Spiraea cantonensis, Forsythia viridissima (golden bells), Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, Alchornea davidii, Punica granatum

(V) Bamboo: Bambusa multiplex, Phyllostachys sulphurea, Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), Phyllostachys nigra, Bambusa multiplex 'Alphonse Karr', Bambusa multiplex f. fernleaf, Bambusa ventricosa, Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata'

(VI) Vines: Wisteria sinensis, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy, wall creeper), Hedera helix, Vitis vinifera, Euonymus fortunei

(VII) Flowers: Portulaca grandiflora, Chrysanthemum, Salvia splendens, Canna indica, Alternanthera bettzickiana, Brassica oleracea (head cabbage), Chrysanthemum morifolium, Orchid

(VIII) Lawn: Zoysia tenuifolia, Zoysia japonica, Ophiopogon japonicus, evergreen grass, Festuca arundinacea, Manila grass (Zoysia matrella), clover, Dichondra repens

Detailed Table of Common Plant Arrangements

Table of Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Cinnamomum camphora Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, tri-nerved, aromatic, berries spherical.

Plane tree Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large shady crown, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; beautiful red flowers, flowering May to August

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosoideae Umbrella-shaped Pink flowers, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental tree, street tree

Sweet acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosoideae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, golden yellow flowers, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-lying land, grows lushly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan tree Ficus retusa Linn. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and round, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single-stemmed upright tree, dark green leaves, vigorous growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, slow-growing, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (bead tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, pale purple flowers

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, spreading crown when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge, soft and thin, branches spreading in all directions, crown umbrella-shaped, form also beautiful

Formosan alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tree form tall and handsome

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, robust in nature, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Hoop pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, fond of warm and hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fond of fertilizer, fast-growing, crown narrowly conical, graceful form

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the northwest region

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, fond of cool and humid climates and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese juniper (juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, tolerant of drought and barren conditions, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerant of pruning, good dust-blocking and sound-insulating effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, flowers large, white and fragrant, tree form graceful,

Taiwan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly crooked, vigorous growth

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, vigorous growth, form also beautiful

Canary date palm (Canary Island date palm) Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk stout, tall and majestic, pinnate leaves dense and spreading,

Royal palm (great king palm) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk upright, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, vitality very strong, great ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, autumn leaves yellow, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, not tolerant of waterlogging, resistant to many toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of warm and humid climates, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaf shape resembling a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of cool climates, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, fairly long-lived; tree form upright, trunk straight, bark gray-white

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrowly cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold-tolerant and drought-tolerant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of warm and humid climates, tolerant of drought and barren conditions, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of fertile soil and cool humid climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, autumn leaves yellow{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Table of traits of commonly used landscape trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, doubly fragrant, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovate Fond of warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Crown large and shade dense, suitable as a street tree and courtyard shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, flowers large, white and fragrant, tree form graceful,

Yulan magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Fairly cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large and pure white, blooming in March to April. Suitable for courtyard viewing.

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of warm and humid climates, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaf shape resembling a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, neat tree form when young, mostly crooked when old, vigorous growth, long-lived, beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round Evergreen tree, robust in nature, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Java bishopwood Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round Evergreen tree, when young leaves sprout, very beautiful, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-temperature land, growing luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, showing irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Great king palm Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk upright, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, vitality very strong, great ornamental value

Japanese euonymus Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Ovate Fond of warm and humid climates, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Formosan sweet gum Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Strong adaptability, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as a courtyard shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping dwarf shrub, branches and trunk sprawling and creeping on the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, tree form uniquely styled, branches and leaves emerald green and flowing. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc.{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Round Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden dewdrop with yellow leaves is mainly grown for foliage, widely used, can be used as ground cover, trimmed into shapes, used to form patterns or emphasize color planting, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Round Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge, soft and thin, branches spreading in all directions, form also beautiful

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of warm and humid climates, tolerant of drought and barren conditions, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium-sized tree, branches densely growing, dark green, vigorous growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form

Japanese pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Round White flowers fragrant, blooming in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as hedges or potted plants. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk tillering, up to 20-25m tall, leaves gray-white with arched curvature, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as a courtyard shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a courtyard shade ornamental tree, street tree

Japanese black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, needles hard and in pairs clustered, long-lived

Purple-leaf plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, red-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purple-red, blooming pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both solitary and group planting, as a foil background.

