How to grow Conophytum? These care methods and tips you need to know

Conophytum is a small and exquisite succulent plant in the genus Conophytum of the Aizoaceae family. The plants grow in clusters, with extremely fleshy opposite leaves. The leaves are green with no patterns, flat on top, with a shallow fissure in the center. In autumn, purplish-red flowers bloom from the shallow fissure, and a single flower can stay open for 5 to 7 days.

Conophytum is native to South Africa. Starting from autumn, the plant roughly goes through a cyclical process of alternating old and new growth: flowering — new spherical leaves forming — new spherical leaves filling out and growing — dormancy — skin shedding and splitting into heads — flowering. During high summer temperatures, the plant enters a dormant state, during which growth stops, the opposite spherical leaves shrink, leaving only a layer of dried skin membrane wrapping the outside of the new spherical leaves. After the autumn cool arrives, the new leaves grow further, while the old leaves reveal the “new plant,” which then flowers and the plant begins to grow. By late spring and early summer, the old leaves again gradually become thinner, and the new leaves gradually form inside the old leaves and fill out and grow, while the old leaves become thinner and thinner and shrink. Under good growing conditions, the plant grows vigorously and after skin shedding becomes 2 to 4 heads, so plants grown for many years are mostly in cluster form. Conophytum prefers a cool, dry environment with plenty of sunlight. It is not cold-tolerant, and is even more afraid of extreme heat. It fears waterlogging and is drought-tolerant.

During the high-temperature dormant period in summer, place it in a ventilated, cool spot for care, avoiding harsh sun exposure and rain. Only when the soil is excessively dry should you water a small amount, or even cut off water completely, to prevent rot.

When the autumn cool arrives, the plant begins to grow and blooms beautiful flowers. It can be moved to a bright location and watered appropriately. Vigorous plants can be given a once-monthly application of decomposed, diluted liquid fertilizer. When flowering, pay attention to timing for hand pollination.

In winter, it requires plenty of sunlight. Control watering and keep it dry. It can overwinter safely at no lower than 5°C. If temperatures are lower, control watering, stop fertilizing, and let it go dormant.

In spring, as the plant grows, the fruit gradually matures and should be harvested promptly. By late spring and early summer, the old leaves of most varieties gradually become thinner, and 2 pairs of new leaves gradually form inside the old leaves. After the autumn cool, the new leaves grow further, burst through the old leaves, and emerge.

During cultivation, rain must be avoided at all times, and the soil must not become waterlogged. During the growing season, it should receive plenty of sunlight, otherwise the plant will become leggy and fail to flower. Depending on growth conditions, repot once every 1 to 2 years in autumn. The potting soil can be leaf mold mixed with about 1/2 coarse sand or vermiculite. Propagation is usually done in autumn or during the growing season by division or sowing.

Care measures for the southern plant Canary Island date palm

Part One: "Southern Plant Compilation"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really resemble eggs, with a milky white outer part and a bright yellow center, just like egg white and yolk, and they look really cute. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, very suitable for careful appreciation. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its form is quite beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity environment with plenty of sunlight and good drainage. It is naturally robust and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and is averse to waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but is also resistant to alkaline conditions. Cultivation is best in deep, fertile, well-aerated, organic-rich acidic sandy loam. Propagation is by cuttings. When planting frangipani, attention should also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or the leaves even turn dark black, that is frangipani angular leaf spot, and at this time you should pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, frangipani also comes in red and yellow varieties, all of which can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap, and food additives, with fairly high prices and great commercial development potential; the fresh flowers can also be dried for brewing tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effects of treating heat-related dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The frangipani tree has a beautiful form, with many branches in strange and varied shapes; its leaves resemble loquat leaves, and after they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branches, rather like deer antlers adorned with beautiful spots. It can be called the top choice small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement, and potted ornamental display. The bark is thin and grayish-green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling, and other conditions. The wood is white, light, and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware, or furniture. Frangipani flower meaning: breeding hope, resurrection, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life itself, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Yulan magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a tall deciduous tree. The bark is dark gray, rough and cracked; the branchlets are somewhat stout, grayish-brown; the winter buds and pedicels are densely covered with pale grayish-yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, with the base of vigorous shoots having elliptic leaves. Yulan magnolia flowers resemble lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of green and white, with dazzling white light, and it has high ornamental value; combined with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart, it is truly an ideal flower form for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia prefers light and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open ground. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity; waterlogged planting sites easily cause root rot. It prefers fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. If this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. When fumigated artificially with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with atmospheric pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant, but it is not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun. Too much light or west-facing sun can easily scorch the tree. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with lush green, thick leaves, not only producing many buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period, and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance. Its main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis, and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid, and others, and also contain magnolia alkaloids, alkaloids, yulan lactone, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A, and other components, and have certain medicinal value. The flowers are pungent and warm in nature, with the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, unblocking the orifices, and ventilating the lungs and nose. They can be used for headaches, blood-stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and other conditions. Modern pharmacological studies show that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids, and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks or brewed as tea. The flower meaning of Yulan magnolia represents gratitude. Yulan magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the tree is tall and the flowers are positioned relatively high, swaying in the wind with a spirited appearance, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, it is very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers. The leaves are solitary, relatively large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate veins arranged in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good groundcover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant that likes a warm, humid environment with bright light. It is not cold-tolerant and not drought-tolerant, and fears harsh sun exposure. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, stopping new leaf growth, and turning leaf color yellow, so shading must be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing season, it should be watered thoroughly to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not become waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires sufficient careful attention 365 days a year. If there are a few days of major environmental fluctuation, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling traders and producers. Plants in the Marantaceae family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies, and others. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Arrowroot powder is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings, and desserts. Boiled with water, it becomes a transparent, odorless, tasty paste. Arrowroot powder is fine in texture and, compared with other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest, especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt, and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops coughing, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Red flower loropetalum

Red flower loropetalum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish-brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish-brown, densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery and alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, with a short pointed tip, a rounded and oblique base, asymmetrical, stellate-haired on both sides, entire margins, and dark red. Red flower loropetalum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and is tolerant of pruning. It tolerates poor soil, but grows best in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Red flower loropetalum has lush branches and leaves and a graceful form, and is tolerant of pruning and wiring, and can be used for hedges or for making stump bonsai. During the flowering season, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and new leaves are bright red. Different strains have different leaf colors and flower colors at maturity, and leaf sizes also differ. In landscape applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometer moths, yellow noctuid moths, DiPan noctuid moths, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of red flower loropetalum: anthracnose, damping-off, and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear

as black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinomycetes. The pathogen overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary source of infection for the following year's disease. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of red flower loropetalum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree, 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark reddish-brown, rough and scaly when old; the branchlets are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the tip, covered with short pubescence, often 2-3 clustered together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on the sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight and is drought-tolerant, but not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold tolerance, and can overwinter safely in natural conditions at minus 25°C. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging; if planted in waterlogged, low-lying places, seedlings easily die. Landscape value: ornamental peach has large flowers and brilliant color, beautiful when blooming, with an ornamental period as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used at lakesides, streams, both sides of roads, parks, and so on. In small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted viewing, and is often used for cut flowers and bonsai making. There is also the common weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, showing particularly good results in the same year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in masses, or as specimens, and shows particularly good greening effects in the same year. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colored nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with nursery stock such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf cherry plum. When combined with flowering shrubs, it creates a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and is a polysaccharide substance. Hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and others. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood, and boosting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and leaf curl. The main pests include aphids, red spider mites, scale insects, and red-necked longhorn beetles, etc.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + red flower loropetalum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless Chinese holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three foliage-color plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors, plus large-sized thornless Chinese holly balls, forming a neat, full, and clearly layered roadside greening color band effect.

2. Red flower loropetalum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Japanese maple

Red flower loropetalum itself is widely planted in Fujian, has good adaptability, and both its leaf color and flower color are very beautiful. The old leaves of the Photinia × fraseri ball are green with red new leaves as accents, setting each other off and looking extremely beautiful. The combination of the four plants is richly layered and forms a landscape road with vertical rhythm and spatial hierarchy, as well as a strong sense of guidance.

3. Red flower loropetalum + Japanese aralia + Canary Island date palm + frangipani

This combination of several plants is mainly green. The leaves include small and fine ones (red flower loropetalum) and thick, large ones (Japanese aralia, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, with the effect of reducing space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a running bamboo, with spacing between culms. Iris has a graceful posture and colorful, beautiful flowers. The two combined together have a very charming appeal.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + red flower loropetalum + Aucuba japonica + osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like sparrow tongues and a low plant form, and can be used as the lowest layer plant. Aucuba japonica has yellow spots on its leaves and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree osmanthus has fragrant flowers that refresh the heart. The combination has spacing and density, changes in leaf color, and the addition of floral fragrance.

