What are the two flowers in the same genus as cypress vine?
1. Cypress vine (Q. coccinea Moench), also known as orange-red cypress vine. Annual twining herb, up to 4 m long. Leaves alternate, ovate, entire, apex acute or acuminate, base cordate, petiole as long as the blade. Cymes axillary, with 3-6 flowers. Corolla salverform, orange-red, throat yellowish, limb 5-lobed. Capsule small, flattened globose, about 5 mm in diameter; seeds ovate or nearly spherical. Native to tropical America.
2. Q. sloteri House: also known as large-flowered cypress vine, scarlet cypress vine, palm-leaved cypress vine. This species is a hybrid of cypress vine and Q. coccinea. Annual twining herb. Leaves alternate, broadly triangular-ovate, palmately parted, lobes 7-15, apex long acuminate; petiole as long as the blade. Cymes axillary, with 1-3 flowers. Peduncle stout, corolla salverform, deep red, about 3-5 cm long. Capsule conical or spherical, smooth; seeds 1-4, slightly hairy, dark brown. Seedlings grow rapidly from an early stage, bloom profusely, and the plant is stout and vigorous.
Flower knowledge and growing exchange
Flowers have both broad and narrow meanings. In the narrow sense, flowers refer to herbaceous plants with ornamental value, such as garden balsam, chrysanthemum, scarlet sage, cockscomb, etc.; in the broad sense, flowers include not only herbaceous plants with ornamental value, but also herbaceous or woody groundcover plants, flowering shrubs, flowering trees, and bonsai, such as groundcover plants like dwarf lilyturf, sedum, and moss phlox; trees and flowering shrubs such as plum blossom, peach blossom, Chinese rose, and camellia, etc. In addition, tall trees and shrubs distributed in southern regions, when moved to cold northern regions, can only be grown as greenhouse potted ornamentals, such as white magnolia, Indian rubber tree, and palm plants, which are also included in the broad category of flowers.
Definition of flowers
Flowers have both broad and narrow meanings. In the narrow sense, flowers refer to herbaceous plants with ornamental value, such as garden balsam, chrysanthemum, scarlet sage, cockscomb, etc.; in the broad sense, flowers include not only herbaceous plants with ornamental value, but also herbaceous or woody groundcover plants, flowering shrubs, flowering trees, and bonsai, such as groundcover plants like dwarf lilyturf, sedum, and moss phlox.
Flowers in the narrow sense
The expression of plant maturity, producing flowers of various colors, with ornamental effect.
Classification of flower plants: Herbaceous: divided into perennial herbs and annual herbs.
Woody: divided into trees and shrubs
Flowers in the broad sense
In addition to herbaceous plants with ornamental value, herbaceous and woody groundcover plants, flowering shrubs, flowering trees, bonsai, and greenhouse ornamental plants, etc.
Pronunciation: huāhuì
Edit this section: Uses of flowers
In modern society, people often grow, buy, and wear flowers in various ways because of their pleasant appearance and fragrance. Around the world, people use flowers throughout their lives in various activities and occasions:
Used to celebrate a new birth or religious baptism
Used as a corsage or buttonhole flower at social gatherings or festivals
Used to express love or respect
Used for wedding decoration
Used for home decoration
Used as a commemorative gift at farewell or welcome banquets, to express longing
Used at funerals to express grief; used for offerings or worship of deities
Explanation
1. Flowers and plants.
2. Chinese painting with flowers and plants as the subject.
Flower overview
In popular terms
, "hua" is the reproductive organ of plants, referring to ornamental plants with graceful forms, bright colors, and fragrant scents, while "hui" is the general term for grasses. Customarily, ornamental shrubs and small trees that can be potted are also included, collectively called "flowers."
Flower classification
Overview
There are extremely many kinds of flowers and a wide range, including not only flowering plants, but also mosses and ferns. Their cultivation and application methods are also diverse. Therefore, flower classification has many methods due to different bases.
According to ecological habits
Classification based on ecological habits
This classification method is based on the life form and ecological habits of flower plants, and is the most widely used.
