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Early prevention and control of soybean diseases: seize the opportunity to reduce yield losses

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To achieve high yields in soybean, the main challenge is to properly manage the four aspects of "seed, water, fertilizer, and light." The "deep-narrow-dense" cultivation technique is a comprehensive high-yield supporting cultivation model formed on the basis of this principle. It takes the selection of dwarf varieties as the breakthrough point, uses air-suction seeders and general-purpose machines as the carrier, and combines "deep" (i.e., deep loosening, deep fertilization, and layered fertilization), "narrow" (i.e., narrow rows), and "dense" (i.e., increased planting density) into a comprehensive high-yield supporting technique. It is a cultivation technique that uses large seeders as the carrier. "Seed" means variety,

To achieve high yields in soybean, the main challenge is to properly manage the four aspects of "seed, water, fertilizer, and light." The "deep-narrow-dense" cultivation technique is a comprehensive high-yield supporting cultivation model formed on the basis of this principle. It takes the selection of dwarf varieties as the breakthrough point, uses air-suction seeders and general-purpose machines as the carrier, and combines "deep" (i.e., deep loosening, deep fertilization, and layered fertilization), "narrow" (i.e., narrow rows), and "dense" (i.e., increased planting density) into a comprehensive high-yield supporting technique. It is a cultivation technique that uses large seeders as the carrier.

"Seed" means variety, that is, selecting varieties with super-high yield potential, while also understanding the external conditions required by the variety to achieve high yield.

"Water" means moisture, that is, the water supply for soybean production. Under dryland farming (no irrigation) conditions, moisture is mainly regulated through two aspects: first, improving soil conditions and increasing soil storage capacity through cultivation techniques such as deep loosening; second, adopting some moisture-conservation techniques, such as reduced tillage that decreases machinery passes into the field.

"Fertilizer" refers to reasonably determining the amount, timing, and method of fertilizer application according to the fertilizer requirements and cultivation characteristics of soybean. The period of maximum nutrient uptake in soybean is the flowering and podding stage, so the fertilizer requirement of soybean during the flowering and podding stage must be properly addressed. In production, this can be solved through deep fertilization and additional foliar fertilizer application.

"Light" means the utilization of light energy. According to estimates, at a soybean yield of 225 kg per mu, the light energy utilization rate is only 0.85%. If it can be increased to 3%, then soybean yield could be raised to 794 kg/mu. In production, the level of light energy utilization rate is mainly reflected in population density. By narrowing row spacing and increasing plant spacing, population density can be increased and light energy utilization rate improved.

The main techniques of the soybean "deep-narrow-dense" cultivation model include: 1. Select suitable dwarf and semi-dwarf lodging-resistant varieties, and the selected varieties should not mature too early; 2. The soil plow layer must have a deep loosening tillage foundation, requiring good tillage conditions with a deep plow layer, level surface, and fine soil; 3. The optimal planting density can be determined according to variety, soil, row spacing, and other conditions, generally 30,000-33,000 plants/mu. For plots with higher fertility, the sowing rate can be reduced by about 10%, while for plots with poorer fertility, the sowing rate should be increased by about 10%; 4. Rational fertilization: first, increase the application of farmyard manure. When applying chemical fertilizers, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers should be scientifically combined. Farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers should be applied deeply and in layers, while also combining this with foliar fertilizer spraying in the later growth stage. In addition, where planting conditions are better, mechanical flat sowing (row spacing of 30-35 cm) or double-row precision hill sowing (average row spacing of 15-17.5 cm) can be used. In low-lying areas, the wide-platform (large-ridge) "deep-narrow-dense" cultivation model is suitable.

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