How to care for honeysuckle so it has short branches and dense flowers?
Potted honeysuckle, due to the limited space of the pot, cannot be allowed to grow freely; the ornamental requirements are higher, requiring a better shape; most importantly, when it blooms it cannot be as unruly as when planted in the ground, but rather its flowers should be concentrated and bloom profusely. The following methods can help you achieve this: 1. Water control. Honeysuckle is a vine, and without intervention
1. Water control. Honeysuckle is a vine, and without intervention, its branches grow fast and long. In a pot, we can break with convention: when it sprouts in spring, do not water in the evening, water in the morning; do not give a heavy watering, give a light one; this makes its physiological water supply insufficient for vigorous growth, causing new branches to become shorter and to mature. Once branches mature they are more likely to flower, and shortening reduces the distance between nodes, so the flowers become concentrated and profuse.
2. Fertilizer restriction. Before flower buds form, do not apply or apply as little nitrogen fertilizer as possible, and apply relatively more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Once the flower buds have basically formed and shoot growth has basically ended, then apply some nitrogen fertilizer in moderation, so as to produce more and larger flowers.
3. Repot less often. That is, repot only once every 3-4 years. The purpose is to prevent it from sprouting more new roots; with fewer new roots, its absorption capacity is poorer, and combined with aging potting soil, it becomes very difficult for it to grow vigorously, thereby achieving the goals of controlling tree vigor, limiting branches, and producing dense flowers.
4. Pruning. Remove vigorous buds, shorten long branches, cut the long and keep the short. Then place it in a spot with plenty of sunlight (half shade and half sun in summer), to prevent insufficient light from causing vigorous growth.
Through the above measures, you can make your honeysuckle have abundant flowers and short branches, with greater ornamental value. (Seedlings are not covered by this rule, because they should be allowed to grow vigorously so they flower sooner.) This method also applies to Serissa japonica.
Where is honeysuckle produced? Honeysuckle medicinal value">Everyday tips: Where is honeysuckle produced? Honeysuckle medicinal value
Honeysuckle is a plant we are relatively familiar with. When honeysuckle first opens, its color is white, and after 3 days it turns golden yellow; the floral fragrance is rich, and it is truly beautiful. Honeysuckle bonsai has a graceful posture, moving flower colors, a pairing of yellow and white, and a rich floral fragrance, making it highly ornamental. Since ancient times it has been praised as a good medicine for clearing heat and detoxifying. It is sweet in nature and cold in energy, aromatic; sweet and cold it clears heat without harming the stomach, and being aromatic and penetrating it can also dispel pathogenic factors. Honeysuckle can both disperse wind-heat and is also good at clearing and resolving blood toxins. Let us now learn about where honeysuckle is produced.
Everyday tips: Where is honeysuckle produced? Honeysuckle medicinal value">Everyday tips: Where is honeysuckle produced? Honeysuckle medicinal value">1. The production areas of honeysuckle
Because honeysuckle has a stronger creeping growth ability than a climbing growth ability, it is more suitable for use as ground cover cultivation under forests, at forest edges, on the north side of buildings, and other such places; it can also be used to make low green walls; its twining ability can also be used to create flower corridors, flower trellises, flower fences, flower pillars, and to twine around rockery stones, and so on. The advantage is a large amount of vine growth and extensive management; the disadvantage is that the vines twine around each other, and the ground cover is uneven in height, making people feel it is messy and disorderly.
It is distributed in every province of China. It is also distributed in Korea and Japan. In North America it has escaped cultivation and become a difficult-to-eradicate weed. The main planting areas of honeysuckle are concentrated mainly in Shandong, Shaanxi, Henan, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangxi, Guangdong, and other places.
Among them, Pingyi County, Linyi City, Shandong Province is the main production area of honeysuckle, with the largest planting area, mostly wild varieties, and a long history, about 500,000 mu. Honeysuckle mostly grows wild in relatively moist zones, such as along the banks of streams and rivers, in moist hillside shrublands, and in sparse forests.
Next, Fengqiu honeysuckle has a planting history of more than 1,500 years, and there is a clear record in the "Bielu of Famous Physicians" written by the famous medical scholar Tao Hongjing of the Liang Dynasty. By 1984, the cultivated area of honeysuckle in Fengqiu County had reached 10,028 mu, and the highest purchase volume of honeysuckle that year was more than 250,000 kilograms; it was designated by the state as a honeysuckle production base. Fengqiu honeysuckle has excellent varieties; the flower buds are thick, long and plump, with bright color and fine quality, a striking fragrance, and high medicinal potency.
Everyday tips: Where is honeysuckle produced? Honeysuckle medicinal value">Everyday tips: Where is honeysuckle produced? Honeysuckle medicinal value">2. The living environment of honeysuckle
Honeysuckle is a light-loving long-day plant. If ventilation and light transmission are poor, the stems and vines of honeysuckle will grow leggy, the branches will be slender and weak, the leaves will easily turn yellow and fall off, and there will be few flowers. Therefore, honeysuckle bonsai should be placed in a place with plenty of sunlight, preferably with direct sunlight all day, to promote thick and short branches, lush leaves and abundant flowers, and to extend the flowering period.
From the time it is planted in a pot, honeysuckle needs dwarfing and shaping pruning, to be cultivated into a thick trunk with short branches. During the growth period of honeysuckle, remove vigorously growing buds, and pinch the strong branches early; when pruning, cut the long and keep the short. Through shaping and pruning, promote even distribution of honeysuckle branches and leaves, a short and small trunk, and clear layers, enhancing its ornamental value.
Honeysuckle has very strong adaptability and is not strict in its choice of soil and climate; deep sandy loam soil is best. It can be cultivated on hillsides, terraced fields, field embankments, dikes, and barren hills. It is not strict about soil requirements, and can grow in both acidic and saline-alkaline soil. Its root system is well developed and its rooting ability is strong, making it a very good plant for soil fixation and water conservation, and it can be planted on hillsides, riverbanks, and other places.
3. The medicinal value of honeysuckle
Honeysuckle is cold in nature and sweet in taste, entering the lung, heart, and stomach meridians. It has the effects of clearing heat and detoxifying, resisting inflammation, tonifying deficiency, and treating wind. It mainly treats distention and fullness, dysentery, warm-disease fever, heat-toxin carbuncles and sores, tumors, and other conditions. It has a certain therapeutic effect on conditions such as dizziness, dry mouth and thirst, excessive sweating and restlessness, enteritis, bacillary dysentery, measles, pneumonia, Japanese encephalitis, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, acute mastitis, septicemia, appendicitis, skin infections, carbuncles, boils and furuncles, erysipelas, mumps, and purulent tonsillitis.
Everyday tips: Where is honeysuckle produced? Honeysuckle medicinal value">Everyday tips: Where is honeysuckle produced? Honeysuckle medicinal value">4. Honeysuckle has side effects
Fresh honeysuckle flowers have a delicate fragrance and contain relatively much nectar; rural children often pick the flowers to suck the nectar. Fresh flowers are sun-dried or dried by the method used to make green tea, and that is the finished product of honeysuckle. There are two kinds of honeysuckle tea on the market: one is fresh honeysuckle blended with a small amount of green tea, made by the scenting process for scented tea; the other is made by blending dried or sun-dried honeysuckle with green tea. Of these two honeysuckle teas, the former has a fuller floral fragrance, with the appreciation of the floral scent as the main point; the latter has a lower floral scent, but can preserve the medicinal effects of honeysuckle without losing its health benefits. Speaking of the side effects of honeysuckle, honeysuckle tea is actually a health beverage suitable for all ages, and is especially suitable for drinking in summer.
Honeysuckle mainly clears heat and detoxifies. Although there are no side effects of honeysuckle, one must still look at the processing and preparation method. Some merchants are truly bad: in order to make the color look good and make it sell well, they add a certain amount of sulfur for processing. If the original color of the honeysuckle is still there, it can be used, but it is still best to use it sparingly and carefully. If the processing method of the honeysuckle is instant blanching, then it can be eaten with confidence, and there is no problem.
Finally, the introduction to the production areas of honeysuckle ends here. I believe everyone has gained some understanding after reading it. Honeysuckle has very strong adaptability, likes sunlight, tolerates shade, has strong cold resistance, and also tolerates drought and waterlogging. It is not strict about soil requirements, but grows best in moist, fertile, deep sandy loam soil. Friends who like honeysuckle can also go and grow a few pots of honeysuckle; you can both appreciate the beauty of honeysuckle and delight body and mind.
The effects, functions, and edible methods of honeysuckle
Nature, flavor, and meridians enteredSweet, cold. Enters the lung, heart, and stomach meridians.
Functions and indications
Clears heat and detoxifies, cools and disperses wind-heat. Used for carbuncle swelling, boils and furuncles, throat impediment, erysipelas, heat-toxin dysentery, wind-heat common cold, and warm-disease fever.
Honeysuckle tea is sweet in taste and cold in nature, and has the effect of clearing heat and detoxifying and dispelling wind-heat. Honeysuckle has the effect of clearing heat and detoxifying, soothing the throat, and relieving summer heat and restlessness. It can treat summer-heat syndrome, diarrhea and dysentery, influenza, sores, boils and swellings, acute and chronic tonsillitis, periodontitis, and other diseases. The stems, leaves, and flowers of honeysuckle can all be used as medicine, and have the effects of detoxifying, reducing inflammation, killing viruses, sterilizing, promoting urination, and relieving itching.
Honeysuckle distillate is an excellent product for preventing and treating prickly heat and purulent sores in children in summer. Fresh honeysuckle has a delicate fragrance and contains relatively much nectar; rural children often pick the flowers to suck the nectar. Fresh flowers are sun-dried or dried by the method used to make green tea, and that is the finished product of honeysuckle; there are two kinds of honeysuckle tea. There are two kinds of honeysuckle tea on the market: one is fresh honeysuckle blended with a small amount of green tea, made by the honeysuckle tea scenting process; the other is made by blending dried or sun-dried honeysuckle with green tea.Effects
Effect 1 of honeysuckle tea: anti-pathogenic microorganism action. It has a certain inhibitory effect on many pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, and so on.
Effect 2 of honeysuckle tea: it has bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Shigella dysenteriae, Streptococcus mutans, and so on, and has inhibitory effects on influenza virus, orphan virus, herpes virus, and Leptospira.
Effect 3 of honeysuckle tea: anti-inflammatory and detoxifying action; it has a relatively strong effect of dispersing carbuncles and reducing swelling, clearing heat and detoxifying, on carbuncle swelling, boils and furuncles, intestinal carbuncles, and lung carbuncles.
Effect 4 of honeysuckle tea: the action of dispelling heat and dissipating pathogenic factors; it has a certain effect on externally contracted wind-heat or the early stage of warm disease, with body heat and headache, restlessness and little sleep, clouded spirit and crimson tongue, dry throat and parched mouth, and so on.
