How to prevent and control mushroom pests and diseases? These methods you need to master
1. Mushroom brown rot: also known as mushroom Mycogone perniciosa disease, bubble disease, white rot, etc. It is currently the most harmful disease in mushroom cultivation. In addition to harming mushrooms, it can also harm oyster mushrooms, straw mushrooms, silver ear fungus, reishi mushrooms, etc. The disease shows different symptoms at different developmental stages of mushrooms. When mushrooms begin to form small pinhead primordia (before fruiting body differentiation), they are susceptible to infection, forming hard, puffball-like irregular tissue masses. These are covered with a layer of white fluffy mycelium, which later darkens and finally turns dark brown, with dark brown droplets exuding from the diseased tissue. Small mushroom primordia beneath the casing soil can also be infected, and small spots of white mycelium appear on the casing surface. If infected after the stipe and cap have differentiated, the stipe turns brown. In the late stage of fruiting body development, infection at the base of the stipe causes light brown discoloration. When the disease is severe, the first flush of mushrooms yields nothing at all.
Control methods: 1. Change or disrupt the conditions that trigger the disease to prevent its occurrence. Mycogone perniciosa spores cannot tolerate high temperatures; subjecting the compost to a second fermentation can kill the pathogen spores in the compost. Choose an appropriate sowing time so that the fruiting period avoids the high temperatures that induce the disease, and keep the mushroom house temperature below 15 degrees C. When the disease first appears, stop watering immediately, increase ventilation, dry the surface of the mushroom bed, and lower the temperature below 15 degrees C. Spray the affected area with 1%~2% formaldehyde solution, or with 50% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate-methyl at 500 times dilution. 2. Casing soil disinfection. Treat with pasteurization (60 degrees C) for 1 hour, or disinfect with 40% formaldehyde. 3. Replace the soil. When the disease is severe, remove the original casing soil and replace it with fresh soil. 4. Pest control. Do a good job of controlling mushroom gnats and mushroom flies in the mushroom house.
2. Mushroom virus disease: This disease occurs commonly and causes serious damage. The degree of damage is related to the stage of infection. Generally, if virus-carrying spawn is used, the disease appears in the early stages of mushroom development, greatly affecting yield, or even causing total crop failure. If the disease is caused by virus-carrying basidiospores landing on the mushroom bed and germinating during the mycelial growth period, the first flush grows normally and yield is unaffected; in subsequent flushes, as diseased mushrooms increase batch by batch, yield declines batch by batch. The most obvious symptoms on fruiting bodies are elongated stipes and very small caps, sometimes with the cap diameter not exceeding the stipe. Some caps are thin and flat, opening early. Brown spots or streaky patches often appear on the stipes of diseased mushrooms. Water can be squeezed out of the mushroom stipes.
Control methods: 1. Cultivate and use virus-free spawn. 2. Cover the mushroom bed. After sowing, cover the bed surface with plastic film or old newspapers to prevent virus-carrying spores from landing in the compost, and spray regularly (every 5~6 days) with 0.5% formaldehyde solution until casing soil is applied. 3. Maintain good sanitation in the mushroom house. Thoroughly disinfect the mushroom house before use. After production ends, promptly remove waste materials; soak the bed frames and tools, scrub and sun-dry them, and brush them with a mixture of 1% sodium carbonate plus 2% sodium pentachlorophenate, then spray the mushroom house walls, floor, and mushroom beds with 5% formaldehyde solution, or fumigate with sulfur.
3. Oyster mushroom sciarid fly (Lycoriella pleuroti): belongs to the order Diptera, family Sciaridae. It is the most common and most serious pest harming oyster mushrooms. The larvae damage the mycelium and fruiting bodies of oyster mushrooms. In severe cases, they can eat all the mycelium. When damaging fruiting bodies, they bore the stipes into hollow cavities and eat all the gills.
Control methods: 1. Maintain good environmental hygiene to reduce pest sources. Install screen doors and screen windows to keep pests out. 2. Use the adults' phototaxis for light trapping. 3. In severe cases, after harvesting mushrooms, spray with 1.8% abamectin emulsifiable concentrate at 2000~2500 times dilution, or 90% trichlorfon at 1000 times dilution.
4. Harmful mites: commonly known as fungus lice. They mainly harm mushrooms, straw mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, Phoenix mushrooms, silver ear fungus, black wood ear fungus, and many other edible fungi. Harmful mites bite through mycelium so it cannot germinate, and can also bite small mushroom primordia and mature fruiting bodies. When infestation is severe, they can eat all the mycelium in the compost, causing total crop failure.
Control methods: 1. Ensure the quality of spawn. Make sure the spawn does not carry harmful mites. 2. Keep the mushroom house at a certain distance from grain, feed, and fertilizer warehouses. 3. Subject the compost to a second fermentation. 4. Mix deltamethrin with lime powder, put it in gauze bags, and shake it out around the mushroom bed, or spray around the mushroom bed with 1.8% abamectin emulsifiable concentrate at 2000 times dilution. 5. Trap and kill. Place cotton balls soaked with 40%~50% dichlorvos under the mushroom bed, placing 3 balls every 67~83 cm in a triangular arrangement, and cover the compost on the mushroom bed with a sheet of plastic film or damp gauze. After the mites gather on it, remove it and scald them to death in hot water.