Washington palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk cylindrical, base swollen, up to 4-8m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as a courtyard shade tree, street tree

Glaucous cassia Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Round Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of fertile soil and cool humid climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, autumn leaves yellow

Japanese maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Leaf shape elegant, autumn leaves red. Suitable for courtyard viewing and potted plants.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Ovate tower-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves spreading, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, leaflets radial, tree form vigorous and upright.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen, forming a wine bottle, form very beautiful

Mandarin orange tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Round Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Round Deciduous tree, bark gray-brown, bipinnate odd, pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, fast-growing

Snowbush Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Round Evergreen small shrub. Leaf color dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, fine texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, trimmed shapes.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium-sized tree, branches densely growing, dark green, vigorous growth, very long-lived, very beautiful tree form

Dragon-claw pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches drooping, suitable for courtyard viewing, paired or row planting

Dragon-claw willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Round Branches twisted like a roaming dragon, suitable as a courtyard shade tree, ornamental tree

Roebelenii palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, 2m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate, or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, graceful and simple in style, can be pruned into premium bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, layered forms for courtyard landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark red-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic in form

Sacred bamboo Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves elegant, red berries in autumn and winter; courtyard viewing, can be group planted or potted. Hoop pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer tree, branches whorled, lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, vigorous growth

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Ovate Flowers white, blooming in June. Suitable as hedges or street trees.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, can reach 6-12m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, growing luxuriantly, form elegant

Globe juniper Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly round Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful, can be grown into noble-shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, forest bathing tree.

Box-leaved euonymus B. bodinieri Buxaceae Ovate Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for courtyard viewing. Can be group planted, used as hedges or potted plants. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, ovate, round Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Arecaceae Plants"

Arecaceae is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, root system well developed, tolerant of drought, tolerant of barren conditions, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style landscape effects. This edition will introduce their introduction, transplanting and disease control.

Brief introduction to the introduction process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants, while a few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term waterlogging, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the false betel nut and Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape effect of palm plants has been recognized, and they have been used as key varieties for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants since the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, as well as later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan and other regions, successively set off a boom of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Led by several units such as Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on plant geography and ecology theories, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, it was found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high-latitude, high-altitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, water and soil. The most notable effect of the temperature factor is governing the growth and development of plants, and low winter temperatures are the dominant factor affecting the success or failure of introduction and acclimatization of palm plants; through research on the salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora disease, coconut leaf beetle and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented the technique of palm seed germination acceleration, mastered the techniques of whole-crown transplanting of palm plants and cultivation of large-specification container seedlings, and did fruitful work on techniques such as soil improvement and winter cold protection and conservation.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including the great king palm, Chinese fan palm, palm bamboo, south coconut, fishtail palm, etc.; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the Arecaceae plants successfully applied mainly include Butia palm, woolly Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm and more than ten other species, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

Discussing the occurrence and control of Phytophthora disease

Damage and general symptoms of palm Phytophthora disease

This disease often causes damage on palm plants such as the great king palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm and Canary Island date palm. On affected plants, the heart leaves cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the whole plant withers in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora, and can be identified by culture in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The bacteria spread and proliferate through watering, rain splash, air movement, etc.

Occurrence pattern of Washington palm Phytophthora disease

This disease occurs during the high-temperature and high-humidity period between summer and autumn. Drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, soil water content

suddenly increasing, poor ventilation, or plants located at wind gaps, are prone to infection. In low-lying, poorly drained, continuous-cropping plots, the disease is severe. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root injury caused when digging up seedlings and then long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded tender heart leaf rots, the leaves turn gray-green and droop, and they can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, one can see paste-like secretions at the growing point and even the entire heart of the plant, with a foul odor, and white mold-like matter can grow on the infected tissue. In severely affected plants, the roots are also often seen to be damaged, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots and an abnormal smell

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is less common in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage occurring in nursery land has been relatively severe. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand, are slightly sunken, and when moist the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When the disease occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under moist conditions. When it occurs on the stem, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and softens, and in the later stage the upper part shows withering. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes pus-like liquid exudes when the root system and stem are cut open, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves carry a large amount of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora disease is a vascular disease, and in severe cases the whole plant wilts, droops and dries up until death, with a high fatality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature and high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was from July to October, in Xiamen from August to November, in Shanghai from June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta from August to November, but in all places the disease can be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control methods

I. Preventive cultivation measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, drying and drainage in the nursery. Leaves can be moderately pruned each autumn and winter, and pits can be opened in the planting site and soil hilled up, etc., to keep the seedling land dry. Usually, potassium fertilizer can be applied more, and quicklime, superphosphate, etc. can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of plants.

