Detailed Explanation of Key Implementation Points for Ecological Cultivation Technology of Improved Tea Varieties

1. Selecting the tea garden site. It is required to choose a location with good environmental conditions, surrounded by forest areas, with mountains and water, fresh air, clear spring water, deep or fertile soil, slightly acidic, suitable soil or earth for tea tree growth, preferably fragrant ash soil. To produce good tea, it should be a uniquely endowed region.

2. Land clearing and preparation. First, clear trees, shrubs and stones from the ground surface; second, remove tree roots, weed roots, bamboo rhizome roots, etc.; the reclamation depth should be over 50 cm, and perennial weed perennial roots and vine root systems must be thoroughly cleared, leaving no dead corners. Third, level the terrain; raised soil mounds should be spread out, and low-lying pits should be filled in. Isolation ditches should be opened around the perimeter, and drainage and water storage ditches should be set at certain intervals in the middle of the plot according to conditions. Store water during dry spells, and drain it away when there is abundant rain.

3. Selecting improved varieties. Introduce fine varieties currently promoted by the state and the province, such as Zhenong 117, Longjing 43, Pingyang Tezao Tea, etc., which can quickly adapt to local growth and meet the requirements of the tea types produced. Also, according to the needs of production development, combine early, middle and late varieties. Introduce healthy tea seedlings that meet national quarantine standards. The specifications require first of all thick and strong seedlings, generally with a distance of

4. Tea planting. Planting method: For single-row strip planting, the row-to-hole spacing is 150*33 cm, with 2 plants per clump; for double-row strip planting, the large-row to small-row hole spacing is 120-125*30-25*33 cm. Planting season: Both autumn and spring are suitable. It should be decided according to the specific conditions of each area in that year, such as climate conditions, development area, labor arrangements, tea seedling transport, and tea tree varieties. Generally, when the planting area is large, the development task is heavy, and the variety sprouts early, planting can begin after Frost's Descent. If the planting area is small, the development task is light, and the tea tree does not sprout very early, planting can be carried out in spring. Before planting, ditches should be opened well, sufficient organic fertilizer applied, and base fertilizer applied well before backfilling with floating soil. On dry highlands or windy gap terrain, deep reclamation and shallow planting should be used; in low-lying, easily waterlogged places, shallow reclamation and shallow planting should be used. When planting, the covering soil should be level with the tea seedling's mud line, firm it in layers, and cover the tea row seedling bases with floating soil and mulch. After planting, pruning should be carried out immediately, cutting the seedlings at 12-15 cm above the ground as the first shaping pruning. Seedling-stage management should do well in freeze prevention and drought prevention, frequently remove weeds, and apply thin fertilizer frequently to strive for strong and complete seedlings. Missing plants should be filled in promptly.

5. Tea garden fertilization. Organic fertilizer and farmyard manure should be the main fertilizers. Processing by-products and scraps of agricultural products, such as rapeseed cake and sugar cane bagasse, are all very good fertilizers. In the pollution-free treatment of organic fertilizers, secondary pollution must be prevented. When applying base fertilizer and foundation fertilizer, deep ditches must be opened (over 35 cm) and covered with soil. If conditions permit, apply a little more, so that the root system will extend and expand downward, meeting the growth needs of tea trees as much as possible.

6. Planting green manure and intercropping legume crops to accumulate more organic matter for the tea garden. This is an important way to solve the fertilizer source for tea gardens. Green manure planting should be combined with selective retention and cultivation of grass. Intercropped green manure should preferably be of the dwarf type. Legume and other crops should be selected from varieties with strong nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fixation ability, and grass-leaf types with high yield, more returned matter, thick stems and many grass leaves, small root systems, and shallow-rooted types. In this way, turning under the grass is easy and fertilizing the soil is good. Intercropped plants should be selected from grass varieties that help improve soil fertility or do not excessively plunder soil fertility and moisture, and that do not share common diseases with tea trees or compete too much for fertilizer and water. For example, planting soybeans, peanuts, etc., rhizobia gather nitrogen fertilizer, and stems, leaves, branches and bean stalks fertilize the garden, while also providing good feed for @#@254@#@. In Jinsheng Tea Garden, there also grows a broad-leaf grass with small roots, thick stems and strong grass, called "Mantianfei," also known as wild dandelion, a wild vegetable-type plant. Practice has proved it to be a very good intercropped crop for tea gardens.