Effect 5 of honeysuckle tea: honeysuckle tea is sweet in taste and cold in nature, and has the effect of clearing heat and detoxifying and dispelling wind-heat. Honeysuckle has the effect of clearing heat and detoxifying, soothing the throat, and relieving summer heat and restlessness. It can treat summer-heat syndrome, diarrhea and dysentery, influenza, sores, boils and swellings, acute and chronic tonsillitis, periodontitis, and other diseases.
The medicinal nature of honeysuckle is on the cold side, so it is not suitable for long-term drinking; it is only suitable for temporary drinking in the hot summer to prevent and treat dysentery. In particular, it should be noted that those with a deficiency-cold constitution and during menstruation must not drink it, otherwise adverse reactions may occur. It is better to drink it only when you feel you have internal heat; drinking too much will be counterproductive.
Actions
1. Anti-pathogenic microorganism action. It has a certain inhibitory effect on many pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, and so on
2. It has bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Shigella dysenteriae, Streptococcus mutans, and so on, and has inhibitory effects on influenza virus, orphan virus, herpes virus, and Leptospira
3. Anti-inflammatory and detoxifying action; it has a relatively strong effect of dispersing carbuncles and reducing swelling, clearing heat and detoxifying, on carbuncle swelling, boils and furuncles, intestinal carbuncles, and lung carbuncles.
4. The action of dispelling heat and dissipating pathogenic factors; it has a certain effect on externally contracted wind-heat or the early stage of warm disease, with body heat and headache, restlessness and little sleep, clouded spirit and crimson tongue, dry throat and parched mouth, and so on
5. The action of cooling blood and stopping dysentery; it has the effects of detoxifying, stopping dysentery, cooling blood, and soothing the throat on heat-toxin dysentery, dysentery with pus and blood, damp-warm obstructing the throat, sore and swollen throat, and so on.
6. Honeysuckle tea is sweet in taste and cold in nature, and has the effect of clearing heat and detoxifying and dispelling wind-heat. Honeysuckle has the effect of clearing heat and detoxifying, soothing the throat, and relieving summer heat and restlessness. It can treat summer-heat syndrome, diarrhea and dysentery, influenza, sores, boils and swellings, acute and chronic tonsillitis, periodontitis, and other diseases.
[Science and Technology Garden] No more idle people in the "idle people" village (honeysuckle, yam cultivation)Honeysuckle cultivation techniquesHoneysuckle, a good medicine for clearing heat and detoxifying (photo)Honeysuckle, also called Erhua, is the dried flower bud or the flower with the initial opening of Lonicera japonica. It is harvested and dried before the flowers open in early summer. There are many planting areas for honeysuckle, among which Henan and Shandong are the main production areas. Nature, flavor, and meridians entered: sweet, cold. Enters the lung, heart, and stomach meridians. It is generally used to clear heat and detoxify, and to dispel wind-heat. Carbuncle swelling, boils and furuncles, throat impediment, erysipelas, heat-toxin blood dysentery, wind-heat common cold, warm-disease fever. The usual single dose is 6-15 g.
The effects of honeysuckle
1. Anti-pathogenic microorganism action. It has a certain inhibitory effect on many pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and so on.
2. Influenza virus inhibition action. It has bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and so on, and has inhibitory effects on influenza virus and herpes virus.
3. Anti-inflammatory and detoxifying action. It has a relatively strong effect of dispersing carbuncles and reducing swelling, clearing heat and detoxifying, and reducing inflammation, on carbuncle swelling, boils and furuncles, intestinal carbuncles, and lung carbuncles.
4. The action of dispelling heat and dissipating pathogenic factors. It has a certain effect on externally contracted wind-heat or the early stage of warm disease, with body heat and headache, restlessness and little sleep, clouded spirit and crimson tongue, dry throat and parched mouth, and so on.
5. The action of cooling blood and stopping dysentery. It has the effects of detoxifying, stopping dysentery, cooling blood, and soothing the throat on heat-toxin dysentery, dysentery with pus and blood, damp-warm obstructing the throat, sore and swollen throat, and so on.
6. The effect of clearing heat and detoxifying and dispelling wind-heat. It can treat summer-heat syndrome, diarrhea and dysentery, influenza, sores, boils and swellings, acute and chronic tonsillitis, periodontitis, and other diseases.
7. In addition to medicinal use, its effects in beauty, weight loss, and health preservation are even more remarkable, and its enormous protective and restorative effects on the body are very significant.
The applications of honeysuckle
Three-flower heat-clearing tea: honeysuckle 10 g, chrysanthemum 5 g, Trollius chinensis 5 g, licorice 38 g. Divide into 10 equal portions, one portion per day, brewed in boiling water. Clears heat and detoxifies, nourishes blood and yin, and can eliminate acne, pimples, and mouth and tongue sores caused by stomach heat or lung heat.
Honeysuckle mint tea: brew honeysuckle and mint in boiling water, cover and steep for 15 minutes, then add honey. Indications: removing prickly heat.
Honeysuckle distillate: steam honeysuckle flowers over high heat, then switch to low heat for 30 minutes, filter out the liquid, add rock sugar, and drink. Indications: clearing heat, relieving summer heat.
Honeysuckle drink: brew honeysuckle and hawthorn in hot water, and drink as tea. Indications: stimulating appetite, aiding digestion.
How to grow honeysuckle in pots and propagate it
Propagation methods_4b/243r1dnkmlog.html
Seed sowing, cuttings, mound layering, and division propagation. Generally, cuttings and mound layering are mainly used; with cuttings, the stem-cutting method makes it very easy to survive. Under suitable temperature conditions, cuttings can be taken throughout the year; take a section of healthy stem vine, 10-15 cm long, and insert it into a substrate of vermiculite : perlite : yellow sand = 1:1:1. The insertion depth is 1/2 the length of the cutting. After insertion, water thoroughly, then keep the soil moist, and spray a mist over the cuttings 1-2 times every morning and evening to maintain air humidity and help the wound heal; after 20 days it can take root. For mound layering, before layering first score the bark at the base of the branch, then mound up 20-30 cm of cultivation soil, and often keep the cultivation soil moist. After rooting, dig it up, separate it from the mother plant, and cultivate separately.
Seed propagation
In autumn when the seeds mature, collect the ripe fruits, rub them in clear water, rinse away the fruit skin and impurities, pick out the plump seeds that sink to the bottom, and dry them for storage. In autumn they can be sown as soon as collected. If sowing in spring of the next year, the seeds can be stored over winter by the sand storage method, and sown after the soil thaws in spring. Open a trench on the seedbed, evenly scatter the seeds into the trench, cover with 3 cm of soil, compact it, and seedlings will emerge in about 10 days. Strengthen field management during the seedling stage; the seedlings can be planted out in the production field in autumn of the same year or spring of the next year. The sowing rate is about 1-1.5 kilograms per mu.
Cultivation management
1. Cultivation substrate: although honeysuckle is not strict about soil, if a mix of 60%-70% peat, 20%-30% vermiculite, and 10% perlite is used as the cultivation soil, the plant will grow better.
2. Water and fertilizer management: in March before flowering, apply a fertilizer mainly of phosphorus and potassium 1-2 times. After the flowers fade in late May, still apply a light fertilizer 1-2 times, and appropriately pinch the new shoot tips to promote the sprouting of the second batch of flower buds. At the same time, keep the soil moist, and avoid excessive dryness, otherwise the basal leaves will easily wither, yellow, and fall off and flowering will be affected. In high-temperature seasons, avoid direct strong light to prevent scorching the tender leaves.
3. Shaping and pruning: during its dormancy, carry out one pruning, remove the slender branches, weak branches, and crossing branches, and cut back the current year's branches, so as to promote new branches and more flowers the next year.
4. Pest and disease control: honeysuckle has relatively few pests and diseases; occasionally there is an infestation of aphids, which harm new leaves and tender shoots, causing leaves to curl and roll and affecting growth. It only needs to be controlled with "Yashibi" at 1000 times dilution or other insecticidal agents.
Honeysuckle not only has high ornamental value but also high economic value, and is often cultivated as a nectar source and medicinal plant. Its flowers, stems, and leaves have relatively strong resistance to many kinds of pathogenic bacteria and influenza viruses.
Dwarfing measures for potted honeysuckle
Honeysuckle is a perennial semi-evergreen vine of the Caprifoliaceae family, flowering from May to August. The flowers are distinctive and fragrant, and can be used to make honeysuckle tea.
In gardens, honeysuckle is used for three-dimensional greening such as park hedges, walls, balconies, flower corridors, and flower trellises, and can also be used as ground cover material for soil and water conservation and windbreak and sand fixation. Besides being planted in the ground, honeysuckle can also be used for potted ornamental display. Honeysuckle stems are slender, and the tree shape is generally difficult to control, making it prone to long nodes and few flowers. Therefore, to make a honeysuckle bonsai with many flowers and a spectacular appearance, dwarfing measures must be taken.
1. Control water and fertilizer. Potted honeysuckle must limit vine growth, control tree shape, and increase flower quantity. In spring, avoid rain, reduce watering, prevent leggy growth, and promote the stems and vines to mature, shortening the internodes and dwarfing the plant shape. Before flower buds form, apply little or no nitrogen fertilizer, and apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to promote flower bud formation and increase flower quantity. During the period when branches stop growing and the bud stage, apply an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer so the flowers open larger and more colorful.
2. Repot at the right time. Generally, potted flowers are repotted once every one or two years, while honeysuckle bonsai is repotted once every three or four years. Because repotting is less frequent, the absorption function of the root system is weakened, promoting plant aging, inhibiting leggy growth, easing tree vigor, and promoting thick stems and vines, dense internodes, a dwarfed plant shape, and abundant flowers.
3. Control shoots with growth inhibitors. When honeysuckle branches have sprouted about 5 cm, spray or drench with 700-1000 ppm paclobutrazol, or 2000-4000 ppm B9, or 1000-2000 ppm chlormequat, several times in succession, to inhibit vigorous stem and vine growth and dwarf the tree shape.
4. Dwarfing, shaping, and pruning. From the time it is planted in a pot, carry out dwarfing, shaping, and pruning, to cultivate a thick trunk with short branches. During the growth period, remove vigorously growing buds, and pinch the strong branches early; when pruning, cut the long and keep the short. Through shaping and pruning, promote the transformation from a twining vine type to a short-branched, short-trunk, evenly branched, densely planted, clearly layered dwarf shrub-type stump bonsai.
