Eight Major Disease Prevention and Control Measures for the Green Development of Mushrooms

Establish the "big prevention and control" concept of integrated management. The occurrence, and even the epidemic or outbreak, of edible mushroom diseases all follows certain developmental patterns. Patterns are science, and no carelessness is tolerated. On the surface, diseases appear only at a certain production stage, but the occurrence of disease requires quite a few conditions. If any one condition cannot be met, the occurrence of disease may be reduced, lowered, or even impossible, or even if it occurs, it cannot cause harm. Therefore, one should not only prevent or treat at the stage where the disease occurs, but should start from the source and continue until production is completely finished. Intermediate stages also must not be relaxed in the slightest, so as to thoroughly eliminate the channels through which diseases occur.

Selecting excellent virus-free spawn is an effective measure to ensure that the spawn carries no viruses or pathogens, to ensure vigorous mycelium, and to improve mycelial resistance. Virus-free spawn is cultivated through advanced cutting-edge isolation and culture techniques, undergoing a four-full-cycle virus-free operation from mycelium to substrate or fruiting body. Apart from maintaining the biological characteristics of the original strain, the fact that it itself carries no viruses or pathogens is one of its advantages; because the substrate and temperature are artificially regulated during the virus-free process, its adaptability to external conditions and stress resistance are greatly improved, which is the second advantage of virus-free spawn; the virus-free process is simultaneously a domestication process under harsh conditions, so that the spawn grows in a relative environment from the very beginning, and naturally strengthens its resistance and improves its disease resistance during gradual growth and development, which is the third advantage of virus-free spawn. Comprehensive results show that the overall disease incidence rate when using virus-free spawn drops by more than 60%, thereby laying a good foundation for cultivation and production.

Strict disinfection treatment of mushroom sheds and the cultivation environment is the main means of eliminating residual viruses and pathogens. Cultivation mushroom sheds, especially old mushroom sheds, due to disease-prone conditions formed by long-term cultivation and residual mycelium, spores, etc. from diseases during cultivation, are extremely prone to harm when cultivated again. This is also the main reason why old mushroom sheds have low cultivation yields and severe diseases. First, clean up the surrounding environment of the mushroom shed. Manure piles, grass piles, garbage, etc. should be cleaned up, and weeds should be removed as well. Spray fungicidal drugs such as carbendazim at about 500 times dilution multiple times to thoroughly clean the environment. Second, for old mushroom sheds, the wall skin should be scraped off. When conditions permit, about 1 cm of the surface layer can be removed. Afterward, prepare a 50-times solution of Mushroom Disease Eliminator King and spray the interior of the shed in a carpet-like manner. Even walls, corners, pillars, and ventilation holes should be sprayed with the drug, leaving no dead corners. Remove the covering from the shed film and expose it to the sun. It can be put into use after about 5-7 days. This measure can relatively thoroughly kill viruses and pathogenic bacteria in the shed. Its basic principle is: Mushroom Disease Eliminator King is a compound drug of bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents, with strong killing power against viruses and pathogens. A 10-times strong glutaraldehyde solution or 200-times Jinxing disinfectant can also be used. In production, although formaldehyde is quite irritating, preparing a poly-formaldehyde solution for spraying and sterilization also has a very good effect. Generally, the ratio of carbendazim:formaldehyde:water can be 1:2:100. If the disease was severe in the previous season's cultivation, the drug concentration can be appropriately increased. Finally, for mushroom sheds with severe primary disease, the upper-layer frame poles, plastic film, and other objects can be dismantled, straw and weeds can be piled inside the shed and ignited for burning, the grass ash can be turned into the soil layer, the frame poles can be re-erected and film re-covered, and then drug spraying can be applied. The effect is very good. This method uses a combination of physical and chemical means for sterilization and is relatively more thorough. However, during specific operations, windless weather should be chosen, and appropriate fire-extinguishing measures should be prepared. Mushroom sheds in concentrated areas should act in a unified manner. In addition, mushroom sheds near villages and buildings should not use this method to avoid fire risks.

Effectively treating the casing soil material is an important step in preventing disease from entering the shed. For the sterilization treatment of casing soil material, we tend to use the methods of sun exposure, chemicals, and pile fermentation. After selecting the casing soil material, expose it to the sun on a hardened surface. As it is turned, keep the soil particles at a size below 0.5 cm, mostly powdery. Prepare a 100-times Mushroom Disease Eliminator King solution and spray while mixing, repeating twice. After building the shed, cover with film for pile fermentation. The effect is excellent.

Substrate treatment must be strict. This is the key step to ensure "no disease enters the shed." This stage includes sun exposure treatment of dry materials, uniformity of pile fermentation treatment, standardization of bagging and sowing, and clean sterilization of environments such as cooked material inoculation and spawn running cultivation. After spawn running is completed, before the spawn bags enter the shed, prepare a 200-times Mushroom Disease Eliminator King solution, hold it in a large basin or other container, and soak and wash the spawn bags one by one before they enter the shed.

Frequently spraying bactericidal and bacteriostatic drugs in the mushroom shed is the main preventive means during the fruiting management process. After the spawn bags enter the shed or the substrate is put into the shed and sown, drugs should be sprayed frequently to achieve the purpose of disease prevention. Because the shed is relatively enclosed, ventilation is relatively poor, and in addition the air humidity is relatively high and the temperature is relatively constant, this can induce the occurrence of diseases.

Eliminate diseases in the bud. At the initial stage of onset, this is the main measure to prevent diseases from multiplying greatly and causing harm. For initially occurring diseases, one should be ruthless and carry out thorough treatment. For three-dimensional cultivation of spawn bags, clear the diseased spawn bags out of the shed together, soak them in medicine, and bury them deeply. When the quantity is relatively large, they can be sprayed with medicine and then piled for fermentation, or mixed with lime powder and then piled for fermentation. The method is: after building the pile, seal the material and soil pile with thin mud, and let it naturally ferment and generate heat to kill pathogens. For casing soil cultivation, expand the scope of the diseased area and, together with the substrate, control it all the way to the bottom, and clear it out of the shed.

Effectively preventing and killing insect pests is also one of the important measures for disease control. Most pests often carry large amounts of pathogens. Once they enter the shed, they can form a "source of disease," spread everywhere, and cause an outbreak. Therefore, when preventing and controlling diseases, one must never neglect the control and killing of insect pests. The main measures include: clean up the external environment and spray high-efficiency low-toxicity drugs to control insect sources; spread lime over a passage of more than 2 m at the mushroom shed entrance to prevent crawling insects from entering; install insect-proof nets at ventilation openings and entrances to prevent flying insects from entering; after discovering insect pests, use poisoned bait to lure and kill them, which has a good effect. For mushroom mosquitoes and flies, spraying pest-killing spray during the interval between fruiting can kill them; sugar-vinegar liquid can also be prepared for trapping and killing. Mix according to the ratio of high-proof white liquor:sugar:vinegar:water of 1:2:3:4, then add 3-4 drops of DDV liquid according to the production method, hold it in a container, and adult insects will fly in attracted by the smell and can then be killed.