Pollution-free high-efficiency cultivation technology for "rice - mushroom"

In 2002, the Bazhou District Agricultural Technology Station demonstrated and promoted the "rice - mushroom" high-quality and high-efficiency cultivation model in more than 20 townships including Enyang and Huacheng, obtaining a per-mu (1 mu = 1/15 hectare, the same below) output value of 7148.56 yuan, an increase of 6297.56 yuan per mu compared with the wheat-rice double cropping system, a 7.4-fold increase. Practice shows that this model has the characteristics of increasing rice yield, improving soil fertility, high mushroom yield, tender texture and delicious taste, and simple operation. It is also a good way for farmers to generate tax revenue, increase income, and get rich quickly.

I. Variety selection

The selection of varieties (spawn strains), good or bad, directly affects the improvement of rice and mushroom yield and quality, and is also a key measure for increasing yield and quality. For rice, d you 527 and Chuanxiangyou No. 2 should be the main varieties, complemented by high-yield and high-quality varieties such as k you 047 and Gangyou 162. For spawn strains, those with fan-shaped and fluffy mycelium, large and long fan shapes, pure white mycelium, vigorous growth, strong vitality, no yellow water exudation, no clumping, no mycelial membrane, no off-odor, no contaminating microorganisms, and no diseases or pests are suitable as open-field mushroom spawn.

II. Selection of mushroom plot

An outdoor mushroom plot should preferably be a mushroom cultivation site that is sheltered from the wind and faces the sun, relatively far from residential land, with strong water and fertilizer retention, many capillaries, excellent granular structure, convenient management, and fertile soil. The next step is to prepare the nutrient material. For nutrient composting, pig, cattle, sheep, chicken, duck, and silkworm manure can be used as the main materials, complemented by oilseed cake (cottonseed cake) and straw materials (corn, wheat straw, and rice straw) as the culture material. The straw material for the nutrient compost should be dry and fresh, free of mold, and the manure, if not decomposed and pre-wetted, must be used only after composting, fermentation, disinfection, and sterilization. The composting and fermentation method is as follows: generally, per mu, use 3250 kg of straw material, 1500 kg of manure powder, 45 kg of urea, 150 kg of rapeseed cake, 150 kg of gypsum powder, 100 kg of superphosphate, and 50-70 kg of lime. First pre-wet the manure and straw material for 48 hours (if pre-wetting is poor, it is difficult to make high-quality culture material, so the pre-wetting step must be strictly controlled). The method is to first cut the straw (wheat and corn stalks) into lengths of 1.0-14 cm, sun-dry them, shake them loose, and 3-4 days before stacking, fully pre-wet them with manure water (strictly forbidden to use plain water), turning them while pre-wetting. Second, build the pile for fermentation. Generally, the pile width is 270 cm and the height is 139 cm. After building the pile, continue pouring clear manure water and cover with film for fermentation so that the straw material has sufficient moisture. When building the pile for fermentation, put one layer of straw and one layer of manure; each layer of straw should be 27-30 cm thick, and each layer of manure 3-4 cm thick. Urea, compound fertilizer, and phosphate fertilizer must be evenly scattered into the straw in layers, and finally sealed on top with manure and tightly covered with plastic film. Achieve the "five haves": the pile body has shape, the pile height is limited, the pile top has a ridge, the temperature reaches above 70-80°C within 2-3 days, there is a cover maintained, there is a windbreak barrier, there is an embankment protecting the base, and there is a drainage ditch. If the temperature drops, immediately investigate the cause and take remedial measures. Another aspect is turning the pile. Generally, the first turning is carried out on the 7th day. If moisture is insufficient, replenish with clear water. When turning the material, be careful to turn the four sides toward the middle so that the temperature is uniform and the fermentation effect is not affected. After 3 days, carry out the second turning. After another 3 days, carry out controlled-temperature fermentation. Generally, the temperature should be controlled at 50-55°C, and the moisture content should be maintained at 65%. After 4-6 days, it can be used.

III. Planting

1. Rice is mainly arranged in wide-narrow row spacing and transplanted in a directed manner. Generally, the wide row is 30-34 cm, the narrow row is 17-20 cm, the hill spacing is 17 cm, and 20,000 hills per mu is suitable. Other field management and cultivation practices are the same as those for high-yield cultivation.

2. Planting mushrooms: immediately after the rice harvest, divide the field into beds. Generally, the bed width is 100-140 cm, the ditch width is 67 cm, and the soil should be finely and evenly prepared. Around the bed, use 500-fold dichlorvos and 5% formaldehyde for disinfection and fungus prevention and to kill underground pests. Then, evenly spread the already fermented qualified material (the straw is reddish-brown, the material has a fragrant smell, has strong toughness and breaks easily when pulled lightly, length 20-27 cm, contains a large amount of white actinomycetes, pH around 8, no ammonia smell or manure odor, and when the straw material is squeezed tightly, 2-3 drops of water appear) onto the bed surface, spreading it into an arc shape, high in the middle and low on both sides, with a thickness of 17-20 cm as suitable. Second, sow finely. In the sowing method, adopt the method of quantitative sowing by bed and in batches. First spread 2/3 of the spawn on the material surface, then use a bamboo rake to loosen the material surface and gently pat it level, so that the spawn is mixed into the material within 4.5-5 cm. Then spread the remaining 1/3 of the spawn on the material surface and pat it level so that the spawn fully contacts the straw material, causing the spawn to germinate quickly and the material to become colonized. Third, cover with soil. After sowing, cover with soil immediately. The soil-covering thickness is 5-6.7 cm. Before covering with soil, use a small amount of limewater to adjust acidity and moisture. The first soil covering should just fully cover the straw material, and the second soil covering should be 3.4-4 cm. The soil covering should be uniform and consistent, and the bed surface flat. Then build an arched frame and cover it with a canopy to retain moisture and prevent rain, with an arch height of 20-25 cm as suitable. Cover the straw canopy with another layer of plastic film, which is beneficial for rain prevention, cold prevention, moisture retention, and heat preservation, making it easy to achieve high yield.

IV. Extraordinary field management

After covering with soil, the main focus should be on ventilation, moisture retention, and rain prevention. After sowing and soil covering, the autumn bed temperature should preferably be 25°C. If it exceeds 25°C, the canopy should be opened to lower the temperature, adhering to the method of opening on sunny days and covering at night. If it is below 25°C, add straw curtains and plastic film. Keep the soil surface from turning white. Attention should be paid both to maintaining moisture and to clearing ditches to drain excess moisture. Also pay attention to ventilation and air permeability. During the mycelial growth stage, if growth is too vigorous, choose early morning or evening and uncover the film and canopy every 3-4 days for 1-2 hours of ventilation. If there is continuous autumn rain, generally do not uncover the film or curtains. If the mycelium grows out of the soil surface, add another layer of soil and pay attention to ventilation and air permeability to promote rapid formation of fruiting bodies. When harvesting mushrooms, fill the mushroom pits with new soil immediately after each harvest. After each mushroom harvest, apply one topdressing. Generally, per 100 sq m, use 0.45 kg of glucose, 0.9 kg of soybean milk (juice), 45-50 tablets of yeast, and 7 tablets of vitamin b2, mix evenly and spray. In this way, the mushrooms will be dense and robust, light white in color, able to emit mushroom fragrance, have sufficient stamina after the fruiting period, and only then will the yield be high.