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A Detailed Guide to the Morphological Characteristics and Cultivation Techniques of the Button Mushroom

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I. Morphological characteristics. The button mushroom, also known as the cultivated mushroom, belongs to the Agaricaceae family. The fruiting body is medium-sized, with a cap diameter of 5-12 cm. It is initially hemispherical or broadly hemispherical, later becoming nearly flat, white and nearly smooth, pale yellow when dry. The stipe is 4.5-9 cm long and 1.5-3.5 cm thick, white and smooth, sometimes silky, nearly cylindrical, solid to soft inside. The annulus is single-layered, membranous, borne at the middle of the stipe and easily shed. The spores are brown, elliptical and smooth, generally two spores per basidium, mainly

I. Morphological characteristics. The button mushroom, also known as the cultivated mushroom, belongs to the Agaricaceae family. The fruiting body is medium-sized, with a cap diameter of 5-12 cm. It is initially hemispherical or broadly hemispherical, later becoming nearly flat, white and nearly smooth, pale yellow when dry. The stipe is 4.5-9 cm long and 1.5-3.5 cm thick, white and smooth, sometimes silky, nearly cylindrical, solid to soft inside. The annulus is single-layered, membranous, borne at the middle of the stipe and easily shed. The spores are brown, elliptical and smooth, generally two spores per basidium, mainly growing on fermented manure and straw rich in humus.

II. Cultivation techniques

1. Construction of the mushroom house. On idle land, mushroom houses of different sizes can be built according to the size of the plot and cultivation needs. First dig a walkway 1.5-2 chi deep and 1.5 chi wide in the middle, leave a mushroom bed 1 m wide on each side, build the frame with bamboo strips or wooden sticks on top, cover with plastic sheeting, then cover with straw mats or corn stalks. Both ends must be ventilated, and 1-2 exhaust vents should be set on the roof.

2. Formula and composting method of the growing substrate. Calculated for an area of 100 sq m, 2500 jin of fresh, dry, impurity-free wheat straw, 500 jin of dry, impurity-free cattle and horse manure, 100 jin of phosphate fertilizer, 20 jin of urea, 50 jin of gypsum powder and 50 jin of quicklime are needed. Composting method of the growing substrate: soak the wheat straw thoroughly with clean water and pile it up, grind the dry cattle and horse manure, add water and pile it up. Turn the piles after 1-2 days: one layer of wheat straw, one layer of cattle and horse manure, and scatter phosphate fertilizer and urea on top. The pile width is 1.5 m, the pile height is 1.5 m, the length is unlimited, and it must be trampled firm. The first turning is after seven days, when gypsum powder and lime should be scattered in; the second turning after 6 days, the third turning after 5-6 days, and the fourth turning after 5 days. At each turning, move the material from top to bottom and from inside to outside. Pay attention to the moisture of the wheat straw: when the straw is squeezed by hand, 3-4 drops of water is ideal; when the straw breaks easily when pulled by hand, it is ready for use.

3. Putting the growing substrate onto the beds and sowing. Spread the above growing substrate evenly onto the mushroom beds to a thickness of 4-5 cun, then close the doors and windows. Use 0.5 jin of formaldehyde plus 5 jin of clean water, boil it in an iron pot inside the mushroom house and fumigate for 10-12 hours. Open the doors and windows and wait until the temperature drops below 28°C before sowing. Use 3-4 liang of spawn per sq m. Scatter the spawn evenly into the growing substrate and press it lightly and evenly. Ventilate properly for 2-3 days and ventilate frequently. The best time for sowing is early July.

4. Casing soil. About 15 days after sowing, once the mycelium has grown out, cover it with fine clean soil and adjust the moisture of the casing soil. The standard is that it forms a ball when squeezed by hand and breaks apart when dropped on the ground. A casing layer of 4-5 cm can be applied; make sure it is level.

5. Mushroom house management and water management. Keep the relative humidity of the mushroom house at around 90% and the temperature below 30°C; the optimal temperature is 20°C. Ventilate often and, depending on the condition of the casing soil, spray water appropriately. When pinhead-sized mushroom primordia appear in the cracks of the soil, spray water for pinning; when primordia the size of soybeans appear, spray water for fruiting, and the amount of water should be increased appropriately. Ventilation management and water management should be carried out in coordination.

6. Harvesting. Harvest the mushrooms when they reach a diameter of 2-4 cm. Remove the stipes as they are harvested, trim them flat without soil roots or impurities, and prevent contamination. Grade and pack the harvested mushrooms for sale.

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