2. Choose a good plot, and select a plot of loam or sandy loam with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Practice crop rotation. For land where Washington palms have been planted, rotation of three to four years or more is required.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Practice high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain, so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in case of drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, and carry out watering on sunny afternoons or evenings.

5. Achieve prevention first and comprehensive control. Usually observe carefully, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical control

One to two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl-aluminium (1:400), or other hymexazol types such as Kameitong, that is, soil fungicide (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), Dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and Washington palm roots with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or first dig pits and sun-expose them for sterilization on consecutive sunny days, or spread lime powder for disinfection, or use Dexon 500 times solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or fosetyl-aluminium (prone to developing drug resistance), add 0.4% washing powder and pour into the heart or spray for both prevention and treatment. 80% mancozeb 700 times solution can also be sprayed, once every 7 to 10 days, sprayed two or three times consecutively, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora disease. After adopting this measure, the Washington palms and woolly Washington palms at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company have dropped from a disease incidence of 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Control experience

The control effect of using carbendazim and the like is not obvious. If all leaves are cut off in the early stage of the disease and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can successively revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth is relatively poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies massively when water is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant dies from water loss and wilting. The heart rot disease introduced in some literature is actually also Phytophthora disease, only occurring at the heart leaf site.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, and when it occurs, water-soaked small spots appear, then expand into larger lesions, and it is easy to find, generally controllable with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens such as Phyllosticta and Pestalotiopsis, often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting techniques for large single-trunk seedlings

Preparation before transplanting

l. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance. After root pruning, the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. After root pruning, stones and broken roots should be removed from the soil and it should be backfilled promptly, and moisture should be maintained: the purpose is to exercise the adaptability of the seedling and promote new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep it for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If using heeled-in seedlings, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the soil. Dig holes at the planting site 20 days before transplanting, and the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. Let the soil from the holes be exposed to the sun for a period of time. For backfill soil, it is best to use pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of decomposed phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand: mud at 4:6.

Planting time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn being the best, and summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants like warmth and moisture. In summer, the temperature is high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, and it is easy to cause excessive water loss and affect survival; in winter, the temperature is low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds can easily cause frostbite or even death of seedlings.

Moving seedlings

Some large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick trunks, the workload of moving seedlings is large, and the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when moving seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with gunny bags or straw, especially the green wrapped trunk portion at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. First, it protects the trunk, and second, it maintains moisture and protects from the sun. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with pruning leaves, remove old leaves, and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on the strength of the tree vigor). At the same time, cut off the leaves together with the petiole by l/5, to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

Seedlings are best dug and planted on the same day. If the time is too long, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water, and it is easy to affect survival due to water loss. If they cannot all be planted on the same day, they should be covered well with shade netting and a small amount of water sprayed on the leaf surface every day, doing well in shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil Once the seedling position is set, backfill soil immediately. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, make the soil mound into a "water storage basin" with slightly higher surroundings and a slightly lower middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering Immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to settle the roots. Before watering, first use bamboo poles, etc. to poke and firm the loose soil around the soil ball, until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing There are various supports. Using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The binding height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-planting management

l. Moisture retention Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, to the extent of wetting the leaves and trunk wrapping. Do not water at the roots, because excess water will flow downward, and water accumulation will cause root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with straw to protect from the sun, prevent soil compaction caused by excessive soil temperature differences, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which is conducive to the sprouting of new roots.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally relatively tall, and after transplanting are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds, the supports should be checked regularly after planting to see whether they have come loose, and especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, it should be promptly straightened and tied.