6. Macrantha azalea + red flower loropetalum + Fagraea ceilanica + canna

Macrantha azalea has brilliant flowers, and with red flower loropetalum and Fagraea ceilanica as a foil, it is even more moving. Canna has thick, large leaves, reducing space and making people feel close.

7. Groundcover lawn + marigold + Photinia × fraseri + red flower loropetalum ball + orange osmanthus

With green groundcover as the base, marigold's brilliant yellow flowers are extremely beautiful. Behind the marigold, red flower loropetalum and red photinia serve as a foil, and the orange osmanthus has a spreading tree form. The several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Ophiopogon + guava tree

Both Ophiopogon and guava tree have very good adaptability in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves of Ophiopogon are fine and soft, making it very suitable as groundcover. The guava tree has smooth yellow bark, a graceful posture, and relatively large leaves with well-spaced density, making it very suitable for open woodland paths.

9. Lawn + Agave americana var. marginata + pruned and shaped banyan tree + yellow-flowered double-podded cassia

With green lawn as the base, agave leaves are thick and large, with leaf color alternating silver-yellow and green, and combine very harmoniously with the pruned and shaped banyan tree, while yellow-flowered double-podded cassia has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. This combination of several plants is richly layered, with color changes that are nevertheless harmonious.

10. Liriope + broadleaf lady palm + areca palm + papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope leaves are fine and soft, while broadleaf lady palm and areca palm leaves are thicker and larger, and papaya leaves are large and palm-shaped, with fruit set on the main trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Copperleaf + Duranta erecta + red flower loropetalum

As a carpet-bedding plant combination, copperleaf has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and red flower loropetalum has dark purple leaf color. The combination of the three plants as a carpet flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping maintenance and management plan

Maintenance management is very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repeated task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grasses, and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and flower bed planting. The completion of landscaping green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the park area:

1. The green area covers about 2,454,190,000 sq m, with a high greening coverage rate and a large number of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned and shaped shrubs. The initial growth has gradually taken shape. After our careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with rows of ginkgo, nanmu, and large trees,

with appropriate matching of low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant variety combinations in this area are complex, with large and small trees, shrubs, and groundcover plants interplanted.

The entrance is mainly planted with relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf banyan stump,

premium osmanthus, etc.). Whether the office-area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, bright, and spacious

scenery, and whether the hotel villa-area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely, and relaxed atmosphere,

all depends on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: ① Shaped shrubs are not growing well and have monotonous shapes; ② Flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and the flowering condition (including number of flowers, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) is unsatisfactory; ③ There are many weeds in the lawn, and in local areas grass weeds have a tendency to spread rampantly; ④ There are pest and disease problems.

I. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional horticulture and carry out varied shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to encourage their growth and then shape them according to their form, which depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape. The hedges in some local areas are highly regular, and the neat, uniform long strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and relaxed, appear mechanical and rigid. We can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and leisurely residential landscaping, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a smoother living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual removal. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus, species, and living habits, and label all plants in the area. This can

enrich employees' general knowledge of plants, add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labels

bring more attention to the greening.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of one morning or one evening. While doing the rectification work well, we will likewise

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached later), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

likewise ask Party A to offer more opinions so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organizes reasonably and maintains meticulously, and dispatches professional horticulturists to organize, guide, and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly dispatches no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance management task with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening planting holes and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately), and other complete processes. {Care measures for the southern plant Canary Island date palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, wheelbarrows, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per plant, and topdress once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, and water-fertilizer methods, etc., then cover with soil and water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Prevent and control pests and diseases promptly, maintain the trees' natural growth state without shaping pruning, promptly cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, shaded leggy branches, and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and promptly clean up pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, and bagged seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, etc. Water once within three hours after application, and water once a day (except on rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Prevent and control pests and diseases promptly. For those pruned into round, square, or conical shapes, do minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and attractive cut surfaces, promptly remove pruned material, promptly cut off dead branches and diseased and pest-infested branches, promptly replant old, diseased, and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, etc. Water once within three hours after application, and water once a day (except on rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Prevent and control pests and diseases promptly, cut off spent flowers once a week, remove weeds once a week, and promptly cut off dead branches and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm. Prevent and control pests and diseases promptly, promptly replant withered, dead, and missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(II) Specific arrangement of annual landscaping maintenance work:

January: the month with the lowest temperatures of the year, when open-ground trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and branches that interfere with overhead lines and buildings on large and small trees.

2. Street tree inspection: promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify any loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, or loose stakes.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. You can dig up the pupae and cocoons of stinging moths in the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin activity, but at this time they move slowly, and we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on the trunk. Controlling pests in winter often yields twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds, and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be promptly weeded and edged; within green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: temperatures rise somewhat compared with the previous month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Finish pruning all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on controlling stinging moths and scale insects.

March: temperatures continue to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellias) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do planning and design well, dig (or hoe) the tree pits in advance, and achieve digging, transporting, planting, and watering as you go. When planting shrubs, also achieve digging, transporting, and planting as you go, and water thoroughly to increase seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas promptly.

3. Fertilizing: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Care measures for the southern plant Canary Island date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock shows sooty mold, and boxwood leaf roller moths also appear (use pesticides such as fenitrothion spray for control). To control stinging moths, the method of digging for pupae can continue to be used.

April: temperatures continue to rise, and trees all sprout, bloom, or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue tree planting: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late, promptly remove and replant shrubs that died in winter (azaleas, red flower loropetalum, etc.), and water newly planted trees thoroughly.

2. Irrigation: continue to water maintained green spaces promptly.

3. Fertilizing: for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, the base of trunks, wall corners, and other places, secreting white waxy thin cocoons and pupating. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deeply in a concentrated way or soaked. Or use methods such as spraying pesticides like fenitrothion. (2) Longhorn beetles begin activity. You can use a grafting knife or homemade steel wire to remove the larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Prevention and control of other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance within green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: temperatures rise sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees have a very high water demand and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: prune spent flowers. Carry out the first bud-stripping pruning on street trees.

3. Pest and disease control: continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of stinging moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; make corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, and others has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, Pittosporum tobira, oleander, and others). In mid- and late May, spray 10 to 20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500 to 2000 times dilution to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can also be used.)

June: temperatures are high

1. Watering: plants have a high water demand and should be watered promptly; do not "leave it to the weather."

2. Fertilizing: combine loosening the soil and weeding, fertilizing, and watering to achieve the best results.

3. Pruning: continue bud-stripping and sucker-removal work on street trees. Carry out pruning on hedges, balls, and some flowering shrubs. {Care measures for the southern plant Canary Island date palm}.

4. Drainage work: during heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: in mid- and late June, stinging moths enter the peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly. At present, 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500 to 800 times dilution is basically used for spraying. (Or compound BT emulsion can be used for spraying.) Continue manual catching of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees, and straighten, reinforce, and re-tie loose and leaning trees.

July: temperatures are the highest, and after mid-month there will be strong winds and heavy rain.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: during the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, coniferous trees and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly once high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Apply top dressing: apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: carry out typhoon-prevention bud removal and pruning; prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and check each tree stump one by one; if any is found loose or unstable, immediately straighten and tie it firmly. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials and supplies, tools and equipment, and send personnel to inspect at any time, handling dangerous situations promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: continue controlling longhorn beetles and slug moths. For longhorn beetles, inject a 1:50 dilution of 50% fenitrothion (or Guoshu Bao, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the opening; this can also achieve good results. For the camphor tree shoot borer, prune promptly and destroy the infested nests to prevent further damage.

August: still the rainy season

1. Drainage: after heavy rain, drain water promptly from low-lying waterlogged areas.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: in addition to the summer pruning of ordinary trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and combine weeding with fertilization.

5. Pest and disease control: focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching them at the roots. Aphid damage and the camphor tree shoot borer should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot, and take measures promptly. September: temperatures decline somewhat; do the relevant work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: in preparation for city appearance work, remove buds below the third-level branching of street trees. Shape hedges. Weed within green areas, edge the lawn, and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilization: for some trees that grow weakly and whose branches are not sufficiently full, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

3. Pest and disease control: shot hole disease (cherry, peach, plum, etc.) is at its peak; use a 1000-fold dilution of 500% carbendazim to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to damaging the roots; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control the carpenter moths on poplar and willow. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting all kinds of greening facilities.

