How to grow soybeans in Northeast China? Main recommended high-oil, high-yield varieties and techniques

The Northeast high-oil, high-yield soybean demonstration project implemented by the state, after two years of development, has introduced a group of excellent high-oil soybean varieties and advanced production techniques, which are gradually being widely applied in large-scale production. On this basis, the Northeast high-oil, high-yield soybean demonstration technical expert group offers the following recommendations for the seed and techniques used in high-oil soybean production in the region in 2004:

In 2004, Heilongjiang Province and its reclamation areas can, according to the accumulated temperature and production conditions of different regions, continue to use the high-oil varieties that had already been successfully promoted in large-scale production in 2003, such as Suinong 11, Suinong 14, Kennong No. 5, Kennong 18, Kenfeng No. 9, Hongfeng No. 9, Baofeng No. 7, Hefeng 40, Hefeng 41, Hefeng 42, Dongnong 163, Dongnong 46, Heinong 41, Heinong 44, Heinong 45, Kenjiandou 25, Kenjiandou 26, Kenjiandou 27, Kenjiandou 28, Heihe 19, Heihe 27, Heihe 31 and other high-oil varieties. In addition, in 2003 Heilongjiang Province had another group of new high-oil, high-yield varieties pass national or provincial approval, so in 2004 localities can, according to local conditions, reasonably select suitable high-oil varieties. The key new high-oil varieties recommended for promotion are: Hongfeng 12, Suinong 20, Hefeng 46.

For high-oil soybean production in Jilin Province, varieties such as Changnong 13, Jikedou No. 1, Jiyu 54, Jiyu 60, Jiyu 58, Jilin 47, Jilin 35, Jiunong 22, Jinong 9 and other high-oil soybean varieties can be used.

For high-oil soybean production in Liaoning Province, varieties such as Tiefeng 31, Liaodou 11, Kaiyu No. 9, Kaiyu 12, Zhonghuang 20, Dandou 10, Liaoshou No. 1 and other high-oil soybean varieties can be used.

In the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the high-oil soybean varieties that can be key promoted include Mengdou No. 9, Mengdou 12, Hefeng 40, Jiangmodou No. 1, Dongnong 46, Beijiang 98-385 (line), Hefeng 42, Jilin 35, Jiyu 47, Kaiyu 12 and other high-oil varieties.

For high-oil, high-yield soybeans in Northeast China, the main cultivation techniques, in addition to the existing high-yield techniques such as mechanical deep loosening, ridge-three cultivation (that is, soil deep loosening, deep fertilizer application, precision sowing techniques), and integrated control techniques for continuous and alternating cropping, also include the following high-yield practical techniques that are being further promoted or show great promise, mainly including:

Narrow-row dense planting technique for soybeans. It includes different planting methods such as "deep-narrow-dense", "large-ridge-dense" and "small-ridge-dense". The "deep-narrow-dense" soybean cultivation technique is based on short-stalk soybean varieties, uses an air-suction seeder or precision dibbling machine as the carrier, combines deep loosening, deep fertilization and layered fertilization, and through narrow-row dense planting maintains uniform plant population as a comprehensive supporting technique. "Large-ridge-dense" and "small-ridge-dense" are high-yield cultivation techniques developed on the basis of ridge cultivation. These techniques are suitable for demonstration and promotion in most areas, especially in Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia.

Soybean inter-row film mulching technique. This technique can preserve soil moisture, increase temperature, control weeds, and promote soil microbial activity and effective use of nutrients. Especially in dry years, its drought-resistance and yield-increasing effects are very significant. This technique can be focused on expanded promotion in Heilongjiang reclamation areas, local areas of Heilongjiang, and parts of Inner Mongolia, while actively carrying out demonstration and promotion work in Jilin, Liaoning and other provinces.

No-till and reduced-till soybean cultivation technique. At present, the most feasible no-till technique for soybeans in Northeast China is seeding on the original ridge, that is, on the premise that crops such as corn overwinter on the original ridge, the following year after simple harrowing and leveling operations, soybeans are directly sown on the original ridge. Seeding soybeans on the original ridge involves fewer field operations, can reduce soil moisture loss, lower energy consumption, gain farming time, facilitate timely sowing, and help ensure full, uniform and strong seedlings. According to observations, soybeans sown on the original ridge emerge 2-5 days earlier than those on deep-loosened ridges, with an emergence rate 8% higher and a yield increase of more than 15% per mu.

Water-saving irrigation. In recent years, under the generally continuous drought and low-rainfall climatic conditions in Northeast China, the yield- and income-increasing effects of soybean irrigation have been very obvious, so in areas with the conditions, the scale of promoting water-saving irrigation techniques such as sprinkler irrigation should be actively expanded.

Foliar fertilizer spraying. In the middle and late growth stages of soybeans (flowering and podding stage), the demand for mineral nutrients is large. Because the absorption function of the root system and the nitrogen-fixing capacity of root nodules gradually decline, nutrient deficiency and premature senescence often occur. To meet the nutritional needs of soybeans in the middle and late growth stages, foliar fertilizer spraying technique can be used. Commonly used foliar fertilizers include potassium dihydrogen phosphate, urea, ammonium molybdate, multi-element compound liquid fertilizer, etc. According to research by the Baoquanling Farm Management Bureau in Heilongjiang, the yield increase rates from applying urea + potassium dihydrogen phosphate, multi-element compound liquid fertilizer, rare earth + potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and urea + ammonium molybdate all reached more than 10%.

In addition, fertilization methods that increase fertilizer efficiency, such as soil testing and fertilizer recommendation and deep fertilization, should be further promoted. The application of farmyard manure and the return of straw to the field are advocated to greatly improve soil fertility, as well as efforts to increase the implementation rate and household adoption rate of conventional high-oil, high-yield soybean cultivation techniques.