3. Topdressing About one month after planting, urea water can be used for foliar topdressing, sprayed, with topdressing about once every half a month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. The hole position is a ring-shaped trench opened beyond the edge of the soil ball, with the trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer and backfill soil should be mixed evenly.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings are relatively weak in tree vigor and extremely susceptible to pests and diseases, especially tender leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is causing quite serious harm to Arecaceae plants. Adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping spaces of the not-yet-unfolded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing some or all of the newly emerging leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsion 1000 times solution; ② cypermethrin 500 times solution; ③ use "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve very good control effects. According to actual operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the heart leaf in combination with tying during planting for control.

Whether large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have survived can be roughly determined about one month after planting based on whether their leaves remain green, but to truly determine survival, generally one must wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to above 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and it is necessary to promote their application.

Transplanting techniques for seedlings, large trees and clustered seedlings

Key techniques for transplanting seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during a period after they germinate and take root. At this time the seedlings are relatively small, can be transplanted with seeds, and in addition have few fibrous roots, so the root system is not easily damaged when moving seedlings. Use nutrition bags for seedling cultivation, with the size depending on the seedling cultivation time. Generally speaking, for 1-year-old seedlings, a 16 cm x 18 cm container is suitable, and for 2-year-old seedlings, 19 cm x 20 cm. Nutrition bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutrition soil is prepared with loose topsoil, burnt soil and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, then bagged. First fill half the bag with mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling and fill it full and compact it, so that the seedling root system and the mixed soil are closely attached together, and then water thoroughly. Palm plants cannot be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward, so that the seedling root system spreads out.

Key techniques for transplanting large trees

Arecaceae plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most need several times of bed-spacing transplanting. Therefore, choosing sparse-planted strong seedlings results in a relatively high survival rate.

Minimize damage to the root mass. Palm root tissues are tender, with many lateral roots and fine hair roots. When digging, keep the root ball as large as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Reduce root damage to a minimum so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve the survival rate of transplanting. During construction, set out lines and mark planting holes accurately to avoid rework and prevent the root ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning: The amount of foliage retained at transplanting should be determined comprehensively according to the species, the climate at transplanting time, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original leaf count should be retained. Retaining too many leaves causes the leaves to turn yellow and wither due to excessive water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes recovery difficult and slow for the plant, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the trunk and pseudostem of the plant. During digging, transport, loading and unloading, the trunk should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem should not be squeezed or bent. This is the guarantee of plant health and rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site: Palms suffer damage to root tips during transplanting, and within one month after transplanting it is very difficult for new root tips to sprout, so water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, good soil permeability and aeration are beneficial to seedling survival. Therefore, when planting, dig large holes and pay attention to the quality of the imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to help palms recover after planting.

Maintenance: Within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability, so the seedlings should be carefully maintained. Be sure to replenish water in time and provide proper shading, and strive to have new leaves emerge within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs for several days after transplanting, palm seedlings will recover better, because rainy days can avoid the effects of adverse factors such as intense sun exposure.

Key techniques for transplanting large clustered seedlings

Clustered species of palms have multiple growth points, and after growing into a multi-stem clustered state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clustered palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks, large leaf area leading to high water evaporation, and poor wind permeability making them vulnerable to strong winds. Therefore, in addition to the measures used for single-stem palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "hair root method" for transplanting. That is, after digging a relatively large root ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the root ball, retain more fibrous roots and a moderate root ball, and then immediately wrap it with a lightweight moisture-retaining material, so as to reduce the weight of the root ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slow-recovering clustered palms such as the fishbone palm and the three-medicine betel nut palm.

2. Implement bare-root temporary planting or container planting, and keep them under concentrated maintenance until new roots sprout and the plants are stable before formal planting. This method is suitable for robust clustered palms such as areca palm, strange wrinkled-stem palm, and Hawaiian palm, and can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for transplanting large seedlings and large trees of palms, the key is to do well in five aspects: select strong seedlings; dig good root balls and transport them carefully; prune leaves moderately; ensure aeration and drainage at the planting site; and carry out post-planting maintenance with attention to sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is being able to retain most of the leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves is complete success in transplanting.