October: temperatures drop; in late October early winter begins, trees start to shed leaves and successively enter dormancy.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting; once cold-hardy trees shed their leaves in late October, planting can begin.

2. Green area maintenance: promptly remove dead trees and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green areas and lawns. Fertilize flower plants that grow poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling the camphor tree shoot borer. November: the soil begins to freeze at night and thaw by day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: continue planting cold-hardy plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Turning the soil: turn the soil in green areas to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: water dry, compacted soil, completing before the freeze.

4. Pest and disease control: various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: after deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and map out the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green area maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no bare yellow soil.

2 Landscape plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green areas reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Landscape trees have basically complete crowns, with main and side branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the inner crown is not tangled, with ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green areas.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth and normal leaf size and color; under ordinary conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect excreta or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the retention rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coniferous

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches, to ensure tree development trends toward rationality, improve branch form, and reduce the breeding of pests and diseases.

2. Properly thin trees that are too densely grown, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out slug moth pupae and cocoons and burn them in a concentrated way.

5. As conditions warrant, scarify individual lawn types and mow 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, mowing and fertilization of lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaf mahonia and globular scale on coral and Japanese aralia.

3. In particular, strengthen freeze-prevention and heat-preservation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening and banking soil around tree root zones.

4. Apply one top dressing (urea) to cool-season lawns at the end of the month at 10g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Promptly mow lawns and remove weeds, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapple types and cold-season lawns; pay attention to prevention reporting.

4. For local sunken and low-lying spots in lawns, bank soil and cover with sand; carry out low mowing of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the sprouting and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilization for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to herbaceous perennials and spring-sown flower plants; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; pruning of evergreen hedges can begin.

3. Pest and disease control: mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period of leaf expansion for trees, with a very high water requirement, so water in a timely manner.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud removal on London plane, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding in lawns, and promptly mow lawn grass to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure an adequate water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding in lawns.

3. Mow lawns promptly and control their growth height, and pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply one application of compound fertilizer to lawns that grow poorly or lack fertilizer, so they can pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that plant watering work is carried out.

2. Loosen soil and weed flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow fast, so seize the opportunity to weed and remove grass to prevent grass overgrowth, and continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, reinforce and secure trees in the garden to prevent lodging; promptly clear and drain low-lying or seriously waterlogged places.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and mow promptly, control lawn height, and combine weeding with fertilization. Promptly supplement and top-dress fertilizer, mainly P and K fertilizer, together with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently; at the same time, pay attention to mastering the fertilization period and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought resistance work; do not choose 10-15 o'clock to do it, to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly clear and drain ditches in low-lying and easily waterlogged places to prevent water from standing too long.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed within green areas and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Thin trees that are too densely grown, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. Promptly mow lawns, edge them, and remove weeds, and pay attention to pest and disease control.

4. Weed flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness and distinct layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their development trends toward rationality and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flower plants, promptly fill gaps and water, and fertilize those that grow poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, to reduce pests and diseases and enhance growth vigor.

2. Do a good job of weeding and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs and green areas, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare spots. As conditions warrant, adjust trees in the local layout, and some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Also begin cold-proof and warmth-preserving work; for trees with poor cold resistance

, wrap them with straw and bank soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. As conditions warrant, scarify and aerate lawns, and mow 2-3 times.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late November, and combine with additional application of organic fertilizer to turn the soil in green areas.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of weeding and edging in color-block shrubs and green areas, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing residual stumps and dead branches, to make next year's tree growth better (flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds must not be pruned); at the same time, pay attention to cleaning insect cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "Latest Common Plants for Southern Landscapes"

Common Garden Plants for Southern Landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Magnolia fordiana, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Buddhist pine, long-leaf podocarp, white champaca, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, Cinnamomum burmannii, camphor tree, cinnamon, Michelia chapensis, Ormosia pinnata, Taiwan acacia, siamese senna, red flower camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, Cleistocalyx operculatus, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, avocado, Alstonia scholaris, false betel nut palm, Chinese fan palm, fish-tail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Syzygium hainanense, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, swamp mahogany, blue gum, paperbark, Baccaurea ramiflora, Torreya grandis, Cephalotaxus fortunei, Indian rubber tree, banyan, small-leaf banyan, cluster fig, weeping fig, Ficus virens, sacred fig, horsetail tree, jackfruit, Acer cinnamomifolium, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, candlenut, silk oak, Elaeocarpus apiculatus, big-leaf elaeocarpus, sea hibiscus, Ilex rotunda, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, Albizia falcataria, royal palm, Caryota obtusa, Washingtonia, sugar palm, Canary Island date palm, bishop wood, red sandalwood, Dillenia indica, jackfruit, yellow sophora, jackfruit, big-leaf privet, Michelia chapensis, Schefflera octophylla, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

Terminalia mantaly, Chinese swamp cypress, water snowflake, Chinese tallow, Japanese raisin tree, sand pear, soapberry, goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, Chinese tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, big-leaf crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flame tree, peacock flower, jacaranda, yellow sophora, chinaberry, Chinese mahogany, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, sweet acacia, Kalopanax septemlobus, sweetgum, weeping willow, Magnolia soulangeana, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

rosewood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

sago palm, Chinese plum yew, Aglaia odorata, big-leaf box, Elaeagnus pungens, camellia sasanqua, sweet viburnum, spotted laurel, Hypericum, Areca triandra, areca palm, Chuniophoenix, Aglaia odorata, golden trumpet, Gendarussa ventricosa, red bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, Aucuba japonica, Chinese holly, azalea, Cordyline terminalis, croton, red mulberry, golden-edged mulberry, golden-leaf fig, Senna surattensis, Rhododendron ovatum, Ardisia japonica, orange jasmine, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Artabotrys hexapetalus, camellia, oil tea, big-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flower golden trumpet, snow-in-summer, Michelia figo, Pittosporum tobira, mahonia, nandina, Japanese aralia, Magnolia coco, hibiscus, coral vine, Rhododendron simsii, Yucca gloriosa, yucca, South China box, Rhapis excelsa, soft-leaf date palm, dwarf fish-tail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden nerve plant, Schefflera octophylla, variegated golden dewdrop, golden dewdrop, Gendarussa vulgaris, golden-leaf privet, giant taro, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, monstera, Aspidistra, snake plant, Rhaphiolepis indica, variegated hibiscus, Euphorbia cotinifolia, small-leaf box, African jasmine, Brunfelsia, Hamelia patens, crinum lily, spider lily, Calliandra, red-leaf loropetalum, angel's trumpet, white mussaenda, red mussaenda, hairy azalea, Western azalea, Senna bicapsularis, Cape honeysuckle, rose myrtle, ixora, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, Euphorbia pulcherrima, blue plumbago, blue star flower, butterfly pea, nandina, pepper tree, Excoecaria cochinchinensis,

Deciduous shrubs:

cotton rose, bridal wreath spirea, rhombus-leaf spirea, modern rose, Abelia chinensis, pomegranate, beautyberry, purple magnolia, lespedeza, Amur honeysuckle, Chinese snowball, rose of Sharon, redbud, dwarf flowering cherry, Spiraea prunifolia, pearl bush, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small wax

Climbing plants:

monstera, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, flame vine, Rangoon creeper, Akebia trifoliata, honeysuckle, Euonymus fortunei, climbing fig, kiwi, Euonymus fortunei, Hong Kong Rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, Rhaphidophora pinnata, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, Schisandra, Boston ivy, Chinese trumpet creeper, passionflower, multi-flower crape myrtle, Mucuna sempervirens, big-flower thunbergia

Artabotrys hexapetalus, big-flower thunbergia, Rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, flame vine, white Mucuna, beauty clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, Jasminum officinale, big-flower Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, Bignonia capreolata, passionflower

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, moso bamboo, fernleaf hedge bamboo, Phyllostachys glauca, golden-striped bamboo, Bambusa emeiensis, hedge bamboo, bitter bamboo, indocalamus, Buddha belly bamboo, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, square bamboo, green bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, small fernleaf hedge bamboo, red bamboo

Lawns and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese lawngrass, fine-leaf lawngrass, carpet grass, centipede grass, knotgrass, Manila grass, zoysia grass, Guangdong evergreen, spiderwort, oyster plant, dwarf lilyturf, big-leaf curculigo, mountain lilyturf, lucky plant, Aspidistra, black-eyed Susan, Acorus gramineus, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese chive lily, golden spider lily, white butterfly, butterfly iris, red-flower oxalis, wandering Jew,

