A Detailed Explanation of the Common Causes of Deformed Mushrooms and Their Prevention and Control Methods
The manifestations of deformed mushrooms are diverse, and the main ones commonly seen in production are: landmine mushrooms, hollow mushrooms, big-butt mushrooms, hard opening and early opening, red roots, and water rust spots.
Landmine mushrooms. The main cause of their formation is that the casing soil material is too coarse, the soil texture is somewhat hard, the casing soil is relatively thick, the surface layer of the casing soil contains relatively little water, while the temperature and humidity conditions of its lower part and the substrate are suitable for the occurrence and growth of fruiting bodies, so fruiting bodies are easily differentiated and formed on the surface of the substrate or in the middle and lower layers of the casing soil, and then emerge through the soil surface. Solution: select high-quality humus soil, and according to a certain ratio mix in a certain amount of decomposed cow manure or wheat bran, rice hulls, etc.; during the processes of collecting soil, sun-drying the soil, and treatment, it should be sieved so that most soil particles remain comparable in size to @#@245@#@ particles, with the largest being about 1/2 the size of a corn kernel, and accompanied by some soil particles; the casing soil does not need to be too thick, generally about 3 cm is sufficient, and attention should be paid to keeping its moisture content correspondingly uniform.
Hollow mushrooms. This is caused by insufficient water content in the casing soil layer, or relatively low water content in the substrate, so that the mushroom body's demand for water to maintain normal growth cannot be satisfied. In addition to solving the problem of water content in the casing soil layer, appropriate greenhouse humidity is an effective auxiliary means, and it can generally be regulated within the range of 85-90%; too high or too low is unfavorable.
Big-butt mushrooms. The causes of their formation are a sudden rise and fall in greenhouse temperature, a large temperature difference range, or attack by cold or hot air, causing unbalanced growth of the cap and stipe; or because the greenhouse humidity is too low while the water content of the casing soil layer is suitable, and other reasons, big-butt mushrooms can all occur. In addition, certain chemical drugs can also lead to the occurrence of this kind of deformed mushroom.
Hard opening. The cause of its formation is hard opening caused by a day-night temperature difference in the mushroom room exceeding 10°C or more, or by attack by cold air. Excessive fruiting density, too high temperature, too low humidity, and fruiting bodies growing quickly with thin stipes and thin caps, etc., can all cause early opening. The prevention method is to add an extra curtain outside the room when the temperature changes abruptly, so as to keep the indoor temperature and humidity basically stable.
Red roots. Excessive watering during the high-temperature stage before fruiting, excessive water content in the casing soil layer, the compost being somewhat acidic, and too much sugar material applied as topdressing, poor ventilation, etc., can all possibly form red roots. Attention should be paid to keeping the water content of the casing soil between 22-25%, and avoiding watering during high temperatures. Topdressing should be appropriate, and the amount of sugar should be suitable. If red roots are found, some clear lime water can be sprayed appropriately.
Water rust spots. After mushrooms are sprayed with water multiple times, it is required to open doors and windows for 0.5-1 hour for ventilation and air exchange, so as to keep the indoor air fresh. Otherwise, if the humidity in the mushroom room is too high, small water droplets will remain on the surface of the mushrooms, and after a slightly longer time, rust-colored spots will form.