What are the common mistakes made in mushroom cultivation?

Cultivating strawberries in small plastic tunnels keeps the plants growing vigorously, allows them to mature 19-22 days earlier, extends the harvest period by 13 days compared with open-field cultivation, and increases the total yield by 17% compared with open-field cultivation. The key cultivation techniques are as follows:

1. Building the tunnel

A small plastic tunnel can generally be set up according to the width of 2 cultivation beds (about 3 m wide). Insert the two ends of bamboo strips or wooden poles into the outer edges of the bed ridges on the north and south sides respectively, inserting 1 every 0.5 m along the length of the bed, and properly bury upright posts in the middle bed ridge for support, so that the arched height in the middle of the tunnel frame is 1 m. The tunnel length should preferably be 10-20 m, to facilitate ventilation and management. The tunnel runs north-south, and the frame is covered with 0.06 mm thick polyethylene film.

2. Planting

From late July to early August, select runner plantlets or new stem plantlets with 5-6 leaves, short and thick stems, and many new roots for planting. For the cultivation field, choose fertile loam soil and apply 700-800 kg of high-quality decomposed barnyard manure per 667 sq m, mixed with 35-50 kg of superphosphate. Plant at a row spacing of 25 cm (6 rows per bed) and a plant spacing of 20 cm. Water immediately after planting, once every day for the first 4-5 days. After the seedlings have recovered and 2-3 leaves have unfolded, apply 7.5-10 kg of urea per 667 sq m together with watering to promote strong seedlings and flower bud formation.

3. Field management

1. In mid-December, before the soil freezes, water thoroughly with winter water. After 3-5 days, when the soil surface is slightly dry, cover the seedlings on the bed surface with 0.015 mm thick plastic film. Pull the film tight and press it closely against the ground, then firm the edges with soil. Cover the plastic film with 3 cm thick wheat straw or rice straw to ensure the seedlings survive the winter safely.

2. Begin covering the tunnel in early February of the following year. Covering too early makes the seedlings susceptible to damage from cold waves after sprouting; covering too late reduces the early-maturing and yield-increasing effect on strawberries. Before covering the tunnel, first remove the covering material from the plastic film on the bed surface, then place the plastic film over the tunnel frame. In mid-to-late April, when the natural temperature can already meet the needs of strawberry growth and development, the tunnel can be uncovered to avoid excessively high tunnel temperatures affecting strawberry flowering and fruiting.

3. Within 1 week after covering the tunnel, keep it sealed to promote a rapid rise in air and soil temperature inside the tunnel and encourage the plants to sprout early. After sprouting, uncover in the evening and cover in the morning each day, gradually transitioning to uncovering early and covering late. From strawberry sprouting to the bud stage, the tunnel temperature should be controlled at 15-20°C; during flowering and fruiting, it should be controlled at 20-25°C, and must not exceed 35°C. Wait until all the heart buds have been gathered onto the film and new buds are exposed, so that the plastic film lies completely close to the ground and continues to protect the root system. When strawberries enter the growth and bud stages, apply 10-15 kg of phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer per 667 sq m. Apply little or no nitrogen fertilizer. Generally, as long as the soil is not dry, there is no need to irrigate, so as to avoid excessive humidity causing leggy growth of the seedlings and being unfavorable for fruiting.

4. Harvesting

The fruit can be harvested when it is 80-90% ripe, so as to avoid rotten fruit caused by excessive temperature and humidity in the tunnel.