Calathea roseopicta, arrowhead plant, white butterfly arrowhead plant, pothos, wandering Jew, sword fern, aluminum plant, small oyster plant, peace lily, silver-edged lilyturf, red-flower lantana, yellow-flower lantana, purple-flower lantana

, dusty miller, clerodendrum, shrimp plant, firecracker flower, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, trilobed wedelia, red-flower oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf amaranth, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green herb, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese chive lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean lawngrass, Bermuda grass, big-leaf carpet grass, variegated St. Augustine grass, bahia grass, short-leaf lilyturf

Palms:

royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, Middle East date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, Caryota obtusa, windmill palm, dragon scale palm, Chinese fan palm, queen palm, fish-tail palm, queen palm, Washingtonia, beautiful date palm, dwarf fish-tail palm, long-spike fish-tail palm, areca palm, Areca triandra, traveler's palm, lady palm,

Seasonal flowers

Pentas, African impatiens, four-season begonia, scarlet sage, petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, French marigold, African marigold, nasturtium, pansy, wishbone flower, cockscomb, pot marigold, globe amaranth, zinnia, moss rose, purslane, cosmos, cineraria, spider flower, daylily, lavender, purple loosestrife

Part Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Combinations"

Southern Plant Combinations

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + Cyperus alternifolius + Alpinia zerumbet variegata

Dracaena draco + Dracaena marginata 'Tricolor' + Nandina domestica + Nephrolepis auriculata + stone arrangement

Roystonea regia + Caryota mittis + Phoenix canariensis + Canna indica + Coleus scutellarioides + Codiaeum variegatum

Roystonea regia + Phoenix canariensis head + Cordyline fruticosa 'Rubra' + Acalypha wilkesiana + Ixora chinensis

Roystonea regia + Archontophoenix alexandrae + Dypsis lutescens + Rhapis excelsa + Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves'

Chapter 6: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China"

Commonly Used Plants for Southern Courtyards

I. Palm category:

1. Roystonea regia 2. Archontophoenix alexandrae 3. Washingtonia filifera 4. Phoenix sylvestris 5. Phoenix canariensis 6. Areca triandra

7. Livistona chinensis 8. Washingtonia filifera 9. Dypsis lutescens 10. Rhapis excelsa (slender-leaved lady palm) 11. Chamaedorea metallica 12. Phoenix roebelenii

II. Tree category (street trees, shade trees):

1. Delonix regia 2. Bombax ceiba 3. Ceiba speciosa 4. Erythrina variegata 5. Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6. Alstonia scholaris

7. Ficus microcarpa 8. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9. Mangifera indica 10. Chukrasia tabularis 11. Cinnamomum burmannii 12. Tabebuia chrysantha

13. Pterocarpus indicus 14. Plumeria rubra 15. Terminalia catappa 16. Ravenala madagascariensis 17. Pandanus tectorius 18. Bischofia javanica

19. Averrhoa carambola 20. Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata 21. Cassia fistula 22. Albizia falcataria 23. Melaleuca leucadendra

24. Eucalyptus 25. Syzygium hainanense 26. Aphanamixis grandifolia 27. Bauhinia 28. Swietenia mahagoni

29. Ficus altissima 30. Spathodea campanulata 31. Tabebuia aurea 32. Koelreuteria bipinnata

III. Flowering shrub category:

1. Osmanthus fragrans (four-season osmanthus) 2. Bambusa multiplex (slender-leaved hedge bamboo) 3. Alsophila spinulosa 4. Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves' 5. Bougainvillea spectabilis

6. Cassia surattensis 7. Callistemon rigidus 8. Agave angustifolia 'Marginata' 9. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 10. Fagraea ceilanica 11. Ficus aspera variegata

12. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 13. Michelia figo 14. Campsis grandiflora 15. Calliandra surinamensis 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Ixora chinensis

18. Agave americana 19. Yucca 20. Pyrostegia venusta 21. Thevetia peruviana 22. Polyscias

IV. Ground cover or color blocks:

1. Pittosporum tobira 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Epipremnum aureum 4. Asplenium nidus 5. Alternanthera dentata 'Ruby' 6. Pennisetum alopecuroides 7. Schefflera octophylla

8. Syngonium podophyllum 9. Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves' 10. Cuphea hyssopifolia 11. Ophiopogon japonicus 12. Calathea majestica 13. Rhododendron pulchrum

14. Livistona chinensis (dwarf) 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Duranta erecta 'Variegata' 17. Chlorophytum comosum 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Allamanda cathartica

20. Alpinia zerumbet variegata 21. Asparagus cochinchinensis 22. Arachis pintoi 23. Ixora chinensis (slender-leaved) 24. Nephrolepis auriculata 25. Pachystachys lutea

26. Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly' 27. Pilea cadierei 28. Dieffenbachia picta 29. Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow' 30. Codiaeum variegatum 31. Ophiopogon japonicus

32. Acorus gramineus 'Variegatus' 33. Jasminum sambac 34. Calathea zebrina 35. Zoysia matrella (Taiwan grass) 36. Axonopus compressus

37. Zoysia matrella (Manila grass) 38. Cynodon dactylon 39. Lolium perenne 40. Festuca arundinacea

There are also some commonly used plants:

1. Ficus religiosa 2. Ficus altissima 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4. Campanula 5. Koelreuteria bipinnata 6. Cassia fistula

7. Senna siamea 8. Kigelia africana 9. Thai yellow large yellow flower ball 10. Melaleuca bracteata

11. Senna alata 12. Cassia bicapsularis 13. Jatropha podagrica 14. Cleistocalyx operculatus 15. Manglietia glauca

16. Hainan sajin 17. Pachira aquatica variegata 18. Ormosia pinnata 19. Swietenia mahagoni

20. Albizia falcataria 21. Cinnamomum cassia 22. Osmanthus fragrans (autumn) 23. Laurus nobilis 24. Washingtonia filifera 25. Bambusa multiplex (slender-leaved hedge bamboo)

26. Pterocarpus indicus (yellow/purple sandalwood) 27. Pterocarpus indicus 28. Dianella ensifolia 29. Ficus concinna 30. Markhamia cauda-felina

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine, Cunningham's araucaria, Keteleeria, giant araucaria, Agathis dammara, Pinus massoniana, Pinus elliottii, Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, Melaleuca leucadendra, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium hainanense, Bischofia javanica, Acacia confusa, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Pterocarpus indicus, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus virens var. sublanceolata, Ficus altissima, Ficus superba, Ficus elastica, Ficus elastica 'Variegata', Ficus religiosa, Aleurites moluccana, Swietenia mahagoni, Dillenia indica, Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia mantaly, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Syzygium samarangense, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Manilkara zapota, Chukrasia tabularis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Michelia alba, Magnolia coco, Michelia macclurei, Elaeocarpus chinensis, Magnolia grandiflora, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Mangifera indica, Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis, Canarium album, Eriobotrya japonica, Myrica rubra, Citrus maxima, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Sabina chinensis, Podocarpus nagi, Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans (four-season), Michelia figo, Aglaia odorata, Camellia japonica, Ficus benjamina, Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei, Ficus tinctoria

2. Deciduous trees

Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium ascendens, Taxodium distichum, Glyptostrobus pensilis, Liriodendron chinense, Firmiana simplex, Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria, Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala, Liquidambar formosana, Salix babylonica, Kigelia africana, Neolamarckia cadamba, Grevillea robusta, Celtis sinensis, Sapindus mukorossi, Pistacia chinensis, Melia azedarach, Sapium sebiferum, Vernicia montana, Ginkgo biloba, Sterculia monosperma, Diospyros kaki, Ficus carica, Morus alba, Carica papaya, Psidium guajava, Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum', Acacia farnesiana

3. Palm category

Archontophoenix alexandrae, Roystonea regia, Roystonea oleracea, Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, Neodypsis decaryi, Wodyetia bifurcata, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Elaeis guineensis, Borassus flabellifer, Washingtonia robusta, Washingtonia filifera, Phoenix canariensis, Phoenix dactylifera, Phoenix sylvestris, Livistona chinensis, Caryota mittis, Arenga pinnata, Phoenix loureiroi, Phoenix roebelenii, Areca triandra, Orania palindan, Areca catechu, Caryota maxima, Caryota mitis, Dypsis lutescens, Trachycarpus fortunei, Musa basjoo, Ravenala madagascariensis, Cordyline fruticosa, Rhapis excelsa, Rhapis humilis, Strelitzia nicolai, Philodendron erubescens, Alocasia macrorrhizos