5. Long-day treatment. Honeysuckle is a light-loving long-day plant. If the environment has poor ventilation and light transmission, and is shady and damp, the stems and vines will grow leggy, the branches will be slender and weak, the leaves will easily turn yellow and fall off, and there will be few flowers. Therefore, honeysuckle bonsai should be placed in a place with plenty of sunlight, preferably with direct sunlight all day, to promote thick and short branches, lush leaves and abundant flowers, and to extend the flowering period
The uses and functions of honeysuckle
Honeysuckle is a semi-evergreen climbing shrub and is a specialty of China. When this flower first opens it is white as silver, and after two or three days it turns golden yellow; the old and new intermingle, and yellow and white set each other off, so it is called "honeysuckle" (gold and silver flower). Also, although its old leaves wither and fall in winter, new leaves cluster again in the leaf axils, and it does not wither through the winter, so it is also called "Rendong" (winter-enduring). Honeysuckle cannot be exposed to blazing sun in summer; the suitable growth temperature must not exceed 26 degrees; when the temperature is high it should be shaded and placed in a cool, ventilated place
Honeysuckle is an ordinary flower in the Jiangsu-Zhejiang region. People often plant it in courtyards in the ground or in pots for ornament, and it can also be made into bonsai. Especially in summer, enjoying the cool under a honeysuckle trellis is endlessly delightful. In the mountains and wilds, there are also quite a few scattered wild ones.
Habits: honeysuckle likes light, but avoids direct sunlight in summer; it is relatively shade-tolerant and relatively cold-tolerant, and is not strict about soil requirements, adapting to both acidic and alkaline soil. In autumn or before sprouting in early spring, apply some compost, barnyard manure, and so on as base fertilizer. After sprouting and when picking flowers, some dilute liquid fertilizer can be applied. In spring, pruning is needed; retaining relatively more branches and trunks can promote increased yield, but overly old or overly dense branches must be cut away to facilitate ventilation and light transmission. Because honeysuckle is very robust, it can generally be managed somewhat extensively. The flowering period is April to June
Seed propagation method: when the fruit ripens and turns black, pick it, gently rub the fruit skin and flesh to pieces with your hands, rinse clean with clear water, then place in a cool, ventilated place to dry for later use. Because dried seeds cannot germinate, they can be sown as soon as collected or sown in early spring (February-March). For seeds that have been dried in the shade, it is best to carry out germination treatment before sowing: put the seeds in 30-degree warm water and soak for 24 hours, then take them out and mix them evenly with moist river sand in a ratio of 5:1 sand to seeds, place in a wooden box or earthen pit, and cover with a layer of rice straw. After 3 days, turn them once; after about 15-20 days, when the seeds crack open and white points appear, they can be sown. Honeysuckle cuttings survive very easily; those rooted in spring can bloom in the same year. It is a very easy-to-propagate medicinal material and can effectively prevent "influenza virus."
Propagation: mainly by the cutting method. Layering, division, or seed sowing methods can all be used.
Overwintering management: honeysuckle can overwinter naturally in most areas of our country, but in cold areas such as Jilin, when planting honeysuckle attention must be paid to protecting the old branches through the winter. If the old branches freeze to death, new branches will regrow the next year, with fewer flowers and lower yield. The specific method is: before the ground freezes, lay the old branches flat on the ground, cover with 6-7 cm of wormwood grass, then cover the grass with soil, and it can overwinter safely; before sprouting in spring of the next year, remove the covering.
1. Cutting propagation. There are two methods: direct cutting and cutting for seedling raising.
Cutting period: it can be carried out in spring, summer, and autumn. In spring it is best before new buds sprout; in autumn, from early September to mid-October.
Selection and treatment of cuttings: it is best to choose 1-2-year-old healthy, well-filled branches, cut them into cuttings about 30 cm long, each with at least 3 nodes. Then, remove the lower leaves, keep 2-4 leaves on the upper part, cut the lower end near a node into a smooth slanted surface, tie every 50 into a small bundle, quickly dip the lower slanted end in 500 ppm indolebutyric acid (IBA) solution for 5-10 seconds, let it dry slightly, and then insert immediately.
(1) Direct cutting: on the prepared planting ground, dig holes at a row and plant spacing of 150 x 150 cm or 170 x 170 cm, with hole diameter and depth each 40 cm; loosen the subsoil, and apply 5 kilograms of decomposed barnyard manure or compost per hole. Then, spread the cuttings evenly, insert 3-5 per hole, with the depth into the soil being 1/2-2/3 of the cutting, then fill with fine soil and press firmly with the foot, water once thoroughly, and keep the soil moist. In about 1 month they can take root and sprout.
(2) Cutting for seedling raising: on a leveled and finely raked cutting bed, draw lines at a row spacing of 15-20 cm, and every 3-5 cm make guide holes in the bed surface with a small wooden stick or bamboo chopstick. Then, insert the cuttings obliquely into the holes to 1/2-2/3, press firmly and compact, and water once right away. If cuttings are taken in early spring at low temperature, an arched plastic film frame must be built over the cutting bed to keep warm and moist. In about half a month they can take root and sprout new buds; then remove the plastic film and carry out seedling-stage management. Those cut in spring are planted out from the nursery in winter of the same year or spring of the next year. Those raised by cutting in summer and autumn are transplanted in spring of the following year. Cutting for seedling raising can obtain a large number of vegetative seedlings in a short period.
2. Seed propagation. Around Frost's Descent, when the honeysuckle berries turn black, promptly collect the ripe fruits, rub them in clear water, rinse away the fruit skin and impurities, pick out the plump seeds that sink to the bottom, and dry them for storage. They can also be sown as soon as collected. If sowing in spring of the next year, take out the seeds 40 days before sowing, soak them in 40 degrees C warm water for 24 hours, take them out and stratify them with 3 times the amount of moist sand to promote germination; when 50% of the seeds have cracked open and exposed white, sieve out the seeds and sow them in drills. On the bed surface, open horizontal trenches at a row spacing of 20 cm, 3-5 cm deep, with a sowing width of 10 cm, evenly scatter the germinated seeds into the trenches, cover with soil and press firmly, cover with grass to keep warm and moist, keep the soil moist, and seedlings will emerge in about 10 days. After the seedlings are fully emerged, remove the covering grass and strengthen routine seedbed management. When the seedlings are 15 cm tall, pinch off the terminal buds to promote branching. In autumn and winter of the same year or early spring of the next year, they can be planted out from the nursery. The amount used per mu is 1-1.5 kilograms.
3. Division propagation. During the winter dormancy period of honeysuckle, dig up the mother plant, appropriately prune the root system and aboveground stems, then dig holes for division, planting 1-2 plants per hole; in the second year after planting, flower buds can appear. However, the growth of the mother plant is inhibited, and in the same year there are fewer flowers, or even no flowers; therefore, besides using wild superior varieties for root division, production areas generally use this less often.
4. Layering propagation. Carry it out during the dormant period of the plant in autumn and winter or before sprouting in early spring. Choose 3-4-year-old honeysuckle that has already flowered, grows robustly, and has high yield as the mother plant. Bend a 1-year-old branch near the ground and bury it in the soil; score the part of the branch that enters the soil, cover it with 10-15 cm of fine fertile soil, then fix and press it firmly with forked branches, so that the branch tip is exposed above the ground. If the branch is relatively long, it can be bent and pressed into the soil continuously. After layering, water and fertilize frequently; in spring of the second year, the rooted layered seedling can be cut off from the mother plant and planted separately. The layering propagation method does not require cutting a large amount of vines and will not cause artificial yield reduction. If it is left in place without being dug up and replanted, because it has sufficient nutrition, it also grows more luxuriantly than other vines and produces more flowers. Compared with traditional vine-cutting propagation by cuttings, besides being able to bloom 2-3 years earlier and maintain stable and increased yield, more importantly it is convenient to operate, is not limited by season or time, and has a high survival rate.
Medicinal use: collection and processing; the flowers, stems, and leaves are used medicinally. The flowers are harvested in late spring and early summer; before sunrise, pick the flower buds that are about to open, and after picking, sun-dry them (fumigating with sulfur can reduce insect infestation and mildew and make storage easier). The stems and leaves can be collected throughout the year, used fresh or sun-dried for later use. The stems of honeysuckle are called "Rendong teng" or "honeysuckle vine" in medicinal use
Nature and flavor: clears heat and detoxifies. Rendong teng can also clear wind-heat from the meridians and stop meridian pain.
Reference simple recipes
1. Relieving summer heat and improving eyesight: in the severe heat of midsummer, brew honeysuckle with tea leaves, or use the flowers alone as a tea substitute.
2. Treating dysentery: honeysuckle 20 g, decoct in water; for bloody dysentery take it mixed with white honey water, for white dysentery take it mixed with red granulated sugar.
3. Treating all internal and external carbuncles and deep-rooted sores: honeysuckle 50 g, licorice 10 g, decoct in water and take.
4. Treating urticaria: collect fresh honeysuckle 30 g (use 20 g if dried), decoct in water and take, and also wash with it. Take orally and wash three times a day.
5. Treating mumps: honeysuckle 30 g, Forsythia suspensa 15 g, Isatis root 15 g, decoct in water and take. For external use, pound fresh flowers and apply.
6. Treating externally contracted fever and cough: honeysuckle 30 g, Forsythia suspensa and mint 20 g each, decoct in water and take.
7. Treating chronic sores that have become fistulas: soak Rendong teng in wine and take it regularly.
8. Treating poisonous mushroom poisoning: an appropriate amount of fresh honeysuckle tender stems and leaves, wash clean with cold boiled water, chew finely and swallow.
9. Treating prickly heat toxin in children: honeysuckle or its stems and leaves, decoct in water and wash with it.
10. Treating tumors: honeysuckle 20-30 g, decoct in water and take.
"Chinese Pharmacopoeia": honeysuckle
[Aliases] Yinhua, Shuanghua, Erhua, Erbaohua
[Source] This product is the dried flower bud or the flower with the initial opening of the Caprifoliaceae plant Lonicera japonica., Lonicera hypoglauca., Lonicera confusa (hairy-calyx honeysuckle)., or Lonicera dasystyla. It is harvested and dried before the flowers open in early summer.
[Characteristics] Lonicera japonica: rod-shaped, thick at the top and thin at the bottom, slightly curved, 2-3 cm long, about 3 mm in diameter at the upper part, about 1.5 mm in diameter at the lower part. The surface is yellowish-white or greenish-white (the color gradually deepens with long storage), densely covered with short soft hairs. Leaf-like bracts are occasionally seen. The calyx is green, with 5 lobes at the tip, the lobes hairy, about 2 mm long. In opened flowers the corolla is tubular, with the tip in two lips; stamens 5, attached to the tube wall, yellow; pistil 1, ovary hairless. The odor is delicate and clear, the taste bland and slightly bitter.