Open-field flowers
These complete their entire growth process under natural conditions and do not require protected cultivation. Open-field flowers can be divided into three types according to their life history.
1. Annual flowers.
Plants that complete their life history within one growing season. That is, from sowing to flowering, fruiting, and death, all are completed within one growing season. Generally sown in spring, grow in summer and autumn, flower and fruit, then die, so annual flowers are also called spring-sown flowers. Such as garden balsam, cockscomb, zinnia, purslane, marigold, etc.
2. Biennial flowers.
Flowers that complete their life history within two growing seasons. In the current year they only grow vegetative organs, and after overwintering they flower, fruit, and die. These flowers are generally sown in autumn and bloom the following spring. Therefore, this type of flower is often called autumn-sown flowers. Such as rainbow pink, stock, ornamental kale, cineraria, etc.
3. Perennial flowers.
Those whose individual lifespan exceeds two years and can bloom and fruit many times. According to changes in the morphology of the underground parts, they can be divided into two types:
(1) Herbaceous perennial flowers: underground parts are normal in morphology and do not undergo metamorphosis. Such as Chinese peony, hosta, daylily, etc.
(2) Bulbous flowers: underground parts are metamorphosed and enlarged. According to their metamorphosed shape, they are further divided into the following five major categories
①: Bulb type, the underground stem is fish-scale shaped. Those covered externally by a papery tunic are called tunicate bulbs, such as narcissus, tulip, and amaryllis. Those whose scales are not covered by an outer tunic are called non-tunicate bulbs, such as lily.
②: Corm type. The underground stem is spherical or flattened spherical, with a leathery outer covering. Such as gladiolus, freesia, etc.
③: Rhizome type. The underground stem is enlarged and root-like, with obvious nodes on it, and new buds are borne at the tips of branches, such as canna, lotus, water lily, hosta, etc.
④: Tuber type. The underground stem is irregularly block-shaped or strip-shaped, such as calla lily, cyclamen, gloxinia, tuberose, etc.
⑤: Tuberous root type. The main underground root is enlarged and block-shaped, and the root system emerges from the end of the tuberous root, such as dahlia.
4. Aquatic flowers
Flowers that grow in water or marshy areas, such as water lily, lotus, etc.
5. Rock flowers
Refers to flowers with strong drought tolerance that are suitable for cultivation in rock gardens. Often selected in landscaping. They are generally herbaceous perennials or subshrubs with woody bases, as well as shade- and moisture-loving flowers such as ferns. Garden flower planting and cultivation
[Cultivation measures]
For certain annual flowers, staged or methods can be used to make the flowering period earlier or later. Measures such as pruning and pinching can also control the flowering period. For example, frequently cutting off the spent flower branches can make them bloom again after the branches renew; pinching before flowering can delay flowering.
[Temperature regulation]
Most flowers can bloom earlier in winter by heating. For flowering trees that bloom continuously in summer, such as jasmine, warming to promote bud break is often used in spring to make them bloom earlier; timely heating before the temperature drops in late autumn can prolong the flowering period. For flowering trees still in dormancy before the temperature rises in early spring, artificial low temperature (1-4°C) can prolong the plant's dormancy period and thus delay flowering. For flowers about to bloom or just beginning to bloom, placing them in a cold room at 2-5°C can also slow plant metabolism and thus delay the flowering period. Some flowers that stop growing and do not bloom under extreme heat conditions, such as fuchsia, can be encouraged to bloom continuously by taking cooling measures during the hot season. By using the inductive effect of low temperature on flowering in certain plants, biennial flowers originally sown in autumn can have their just-germinating seeds or seedlings treated with low temperature, so that they pass vernalization and bloom in the same year. Different flower species require different temperatures and durations for vernalization treatment, and generally 1-2°C is most effective.