4. Foliage shrubs

Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaves', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves', Ficus lyrata, Ficus salicifolia, Garcinia subelliptica, Arundo donax variegata, Polyalthia longifolia pendula, Pandanus tectorius, Pittosporum tobira, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis variegata, Cycas revoluta, Callistemon rigidus, Cestrum nocturnum, Cotinus coggygria, Justicia brandegeeana, Fatsia japonica, Juniperus procumbens, Manihot esculenta variegata, Nandina domestica, Schefflera octophylla, Schefflera arboricola variegata, Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Acalypha wilkesiana, Syringa japonica, Duranta erecta, Duranta erecta 'Variegata', Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves', Murraya paniculata, Codiaeum variegatum, Codiaeum variegatum var. pictum, Codiaeum variegatum 'Hainan', Codiaeum variegatum 'Aucubaefolium', Justicia gendarussa, Carmona retusa, Buxus sinica var. parvifolia, Ligustrum sinense 'Aureum', Euphorbia milii, Agave americana 'Marginata', Agave americana, Agave angustifolia 'Marginata', Yucca, Beaucarnea recurvata, Aspidistra elatior, Sansevieria trifasciata, Cactus, Alocasia macrorrhizos, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Alpinia zerumbet variegata, Scaevola taccada, Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata, Breynia disticha, Phyllanthus myrtifolius, Rosa chinensis

5. Flowering shrubs

Brunfelsia acuminata, Brunfelsia pauciflora, Jasminum sambac, Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus schizopetalus, Malvaviscus arboreus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Calliandra surinamensis, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Gardenia jasminoides var. grandiflora, Hydrangea macrophylla, Pachystachys coccinea, Melastoma candidum, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura suaveolens, Mussaenda pubescens, Mussaenda erythrophylla, Allamanda cathartica, Rhododendron indicum, Cassia bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Ixora chinensis, Pavetta hongkongensis, Jasminum mesnyi, Jasminum sambac, Crinum asiaticum,

Hymenocallis littoralis, Schumbergera truncata, Canna indica (dwarf), Reinwardtia indica, Jatropha pandurifolia, Plumbago auriculata, Oxypetalum coeruleum, Bauhinia purpurea

6. Ground cover

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Epipremnum aureum, Tradescantia zebrina, Nephrolepis auriculata, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea compacta, Spathiphyllum kochii, Ophiopogon japonicus, Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus', Lantana camara (red), Lantana camara (yellow), Lantana camara (purple), Tanacetum cinerariifolium, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Justicia brandegeeana, Russelia equisetiformis, Asparagus cochinchinensis, Oenothera littoralis, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Hedera helix, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Hedychium coronarium, Cyperus alternifolius, Cyperus papyrus, Iris, Lythrum salicaria, Narcissus, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis corymbosa, Arachis pintoi, Dichondra repens, Iresine herbstii, Alternanthera dentata, Coleus scutellarioides, Verbena tenuisecta, Alternanthera versicolor, Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes grandiflora, Hippeastrum, Lilium, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Catharanthus roseus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Zoysia matrella, Zoysia tenuifolia, Cynodon dactylon, Axonopus compressus, Stenotaphrum secundatum variegatum, Paspalum notatum, Liriope platyphylla

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora, Quisqualis indica, Antigonon leptopus, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Pyrostegia venusta, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosissimum, Wisteria sinensis, Ficus pumila, Ipomoea quamoclit, Ipomoea, Ipomoea × multifida, Celastrus, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, Mansoa alliacea, Merremia tuberosa, Clytostoma callistegioides, Passiflora caerulea

Chapter 7: "Document on Common Plant Combinations in Southern China"

Practical Plant Combination Table ---- Brief Table of Common Plant Combinations

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Salix matsudana, Salix babylonica, Salix integra, Salix psammophila, Salix viminalis, Salix wallichiana, Populus simonii, Populus simonii var. liaoningensis, Sabina vulgaris, Sabina chinensis, Platycladus orientalis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Melia azedarach, Pterocarya stenoptera, Fraxinus chinensis, Forsythia suspensa, Ulmus pumila, Ulmus laciniata, Ulmus parvifolia, Sapium sebiferum, Prunus serrulata, Eucommia ulmoides, Koelreuteria paniculata, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, Nerium oleander, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Vitis vinifera, Wisteria sinensis, Amorpha fruticosa, Tamarix chinensis, Ranunculus japonicus, Ranunculus sceleratus, Ranunculus longifolius, Lysimachia, Lysimachia, Stachys palustris, Stachys chinensis, Mentha, Lindernia, Veronica, Nasturtium officinale, Scirpus, Scirpus mucronatus, Scirpus planiculmis, Cyperus, Cyperus glomeratus, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus sanguinolentus, Juncus effusus, Juncus bufonius, Juncus minimus, Juncus gracillimus, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum plebeium, Polygonum orientale, Polygonum caespitosum, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum sieboldii, Polygonum perfoliatum, Polygonum dissitiflorum, Polygonum thunbergii, Polygonum macrophyllum, Reynoutria japonica, Imperata cylindrica, Calamagrostis epigejos, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Beckmannia syzigachne, Polypogon monspeliensis, Arundinella anomala, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Coix lacryma-jobi, Hemarthria altissima, Wetland ground cover

Emergent plants: Scirpus validus, Phragmites australis, lotus root, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Cyperus alternifolius, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Nelumbo nucifera, Lythrum salicaria, Typha, Monochoria vaginalis, Monochoria korsakowii, Acorus calamus, Pontederia cordata, Oryza sativa, Kandelia candel, Narcissus, Oenanthe javanica, Zizania aquatica, Colocasia esculenta, Marsilea quadrifolia, Phragmites australis, Eleocharis dulcis, Scirpus yagara, Eleocharis, Typha angustifolia, Cyperus alternifolius, Typha latifolia

Floating plants: Lemna minor, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphaea, Euryale ferox, Victoria amazonica, Nuphar pumilum, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphoides peltata, Brasenia schreberi, Utricularia aurea, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Nymphoides peltata,

Submerged plants: Ceratophyllum demersum, Ottelia alismoides

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: Liquidambar formosana, Rhus succedanea, Acer palmatum, Acer ginnala, Celastrus orbiculatus, Quercus rubra, Acer, Sapium sebiferum, Rhus typhina, Rhus chinensis, Sorbus, Nandina domestica, Euonymus, Crataegus, Pistacia chinensis, Pterocarya stenoptera, Berberis, Carpinus hupeana, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: Ginkgo biloba, Diospyros kaki, Koelreuteria paniculata, Liriodendron chinense, Firmiana simplex, Ulmus, Juglans, Catalpa, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Lagerstroemia indica, Ulmus parvifolia, Phoebe, Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa, Actinidia, Aesculus, Sorbus pohuashanensis, Chimonanthus praecox, Punica granatum, Cassia surattensis, Hamamelis, Sapindus mukorossi, Acacia farnesiana

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be optionally planted in residential areas include: herbs such as Mentha, Ocimum basilicum, Melissa officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Cymbopogon citratus, Salvia, Taraxacum, Calendula officinalis, Thymus, Borago officinalis, Pelargonium graveolens, Malva, and shrubs such as Lavandula, Rosmarinus officinalis, Gardenia jasminoides, Rosa, Aloysia citrodora.

Woody plants arranged to release fragrance in turn through the four seasons, such as: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and Michelia alba in summer; osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: Robinia pseudoacacia, Paulownia, Pinus bungeana, Sabina chinensis, Viburnum odoratissimum, Photinia, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Honey-source, bird-attracting, butterfly-attracting plants: Taxus cuspidata (dwarf), Podocarpus macrophyllus, Torreya grandis, Ilex crenata, Cinnamomum camphora, Myrica rubra, Ligustrum lucidum, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, Viburnum, Aucuba japonica, Mahonia, Pyracantha, Buxus, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc., Buddleja davidii, Pistacia chinensis, and other fragrant flower plants (such as Citrus plants of the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous perennial) flowers: Kniphofia uvaria, Lupinus, Festuca glauca, Astilbe, Coreopsis, Lysimachia christinae, Origanum vulgare, Hibiscus moscheutos, Mentha spicata 'Rubra', Trachelospermum jasminoides 'Variegatum', Osteospermum, Helleborus, Lycoris radiata, Hemerocallis, Iris, Tradescantia, Hosta, Canna indica variegata, Canna indica 'Red Leaf', Aster novi-belgii, Farfugium japonicum, Bletilla striata, Verbena (perennial)

Flowers and trees of the four seasons:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus micromalus, Chaenomeles sinensis, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia × soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia 'Red', Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), Cercis chinensis, red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: Lagerstroemia indica, Hibiscus syriacus, Hydrangea macrophylla, Michelia figo, Rhododendron indicum, pomegranate (flower), Gardenia jasminoides, Campsis grandiflora, Albizia julibrissin, Acacia farnesiana Autumn: Osmanthus fragrans, Lagerstroemia indica, Hibiscus syriacus, flowering pomegranate, Hibiscus mutabilis, Campsis grandiflora, etc.