Drainage: First understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and as far as possible place the very bottom of the root ball at a position above the year-round groundwater level by 100-150CM and where the soil layer is thick and fertile. At the same time, a drainage layer for the root system of the underground root ball and a surface runoff guidance network should be properly constructed to prevent water accumulation around the root ball after planting. If the hydrological conditions do not meet the requirements, the method of planting the root ball on a raised mound can be used, that is, using loose media mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand to first pile up the planting site as high as possible to meet the above requirements, then placing the plant on the mound and filling around the root ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose media, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots, so as to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: Immediately after planting, water once to settle the roots, ensuring that the root ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil to promote root development. Then water thoroughly three more times and cover the root ball in time to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray more water on the ground and the canopy to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration. Moisture retention treatment for leaves includes: a. Newly planted seedlings should have their leaves properly pruned to reduce the leaf transpiration area; b. Properly spray antitranspirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. In clear weather, spray misted water on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen leaf water absorption and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the root ball and roots at any time and replenish water in time to ensure the root ball remains moist and the roots can breathe freely. Fertilization: After planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, foliar fertilizer can be sprayed appropriately at low concentration to strengthen post-planting nutrient supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant. If new roots are found growing, root fertilization can be considered. Generally, choose the season when the monthly average temperature is higher than 2O℃, apply organic fertilizer mainly, and appropriately add compound fertilizer with high P and K content, so as to promote balanced nutrition for the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: Spray pesticides before the seedlings leave the nursery to control pests and diseases, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed before unloading. Ensure that within one month after planting, pesticides are applied three consecutive times at intervals of one week to ten days, and afterward a reasonable pest and disease control plan should also be formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Sidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Greening

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Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Sidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a plant green space area of 28186 square meters. The plant area's greening plant configuration is relatively reasonable, rich in color, with obvious seasonal changes, forming a plant community with distinct layers and natural ecology, basically showing the natural landscape of plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each plant area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties have been planted in the plant area, including camphor, southern magnolia, zelkova, osmanthus, crape myrtle, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-size camphor, and scenic spots composed of ancient red maple, fruiting pomegranate, Xifu crabapple, ginkgo, Canary Island date palm and other varieties.

In view of the current situation of the plant area's greening landscape, we believe that the initial greening construction was relatively extensive, and there was insufficient understanding of plant habits. In particular, the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not done thoroughly, and in some areas garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Greening Maintenance Plan Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold-protection equipment, facilities, and seedling cold-protection wrapping materials.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune dead, damaged, diseased and pest-infested branches and leaves, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons, and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning diseased and pest-infested branches, and observe the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, grass scale, etc.).

3. Continue accumulating fertilizer and making compost, prepare culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

The weather gradually warms, and many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various insect-control and disease-prevention equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and grass scales, and achieve timely control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in controlling pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, grubs, mole crickets, and diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding, and fertilizing before flowering. Apply dilute fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess tender buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning and hedge pruning for shrubs that bloomed in spring. According to technical operation requirements, perform bud removal and pruning on trees, and prune and remove suckers at the roots of small seedlings as they appear.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning, and finalizing seedlings, apply additional fertilizer, and frequently apply dilute fertilizer.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases cause great harm to trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and prediction, and pest and disease prevention should be done well.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization for flowering shrubs, and pinch-prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and tortoise wax scales, and diseases such as leaf spot, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly. Continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scales, armored scales, second-generation cottony cushion scales, and mites occur in large numbers. Attention should be paid to their control, and at the same time continue to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot, etc.

3. During the dog days, temperatures are high, and when there is little rain, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so attention should be paid to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tide season, so typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, with frequent inspections and timely righting of wind-thrown trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue to do a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal growth of seedlings.

3. This month seedlings grow vigorously, so fertilizer should be applied in time, and for small seedlings, dilute fertilizer should be applied frequently.

4. Continue to do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and right wind-thrown trees promptly when found.

5. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harmful to trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do a good job in pest elimination and disease control; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, carpenter moths, etc., and once found, control them immediately.

2. Continue intertillage weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and perform shaping and pruning on ball-shaped plants, hedges, etc.

3. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, check the conditions of pests and diseases that occur more frequently, such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease, and sooty mold on flowering shrubs, and control them in time.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control, and eliminate various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate and gain a clear understanding of the situation, so as to ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection, whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cut off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with insect eggs, competing branches, and over-