[Light regulation]
Includes different methods such as supplementary lighting, shading, and reversal of light and dark. To make long-day flowers bloom in autumn and winter when natural daylight is short, artificial light can be added for 3-4 hours after sunset, supplemented by appropriate heating; to delay flowering, such as shading with black cloth for several hours during the day, the flowering period can be postponed. For short-day flowers such as chrysanthemum and poinsettia, if shaded for several hours in the evening or morning, they can bloom earlier; conversely, if artificial light is added for several hours, flowering can be delayed. In addition, for flowers with the habit of blooming at night, such as epiphyllum, if after budding they are shaded during the day and given artificial light at night, they can be made to bloom during the day.
[Water and fertilizer control]
Some bulbous flowers, under dry conditions, after dormancy and complete differentiation, still retain flower buds in the bulb until water is supplied, when they grow and bloom. Therefore, the timing of flowering can be controlled by regulating the water supply time. For some flowering trees whose flower buds have already differentiated at the turn of spring and summer, if drought conditions are artificially created at this time to promote early leaf drop or leaf stripping, and then water is supplied by spraying, they can often bloom a second time in the same year. For herbaceous flowers that bloom successively, applying one additional fertilizer at the end of flowering can prolong the flowering period; in the early growth stage of flowers, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer often delays flowering. After the plant's vegetative growth reaches a certain level, applying additional fertilizer can promote earlier flowering.
[Application of growth regulators]
The growth regulators commonly used in flowering period control are mostly gibberellin, ethephon, and chlormequat, among which gibberellin has a relatively significant effect in promoting flowering. It is commonly used to treat the dormant buds of tree peony and peony, and the flower stems of narcissus and clivia, etc.
In addition to the above measures, methods such as removing lateral flower buds to accelerate the blooming of the main flower bud, and removing the main flower bud to promote the blooming of lateral flower buds, can also be used.
Among the various measures for flowering period control, some play a leading role and some play an auxiliary role, and they can be used simultaneously or successively. They should be selected according to differences in plant species and cultivars, while also paying attention to coordination with other corresponding measures and environmental conditions.
Greenhouse flowers
Refers to flowers native to tropical, subtropical, and warm southern regions. In cold northern regions, cultivation must be carried out in greenhouses, or they need greenhouse protection to overwinter in winter. They can be divided into the following categories:
1. Annual and biennial flowers. Such as cineraria, calceolaria, sweet pea, etc.
2. Herbaceous perennial flowers. Such as African daisy, clivia, etc.
3. Bulbous flowers. Such as cyclamen, amaryllis, gloxinia, calla lily, caladium, etc.
4. Orchidaceae plants are further divided according to their ecological habits into:
(1) Terrestrial orchids: such as spring orchid, cymbidium, sword-leaf cymbidium, cold orchid, ink orchid, spring sword, etc.
(2) Epiphytic orchids: such as dendrobium, vanda, paphiopedilum, etc.
5. Succulent plants: refers to plants whose stems and leaves have well-developed water-storage tissue and are thick, fleshy, and metamorphosed. Includes plants of the families Cactaceae, Crassulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Bromeliaceae, Agavaceae, etc.
6. Ferns. According to different ornamental uses, they can be further divided into the following four categories:
(1) Ferns for garden landscaping. Such as Selaginella uncinata and tree fern. Among them, tree fern, also called tree fern, is the largest fern, with a height of more than 10 m. It is an ancient group and is an endangered species in China, and a first-class protected plant in China. In addition, salvinia and Azolla are good materials for water surface greening.
(2) Potted foliage ferns. Such as clubmoss, Odontosoria chinensis, ladder brake, maidenhair fern, etc. Among them, clubmoss, Boston fern, and sword fern are important materials for cut-flower foliage.
(3) Hanging ferns. Such as Boston fern, bird's-nest fern, etc.
(4) Rock bonsai ferns. Such as Selaginella tamariscina and Gonocormus minutus. Among them, Gonocormus minutus is the smallest in body size among ferns, only a few cm in size.
7. Carnivorous plants. Such as pitcher plant, Sarracenia, etc. In some cut-flower art, they are often used as artistic flower-arrangement materials.