Lonicera hypoglauca: 2.5-4.5 cm long, 0.8-2 mm in diameter. The surface is yellowish-white to yellowish-brown, hairless or sparsely hairy. The calyx tube is hairless, with 5 lobes at the tip, the lobes long triangular, hairy. In opened flowers the lower lip of the corolla is recurved. The style is hairless.
Lonicera confusa: 1.6-3.5 cm long, 0.5-2 mm in diameter. The calyx tube and corolla are densely covered with grayish-white hairs, and the ovary is hairy.
Lonicera dasystyla: 2.5-4 cm long, 1-2.5 mm in diameter. The surface is pale yellow slightly tinged with purple, hairless. The calyx lobes are short triangular. In opened flowers the upper lip of the corolla is often irregular, and the lower part of the style is mostly densely covered with long soft hairs.
[Identification] Take 0.2g of the powder of this product, add 5ml of methanol, let stand for 12 hours, filter, and use the filtrate as the test solution. Separately take chlorogenic acid reference substance, add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml, as the reference solution. Perform thin-layer chromatography (Appendix VI B): apply 10-20μl of the test solution and 10μl of the reference solution respectively to the same silica gel H thin-layer plate with sodium carboxymethylcellulose as binder, use the upper layer solution of butyl acetate-formic acid-water (7:2.5:2.5) as the developing solvent, develop, remove, air-dry, and examine under ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test solution, at the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the reference solution, fluorescent spots of the same color are shown.
[Nature and Flavor] Sweet, cold.
[Meridian Tropism] Enters the Lung, Heart, and Stomach meridians.
[Functions and Indications] Clears heat and detoxifies, cools and disperses wind-heat. Used for carbuncles, boils and sores, throat impediment, erysipelas, heat-toxin bloody dysentery, wind-heat common cold, and warm disease with fever.
[Dosage and Administration] 6-15g.
[Storage] Store in a cool, dry place, protect from moisture and insects.
[Notes] (1) Used for externally contracted wind-heat or the early stage of warm disease. Jinyinhua (honeysuckle flower) is sweet and cold; it clears both qi-level heat and blood-level heat, and in clearing heat it also has a mild dispersing action, so it can treat externally contracted wind-heat or early-stage warm disease where the exterior syndrome is unresolved and interior heat is exuberant. In application it is often combined with Lianqiao (Forsythia fruit), Niubangzi (Arctium fruit), Bohe (mint), etc.
(2) Used for sores, carbuncles, swellings and toxins, and sore throat. Jinyinhua has quite a strong heat-clearing and detoxifying effect and is a commonly used item in external medicine; it is generally used for sores, carbuncles, swellings and toxins with redness, swelling, heat and pain, and is more suitable for conditions classified by pattern identification as "yang syndrome." It can be decocted internally with Pugongying (dandelion), Didincao (Chinese violet), Lianqiao (Forsythia fruit), Danpi (tree peony bark), Chishao (red peony root), etc., or fresh material can be used alone, pounded into a paste and applied externally.
(3) Used for diarrhea and bloody stool caused by heat toxin (feces mixed with mucus and blood). When heat toxin accumulates in the intestines and enters the blood level, there is dysentery with bloody stool. Jinyinhua can cool the blood and resolve heat toxin, so it can treat bloody dysentery and bloody stool; clinically it is often used as charred Jinyinhua together with Huangqin (Scutellaria root), Huanglian (Coptis rhizome), Baishao (white peony root), Machixian (purslane), etc.
(4) Jinyinhua is sweet in flavor and cold in nature, with a fragrant odor; it can both clear and out-thrust to release the exterior, and resolve blood-level heat toxin, and is especially a key medicine for treating yang-type sores and ulcers. Combined with Lianqiao (Forsythia fruit), Niubangzi (Arctium fruit), Bohe (mint), and Jingjie (Schizonepeta herb), it releases the exterior and resolves heat; combined with fresh Shengdi (Rehmannia root), Xuanshen (figwort root), Lianqiao (Forsythia fruit), Zhuyejuanxin (bamboo leaf roll), etc., it clears the nutrient level and drains heat; combined with Zihuadiding (Chinese violet), Yejuhua (wild chrysanthemum flower), and Pugongying (dandelion), it detoxifies and treats sores; combined with Huangqi (astragalus root), Danggui (angelica root), and Gancao (licorice), it expels toxin and reduces carbuncles; combined with Huangqin (Scutellaria root), Baishao (white peony root), Gancao (licorice), etc., it clears heat and treats dysentery.
[Excerpt] Chinese Pharmacopoeia
*Dictionary*: Jinyinhua
[Source] "Lüchan Yan Bencao"
[Aliases] Rendonghua ("Tang Bencao"), Yinhua ("Wenbing Tiaobian"), Lusihua ("Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao"), Suhua ("Yaocai Ziliao Huibian"), Jinhua ("Jiangsu Zhiyao Zhi"), Jintenghua ("Hebei Yaocai"), Shuanghua ("Zhongyaocai Shouce"), Shuangbaohua ("Zhejiang Minjian Caoyao"), Erhua ("Shaanxi Zhongyao Zhi"), Erbaohua ("Jiangsu Yanfang Caoyao Xuanbian").
[Source] It is the flower bud of the Caprifoliaceae plant Lonicera japonica (honeysuckle). From May to June, on clear mornings just after the dew has dried, the flower buds are picked, spread on mats to sun-dry or shade-dry, and turned over attentively, otherwise they easily turn black. Do not expose to the blazing sun. It should be stored in a high, dry, ventilated place to prevent insects and discoloration.
[Habitat and Distribution] Produced in most parts of our country, with the largest output in Shandong, while the quality produced in Henan is relatively better.
[Characters] The dried flower buds are long club-shaped, slightly curved, about 2-3cm long; the upper part is relatively thick, about 1.5-3mm in diameter. The exterior is yellow or yellowish-brown, covered with short soft hairs and glandular hairs. At the base there is a small green calyx, 5-lobed, with triangular lobes, hairless. When the flower bud is cut open, 5 stamens and 1 pistil are seen. The corolla is labiate, with the stamens and pistil extending out like whiskers. The odor is fragrant, the taste slightly bitter. Those with unopened flowers, yellow-white color, and plumpness are considered better.
[Chemical Composition] The flower contains luteolin, about 1% inositol, and saponins, tannins, etc.
[Pharmacological Effects] ① Antibacterial action
In vitro it has an inhibitory effect on many kinds of bacteria (typhoid bacillus, paratyphoid bacillus, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pertussis bacillus, Vibrio cholerae, as well as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, pneumococcus, meningococcus, etc.). Reports differ somewhat on the sensitivity of various bacteria. Generally speaking, its action on Salmonella is relatively strong, especially a relatively strong in vitro inhibition of typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli; at high concentration it can inhibit Shigella species, while at low concentration it has a relatively strong effect on Shigella dysenteriae, a weaker effect on Shigella flexneri, and almost no effect on Shigella sonnei. Some also say that honeysuckle extract is effective against Staphylococcus aureus but not against Escherichia coli. It also has antibacterial action (plate method) against some bacteria commonly seen in chronic bronchitis (pneumococcus, alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus, Neisseria catarrhalis). In vitro it can also cause sensitive bacteria to undergo morphological changes with swelling of the bacterial body, without affecting the properties of Gram staining. High-pressure sterilization can significantly affect its antibacterial potency. Its action is also weakened after decoction. Its truly active ingredient has not yet been isolated; early reports described a non-volatile oily substance with high water solubility and relatively stable properties, whose refrigerated solution can maintain antibacterial action for 3-4 weeks. It is said that the leaves have stronger antibacterial action than the flowers, but this still awaits study.
Jinyinhua has some in vitro inhibitory effect on human-type tubercle bacillus. In experimental treatment after inoculating mice with human-type tubercle bacillus, Jinyinhua could also relatively significantly lessen lung lesions, but tubercle bacilli could still be found on direct smears and cultures of the organs. Its water infusion (1:4) has a mild in vitro inhibitory effect on several dermatophytes. Although the decoction has very little in vitro effect on dermatophytes, on culture medium containing Jinyinhua (30%), some fungi show varying degrees of green halo phenomenon, whose significance remains to be clarified. The water decoction has a stronger in vitro inhibitory effect on Leptospira than the alcohol extract, but weaker than Huanglian (Coptis rhizome) or Lizhicao (Chinese skullcap). It can also delay the cytopathic effect of respiratory viruses on cells. The Yinqiao Powder mixture has an inactivating effect on PR strain influenza virus in vitro; however, in chicken embryos, it has no effect at all on viral replication.
② Other actions
When fasted rats were given large amounts of cholesterol, if Jinyinhua (2.5g/kg) was given at the same time, the blood cholesterol level was lower than in the control group, so Jinyinhua appears able to reduce intestinal absorption of cholesterol. The fluid extract has no obvious effect on respiration, blood pressure, or urine volume in rabbits and dogs; the respiratory amplitude is slightly increased, and blood pressure changes slightly but inconsistently; absorption is incomplete whether given orally or by injection; it has a local irritating effect. Toxicity is very low; the median lethal dose for subcutaneous injection in mice is 53g/kg. Another report states that the hot-water infusion of Jinyinhua has a mild preventive effect on pylorus-ligated gastric ulcer in rats, and when combined with pig kidney, Fuling (Poria), Renshen (ginseng), Qianshi (Euryale seed), and Zhenzhu (pearl), etc., into a mixture, the preventive effect is stronger; the extract of the above mixture has no direct effect on cancer cells, but can lessen the decrease in catalase and cholinesterase activity in the liver of cancer-bearing animals.
[Processing] Jinyinhua: sift out sand and mud. Remove impurities. Yinhuatan (charred honeysuckle): take the cleaned Jinyinhua, place in a pot and stir-fry over strong fire until scorched brown, spray with clean water, remove, and sun-dry.
[Nature and Flavor] Sweet, cold.
① "Diannan Bencao": "Cold in nature, bitter in taste."
② "Bencao Zheng": "Sweet in taste, balanced in qi, its nature slightly cold."
[Meridian Tropism] Enters the Lung and Stomach meridians.
① "Leigong Paozhi Yaoxing Jie": "Enters the Lung meridian."
② "Depei Bencao": "Enters the Foot Yangming and Taiyin meridians."
[Functions and Indications] Clears heat, detoxifies. Treats warm disease with fever, heat-toxin bloody dysentery, sores and ulcers, swellings and toxins, scrofula, and hemorrhoids with fistula.
① "Diannan Bencao": "Clears heat, resolves various sores, carbuncles and deep-rooted boils, erysipelas spreading, and scrofula."
② "Shengcaoyao Xing Beiyao": "Can resolve carbuncles, deep-rooted boils and toxins, stop dysentery, wash away chancre sores, and remove blood heat from the skin."
