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What are the characteristics of each developmental stage of soybean?

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(1) Germination stage: refers to the period from seed germination to seedling emergence, which takes 10-15 days for spring soybeans and 4-6 days for summer soybeans. The germination stage of soybean mainly requires appropriate temperature and suitable soil moisture. It is required to carry out seed treatment before sowing, improve the quality of land preparation, sow at the right time, ensure that the field soil is loose, and prevent excessive soil moisture and poor permeability, which can delay seedling emergence or even cause seed rot. (2) Seedling stage: refers to the stage from seedling emergence to flower bud differentiation. It requires an average daily temperature above 20°C and 19%-20% soil

(1) Germination stage: refers to the period from seed germination to seedling emergence, which takes 10-15 days for spring soybeans and 4-6 days for summer soybeans. The germination stage of soybean mainly requires appropriate temperature and suitable soil moisture. It is required to carry out seed treatment before sowing, improve the quality of land preparation, sow at the right time, ensure that the field soil is loose, and prevent excessive soil moisture and poor permeability, which can delay seedling emergence or even cause seed rot.

(2) Seedling stage: refers to the stage from seedling emergence to flower bud differentiation. It requires an average daily temperature above 20°C and 19%-20% soil moisture. In cultivation, promotion and control should be combined so that the seedlings have short internodes, thick stems, thick leaves, well-developed root systems, and complete and strong seedlings.

(3) Flower bud differentiation stage: refers to the period from flower bud differentiation to the beginning of flowering, generally lasting 25-30 days. It is the period of the most vigorous growth and development of soybean and requires timely supply of nutrients and water, timely intertillage combined with topdressing and irrigation, to promote the growth of roots, stems, and leaves and flower bud differentiation.

(4) Flowering stage: refers to the period from the beginning of flowering to the end of flowering. Depending on the variety, it lasts from 18 to 40 days. This stage is a period of vigorous vegetative growth and reproductive growth. It requires daytime temperatures of 22-29°C, nighttime temperatures of 18-24°C, relative air humidity of 74-80%, and large amounts of nutrients and water. A good supply of fertilizer and water is required.

(5) Pod-setting and seed-filling stage: refers to the period from the end of flowering to the yellow-leaf stage. At this stage, reproductive growth dominates, and nutrients begin to be transferred to the seeds and pod walls. It is required to strengthen field management in the later period to prevent pod shedding, shrunken pods, and shrunken seeds.

(6) Maturity stage: refers to the period from the beginning of yellow leaves to full maturity, when soybean growth slows and finally stops. The seeds return to the pod, moisture decreases, and they gradually harden, showing the seed shape and color inherent to the variety.

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