8. Bromeliaceae plants. Such as billbergia, pineapple, etc.
9. Palmae plants. Such as Chinese fan palm, rhapis, miniature coconut, and other foliage flowers.
10. Flowering tree types include poinsettia, croton, etc.
11. Aquatic flowers such as Victoria amazonica, tropical water lily, etc.
Classification according to garden use
1. Flowerbed flowers
Refers to annual and biennial open-field flowers that can be used to arrange flowerbeds. For example, those blooming in spring include pansy and rainbow pink; summer flowerbed flowers often include garden balsam and daisy; autumn selections include scarlet sage, marigold, September chrysanthemum, etc.; in winter, ornamental kale, etc., can be suitably arranged in flowerbeds.
2. Potted flowers
These are pot flowers used in potted form to decorate interiors and gardens. Such as Chaenomeles cathayensis, Chinese hibiscus, asparagus fern, poinsettia, kumquat, etc.
3. Indoor flowers
Refers to a type of flower that carries out the dark reaction process of photosynthesis through the C4 pathway. Generally, foliage plants can all serve as indoor ornamental flowers. Such as money tree, Brazil wood, giant taro, pothos, caladium, etc.
4. Cut flowers
(1) Herbaceous perennial type: such as African daisy, baby's breath, bird of paradise.
(2) Bulbous type: lily, tulip, calla lily, freesia, etc.
(3) Woody cut flowers: such as peach blossom, plum blossom, tree peony, Chinese rose, rose, etc.
5. Foliage flowers
Mainly determined according to the ornamental part. Such as giant taro, sago palm, ferns, etc.
6. Shade-shed flowers
In garden design, flowers that grow under the shade of pavilions and trees. Dwarf lilyturf, red clover, and ferns can all serve as shade-shed flowers.
7. Sun-loving flowers
Flowers that need sufficient sunlight to bloom are called sun-loving flowers. Sun-loving flowers are suitable for growing under full light and strong light. If light is insufficient, growth and development will be poor, flowering will be late or they will fail to bloom, and the flower color will not be bright and the fragrance will not be strong. Sun-loving flowers, such as:
(1) Spring flowers: plum blossom, narcissus, winter jasmine, peach blossom, white magnolia, purple magnolia, Viburnum macrocephalum, Chaenomeles speciosa, Chaenomeles cathayensis, Malus halliana, tree peony, Chinese peony, lilac, Chinese rose, rose, redbud, Weigela florida, forsythia, Jasminum mesnyi, Caragana sinica, cyclamen, hyacinth, tulip, calla lily, Coreopsis, geranium, primrose, cineraria, petunia, corn poppy, snapdragon, verbena, etc.
(2) Summer and autumn flowers: Michelia alba, jasmine, Aglaia odorata, Murraya paniculata, woody night-blooming jasmine, osmanthus, southern magnolia, Chinese hibiscus, cotton rose, rose of Sharon, crape myrtle, oleander, bougainvillea, pineapple flower, Serissa japonica, dahlia, Lantana camara, canna, sunflower, hollyhock, Gerbera, frangipani, Zephyranthes candida, China aster, scarlet sage, cockscomb, garden balsam, Scutellaria barbata, Amaranthus tricolor, daisy, marigold, chrysanthemum, lotus, water lily, etc.
(3) Winter flowers: wintersweet, poinsettia, silver willow, sasanqua, freesia, etc.
(4) Fruit tree types: Mengshan papaya, ginkgo, pomegranate, kumquat, orange, grape, loquat, jujube tree, persimmon, kiwifruit, fig, Coba, firethorn, winter cherry, etc.
(5) Vine types: wisteria, Chinese trumpet creeper, rose, banksia rose, honeysuckle, Boston ivy, morning glory, cypress vine, etc.
(6) Foliage types: five-needle pine, Japanese black pine, nishiki matsu, deodar cedar, dragon juniper, kyaraboku, willow, tamarisk, red maple, palm, large-leaf boxwood, rubber tree, sago palm, dragon blood tree, banana, croton, butcher's broom, coleus, etc.
(7) Succulent types: cactus, triangular stem, ball cactus, cactus mountain, jewel leaf plant, woolly cactus, etc.