③ "Bencao Beiyao": "Nourishes blood and quenches thirst. Treats scabies and ringworm."
④ "Chongqing Tang Suibi": "Clears wind-fire and damp-heat in the collaterals, resolves pestilential foul and turbid pathogenic factors, calms the floating yang of wind in the liver and gallbladder, and treats convulsions, syncope, epilepsy, and various syndromes."
⑤ Guangzhou Military Region "Commonly Used Chinese Herbal Medicine Manual": "Clears heat and detoxifies. Treats externally contracted fever and cough, enteritis, bacillary dysentery, measles, mumps, septicemia, sores, boils, swellings and toxins, appendicitis, traumatic infection, and prickly heat toxin in children. Made into a cooling tea, it can prevent heatstroke, common cold, and intestinal infectious diseases."
[Dosage and Administration] Internal use: decoct in soup, 3-5 qian; or make into pills or powder. External use: grind into powder and apply mixed.
[Caution] Contraindicated in those with spleen-stomach deficiency-cold and in those with qi deficiency and clear pus from sores and ulcers.
[Attached Formulas] ① To prevent Japanese encephalitis and epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis: Jinyinhua, Lianqiao (Forsythia fruit), Daqinggen (Isatis root), Lugen (reed root), and Gancao (licorice), 3 qian each. Decoct in water and drink as tea, one dose daily, taken continuously for 3-5 days. ("Jiangxi Caoyao")
② To treat Taiyin wind-warmth, warm-heat, and the early stage of winter-warmth, where there is fever without aversion to cold and thirst: Lianqiao (Forsythia fruit) 1 liang, Yinhua 1 liang, bitter Jiegeng (platycodon root) 6 qian, Bohe (mint) 6 qian, Zhuye (bamboo leaf) 4 qian, raw Gancao (licorice) 5 qian, Jingjiesui (Schizonepeta spike) 4 qian, Dandouchi (fermented soybean) 5 qian, Niubangzi (Arctium fruit) 6 qian. Pound the above into a powder; take 6 qian each time, decocted in fresh reed root soup. ("Wenbing Tiaobian" Yinqiao Powder)
③ To treat dysentery: Jinyinhua (place in a copper pot and roast until charred while preserving its nature) 5 qian. For red dysentery take it mixed with white honey water; for white dysentery take it mixed with granulated sugar water. ("Huizhitang Jingyan Fang" Rendong Powder)
④ To treat heat strangury: Jinyinhua, Haijinshateng (Lygodium spore), Tianhusui (Hydrocotyle), Jinxiezi root, and Baimaogen (cogon grass root), 1 liang each. Decoct in water and take, one dose daily, with 5-7 days as one course of treatment. ("Jiangxi Caoyao")
⑤ To treat biliary tract infection and wound infection: Jinyinhua 1 liang, Lianqiao (Forsythia fruit), Daqinggen (Isatis root), Huangqin (Scutellaria root), and Yejuhua (wild chrysanthemum flower), 5 qian each. Decoct in water and take, one dose daily. ("Jiangxi Caoyao")
⑥ To treat sores and ulcers with severe pain and purple-black discoloration: Jinyinhua with stems and leaves (cut) 2 liang, Huangqi (astragalus root) 4 liang, Gancao (licorice) 1 liang. Finely cut the above, use 1 sheng of wine, put together into a pot, close the opening, cook in a double boiler for 3-2 double hours, remove, discard the dregs, and take all at once. ("Huofa Jiyao" Huichuang Jinyinhua Powder)
⑦ To treat all swellings and toxins, regardless of whether already ulcerated or not, or with fever at the beginning, as well as deep-rooted boils, soft sores, throat impediment, and tonsillitis: Jinyinhua (with stems and leaves) natural juice half a bowl, decoct to eight fen and take, and apply the dregs on top; it defeats toxin and supports the interior, disperses qi and harmonizes blood, and its effect is uniquely superior. ("Jishantang Jingyan Fang")
⑧ To treat the early stage of carbuncle and deep-rooted boil on the back: Jinyinhua half a jin, decoct 10 bowls of water down to 2 bowls, add Danggui (angelica root) 2 liang, decoct together down to 1 bowl, and take all at once. ("Dongtian Aozhi" Guihua Decoction)
⑨ To treat all internal and external carbuncles and swellings: Jinyinhua 4 liang, Gancao (licorice) 3 liang. Decoct in water and take all at once; those who can drink may decoct in wine and take. ("Yixue Xinwu" Rendong Decoction)
⑩ To treat abscess of the large intestine, where the hand cannot press it and the right foot is bent and cannot extend: Jinyinhua 3 liang, Danggui (angelica root) 2 liang, Diyu (Sanguisorba root) 1 liang, Maidong (Ophiopogon root) 1 liang, Xuanshen (figwort root) 1 liang, raw Gancao (licorice) 3 qian, Yiren (coix seed) 5 qian, Huangqin (Scutellaria root) 2 qian. Decoct in water and take. ("Dongtian Aozhi" Qingchang Drink)
⑾ To treat deep abscess: Jinyinhua, Yejuhua (wild chrysanthemum flower), Haijinsha (Lygodium spore), Malan (Kalimeris), and Gancao (licorice), 3 qian each, Daqingye (Isatis leaf) 1 liang. Decoct in water and take. It can also treat carbuncles, swellings, and deep-rooted boils. ("Jiangxi Caoyao")
⑿ To treat gas gangrene and osteomyelitis: Jinyinhua 1 liang, Jixuecao (Centella) 2 liang, Yidianhong (Emilia) 1 liang, Yejuhua (wild chrysanthemum flower) 1 liang, Baimaogen (cogon grass root) 1 liang, Baihuasheshecao (Hedyotis diffusa) 2 liang, Didancao (Elephantopus) 1 liang. Decoct in water and take. Separately use Nüzhenzi (Ligustrum fruit) and Fojiaacao (Sedum lineare) (both fresh) in appropriate amounts, pound into a paste and apply externally. ("Jiangxi Caoyao")
⒀ To treat early-stage acute mastitis: Yinhua 8 qian, Pugongying (dandelion) 5 qian, Lianqiao (Forsythia fruit) and Chenpi (dried tangerine peel) 3 qian each, Qingpi (green tangerine peel) and raw Gancao (licorice) 2 qian each. The above is one dose, decoct twice in water and take in two divided doses, one dose daily; severe cases may take two doses a day. ("Zhongji Yikan" (3):167, 1964)
⒁ To treat breast rock that has accumulated over time and gradually enlarged, with red color and discharge of water, and internal ulceration into a deep cavity: Jinyinhua and raw Huangqi (astragalus root) 5 qian each, Danggui (angelica root) 8 qian, Gancao (licorice) 1 qian 8 fen, Goujuye (that is, the leaf of the trifoliate orange) 50 pieces. Decoct in half water and half wine and take. ("Zhulin Nüke" Yinhua Decoction)
⒂ To treat syphilitic node toxin: Jinyinhua 1 liang, Gancao (licorice) 2 qian, Heiliaodou (black soybean) 2 liang, Tufuling (Smilax glabra) 4 liang. Decoct in water, one dose daily, and it must be completely drunk. ("Waike Shifa" Rendong Decoction)
⒃ To resolve poisoning by pesticides (organic phosphorus preparations such as 1059, 1605, 4049): Yinhua 2-3 liang, Mingfan (alum) 2 qian, Dahuang (rhubarb) 5 qian, Gancao (licorice) 2-3 liang. Decoct in water and take cold, each dose taken at one time, two doses a day. (Xuzhou "Danfang Yanfang Xin Yiliao Fa Xuanbian")
[Various Authors' Discussions] ① "Bencao Tongxuan": "Jinyinhua mainly treats distention and fullness with diarrhea, reduces carbuncles and disperses toxins, tonifies deficiency and treats wind; people in the world only know its toxin-resolving effect and are ignorant of its effect in treating dysentery, wind, and deficiency. I have used it in various syndromes and repeatedly seen results."
① "Bencao Zheng": "Jinyinhua is good at transforming toxin, so it treats carbuncles, deep-rooted boils, swellings and toxins, sores and ringworm, syphilis, and wind-dampness toxins, and is truly a key medicine. Where toxin is not yet formed it can disperse it; where toxin is already formed it can rupture it. However, its nature is mild, so it must be used in double dosage, either decocted with wine and taken, or pounded into juice and mixed with wine and taken at once, or ground into a paste and mixed with wine and applied thickly. If treating scrofula and various toxins of the upper body qi level, using about 1 liang and decocting frequently is extremely effective."
② "Bencao Fengyuan": "Jinyinhua resolves toxin and removes pus, and in draining there is tonification; it is a sacred medicine after carbuncles have ulcerated. But it should not be used in those with qi deficiency and clear pus, or with little food intake and diarrhea. For smallpox sores that have fallen in and cannot rise, use its root decocted in long-flowing water for bathing, and take the pox becoming full and strong as the effect; this is a variation of the Yangliu Decoction method."
[Clinical Applications] ① Reducing the carrier rate of bacteria in the throat of populations
Use Jinyinhua and Shegan (blackberry lily rhizome) in equal parts, with an appropriate amount of borneol, grind together into a fine powder, and spray onto the throat. A grouped treatment was once carried out on 425 students of a certain middle school; according to throat swab culture observation, it had a certain effect on reducing the carrier rate in the population. If using Yinhua 5 qian and Cuncao 1 qian, decocted in water for gargling, as auxiliary treatment for inflammatory throat diseases, it not only has a local cleansing effect but also has anti-infective efficacy. It can bring inflammation rapidly under control, reduce redness and swelling, and thereby shorten the course of treatment.
② Treating pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by respiratory infection
An injection made from Yinhua was used to treat 12 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by bronchial inflammation, of which 11 cases had fever subsided within 2-7 days. As body temperature fell, symptoms such as cough, sputum, and chest pain also gradually lessened or disappeared. Usage: take Jinyinhua half a jin, make 1000ml of injection; 5ml each time, intramuscular injection, twice daily.
③ Treating pneumonia
Use 20% Jinyinhua injection intramuscularly, 2ml each time; or acupoint injection 0.5-1ml each time; both twice daily. For severe pneumonia, 50% Jinyinhua injection 10-30ml may be added to 10% glucose 300-500ml for intravenous drip. For asthmatic-type pneumonia, add 10% halogen-alkali injection 10ml, or hydrocortisone drip; for heart failure, high fever, or convulsions, treat symptomatically. Twenty-five cases of pediatric pneumonia were treated: 16 cases cured, 9 cases improved. Fever subsided on average in 2.5 days, dyspnea disappeared in 2.8 days, and moist rales disappeared in 3.7 days.
