Comprehensive High-Yield Cultivation Techniques for Soybean in High-Cold Regions

Soybean is the main crop in the Jiamusi region of Heilongjiang Province, with an annual sown area of more than 900,000 mu, accounting for more than 75% of the total sown area. For a long time, due to the cold climate, short frost-free period, insufficient accumulated temperature, and lack of suitable varieties, soybean yields have remained stagnant at only about 150 kg, and in disaster years even less than 100 kg. In view of this, based on the climatic characteristics of Heilongjiang Province, we have developed several high-yield cultivation techniques suitable for soybean production in the province, and through assembly formed a comprehensive high-yield cultivation technology system, which has brought considerable progress in soybean production levels. The average yield of high-yield soybean fields has exceeded 200 kg, pushing the critical line for soybean cultivation in China one latitude northward. This article elaborates in detail on the comprehensive high-yield cultivation techniques for soybean in high-cold regions.

I. Fully implement autumn soil preparation techniques

Promote autumn subsoiling, plowing, and harrowing centered on deep loosening, to achieve the use of autumn rain and winter snow in spring, and autumn prevention of spring drought. In recent years, Heilongjiang Province has effectively increased autumn soil preparation efforts, with the proportion of black stubble overwintering reaching over 95%. Autumn soil preparation is centered on deep loosening, forming a tillage system combining loosening, harrowing, and no-till.

Generally, plowing depth is 18-22 cm, heavy harrowing depth is over 15 cm, and light harrowing is over 8 cm.

II. Select high-oil, high-yield soybean elite varieties

High-oil, high-yield soybean elite varieties contribute 25-30% to soybean yield increases. Over the past few years, this region has actively responded to the national soybean revitalization plan, participated in the implementation of the soybean elite variety subsidy project, strengthened technical cooperation with various research institutes, and introduced and promoted a batch of high-oil, high-yield soybean elite varieties. Such as Jiangmodou No. 1, Heihe No. 27, Kenjiandou No. 25, Dongnong No. 44 and other soybean elite varieties, with an average oil content of over 21.5%, protein content of over 38%, and relatively large yield increase potential. Through project-driven efforts, the process of soybean quality improvement has been accelerated.

III. Use Desai seed coating agent for seed dressing

In order to meet the needs of green food soybean production development, the Desai traditional Chinese medicine-type soybean seed coating agent was promoted. Desai seed coating agent is compounded from 24 kinds of Chinese herbal medicine extracts, trace element fertilizers, film-forming agents, etc., with functions of repelling insects, killing insects, sterilizing, and providing nutrition. The effective duration is 30-45 days, and the application effect is good. The dosage of Desai seed coating agent is 1.5% of the soybean seed weight.

IV. Promote nano-biological growth promoters

In soybean seed treatment, herbicide water, fertilizer treatment and other steps, the Nanchang Nano 863 biological growth promoter was comprehensively promoted and applied, achieving the dual effects of increasing yield and saving costs. After production trials and demonstrations in 2003, 2004, and 2005, applying the nano-device to treat soybean seeds and fertilizers achieved a yield increase rate of 8-10%; the time for the nano-device to treat soybean seeds, herbicide water, and fertilizers is 5 hours, and the treated soybean seeds, herbicide water, and fertilizers should be used up within 3 days.

V. Promote the application of six-element compound fertilizer

Honghe potassium sulfate-type six-element compound fertilizer is a new type of potassium sulfate-type six-element compound fertilizer processed and produced according to the soil test results of this region and the formula proposed based on the fertilizer requirements of soybean in this region. Potassium sulfate-type six-element compound fertilizer contains N12, P18, K10, Zn0.5, B0.5, Mo0.5, and has the advantages of comprehensive nutrition, convenient application, low cost, and good effect. After 2 years of trials and demonstrations, the yield increase rate was over 80%. The dosage of potassium sulfate-type six-element compound fertilizer is 10-15 kg per mu.

VI. Promote soybean cultivation models centered on dense planting techniques

Combined with the natural climatic characteristics of Heilongjiang Province's high latitude and short frost-free period, the theoretical basis of increasing density as the main approach and relying on main stem podding to achieve soybean population yield increases was proposed. In production practice, various cultivation methods have gradually formed, including large-ridge dense planting, three-row dense planting on ridges, wide seedling band dense planting on ridges, small-ridge dense planting, and soybean film mulching, all based on deep loosening and centered on dense planting. Using multiple soybean cultivation models to mitigate natural risks has achieved remarkable results.

VII. Apply Yunda 120-based soybean foliar fertilizer

Combined with chemical weeding, foliar fertilizer is comprehensively applied during the soybean flowering and podding stages. With Yunda 120 as the main component, combined with spraying urea, rice vinegar, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, trace element fertilizers and other foliar fertilizers, the purpose of increasing yield and quality is achieved. After several years of production practice, using the above foliar fertilizers, the soybean yield increase effect is over 15%.

Yunda 120 dosage: each vial (10 ml) can dress 30 kg of soybean seeds, with a cost of 0.5 yuan per mu; foliar spraying at 10 ml per mu per application, with a cost of 2.0 yuan per mu per application.

VIII. Promote efficient soybean chemical weeding formulas

Combined with the actual situation of soybean production in Heilongjiang Province, as well as soil moisture conditions and the succession patterns of weed communities in soybean fields, pre-emergence closed weeding and post-emergence stem and leaf treatment chemical weeding formulas were proposed. At the same time, in order to reduce herbicide damage, guidance was proposed to increase the number of herbicide types and reduce the dosage of herbicides, achieving low-cost and efficient chemical weeding for soybean. At present, the types of soybean chemical weeding agents are generally more than 3, and post-emergence chemical weeding agents have achieved compound formulations. Such as Jingguanghu, Sanxiongdi, Dou'aita and other compound formulations, one product simultaneously contains multiple components for controlling grasses, broadleaf weeds, malignant weeds, etc., and the dosage is small, easy to use, basically no herbicide damage, and good weeding effect.

IX. Implement water-saving irrigation for soybean

The flowering and podding stages of soybean are the critical periods for water. Therefore, conditions should be created to implement water-saving irrigation during the flowering and podding stages of soybean respectively, to achieve increased yield and improved quality. If conditions permit, carrying out topdressing operations simultaneously with water-saving irrigation will achieve even better results.