Classification according to economic use
1. Medicinal flowers
For example, tree peony, Chinese peony, Platycodon grandiflorus, morning glory, dwarf lilyturf, cockscomb, garden balsam, lily, Fritillaria, and dendrobium are important medicinal plants. In addition, honeysuckle, chrysanthemum, and lotus are all common Chinese medicinal materials.
2. Fragrant flowers
Fragrant flowers are widely used in food, light industry, and other fields. For example, osmanthus can be used as a food spice and for brewing wine; jasmine and Michelia alba can be used to scent tea; chrysanthemum can be made into high-grade foods and dishes; Michelia alba, rose, narcissus, wintersweet, etc., can be used to extract essences, among which rose oil extracted from rose flowers is hailed as "liquid gold" in the international market, and its value is more expensive than gold. In the market, a single rose bud is worth 6 cents.
3. Edible flowers
The leaves or flowers of the plant are used directly for food. For example, lily can be used both as a cut flower and as food; chrysanthemum greens and daylily can be used both as landscaping seedlings and as food.
Classification based on the place of origin of flowers
Climate type
1. China climate type
Also known as the continental east coast climate type. This climate type is further divided into a warm type and a cool type according to the different winter temperatures:
1. Warm type (low-latitude regions), for example: Chinese narcissus, Chinese pink, camellia, rhododendron, lily, etc.
2. Cool type (high-latitude regions), for example: chrysanthemum, Chinese peony, bleeding heart, Japanese quince.
II. European climate type
Also known as the continental west coast climate type, such as: pansy, daisy, ornamental kale, stock, etc. In our region these flowers are generally grown as biennials, that is, sown in summer and autumn and flowering the following spring.
III. Mediterranean climate type
Because these regions have a dry summer climate, perennial flowers often take a bulbous form. Such as: hyacinth, freesia, tulip, cyclamen, oxalis, etc.
IV. Mexican climate type, also known as the tropical highland climate type, found in tropical and subtropical mountain regions. Yunnan Province in China also belongs to this type. Its native flowers include: dahlia, poinsettia, marigold, Yunnan camellia, Chinese rose, etc.
V. Tropical climate type. Flowers native to the tropics need to be cultivated in a greenhouse in temperate zones; annual herbaceous flowers can be grown in the open field during the frost-free period:
1. Famous flowers native to the tropics of Asia, Africa and Oceania include: cockscomb, snake plant, coleus, croton, etc.
2. Famous flowers native to the tropics of Central America and South America include: anthurium, periwinkle, canna, morning glory, etc.
VI. Desert climate type
These regions are mostly barren desert, mainly succulents.
1. Aloe. The main varieties grown in the Science and Technology Park of the Shuyang Agriculture and Forestry Bureau include Curacao, tiger, candelabra, Yuanjiang, soap aloe, etc.
2. Cactus. There are two categories: ordinary ornamental cactus and edible cactus.
3. Pencil tree. Also known as the green milk bush. Native to tropical South Africa, it can be cultivated in the open field in southwest and south China.
4. Agave. Sisal, a common landscaping tree species, is a plant of the same genus.
VII. Frigid climate type
Mainly distributed in Alaska and the Siberian region. These regions have long, severe winters and short, cool summers. The plant growing period is only 2-3 months. Because this type of climate has long daylight hours and strong winds in summer, the plants are low-growing, slow-growing and often form cushions. The main flowers include: narrow-leaved lily, gentian, snow lotus.
Classification according to natural distribution
Divided into tropical flowers, temperate flowers, frigid flowers, alpine flowers, aquatic flowers, rock flowers, desert flowers.
“Flowers” has both a narrow and a broad interpretation. In the narrow sense, “flowers” refers to herbaceous plants with ornamental value, such as chrysanthemum, garden balsam, etc. In the broad sense, “flowers” refers to all plants whose flowers, stems, leaves, fruits or roots have ornamental value in form or color. Therefore, flowers in the broad sense include not only herbaceous plants but also trees, shrubs, vines and groundcover plants, etc.