Winter: Lonicera japonica, Nandina domestica, plum blossom, Michelia figo, Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua, etc.

Schematic classification of common landscaping tree species:

(I) Evergreen coniferous trees

1. Tree category: Cedrus deodara, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus thunbergii, Sabina chinensis, Pinus massoniana, Sabina chinensis, Cycas revoluta, Araucaria cunninghamii, Cryptomeria japonica, Torreya grandis

2. Shrub category: (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Platycladus orientalis 'Sieboldii', Calocedrus macrolepis, Sabina procumbens, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus parviflora

(II) Deciduous coniferous trees (no shrubs):

Tree category: Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pseudolarix amabilis, Taxodium ascendens, Taxodium distichum

(III) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Tree category: Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Ligustrum lucidum, Trachycarpus fortunei

2. Shrub category: Viburnum odoratissimum, Euonymus japonicus, Buxus sinica, Buxus bodinieri, Ilex cornuta, Citrus, Photinia, Pittosporum tobira, Osmanthus fragrans, Nerium oleander, Jasminum floridum, Jasminum nudiflorum, Aucuba japonica 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Serissa japonica, Ligustrum quihoui, Fatsia japonica, Gardenia jasminoides, Distylium racemosum, Camellia japonica, Hypericum monogynum, Rhododendron, Yucca (Agave americana, Agave angustifolia), Cycas revoluta, Mahonia

(IV) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Tree category: Salix babylonica, Salix babylonica (upright), Pterocarya stenoptera, Salix matsudana 'Tortuosa', Sapium sebiferum, Sophora japonica, Firmiana simplex (Chinese parasol

tree), Platanus (London plane), Sophora japonica (Chinese scholar tree), Sophora japonica 'Pendula', Albizia julibrissin, Ginkgo biloba, Melia azedarach, Catalpa ovata

2. Shrub category: Prunus serrulata, Magnolia denudata, Prunus persica, Chimonanthus praecox, Lagerstroemia indica, Cercis chinensis, Acer, Acer palmatum, Prunus cerasifera 'Atropurpurea', Chaenomeles speciosa, Malus halliana, Hydrangea macrophylla, Spiraea blumei, Forsythia viridissima, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, Alchornea davidii, Punica granatum

(V) Bamboo category: Bambusa multiplex, Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllostachys edulis, Phyllostachys nigra, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf', Bambusa ventricosa, Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata'

(VI) Vines: Wisteria sinensis, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Hedera helix, Vitis, Euonymus fortunei

(VII) Flowers: Portulaca grandiflora, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Salvia splendens, Canna indica, Alternanthera versicolor, Brassica oleracea (ornamental cabbage), Chrysanthemum, Orchid

(VIII) Lawn: Zoysia tenuifolia, Zoysia japonica, Ophiopogon japonicus, Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, Zoysia matrella, Trifolium, Dichondra repens

Detailed Table of Common Plant Combinations

Table of Generally Common Street Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Cinnamomum camphora Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovate Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; flowers red and beautiful, flowering period May to August

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental tree, street tree

Sweet acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, fast-growing, branches and leaves densely grown, flowers golden yellow, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and round, grows vigorously, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, leaf surface dark green, grows vigorously, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, relatively slow growth, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (bead tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, crown irregular, slightly umbrella-shaped, flowers light purple

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaf surface broad, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, crown umbrella-shaped, posture also beautiful

Alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, strong vigor, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Cunningham's araucaria Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, sun-loving, prefers warm hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, crown narrow conical, beautiful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen coniferous tree, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for northwest regions

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen coniferous tree, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool humid climate and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese juniper (juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, drought and barren-tolerant, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, pruning-tolerant, good dust-proof and sound-insulating effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, flowers large white and fragrant, beautiful tree form,

Taiwan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth vigor

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, grows vigorously, posture also beautiful

Canary date palm Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk thick and sturdy, tall and majestic, pinnate leaves dense and spreading,

Royal palm (Roystonea regia) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, can reach 18m in height, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, great ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, autumn leaves yellow, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, not tolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense, Magnoliaceae, umbrella-shaped. Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, grows rapidly, long-lived; leaves shaped like a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa, Salicaceae, umbrella-shaped. Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool temperate climate, resistant to pollution, deep-rooted, fast-growing, relatively long-lived; tree form upright, trunk straight, bark gray-white.

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica, Salicaceae, narrow columnar. Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold-resistant and drought-resistant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogging, grows fast.

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia, Ulmaceae, umbrella-shaped. Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity.

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo, Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped. Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, autumn leaves yellow{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Table of traits of commonly used landscape trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra, Lauraceae, spherical. Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, doubly aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia, Platanaceae, oval. Prefers warmth, resistant to pollution, tolerant of pruning. Broad crown and dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L., Magnoliaceae, oval. Evergreen tree, flowers large white and fragrant, tree form graceful.

Yulan magnolia Magnolia denudata, Magnoliaceae, umbrella-shaped. Fairly cold-resistant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large and pure white, blooms from March to April. Suitable for courtyard viewing.

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense, Magnoliaceae, umbrella-shaped. Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, grows rapidly, long-lived; leaves shaped like a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn, Cupressaceae, conical. Evergreen tree, neat tree form when young, mostly curved when old, strong growth, long-lived, beautiful tree posture.

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl., Oleaceae, round. Evergreen tree, robust in nature, grows rapidly, beautiful tree posture and leaf shape. Java bishopwood Bischoffia javanica Blanco, Euphorbiaceae, round. Evergreen tree, when young leaves sprout they are very ornamental, grows robustly, beautiful tree posture.

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn., Salicaceae, umbrella-shaped. Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-lying wet ground, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree posture.

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz, Cupressaceae, umbrella-shaped. Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, with irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Royal palm Roystonea regia, Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped. Single trunk upright, can reach 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, great ornamental value.

Japanese euonymus Euonymus japonica, Celastraceae, oval. Prefers warm and humid climate, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Formosan sweetgum Liquidamdar formosana Hance., Hamamelidaceae, conical. Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree posture.

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera, Juglandaceae, umbrella-shaped. Highly adaptable, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree.

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens, Cupressaceae. Evergreen creeping low shrub, branches spreading horizontally along the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, uniquely styled tree form, foliage emerald green and flowing. Suitable for ground cover and beautifying the surroundings of courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc.{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens, Verbenaceae, round. Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden dewdrop with yellow leaves is mainly grown for foliage, widely used; can be used as ground cover, pruned into shapes, formed into patterns, or planted to emphasize color combinations, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta, Aquifoliaceae, round. Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent., Moraceae, umbrella-shaped. Evergreen tree, leaves huge, soft and thin, branches spreading in all directions, posture also beautiful.

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia, Ulmaceae, umbrella-shaped. Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity.

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn, Cupressaceae, conical. Evergreen medium tree, branches densely borne, dark green, grows robustly, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree posture.

Japanese pittosporum Pittosporum tobira, Pittosporaceae, round. White flowers fragrant, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as a hedge or potted plant. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn, Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped. Trunk tillering, can reach 20-25 m tall, leaves gray-white with arched curvature, grows robustly, beautiful tree posture.

Hankow willow Salix matsudana, Salicaceae, umbrella-shaped. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree.

Persian silk tree Albizia julibrissin, Mimosaceae, umbrella-shaped. Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree, street tree.

Japanese black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl., Pinaceae, conical. Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, leaves hard and borne two per bundle, long-lived.

Purple-leaf cherry plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea, Rosaceae, umbrella-shaped. Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, red-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purplish-red, blooms pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen planting and group planting, as a backdrop.

California washingtonia Washingtonia filifera Wend., Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped. Single trunk cylindrical, base swollen, up to 4-8 m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, grows robustly, beautiful tree posture{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica, Fabaceae, umbrella-shaped. Branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as a shade tree, street tree.

Glaucous cassia Cassia glauca Lam., Fabaceae, round. Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, grows rapidly, beautiful tree posture.

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo, Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped. Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, autumn leaves yellow.

Japanese maple Acer palmatum, Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped. Leaf shape elegant, autumn leaves red. Suitable for courtyard viewing and potted cultivation.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd., Pinaceae, ovate pagoda-shaped. Evergreen tree, branches and leaves spread out, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, small leaves radiating, tree posture vigorous and upright.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart., Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped. Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen, forming a wine bottle shape, posture very beautiful.

