Rice-mushroom cultivation becomes an emerging industry

The new "rice-mushroom-rice" grain-and-cash crop rotation model not only makes full use of surplus rural labor to solve the employment problem, but also uses straw returned to the field to improve soil structure and promote increased yields and income from rice and mushrooms.

1. Selection of varieties, seasons and sites: According to local climate and soil environment and other natural resource conditions, the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), whose growth habits are most suitable, is mainly selected. At the end of August and mid-September after the rice harvest, choose an open, sunny idle seedling field with clean surroundings, no pollution sources, relatively dry surface, close to a water source, convenient transportation, loose and fertile soil, rich in humus and with good drainage for planting.

2. Preparation of the substrate

1. Substrate formula. Per mu, use 4,500 kg of fresh, dry, mold-free rice straw of the current year, 300 kg of cake fertilizer, 150 kg of compound fertilizer, 20 kg of urea, 150 kg of superphosphate, 150 kg of gypsum, 210 kg of lime, and 4,500 kg of human and livestock manure.

2. Substrate composting. One day before composting, pre-wet the rice straw in a concentrated way until no dry parts remain. The compost pile is 9 m long, 2 m wide, 1.3 m high at the sides and 1.5 m high in the middle. The pile has 12-14 layers, one layer of straw and one layer of raw materials (that is, cake fertilizer, superphosphate, gypsum, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer and urea mixed evenly), spread evenly into the straw layer by layer from less to more; starting from the fourth layer, human and livestock manure is added layer by layer from less to more. After the pile is finished, open drainage ditches around it (note: cover with plastic film when it rains, and uncover after the rain). Generally, on the sixth day after composting, carry out the first turning; during turning, spread lime (120 kg per mu) evenly into the straw layer by layer, and strictly avoid adding more clear manure water. If the straw is rather dry, adjust it with lime water at a concentration of 0.6%, so that the moisture content of the compost is preferably 70%-75% (that is, when squeezed tightly by hand, water drips out but does not flow out in a stream). The turning method is: top to bottom, bottom to top, middle to outside, outside to middle. The second turning is on the 11th day after composting; this turning should set up vent holes, the material should be turned loose, and two rows of bamboo poles should be placed in the middle at intervals of 0.3-0.5 m, and when the material is high enough, pull out the bamboo poles. If there is still rather dry straw this time, it can be adjusted with a small amount of lime water. On the 16th day after composting, carry out the third turning in the same way as the second. The fourth turning is on the 19th day after composting. The width of the compost is 2.3 m, 3 rows of vent holes are set, and 40% formalin solution is sprayed for disinfection while turning. The next day, spray dichlorvos at 50-100 times dilution on the surface of the compost to kill insects, and after spraying, cover the compost tightly with plastic film. During the composting period, seize the time to build the shed, and at the same time use dichlorvos or phoxim inside the shed to kill insects. On the third day, it can be put into the shed (if the straw material is not sufficiently fermented and decomposed, turn it once more according to the fourth method).

3. Filling, sowing and management

1. Filling. It is best done in the morning and evening. Spread the material evenly in each box, shake the material loose, with a thickness of 18-20 cm. After the material is spread, open both ends of the shed and ventilate for one day and one night or two days and two nights to reduce moisture. For the dryness and wetness of the material, it is best that when the straw is wrung by hand, water is seen but does not drip. If the material has an off odor, spray formalin water on the material for half a day to remove the odor before sowing.

2. Sowing. When sowing, first scatter 70% of the spawn on the box surface, gently grasp the straw material by hand so that the spawn enters the material and the upper layer, then scatter 30% of the spawn on the box surface, and gently press flat with a wooden board so that the spawn is closely combined with the material surface, which helps the spawn germinate and grow by feeding on the material. When sowing, if it is sunny, sow in the afternoon; at this time the straw material should be turned over once before sowing; if it is cloudy, it can be sown all day.

3. Management: After sowing, on days 1-3 keep warm and exchange air; every day uncover a small half of the film on the leeward side and vent for 2-4 hours to release heat and exchange air. If it is sunny and the temperature is high, spread rice straw on the box surface (the rice straw soaked in lime water) so that the mycelium germinates quickly; on days 4-6 ventilate slightly, every day uncover a small half of the film at both ends of the shed for 2-4 hours, and keep the film well covered the rest of the time; on day 7, if the mycelium has grown to half of the straw material, carry out large ventilation; if it has not grown to half, postpone large ventilation. When the mycelium has grown to 80% of the straw material, carry out casing soil.

4. Casing soil: Before casing, spray 500-600 times dilution of carbendazim on the box surface, and apply casing soil while spraying. After casing, pay attention to ventilation to regulate the humidity in the shed; the soil moisture content is 20%-30%, and the air humidity is 85%-90%. Eight days after casing, if the mycelium has grown into more than half of the soil, ventilate greatly until more than 50% of small mushrooms appear on the box surface, then spray water; during this period the air humidity should be kept between 90%-95%. When spraying water, spray frequently and lightly, and do not spray too much at one time.

5. Pest and disease control: Because the temperature rises quickly in spring, button mushrooms are prone to damage from rodents, snails, mites, molds and other pests and diseases. For control, agricultural control should be the main method. Often clean the mushroom yard and the surroundings of the mushroom house, keep the air fresh and ventilation good, and strictly follow operating rules. If pests such as snails are found, they can be caught and killed at night or early in the morning. If mold has already occurred, measures must be taken promptly according to the cause; if it occurs only on the surface, dig out the surface mold completely and the rest can still be used; if it has been thoroughly contaminated, it must be deeply buried, discarded, or burned.

6. Harvesting: When picking mushrooms, it is best to twist them by hand, and try not to damage the mushrooms or the mycelium. Because old mushrooms and opened-cap mushrooms consume a lot of nutrients and affect the yield of the next flush, it is better to pick them young and frequently. After the first flush is harvested, pay attention to replenishing water and covering with film to cultivate the mycelium. Generally, the interval between flushes is 3-5 days, and during this period ventilation and mycelium cultivation should still be done well. After the third flush is harvested, promptly remove old stem mushrooms and loose small mushrooms to avoid rotting and molding that affect the yield of the next flush, and promptly fill and level with fresh fine soil from outside mixed with lime.

By the end of March of the following year, after the mushrooms are harvested, rice can just be planted. Shu Qin, Pengshan County Agriculture Bureau