Classification according to water requirements
Drought-tolerant flowers: such as cactus, sedum, jade plant, stonecrop, snake plant, aloe and large-flowered purslane, etc. These flowers adapt to dry, hot growing environments; their leaves are often modified, and some even degenerate, and the flowers have water-storing structures within their bodies, so they can endure drought. The amount of watering must be small, and the principle of “better dry than wet” should be followed, keeping the potting soil on the dry side, otherwise it easily causes rotting of organs such as roots or stems, and in severe cases can even lead to death.
Semi-drought-tolerant flowers: such as plum blossom, camellia, rhododendron, wintersweet, geranium, asparagus fern and pines and cypresses, etc. The leaves of these flowers are mostly grassy or waxy, or the branches and leaves are needle-like. When watering, the principle of “water thoroughly when dry” should be followed, that is, water only when the surface layer of the potting soil is completely dry, and water thoroughly when you do.
Mesophytic flowers: the majority of flower species belong to this type. Such as pomegranate, Chinese rose, jasmine, hibiscus, Aglaia, bird of paradise, clivia, ornamental bamboo and annual and biennial herbaceous flowers, perennial flowers, etc. They grow and develop well in moist soil and grow poorly in overly wet or overly dry soil, so when watering, the principle of “dry-wet cycle” should be followed. The so-called “dry” means watering when the color of the surface soil in the pot becomes lighter; “wet” means that each watering just thoroughly soaks all the potting soil, and one must not water in a “half-way” manner that leaves the top wet and the bottom dry. This watering method can both meet the water needs of these flowers for growth and development and ensure the oxygen needed for root respiration, which is beneficial to the robust growth of the flowers.
Moisture-loving flowers: such as Guangdong evergreen, umbrella plant, calla lily, saxifrage, acorus, Swiss cheese plant, ornamental ferns, etc. They require a growing environment with plenty of water in order to grow and develop well, so when watering, the principle of “better wet than dry” should be followed, but there must be no waterlogging, otherwise the branches and leaves often wither and become damaged.
Aquatic flowers: such as lotus, water lily, water hyacinth, etc. Their roots or stems must be in water to survive, so conditions must be created to meet their requirements.
Classification of flowers
Classification according to biological characteristics
Different flowers have different biological characteristics. Their requirements for environmental conditions such as light, temperature and moisture also differ, and by custom flowers are often divided into the following four types according to these differences.
I. Sun-loving and shade-tolerant flowers
(1) Sun-loving flowers, such as Chinese rose, jasmine, pomegranate and most other flowers, need sufficient sunlight, and such flowers are called sun-loving flowers. If the light is insufficient, they will grow and develop poorly, bloom late or fail to bloom, and the flower color will not be bright and the fragrance not strong.
(2) Shade-tolerant flowers, such as hosta, hydrangea, rhododendron, etc., can grow well with only weak scattered light, and are called shade-tolerant flowers. If they are placed in the sun and frequently exposed to strong sunlight, they instead cannot grow and develop normally.
II. Cold-tolerant and warmth-loving flowers
(1) Cold-tolerant flowers, such as Chinese rose, calendula, pink, pomegranate and other flowers, can generally withstand the effects of short periods of low temperature of minus 3-5°C, and in winter they can overwinter outdoors.
(2) Warmth-loving flowers, such as dahlia, canna, jasmine, begonia and other flowers, generally need humidity conditions of 15-30°C to grow and develop normally; they are not tolerant of low temperatures and need to overwinter indoors at higher temperatures in winter.
III. Long-day, short-day and neutral flowers
(1) Long-day flowers, such as hydrangea, cineraria, etc., need more than 12 hours of sunlight per day and are called long-day flowers. If this specific condition cannot be met, they will not form buds or bloom.
(2) Short-day flowers, such as chrysanthemum, scarlet sage, etc., need 12 hours or less of sunlight per day, and after a period of time they can form buds and bloom. If the daylight period is too long, they will not form buds or bloom.
(3) Neutral flowers, such as geranium, pink, geranium, Chinese rose, etc., are not sensitive to the length of daily sunlight; whether under long-day or short-day conditions, they will normally form buds and bloom, and are called neutral flowers.