④ Treating acute bacillary dysentery
Using Yinhua as the main component, combined with other drugs, made into a mixture for internal use. (i) Yinhua 10 liang, Huanglian (Coptis rhizome) and Huangqin (Scutellaria root) 3 liang each, made into 1000ml of decoction. Take 30ml each time, 4 times daily, until recovery. Eighty cases were treated, 77 cured. (ii) Jinyinhua 320g, purple-skin garlic 1000g, tea leaves 1200g, Gancao (licorice) 120g, made into 4000ml of syrup. Adults take 20ml each time, 3 times daily, for 2-7 consecutive days. Twenty-three cases were treated; clinical symptoms all disappeared within 1 week, but the disappearance of tenesmus and abdominal pain was slower.
⑤ Treating infant and toddler diarrhea
Stir-fry Jinyinhua until smoke is gone (if it becomes white-gray it is ineffective), grind into a fine powder, add water, and perform retention enema: for infants under 6 months use 1g with 10ml water; for 6-12 months use 1.5g with 15ml water; for 1-2 years use 2-3g with 20-30ml water, twice daily. This can serve as an auxiliary method for treating pediatric indigestion.
⑥ Treating surgical purulent diseases
Use saturated distillate of Jinyinhua for intramuscular or intravenous injection, once every 4-6 hours, 10ml each time; for mild cases once daily, 5-10ml each time. For intramuscular injection add 2% procaine 1-2ml each time to avoid local pain. For purulent inflammation of the lower limbs, femoral artery injection may be performed, using 10ml added to 0.5% procaine 5-10ml, once daily. For acute mastitis, local block is often used, with 10ml added to 0.8% procaine 10-20ml, once daily. More than 10 kinds of surgical purulent diseases including carbuncles and boils, erysipelas, perforated appendicitis, localized peritonitis, and acute mastitis have been treated, all with effects. Some have used Jinyinhua and Yejuhua (wild chrysanthemum flower) 1 jin each, made into 1000ml of injection by distillation, packaged and sterilized, for intramuscular injection; 3ml for 1-3 years, 5ml for 3-12 years, 10ml for over 12 years, 3-4 times daily. A total of 185 cases including cholecystitis, appendiceal abscess, deep abscess, furuncle, carbuncle, cellulitis, traumatic infection, postoperative infection, scald infection, osteomyelitis, and septicemia were treated, with an average effective rate of about 90%.
⑦ Treating cervical erosion
Apply Jinyinhua fluid extract to the affected area. First apply inside the cervical canal opening, then apply to the outer surface of the cervix. Before applying the medicine, wipe clean the secretions of the vaginal canal and cervical canal opening, otherwise the medicine mixes with mucus and affects efficacy. Once daily, two weeks as one course of treatment. Most can achieve results in one course. Long-term effects remain to be observed. Alternatively, Jinyinhua and Gancao (licorice) powder may be mixed in half-and-half, and a vaginal cotton swab dipped in the medicinal powder inserted into the vagina, reaching straight to the cervix, removed the next morning, 10 times as one course of treatment. In 54 cases of cervical erosion, most showed improvement after several applications, with redness and swelling subsiding, or bleeding stopping, new epithelium gradually appearing, and subjective symptoms such as leukorrhea and waist soreness markedly improving.
⑧ Treating acute eye inflammation
Use Jinyinhua and Pugongying (dandelion) 2 liang each to make 1000ml of eye drops. Instill into the eye once every hour, 2-3 drops each time, until recovery. Sixty-three cases of acute and chronic conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal ulcer, etc. (keratitis and corneal ulcer must be combined with other routine treatment) were treated, all with effects. This medicine has the bactericidal and bacteriostatic actions of antibiotics; for acute conjunctivitis, it takes effect quickly and the course is short, with most cases recovering in 3-7 days; the effect is poorer in chronic cases. Jinyinhua alone may also be made into eye drops for instillation, while at the same time combined with internal use of a mixture made from Jinyinhua, Zihuadiding (Chinese violet), and Yizhihuanghua (Solidago), or intramuscular injection of Jinyinhua injection. One hundred twenty-five cases of acute conjunctivitis were treated; generally inflammation lessened after 2-3 days and recovery occurred after 4-5 days.
⑨ Treating urticaria
Use fresh Jinyinhua decocted and taken, 1 liang each time, 3 times daily. Three cases were treated, and all symptoms disappeared after 3 doses. No recurrence was observed over 2 months.
[Notes] In addition, the flower buds of the following plants of the same genus are also used as Jinyinhua in a few regions.
① Shanyinhua, also called "Tuyinhua." Its main characteristics are that the calyx tube is covered with soft hairs and the ovary is hairy. Produced in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and other places. For plant morphology see the "Tuyinhua Leaf" entry.
② Lonicera adenophora, with obvious short soft hairs on the branchlets; leaves papery, with the lower surface reticulate veins slightly raised. Produced in Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and other places.
③ Lonicera macranthoides, with the style more or less hairy. Produced in Guangxi.
④ Lonicera similis, also called "Yanyinhua." The lower surface of the leaves is densely covered with white short soft hairs. The branchlet tips bear racemes; flowers relatively long; bracts cone-shaped, fragrance relatively weak. Produced in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hunan, and other places.
⑤ Duzi Yinhua, with the lower surface of old leaves smooth and hairless. Flowers borne in pairs in the leaf axils, and at the same time with terminal racemes; flowers relatively short, purplish-red, with very little fragrance. Produced in Sichuan.
⑥ Guangxuan Yinhua and Xiaoye Jinyinhua, produced in Tibet.
[Excerpt] *Dictionary*
*Dictionary*: Jinyinhua
[Aliases] Shan Jinyinhua, Tu Rendong, Tu Yinhua
[Source] It is the flower bud or the initially opened flower of the Caprifoliaceae plant Shanyinhua.
[Original Morphology] Woody vine, 2-4m long. Bark yellowish-brown gradually becoming white, with short soft hairs when young. Leaves opposite, ovate to elliptic, 4-8cm long, 3.5-5cm wide, green above with sparse short hairs on the main veins, grayish-white beneath and densely covered with white short soft hairs; corolla tubular, 1.6-2cm long, slightly covered with soft hairs, white when first opened, later becoming yellow. Flowering period June-September, fruiting period October-November.
[Habitat and Distribution] Grows by streams, in open sparse forests, or in shrub thickets. Produced in Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, and Yunnan.
[Characters] Flower buds club-shaped, slightly curved, 1-3cm long. Surface reddish-brown or grayish-brown, the lip and crown nearly equal, covered with short rough hairs, the calyx tube also densely bearing gray-white or pale yellow small stiff hairs. Odor clear and fragrant, taste slightly bitter.
[Chemical Composition] Contains volatile oil, among which is shuanghuachun; and also contains chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, etc.
[Functions and Indications] Same as Jinyinhua.
[Excerpt] *Dictionary*
Chinese Materia Medica: Jinyinhua
[Source] From "Lüchan Yan Bencao."
1. "Pinhui Jingyao": Jinyinhua blooms in the third month, with five petals, slightly fragrant, the base with a reddish tinge; when the flower first opens it is white, and after one or two days it turns yellow, hence the name Jinyinhua (gold-silver flower).
2. "Shennong Bencao Jing" does not record it as treating various malignant sores, yet famous modern physicians have used it with much effect, and its action surpasses even Hongneixiao.
[Aliases] Rendonghua, Lusihua, Yinhua, Shuanghua, Erhua, Jintenghua, Shuangbaohua, Jinhua, Erbaohua
[Source] Medicinal material basis: it is the flower bud of the Caprifoliaceae plants Lonicera japonica, Lonicera confusa, Lonicera hypoglauca, and Lonicera fulvotomentosa.
Harvesting and storage: Jinyinhua has a concentrated flowering time and must be picked promptly; generally the first flowers are picked in mid-to-late May, and the second flowers in mid-to-late June. When the upper part of the flower bud is swollen but not yet open and appears greenish-white, harvesting is most appropriate. After harvesting, Jinyinhua should be air-dried or oven-dried immediately.
[Original Morphology] 1. Lonicera japonica: perennial semi-evergreen twining woody vine, up to 9m long. Stem hollow, much branched, young branches densely covered with short soft hairs and glandular hairs. Leaves opposite; petiole 4-10cm long, densely covered with short soft hairs; leaves papery, leaf blade ovate, oblong-ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-8cm long, 1-5.5cm wide, apex shortly pointed, gradually pointed, or obtusely rounded, base rounded or nearly cordate, margin entire, both surfaces and margin covered with short soft hairs. Flowers borne in pairs in the leaf axils, pedicels densely covered with short soft hairs and glandular hairs; peduncle usually solitary in the leaf axils of the upper part of the branchlets, equal to or slightly shorter than the opposite petiole, those borne lower down 2-4cm long, densely covered with short soft hairs and glandular hairs; bracts 2, leaf-like, broadly ovate or elliptic, about 3.5mm long, hairy or nearly hairless; bracteoles about 1mm long, covered with short hairs and glandular hairs; calyx short and small, calyx tube about 2mm long, hairless, 5-toothed, lobes ovate-triangular or long-triangular, apex pointed, outer surface and margin densely covered with hairs; corolla labiate, 3-5cm long, upper lip 4-slightly lobed, corolla tube slender, outer surface covered with short hairs and glandular hairs, the 4 lobes of the upper lip with obtuse apex, lower lip ribbon-like and recurved, white when the flower first opens, turning golden yellow after 2-3d; stamens 5, inserted near the mouth of the tube on the inner surface of the corolla, extending beyond the corolla; pistil 1, ovary inferior, style slender, extending out. Berry spherical, 6-7mm in diameter, blue-black and glossy when mature. Flowering period April-July, fruiting period June-November.
2. Lonicera confusa: this species differs from Lonicera japonica in that the young branches, petioles, peduncles, bracts, and bracteoles are all covered with gray-yellow curled short soft hairs, and sparsely covered with tiny glandular hairs; branchlets pale reddish-brown or nearly brown. Leaf blade ovate to ovate-oblong, both surfaces covered with short rough hairs when young, upper surface hairless when old. Bracts lanceolate, 1-2mm long; bracteoles with ciliate margins at the apex; calyx tube covered with soft hairs. Fruit black. Flowering period April-May, fruit ripening period October.
3. Lonicera hypoglauca: this species differs from the previous two in that the lower surface of the leaves is sometimes powdery green, with stalked or very short-stalked yellow to orange-red mushroom-shaped glands. Bracts linear-lanceolate, nearly equal in length to the calyx tube, outer surface with short rough hairs and cilia; corolla white, sometimes with a pale red tinge, later turning golden yellow, outer surface sparsely covered with reversed slightly appressed hairs, and often with sessile or short-stalked glands. Fruit sometimes with white powder. Flowering period April-June, fruit ripening period October-November.