Mandarin orange tree Citrus reticulata, Rutaceae, round. Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry tree Melia azedarch Linn., Meliaceae, round. Deciduous tree, bark gray-brown, bipinnate odd-pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, grows rapidly.

Snow rose Serissa serissoides, Rubiaceae, round. Evergreen small shrub. Leaf color dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, fine texture, suitable for potted cultivation, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, pruning into shapes.

Kaizuka juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort, Cupressaceae, upright tower-shaped. Evergreen medium tree, branches densely borne, dark green, grows robustly, very long-lived, very beautiful tree posture.

Dragon-claw pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula, Fabaceae, umbrella-shaped. Branches pendulous, suitable for courtyard viewing, opposite planting or row planting.

Dragon-claw willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa, Salicaceae, round. Branches twisted like a roaming dragon, suitable as a shade tree, ornamental tree.

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien., Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped. Trunk upright, 2 m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves.

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don, Podocarpaceae, long conical. Evergreen tree, posture simple and elegant, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, or tiered forms for courtyard landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb., Pinaceae, umbrella-shaped. Evergreen tree, trunk bark red-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic in posture.

Sacred bamboo Nandina domestica, Berberidaceae, umbrella-shaped. Branches and leaves elegant, red berries in autumn and winter; for courtyard viewing, can be group-planted or potted. Hoop pine Araucaria ecelsa Br., Araucariaceae, conical. Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones pendulous, leaves dark green, beautiful tree posture, grows robustly.

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum, Oleaceae, oval. Flowers white, blooms in June. Suitable as a hedge or street tree.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br., Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped. Trunk upright, can reach 6-12 m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, grows luxuriantly, posture elegant.

Globe juniper Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa., Cupressaceae, broad round. Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum, Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped conical. Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree posture light and graceful, can be grown into a noble-shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, forest-bathing tree.

Boxleaf euonymus B. bodinieri, Buxaceae, oval. Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for courtyard viewing. Can be group-planted, used as a hedge or potted. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don, Taxodiaceae, conical, oval, round. Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful.

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Arecaceae Plants"

Arecaceae is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, root system well developed, tolerant of drought, tolerant of poor soil, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This edition will introduce their introduction, transplanting and disease control.

Brief introduction to the introduction process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants; a few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, for example the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can withstand prolonged waterlogging, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the Alexander palm and the Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape effect of palm plants has been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore, etc.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, the southern provinces and regions of Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, as well as later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan and other areas, successively set off an upsurge of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Several units led by the Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on the theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally possess cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high-latitude, high-altitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, moisture and soil, etc. The most significant role of the temperature factor is to govern plant growth and development; low winter temperatures are the dominant factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on the salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora disease, coconut leaf beetle, and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases has been greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented techniques for accelerating palm seed germination, mastered the techniques for whole-crown transplanting of palm plants and the cultivation of large-specification container seedlings, and did fruitful work on techniques such as soil improvement and winter cold protection and conservation.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including royal palm, Chinese fan palm, bamboo palm, South palm, fishtail palm, etc.; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the Arecaceae plants successfully applied mainly include Butia palm, hairy Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm and more than ten other species, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as having reached the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

On the occurrence and control of Phytophthora disease

Damage and general symptoms of palm Phytophthora disease

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palm plants such as royal palm, large fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican blue palm, Canary Island date palm, etc. On affected plants the heart leaf cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrivel and dry up, and in severe cases the entire plant withers in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora, and can be identified by culture in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splash, air movement, etc.

Occurrence pattern of Washington palm Phytophthora disease

This disease occurs during the high-temperature, high-humidity period between summer and autumn. Early drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, soil moisture content

suddenly increasing, poor ventilation, or plants located at wind gaps, are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, continuous-cropping plots. In addition, this disease is often related to severe root injury caused when digging up seedlings, followed by long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young heart leaf rots, the leaf turns gray-green and droops, and it can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, one can see paste-like secretions and a foul odor at the growing point and even the entire heart of the plant, and white mold-like growth can appear on the infected tissue. In severely affected plants, the roots are also often seen to be damaged, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots with a peculiar

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is less common in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years the damage has been relatively severe in nursery plots. At the initial stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand and are slightly sunken, and when humid the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under humid conditions. When it occurs on stems, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part appears withered. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes the root system and stem when cut open exude pus-like liquid, and in severe cases the margins of the veins of young leaves bear large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora disease is a vascular bundle disease; in severe cases the entire plant wilts, droops, dries up, and dies, with a high mortality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature, high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, Xiamen August to November, Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and the mountainous areas of the western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease could be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control methods

I. Preventive cultivation measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, drying and drainage in the nursery; each autumn and winter the leaves can be moderately pruned, and pits can be dug and soil mounded on the planting site, etc., to keep the nursery site dry. Usually potassium fertilizer can be applied additionally, and quicklime, superphosphate, etc. can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of the plants.

2. Choose a good plot; select loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation; land that has been planted with Washington palm requires rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain promptly after rain so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly during drought; when watering, strictly prohibit flooding irrigation, and do it on sunny afternoons or in the evening.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Observe carefully at ordinary times, frequently prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical control

One to two months before the disease occurs in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl-aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol types such as Kameitong, that is, soil fungicide (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palm, first spray the planting site and the roots of the Washington palm with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or on consecutive sunny days first dig the pit and expose it to the sun for sterilization, or sprinkle lime powder for disinfection, or use 500 times dexon solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or fosetyl-aluminum (prone to developing resistance), adding 0.4% washing powder, into the heart or as a spray for both prevention and treatment. 80% mancozeb 700 times solution can also be sprayed, once every 7 to 10 days, for two or three consecutive sprays, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora disease. After adopting this measure, the Washington palm and hairy Washington palm at the Shanghai base of the Guangdong Palm Landscape Company have dropped from a disease incidence of 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Experience in control

The control effect of using carbendazim and the like is not obvious. If at the initial stage of the disease all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere and replanted, about 30% can successively revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth vigor is relatively poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature, dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies in large numbers when moisture is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant dies of dehydration and wilting. The heart rot disease introduced in some literature is actually also Phytophthora disease, only occurring at the heart leaf part.

This disease is different from anthracnose; the latter occurs on leaves, with water-soaked small spots appearing at onset, then expanding into larger lesions, easily discovered, and generally controllable with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens being Phyllosticta, Pestalotiopsis, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting techniques for large single-trunk seedlings

Preparation before transplanting

l. Root pruning should be done in advance for seedlings to be transplanted; after root pruning the soil ball size should be twice the ground diameter, and the root pruning depth should be 50 cm to 60 cm. After root pruning, stones and broken roots should be removed from the soil and it should be backfilled promptly, and moisture should be maintained: the purpose is to toughen the adaptability of the seedling and promote new root growth. After root pruning it is best to leave it for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If heeled-in seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the soil. The planting site should have holes dug 20 days before transplanting, and the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. The soil from digging the holes should be exposed to the open air and sun for a period; the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of decomposed phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn being the best, and summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants like warmth and humidity; in summer the temperature is high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, easily causing excessive water loss that affects survival; in winter the temperature is low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds easily cause frostbite or even death of seedlings.

Moving seedlings

Some single-trunk Arecaceae large seedlings have relatively thick stems, the work of moving seedlings is heavy, and the seedlings are very easily injured; therefore, when moving seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with burlap sacks or rice straw, especially the green wrapped trunk portion at the boundary between trunk and petiole. First, it protects the trunk; second, it maintains moisture and prevents sunburn. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with pruning leaves, remove old leaves and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on the tree vigor). At the same time, cut off the leaf together with the petiole by 1/5, to minimize water evaporation as much as possible.

Planting

Seedlings are best dug and planted the same day; if the time is too long the seedlings evaporate a lot of water and are easily affected in survival due to water loss. If they cannot all be planted the same day, they should be covered with shade netting and a small amount of water sprayed on the leaf surface every day, with good shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil. Once the seedling is positioned, backfill the soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, make the soil mound into a "water storage basin" slightly higher around the edges and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering. Immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to set the roots; before watering, first use bamboo poles, etc. to poke and firm the loose soil around the soil ball, until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing. There are many kinds of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The binding height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-planting management

l. Moisture retention. Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, until the leaves and trunk wrapping are moistened. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow downward, and water accumulation will cause root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with rice straw to prevent sunburn, prevent soil compaction caused by excessive soil temperature differences, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which is conducive to new root sprouting.