Aquatic, xerophytic and moist-soil flowers
(1) Aquatic flowers, such as water lily, must live in water to grow and develop normally, and are called aquatic flowers.
However, due to the development of science and technology, hydroponic flowers have appeared and are developing in the Chinese market. Hydroponic flowers use modern bioengineering technology and employ physical, chemical and bioengineering means to domesticate ordinary plants and flowers so that they can grow in water for a long time, forming a new generation of high-tech agricultural projects. With hydroponic flowers, the fragrance of flowers fills the room above and fish swim freely below; they are hygienic, environmentally friendly and labor-saving, so hydroponic flowers are also called “lazy person's flowers.”
(2) Xerophytic flowers, such as cacti, sedums, etc., need only very little water to grow and develop normally, and are called xerophytic flowers.
(3) Moist-soil flowers, such as Chinese rose, gardenia, osmanthus, dahlia, pink and most other flowers, require growing in soil with relatively high moisture and good drainage, and are called moist-soil flowers. During the growing season, moist-soil flowers consume a large amount of water every day, so attention must be paid to replenishing water in the soil in time to maintain a moist state.
Flower cultivation methods
Planting includes transplanting and final planting. The method is the same; final planting means the plant is no longer moved after planting, while transplanting is a cultivation measure before final planting, changing the planting distance for the plant to suit its growth needs.
1. Transplanting
Transplanting is done to increase the row and plant spacing of seedlings of various specifications so that the young seedlings obtain sufficient nutrients, light and air; at the same time, when transplanting, the main root of the seedling is cut, which can cause the seedling to produce more lateral roots and form a well-developed root system, benefiting its growth.
Before transplanting, the sown seedlings are generally thinned, removing seedlings that are too dense, weak or diseased. The thinned seedlings can also be planted elsewhere. Field-grown seedlings are transplanted for the first time when they have 4-5 true leaves. Seedlings sown in pots are often transplanted as soon as 1-2 true leaves appear. The row and plant spacing for transplanting depends on the size of the seedlings, their growth rate and the length of time they will remain in the bed after transplanting. The preparation of the seedling bed for transplanting is basically the same as for the sowing bed. The soil at transplanting should be neither too dry nor too wet; generally transplant when the soil is dry, but if the soil is too dry, the seedlings are prone to wilting, so the bed should be watered the day before planting, and transplanting should be done after the soil particles have absorbed water, expanded and no longer stick to the hand. When the soil is wet, it is not only inconvenient to handle, but after planting the soil becomes compacted, which is unfavorable to seedling growth. When transplanting, do not press the soil too firmly, to avoid injuring the roots; when watering, the soil particles will sink with the water and can then come into close contact with the root system. Transplanting is best done on a windless, cloudy day; if the weather is clear, the light strong and the heat intense, it is best to transplant in the evening. Before transplanting, the varieties must be clearly distinguished to avoid mixing. When digging up seedlings, cut the main root without damaging the fibrous roots, and keep as much root-protecting soil as possible for transplanting. Digging up seedlings and planting should be coordinated, digging and planting as you go. If the wind is strong and evaporation intense, the dug-up seedlings should be covered for shade. The transplanting hole should be slightly larger so that the roots can stretch out freely. The planting depth should be consistent with the original planting depth, or 1-2 cm deeper. Too shallow makes them prone to lodging; too deep and they develop poorly. After planting, water thoroughly immediately and water again once, ensuring a sufficient amount. In dry weather, water while planting. In summer, shade the transplants in the early stage to reduce evaporation and avoid wilting.