4. Lonicera fulvotomentosa: this species differs from the previous three in that the young branches, petioles, lower surface of leaves, peduncles, bracts, bracteoles, and calyx teeth are all densely covered with spreading or curved-appressed yellow-brown felted rough hairs, the hairs not exceeding 2mm in length, and the young branches and both surfaces of the leaves sparsely bearing orange-red short glandular hairs. Leaf blade papery, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate. Bracts subulate; bracteoles ovate to linear-lanceolate; the paired flowers do not have bract-like leaves beneath; corolla and bracts both relatively short, the outer surface of the corolla densely covered with yellow-brown appressed hairs and spreading short glandular hairs. Flowering period June-July.
[Habitat and Distribution] Ecological environment: 1. Grows in sparse forests on mountain slopes, in shrub thickets, beside villages, and by roadsides, and is also cultivated.
2. Grows in hills, mountain slopes, mixed wood thickets, and plains and open fields, by roadsides, or by river banks.
3. Grows in thickets or sparse forests at an altitude of 200-700 (-1500)m.
4. Grows in shrub forests or sparse forests beside mountain slope rocks at an altitude of 850-1300m.
Resource distribution: 1. Distributed in East China, Central South, Southwest, and Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, and other places.
2. Distributed in Guangdong, Hainan, and Guangxi.
3. Distributed in Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, China, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and other places.
4. Distributed in Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan.
[Cultivation] Biological characteristics: likes a mild and humid climate, likes sufficient sunlight, is cold-tolerant, drought-tolerant, and waterlogging-tolerant; the suitable growth temperature is 20-30°C; it has no strict requirements for soil and is salt-alkali tolerant. However, cultivation is best in deep, loose humus soil.
Cultivation techniques: mainly by seed and cutting propagation. Seed propagation: sow in April; soak the seeds in warm water at 35-40°C for 24h, take them out and mix with 2-3 times moist sand to promote germination, and sow when about 30% have cracked. Open furrows on the bed at a row spacing of 21-22cm and sow, cover with 1cm of soil, spray water once every 2d, and seedlings emerge in more than 10 days; transplant after autumn or in the second spring, using about 15kg of seeds per 1hm2. Cutting propagation: generally carried out in the rainy season. In cloudy and rainy weather in summer and autumn, first cut robust 1-2-year-old branches free of pests and diseases into 30-35cm lengths, remove the lower leaves to make cuttings, and use them as soon as cut. On the selected land, dig holes at a row spacing of 1.6m and a plant spacing of 1.5m, with holes 16-18cm deep, place 5-6 cuttings per hole, bury them in the soil in a scattered, slanted, upright manner, leaving 7-10cm exposed above ground, and fill and compact the soil. Cutting seedling cultivation may also be used; in July-August, open furrows at a row spacing of 23-26cm, about 16cm deep, with a plant spacing of 2cm, place the cuttings slanting upright in the furrows, fill and compact the soil, spray water once after planting, and thereafter in drought water once every 2d; they can take root in about half a month, and are transplanted in spring or autumn of the second year.
Field management: Every spring in February-March and after autumn before the ground freezes, loosening of the soil and earthing up should be carried out. Fertilize 1-2 times each year, at the same time as earthing up, and farmyard manure and chemical fertilizer may be mixed and used. After each flower harvest, apply a topdressing once, mainly urea, to increase the number of flower harvests. Mixed fertilizer use. After each flower harvest, apply a topdressing once, mainly urea, to increase the number of flower harvests. Reasonable pruning and shaping is an effective measure to increase the yield of Jinyinhua, and may be carried out according to variety, plant age, branch type, etc. For example, for Jizhuahua (chicken-claw flower), the trunk is obvious, the branches mostly do not touch the ground, and the crown width is 80-120cm; pruning should remove the top, clear the base clump, open the inner canopy, and prune overly long branches, diseased and weak branches, dead branches, and downward-extending branches, so that the branches stand upright in clumps, the trunk is thick and strong, the branches are evenly spaced in density, and the flower clump is umbrella-shaped, with good ventilation and light transmission, many new branches, and many flower buds. Pruning: first, winter pruning, which may be carried out from December to late February of the following year. Second, growing-season pruning, carried out after each flower harvest; after the first crop of flowers prune the summer shoots, and after the third crop of flowers in early September prune the autumn shoots. Light pruning should be the main approach. When planting Jinyinhua in cold regions, the old branches must be protected for overwintering. Generally, before the ground freezes, lay the old branches flat on the ground, cover with 6-7cm of wormwood grass, then cover the grass with soil for overwintering, and remove the covering before sprouting the next spring.
Pest and disease control: Diseases include brown spot disease; besides reducing the source of disease and strengthening management, in the early stage of onset, 3% Jingfengmycin 5×10-5 (50ppm) solution may be sprayed continuously 2-3 times. Pests include the round-tailed aphid, which can be controlled with chemical agents. For the coffee tiger longhorn beetle, in July-August, on clear days when the temperature is above 25°C, release the longhorn beetle leg-swell wasp in the field for control, with good results. For the inchworm, chemical agents may be used for control during the young larval stage.
[Characters] Character identification: (1) Lonicera japonica is slender below and slightly curved, 1.3-5.5cm long, upper part 2-3mm in diameter. Surface pale yellow or pale yellowish-brown, deepening in color after long storage, densely covered with rough hairs or long glandular hairs; calyx small, green, calyx tube subspherical, about 1mm long, hairless, apex 5-lobed, calyx teeth ovate-triangular, hairy; corolla tubular, upper part slightly split into two lips, sometimes open flowers may be seen; stamens 5, attached to the tube wall; pistil 1, with a slender style. Odor clear and fragrant, taste sweet and slightly bitter.
(2) Lonicera confusa: flower buds 1.3-5cm long, 0.5-2mm in diameter, reddish-brown or grayish-brown, covered with reversed short rough hairs; calyx teeth and calyx tube both densely covered with gray-white or pale yellow hairs; ovary hairy.
(3) Lonicera hypoglauca: flower buds 1-5cm long, 0.8-2mm in diameter, yellow-brown or cinnamon-brown; calyx tube hairless, calyx teeth hairy; outer surface of corolla hairless, or the broad tube with a few reversed slightly appressed hairs, without glandular hairs.
(4) Lonicera fulvotomentosa: flower buds about 3.5cm long, brown-yellow or yellow-green; calyx tube brown-yellow or gray-green, calyx teeth hairy; outer surface of corolla covered with yellow-brown reversed short rough hairs.
Those with large flower buds, still in bud, yellow-white in color, moist and plump, and strongly fragrant are considered better.
Microscopic identification: Surface preparation of flower buds: (1) Lonicera japonica: (1) There are two types of glandular hairs. One type has an obconical head with a flat apex, 10-33 cells in lateral view arranged in 2-4 layers, 48-108μm in diameter, with a 1-5 cell stalk, 70-700μm long; the other type has a suborbicular or slightly oblate head, 4-20 cells, 30-64μm in diameter, with a 2-4 cell stalk, 24-80μm long. (2) Thick-walled non-glandular hairs are unicellular, 45-90μm long, 14-37μm in diameter, with a wall 5-10μm thick, the surface bearing minute verrucose or vesicular protrusions, some with cuticular spiral striations. (3) Thin-walled non-glandular hairs are unicellular, very long, curved or shrunken, with minute verrucose protrusions on the surface. (4) Calcium oxalate cluster crystals are 6-45μm in diameter. (5) Pollen grains are suborbicular or triangular, 3-colporate; the surface bears fine dense short spines and finely granular sculpturing.
(2) Lonicera confusa: (1) The glandular hair head is obconical or urn-shaped, with a sunken or relatively flat apex, 20-100 cells in lateral view arranged in 3-5 layers, 32-150μm in diameter; the stalk is 2-5 cells, the cells at the junction with the head being very short, sometimes 2 cells arranged side by side, the basal cells mostly large and long, 16-60μm in diameter. (2) Thick-walled non-glandular hairs are unicellular, 32-848μm long, the surface bearing fine verrucose protrusions, some with double or single spiral striations. The epidermal cells around the foot of the trichomes are raised.
(3) Lonicera hypoglauca: (1) The glandular hair head is peltate and large, 8-40 cells in top view, 60-176μm in diameter, about 7-10 cells in lateral view arranged in 1-2 layers, the apex slightly sunken; the stalk is 1-4 cells, 5-48μm long. (2) Thick-walled non-glandular hairs are unicellular, straight, a few curved and hook-like, 38-1408μm long, the surface bearing fine verrucose protrusions, a few with spiral striations.
(4) Lonicera fulvotomentosa: (1) There are two types of glandular hairs: one type has an obconical or obovate head, 12-25 cells in lateral view arranged in 3-5 layers, 48-100μm in diameter, with a 3-6 cell stalk, occasionally 2 cells arranged side by side at the junction with the head, 88-470μm long; the other type has a suborbicular or obovate head, 4-10 cells in top view, 25-50μm in diameter, with a 2-5 cell stalk, 25-190μm long. (2) Thick-walled non-glandular hairs are unicellular: 33-2000μm long, 10-24μm in diameter, with a wall 3-10μm thick, the surface bearing relatively sparse verrucose protrusions and relatively dense single or double spiral striations.
[Chemical constituents] Lonicera japonica flowers contain chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid [1], ginnol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosteryl-D-glucoside, stigmasteryl-D-glucoside [2]; they also contain volatile oil whose constituents include linalool, cis-2,6,6-trimethyl-2-vinyl-5-hydroxytetrahydroxyran, ethyl palmitate, 1,1-bicyclohexyl, methyl linoleate, 3-methyl-2-(2-pentenyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-one, trans-trans-farnesol, ethyl linolenate, β-cubebene, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, α-terpineol, geraniol, benzyl benzoate, 2-methyl-1-butanol, benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, cis-linalool oxide, eugenol and carvacrol, among dozens of others [3,4].
Lonicera hypoglauca flowers contain chlorogenic acid [5].
Lonicera fulvotomentosa flower buds contain fulvotomentoside A, α-hederin, sapindoside B [6], chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin and volatile oil; the main constituents of the volatile oil are linalool, cis-2,6,6-trimethyl-2-vinyl-5-hydroxytetrahydroxyran, α-terpineol, geraniol, phenethyl alcohol, eugenol, cis-linalool oxide and trans-linalool oxide, etc. [7].