7. It is necessary to open up relatively stable natural fertilizer sources, with fertilizer coming from animals and plants. In addition to planting green manure and applying organic fertilizer, more grass, tender leaves and tender firewood branches should be cut from the surroundings. Strive for 1500-200 kg of returned matter per mu of tea garden each year. First, from firewood, grass and leaves: cut large amounts of firewood, grass and leaves around the tea garden and bring them into the tea garden. Second, from the branches and leaves pruned from the tea trees themselves and the fallen flowers and leaves of surrounding forests. Third, from the feces of wild animals and birds. Fourth, through mulching the tea garden with grass, large earthworms are bred in large numbers, and their activities and feces. Fifth, termites decompose dead branches and firewood, improving the soil structure. Tea garden weeds are ultimately handled by plowing and hoeing to turn them under. During the production period, appropriate grass mulching may also be used midway to suppress weeds. Grass mulching in tea gardens can effectively prevent drought, prevent cold, preserve fertilizer, preserve moisture, and reduce soil moisture.

8. Tea tree pruning. Shaping pruning should be carried out in a timely manner according to the growth vigor of the tea trees, and can be done twice a year. In tea garden management, attention should be paid to shaping pruning of tea trees, molding and cultivating the canopy, appropriate density, adopting low-canopy shaping, and keeping tea trees low. It is relatively ideal to control the height of tea trees between 60-70 cm. Light pruning generally involves cutting off 3-5 cm of the surface layer of the canopy before spring tea. Optimize the canopy and tree shape for tea tree growth, and improve light energy and land utilization. Achieve both the ability to give play to the population advantage of tea trees and the full growth and development of individual tea trees. Increase unit yield. Improve tea quality. Temporary pruning work should also keep up, such as timely cutting off dead branches and insect-damaged branches when encountering freeze damage in early spring, drought damage in summer, or damage to branches by stem-boring insects.

9. Deep plowing in tea gardens. Deep turning in late autumn should be moderate, carried out once every year, with a depth of 25-30 cm, focusing between rows within a 40 cm range (about 3 hoe widths in a row). The sides near the tea bush bases should be slightly shallower, just enough to hoe away weeds. After spring tea, intertillage should be timely. Intertillage and weed removal should be about 10 cm deep, and afterward weeds should be selectively retained and cultivated.

10. Control of pests and diseases. In line with the principle of respecting nature, be good at protecting and utilizing natural enemy resources. In combination with tea garden management such as deep turning, intertillage and weed removal, pruning, and tea picking, carry out agricultural measures such as manual insect catching, insect killing, removal of insect bags, egg masses, moth catching, pupa digging, and cutting out insect-damaged branches, so as to basically achieve the purpose of pest control. Reduce the degree of pest and disease damage to an economically permissible level. According to the growth characteristics of the tea trees themselves, make the tea garden ecosystem relatively stable. The special ecological environment makes the natural biological species and quantities in the tea garden quite abundant. In our tea garden there are many natural enemy friends: such as mantises, green lacewings, ladybugs, spiders, parasitic wasps, braconid wasps, snakes and sparrows, yellow finches, small tits, cuckoos, thrushes, owls, etc. Beneficial to us

11. Tea picking. It is both a harvesting process and a management content. Picking should be carried out strictly according to standards, reasonably and timely. For a tea garden that picks and processes famous tea, as long as there is tea to pick, it should be picked. It is enough if it can make one wok for roasting. Educate pickers to pay attention to hygiene when picking tea, wash their hands, and not eat snacks. Achieve light picking, light placing, and do not crush or injure buds and leaves. The fingernails of tea pickers should be cut shorter, and contact with tea should be minimized as much as possible to avoid contaminating the tea. Tools such as tea baskets, tea hampers, and bamboo baskets used for holding and transporting tea leaves must all be clean.