2. Final planting
Final planting includes planting large seedlings after transplanting, potted seedlings, stored bulbs, as well as perennial flowers and woody flowers, in a place where they will no longer be moved. Before final planting, the soil structure should be improved according to the needs of the plants, the pH adjusted, and the drainage conditions improved; generally plants need fertile, loose, well-drained soil. Fertilizer can be mixed in when preparing the soil or applied at the bottom of the hole after digging it. The plant spacing used at final planting should be determined according to the size of the flower plant when mature, or according to the planting requirements. When digging up seedlings, root-protecting soil should generally be kept; if the soil is too wet or too dry, it is not suitable to dig up seedlings, and the amount of soil kept depends on the size of the root system. Deciduous tree species planted during the dormant period need not be kept with soil. Evergreen flowers and trees and species that are difficult to transplant must be kept with an intact mud ball, and the mud ball must be tied with straw rope. When final planting, a hole should be opened; the hole should be larger and deeper than the root system or mud ball of the seedling to be planted, lift the stem base of the seedling close to the soil surface and set it upright into the hole. Then shovel the soil around the hole into the hole until about 2/3 full, shake the seedling so that the soil particles come into close contact with the root system, then press the soil firmly around the outer perimeter of the root system, and finally fill the hole with loose soil so that it is level with the ground and slightly concave. After planting, water immediately 2 times. After herbaceous flower seedlings are planted, water again the next day. Bulbous flowers generally do not need watering at the initial stage of planting; if it is too dry, water thoroughly once. When final planting large perennial flowers and woody flowers, root pruning should be carried out at the same time; damaged roots, rotten roots and dead roots should all be cut off. After final planting large tree seedlings, support posts should also be set up, or ropes set up at three opposite corners for pulling, to prevent them from toppling.
Distribution of flower-growing regions in China
China's advantages in flower growing are shown in several aspects, including germplasm resources, climate resources, labor resources, market advantages and flower culture advantages. During the “Tenth Five-Year Plan” period, China's flower planting area reached 640,000 hectares, an increase of 326.7% over the 150,000 hectares at the end of the “Ninth Five-Year Plan.” Among them, the provinces with a planting area of more than 50,000 hectares are Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong, and those with more than 20,000 hectares are Hebei, Shandong, Hunan, Gansu and other provinces. China's flower area already accounts for one third of the world's total flower production area. In 2005 there were 2,586 flower markets and 64,908 enterprises nationwide, among which there were 8,334 large and medium-sized enterprises with a planting area of more than 3 hectares or an annual turnover of more than 5 million yuan, 1,251,313 flower-growing households, 4,401,095 employees and 132,318 professional and technical personnel. By the end of the “Tenth Five-Year Plan” period, key flower-producing regions had initially taken shape nationwide, and the variety structure was further optimized. Regionalized production formed a southern tropical and subtropical flower-producing region focused on Yunnan, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hainan; a southern tropical foliage plant-producing region focused on Guangdong and Fujian; an ornamental seedling-producing region focused on Zhejiang, Sichuan, Henan and Hebei; a northern flower-producing region mainly based on Beijing, Shandong and Hebei; and a northeast flower-producing region centered on Liaoning.
Flower language
Flower language refers to people using flowers to express human language, to express a certain feeling and wish, gradually agreed upon and formed under certain historical conditions, and an information exchange form recognized by a certain range of people. To appreciate flowers one must understand flower language; flower language constitutes the core of flower culture. In flower communication, although flower language is silent, at this moment silence speaks louder than words, and the meaning and emotional expression in it surpass words. One should not, just because one wants to express a bit of one's own feelings, send flowers to others indiscriminately without understanding the flower language, as the result will only cause misunderstanding.
Flower language first originated in ancient Greece; at that time not only flowers but also leaves and fruit trees had certain meanings. In Greek mythology there is a record of the story that the god of love created the rose at birth, and the rose has been synonymous with love since that era. Flower language in the early 19th century
originated in France, then spread to Britain and the United States; it was created by some writers, mainly used for publishing gift books, especially for the ladies of the upper class at that time to read in their leisure time.
Flower language truly became popular during the period of the French royal court; the nobles compiled and filed folk materials about flowers, which included information about flower language, and such information was perfectly embodied in the garden architecture of the later court period.
The public's acceptance of flower language was in the mid-19th century. At that time social customs were not yet very open, and expressing love in public was an embarrassing matter, so flowers given between lovers became the messenger of love.
With the development of the times, flowers have become a kind of gift for social occasions, and the more refined flower language represents the giver's intention.