[Pharmacological effects] 1. Anti-pathogenic microorganism effect: In vitro experiments show that the flowers and vines have a certain inhibitory effect on various pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, etc., and are also effective against Pneumococcus, Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The water infusion is stronger than the decoction, and the leaf decoction is stronger than the flower decoction. When combined with Forsythia suspensa, the antibacterial spectrum can be complementary; when combined with penicillin, it can strengthen the antibacterial effect of penicillin against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which may be due to a synergistic effect in inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Some believe that chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid are the main antibacterial active constituents of Jinyinhua. Other experiments have proved that luteolin also has a relatively strong antibacterial effect. The water infusion of this product has varying degrees of inhibitory effect in vitro on dermatophytes such as Microsporum ferrugineum and Nocardia asteroides. The Jinyinhua water decoction (1:20) has an inhibitory effect on influenza virus, orphan virus and herpes virus in human embryonic kidney primary monolayer epithelial cell tissue culture. The aqueous solution of the vine also has the effect of delaying the cytopathic effect caused by orphan virus. Test-tube experiments show that the decoctions of Jinyinhua and its vine both have an inhibitory effect on Leptospira. When Lonicera japonica vine is combined with Senecio scandens and administered by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injection, it is said to have the effect of treating and preventing leptospirosis in rabbits. Intraperitoneal injection of Jinyinhua injection 7.5g/kg can enable more than half of mice receiving LD90 Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin or Pseudomonas aeruginosa to survive. Intravenous injection of Jinyinhua distillate 6g/kg has a therapeutic effect on rabbits poisoned by Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin. In untreated animals, body temperature and total white blood cell count decreased markedly, with a left shift phenomenon in white blood cells, whereas in the treated group the animal body temperature rose slightly, and although white blood cells increased, there was no obvious change in the differential count; moreover, intravenous administration of Jinyinhua injection (prepared from equal amounts of Jinyinhua and Scutellaria baicalensis) 7.5g/kg also has a certain antagonistic effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin poisoning in rabbits, reducing poisoning symptoms and the number of deaths.
2. Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects: Intraperitoneal injection of Jinyinhua extract 0.25g/kg can inhibit carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Another report states that Jinyinhua injection 30-40g/kg can reduce the degree of egg-white-induced paw edema. Intraperitoneal injection of Jinyinhua extract 8g/kg, twice a day, for 6 consecutive days, also has obvious anti-exudative and anti-proliferative effects on croton oil-induced granuloma pouches in rats. Early reports stated that Jinyinhua has an obvious antipyretic effect, but when rabbits were injected via the ear vein with cholera vaccine, Bacillus potato or Bacillus subtilis infusion to induce fever, it was not confirmed that intragastric administration of Jinyinhua decoction 5g/kg had a fever-reducing effect; it is considered that this may be related to differences in the Jinyinhua preparation used, the dosage, or the tolerance of the rabbits.
3. Effect of strengthening defensive function: Jinyinhua decoction diluted to a concentration of 1:1280 can still promote the phagocytic function of leukocytes. Intraperitoneal injection of Jinyinhua injection in mice also has an obvious effect of promoting the phagocytic function of inflammatory cells.
4. Central excitatory effect: Through various experimental methods such as electroshock and rotating cage, it has been proved that oral administration of chlorogenic acid can cause excitation of the central nervous system in animals such as rats and mice, with a strength of action 1/6 that of caffeine; the two used together have no additive or enhancing effect.
5. Blood lipid-lowering effect: Intragastric administration of Jinyinhua 2.5g/kg in rats can reduce intestinal cholesterol absorption and lower plasma cholesterol content. In vitro experiments also found that Jinyinhua can combine with cholesterol, but Simiao Yong'an Tang (Jinyinhua, Scrophularia ningpoensis, Angelica sinensis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis) in the treatment of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits showed no observed effect of lowering blood lipids or aortic wall cholesterol content.
6. Anti-endotoxin: Using the Limulus test method to determine endotoxin content, 300% Jinyinhua (Lonicera japonica) injection diluted 1:2-1:64, whether by the concave plate method or test-tube method in vitro, significantly reduced the endotoxin content in the test solution, among which the 1:2-1:8 dilution tubes remained liquid like the negative control tube, while the positive control appeared gel-like. Intravenous injection of Jinyinhua (Lonicera japonica) distillate 6g/kg has an antagonistic effect on the decrease in rabbit body temperature and white blood cell count caused by intravenous injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin 2.8mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection of Jinyinhua (Lonicera japonica) distillate 7.5g/kg or injection 2.5g/kg has a protective effect on mice given intraperitoneal injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin 65mg/kg, reducing the mouse mortality rate.
7. Other effects: There was once an in vitro screening experiment report that the water and alcohol infusions of Jinyinhua have obvious cytotoxic effects on sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Oral administration of Jinyinhua extract has a mild preventive effect on experimental gastric ulcer in rats. Oral administration of large doses of chlorogenic acid can increase gastrointestinal peristalsis and promote the secretion of gastric juice and bile. Chlorogenic acid and its decomposition products have an excitatory effect on isolated rat uterus. In addition, chlorogenic acid can also slightly enhance the pressor effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine in cats and rats, but has no effect on the nictitating membrane response in cats.
8. Pharmacology of processed products: Nan Fang Sheng et al. used mouse coagulation time and in vitro antibacterial action as observation indicators to experimentally compare raw Jinyinhua with baked products under different temperature and time conditions. They affirmed its processing effect and preliminarily considered that when Jinyinhua is used to treat heat-blood dysentery and women's metrorrhagia and metrostaxis, baking at 200°C for 15 minutes or at 220°C for 10 minutes is preferable. Sample preparation: 10 portions of Jinyinhua were baked in an electric oven at different temperatures and times respectively. It is speculated that after heating and baking, the content of the known antibacterial constituent chlorogenic acid in Jinyinhua decreases somewhat, but its antibacterial action has not been seen to decrease correspondingly; on the contrary, its antibacterial action against Shigella dysenteriae and Proteus is enhanced, indicating that chlorogenic acid is not its only antibacterial constituent. As for whether new antibacterial constituents are generated after Jinyinhua is baked, further research is needed.
[Toxicity] Intragastric administration of Jinyinhua water infusion has no obvious toxic reaction in rabbits, dogs, etc., and has no effect on respiration, blood pressure or urine volume. The LD50 of subcutaneous injection of this product's extract in mice is 53g/kg. Chlorogenic acid has an allergenic effect and can cause allergic reactions, but oral administration does not have this reaction, because chlorogenic acid can be converted by small intestinal secretions into substances without allergenic activity. Hemolysis test results show: steamed-and-sun-dried products 0.1-0.5ml all showed no hemolysis within 3 hours; raw-sun-dried products 0.1-0.5ml showed hemolysis immediately after adding the drug; Guizhou Shanyinhua 0.1-0.5ml all showed no hemolysis within 3 hours; Henan Miyinhua at pH6.0, 0.1-0.3ml showed no hemolysis; Shandong Jiyinhua: 0.1-0.5ml all showed no hemolysis within 3 hours. The order of LD50 of the 5 materials is: Miyinhua < Jiyinhua < steamed-and-sun-dried products < Guizhou commercial product. The steamed-and-sun-dried product of Lonicera fulvotomentosa has no hemolytic property, while the raw-sun-dried one is hemolytic; therefore, as a raw material for injection, the steamed-and-sun-dried product must be used.
[Identification] Physicochemical identification: Take 0.5g of this product's powder, add 5ml of methanol, shake and extract for 20min, filter, and concentrate the filtrate to about 1ml for sample spotting. Separately prepare chlorogenic acid in methanol as the reference solution. Respectively draw 10μm of each of the above two solutions and spot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, develop with the upper layer of butyl acetate-water (7:2.5:2.5), with a development distance of 10cm, remove, air dry, and examine under ultraviolet light (365nm).
[Processing] 1. Jinyinhua: Sift out sand and mud, and remove impurities.
2. Yinhua charcoal: Take the cleaned Jinyinhua, place it in a pot and stir-fry over high heat until scorched brown, spray with clear water, remove, and sun-dry.
[Nature and flavor] Sweet; cold.
[Meridian entry] Lung; Stomach meridians.
[Functions and indications] Clearing heat and detoxifying. Mainly for warm-disease fever; heat-toxin blood dysentery; carbuncles, swellings, boils and sores; throat obstruction and various infectious diseases.
[Usage and dosage] Oral administration: decocted in water, 10-20g; or made into pills and powders. External use: appropriate amount, pounded and applied.
[Caution] Contraindicated for those with deficiency-cold of the spleen and stomach and those with qi deficiency and clear pus in sores and ulcers.
[Associated formulas] Yinqiao San, from Wenbing Tiaobian; Huichuang Jinyinhua San, from Huofa Jiyao; Yinhua Tang, from Zhulin Nüke.
[Discussions by various authors] 1. Bencao Tongxuan: Jinyinhua mainly treats distension and fullness with dysentery, disperses carbuncles and eliminates toxin, tonifies deficiency and treats wind; people today only know its toxin-eliminating effect but are ignorant of its use for distension, dysentery, wind and deficiency. I have used it in various syndromes and repeatedly seen effects.
2. Bencao Zheng: Jinyinhua is good at transforming toxin, so it treats carbuncles, swellings and toxins, sores and tinea, syphilis, and wind-dampness toxins, and is truly an important drug. For toxin not yet formed, it can disperse it; for toxin already formed, it can cause it to ulcerate. However, its nature is slow, so it must be used in doubled amounts, either decocted with wine and taken, or pounded into juice and mixed with wine and drunk at once, or ground into a paste and mixed with wine for thick application. If treating scrofula and various toxins in the upper qi aspect, using about one liang and frequently decocting it for oral administration is extremely effective.
3. Benjing Fengyuan: Jinyinhua eliminates toxin and removes pus, and in purging there is tonification; it is a sacred drug after carbuncle ulceration. However, it should not be used by those with qi deficiency, clear pus, little food intake and diarrhea. For smallpox sores that have fallen in and cannot rise, use this root decocted in long-flowing water for bathing; the effect is judged by the pox becoming bright and full, which is a modified method of Yangliu Tang.
4. Yunnan Materia Medica: Clears heat, resolves various sores, carbuncles, deep-rooted boils and back carbuncles, erysipelas and scrofula.
5. Shengcaoyao Xing Bei Yao: Can disperse carbuncles, deep-rooted boils and toxin, stop dysentery, wash chancre sores, and remove blood heat from the skin.
6. Bencao Bei Yao: Nourishes blood and quenches thirst. Treats scabies and tinea.
7. Chongqing Tang Suibi: Clears wind-fire and damp-heat in the collaterals, resolves pestilential filthy and turbid pathogenic factors, calms floating yang of the liver and gallbladder, and treats convulsions, syncope and epilepsy. 8. Guangzhou Military Region, Manual of Commonly Used Chinese Herbal Medicines: Clears heat and detoxifies. Treats externally contracted fever and cough, enteritis, bacillary dysentery, measles, mumps, septicemia, sores, boils and swellings, appendicitis, traumatic infection, and prickly heat toxin in children. Made into cooling tea, it can prevent heatstroke, common cold and intestinal infectious diseases.