2. Wind protection. Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally relatively tall, and after transplanting are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds, the supports should be checked regularly after planting to see whether they have come loose; especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, it should be promptly straightened and re-tied.

3. Topdressing. About one month after planting, urea water can be used as foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. The hole position is outside the edge of the soil ball in a ring-shaped trench, with the trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer and backfill soil should be mixed evenly.

4. Pest and disease control. Newly transplanted large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings are relatively weak in tree vigor and extremely susceptible to damage by pests and diseases, especially young leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is quite seriously harmful to Arecaceae plants; adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping spaces of the not-yet-unfolded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing part or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. Control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsion 1000 times solution; ② cypermethrin 500 times solution; ③ use "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve very good control effects. Based on practical operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the heart leaf together with the tying at planting time for control.

For large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether the leaves remain green, but to truly determine survival, generally one must wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to more than 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and necessary to be promoted and applied.

Transplanting techniques for seedlings, large trees and clustered seedlings

Key techniques for transplanting seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during a period after they germinate and take root. At this time the seedlings are relatively small, can be transplanted with the seed, and in addition have few fibrous roots, so the root system is not easily damaged when moving seedlings. Using nutrient bags to raise seedlings, the size depends on the time of cultivating the seedlings; generally speaking, for 1-year-old seedlings a 16 cm x 18 cm container is suitable, for 2-year-old seedlings use 19 cm x 20 cm; nutrient bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutrient soil is prepared with loose topsoil, burned soil and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, then bagged. First fill half a bag of mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling, fill it full and compact it, so that the seedling root system and the mixed soil are closely attached, and water thoroughly. Palm plants cannot be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward so that the seedling root system spreads out.

Key techniques for transplanting large trees

Arecaceae plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most require several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting; therefore, selecting sparsely planted strong seedlings results in a relatively high survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass. The root tissue of palm plants is tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots; when digging, bring as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize the degree of root mass damage as much as possible, so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity, and improve the transplanting survival rate. During construction, lines should be accurately laid out and holes positioned, to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning. The amount of leaves retained at transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to different species, the climate at transplanting, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally about 40% of the original leaf number should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause the leaves to yellow and dry due to large water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes plant recovery difficult and the cycle long, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the plant's trunk and its pseudostem. During the processes of digging, carrying, loading and unloading the plant, the trunk should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem part should not be squeezed or bent; this is the guarantee of plant health and rapid rejuvenation.

Soil of the new planting site. Palm plants damage their root tips during transplanting, and within one month after transplanting it is very difficult for new root tips to sprout, so their water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, if the soil has good permeability and aeration, it is conducive to seedling survival; therefore, when planting, large holes should be dug and attention paid to the quality of the imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer, to facilitate recovery after planting.

Maintenance. Within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability, and the seedling should be carefully maintained, with timely water supplementation and appropriate shading, striving to have new leaves sprout within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs for several days after transplanting, palm seedlings will recover relatively well, because rainy days can avoid the effects of adverse factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key techniques for transplanting large clustered seedlings

Clustered species of Arecaceae plants have multiple growth points, and after growing into a multi-stem clustered state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. But clustered palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks and large leaf area causing high water evaporation, and poor ventilation making them susceptible to damage from strong winds. Therefore, in addition to handling them according to single-trunk palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement "hairy root method" transplanting, that is, after digging a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retain more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and immediately wrap it with lightweight moisture-retaining material, so as to reduce the weight of the soil ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slow-recovering clustered palms such as fishtail palm and three-stamen areca.

2. Implement bare-root heeling-in or potting for centralized maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant stabilizes, and only then formally plant. This method is suitable for robust clustered palms such as areca palm, strange wrinkle-seed palm, and Hawaiian palm, and can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for the transplanting of large seedlings and large trees of Arecaceae plants, in brief, do well in five aspects, namely: select strong seedlings; dig the soil ball well and transport and plant carefully; moderately prune leaves; ensure aeration and drainage at the planting site; and do well in post-planting maintenance of sun protection and moisture retention. The sign for judging the success of large seedling and large tree transplanting is being able to retain most of the leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves is complete transplanting success.

Drainage: first understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and as far as possible place the very bottom of the soil ball above the perennial groundwater level of the planting site by 100-150CM and at a position with thick fertile soil; at the same time, a drainage layer for the root system of the underground soil ball and a surface runoff drainage network should be made well, to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions do not meet the requirements, the method of planting on a raised soil ball can be used, that is, use loose medium mixed with fertile soil or use coarse sand to first pile up the planting site, meet the above requirements as far as possible, then place the plant on the soil pile, and bury the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose medium, to achieve the condition of making the plant roots loose and breathable; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil at the roots, to facilitate waterlogging prevention and drainage. Moisture retention: after planting, water once immediately to set the roots, ensuring the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil, to promote root development; then water thoroughly three more times and promptly cover the soil ball well to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray more water on the ground and tree crown, to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf-surface moisture retention treatment includes a. newly planted seedlings should have leaves appropriately pruned, to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on the leaves, to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce the plant's physiological water loss; c. under clear and good weather conditions, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible, to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water promptly, ensuring the moisture of the soil ball and the permeability of root respiration. Fertilization: after planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, foliar fertilizer can be appropriately sprayed at low concentration, to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant; if the plant is found to have grown new roots, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is higher than 20°C, applying organic fertilizer as the main type as much as possible, appropriately adding compound fertilizer with high P and K content, to promote balanced nutrition of the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: spray pesticides to control pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed with pesticides before unloading, and ensure three consecutive pesticide applications at intervals of one week to ten days within one month after planting, and then a pest and disease control plan still needs to be reasonably formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: Maintenance Plan

Greening of Styron (Nanjing) Photoelectric Co., Ltd.

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing GenSen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Styron (Nanjing) Photoelectric Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a green area of 28,186 sq m. The plant configuration in the factory greening is relatively reasonable, rich in color, with obvious seasonal changes, forming a distinct layered and naturally ecological plant community, basically showing the natural landscape of plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties have been planted in the factory area, including camphor trees (Cinnamomum camphora), southern magnolias (Magnolia grandiflora), zelkovas (Zelkova serrata), osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), and crape myrtles (Lagerstroemia indica). Among them are a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor trees, and a guard-house landscape composed of ancient red maples, fruiting pomegranates, Malus spectabilis, ginkgos, and Canary Island date palms.

In view of the current situation of the factory greening landscape, we believe that the initial greening construction was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits, especially the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not done properly, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Greening Maintenance Plan Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold-protection equipment, facilities and seedling cold-protection wrappings.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune dead, disabled, diseased and pest-infested branches and leaves, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning diseased and pest-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue collecting and making compost, prepare culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various insecticidal and disease-prevention equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scales, and achieve timely prevention and control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in the prevention and control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, grubs, mole crickets, and diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job in loosening the soil, weeding, and fertilizing before flowering. Apply dilute fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess young buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning of spring-flowering shrubs and hedge pruning. According to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and prune and remove root suckers of seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning and final singling of seedlings, apply additional topdressing, and apply dilute fertilizer frequently.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases cause great harm to trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and prediction, and pest and disease prevention work should be done well.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue to remove weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization of flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue to remove weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on the control of pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and tortoise wax scales, as well as leaf spot disease, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly. Continue intertillage and weeding, and loosen the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scales, armored scales, second-generation cottony cushion scales, and mites occur in large numbers. Attention should be paid to their control, and at the same time continue to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, etc.

3. During the dog days with high temperature, irrigate to resist drought when there is little rain. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so attention should be paid to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season. Do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, check frequently, and promptly straighten wind-thrown trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage and weeding, and loosen the soil.

2. Continue to do a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure the normal growth of seedlings.

3. This month the seedlings grow vigorously, so topdressing should be applied in time, and for small seedlings, dilute fertilizer should be applied frequently.

4. Continue to do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and straighten wind-thrown trees promptly when found.

5. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harmful to trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot disease, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do a good job in pest elimination and disease control; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood bagworms, etc., and once found, control them immediately.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding, continue to remove lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of ball-shaped plants, hedges, etc.

3. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, check the conditions of pests and diseases such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease, and sooty mold of flowering shrubs, which occur more frequently, and control them in time.

October (Cold Dew, Frost's Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control, and eliminate various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, ascertain the actual situation, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection, whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw ropes.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cut off diseased branches and dead branches; egg-bearing branches and competing branches, excessive