Key Technical Points for Landscape Application of Pentas

Pentas has excellent height, plant form and color, and can be combined with petunias or French marigolds to create summer color. It is heat-tolerant and drought-tolerant, can overcome scorching heat and humidity, and keeps blooming continuously until frost arrives. - Little five-pointed-star-shaped flowers scattered throughout large flower clusters create a very strong color impact. In landscape arrangement, some problems are often encountered, such as weather factors, pests and diseases, and how to choose plants and how to design landscape flower beds.

First, handle the 3 primary factors well: light, temperature and water.

1. Light

Every kind of plant must reach a strict light level in order to carry out good photosynthesis. Pentas prefers a cultivation environment with ample sunlight, and its flowering is directly related to the amount of light it absorbs. If the light level it needs is not reached, Pentas will not bloom or will not grow.

2. Temperature

Most plants have an optimum temperature favorable to their growth. Pentas 'Northern Lights' can adapt to both hot environments and cool environments, and performs very well whether in the north or the south. In addition, 'Northern Lights' can also adapt to lower pH values.

3. Water

Under the high-temperature and dry climate conditions of summer, Pentas can still display a perfect plant form and bright flowers.

Second, the selection of raw materials and plants is crucial. When choosing ornamental plants for garden planting, select excellent varieties whose growth vigor is strong and whose garden performance has already been proven. For example, if you want an all-around Pentas to decorate the garden throughout the summer by painting with large blocks of color, then the variety 'Mural' is the best choice. 'Mural', with rich and brilliant flower colors and a height of about 30 cm, is suitable for planting in idea flower beds or mixed containers. It should be emphasized that the red-and-white-edged 'Mural' has the most outstanding performance effect; the bright red flowers and shiny white stigmas look like a strip of lace floating on the flowers, giving a very strong visual impact. If it is to be used for large-scale garden landscape arrangement, then Pentas 'Kaleidoscope' can become a summer garden necessity. The tall landscape series 'Kaleidoscope' has the characteristics of being colorful, dense and strong, with a crown width reaching 35 cm to 40 cm, growing continuously throughout the summer and filling in color for large scenic areas. The flower clusters cover the plant from early summer until the first frost arrives, leaving the eye dazzled.

Maintenance Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm

Part One: "Organization of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really resemble eggs: milky white on the outside, bright yellow in the center, just like the egg white and yolk of an egg, and it really looks very cute. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves gather at the top of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, and is very suitable for people to admire carefully. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk bends naturally, and its shape is very beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity, sunny and well-drained environment. It is naturally robust and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and avoids waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. Cultivation is best with deep, fertile, well-aerated, organic-matter-rich acidic sandy loam. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting Frangipani, attention must also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves become dark black, that is because of Frangipani angular leaf spot, and at this time you must pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so Frangipani needs your care and nursing. In fact, besides white, Frangipani also has red and yellow types, all of which can be used to extract essences for making high-grade cosmetics, soaps and food additives, with a rather high price and great commercial development potential; the fresh flowers can also be dried in the sun for brewing tea, commonly known as Frangipani tea, which has the effects of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The Frangipani tree has a beautiful tree form, with many branches on the stem, odd shapes and a thousand postures; the leaves resemble loquat leaves, and after they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, quite like deer antlers adorned with beautiful spots, making it the preferred small tree masterpiece for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement and potted ornamental appreciation. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling and other symptoms. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be made into musical instruments, tableware or furniture. Frangipani flower meaning: nurturing hope, resurrection, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, losing distance.

Yulan Magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a deciduous tall tree, with dark gray bark, rough and cracked; branchlets slightly stout, grayish brown; winter buds and flower stalks densely covered with light grayish-yellow long silky hairs. Leaves papery, obovate, broadly obovate or obovate-elliptic, with the base of vigorous shoots having elliptic leaves. Yulan magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers; when in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard white in patches, with dazzling white light, and having high ornamental value; together with waves of delicate fragrance, refreshing the heart, it is truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light by nature and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open ground. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity; waterlogging at the planting site easily causes root rot. It prefers fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has relatively strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. Using sulfur dioxide for artificial fumigation, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant greening tree species for areas with air pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun. Too strong light or west-facing sun easily causes the trees to be scorched. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with emerald green and thick leaves, not only producing many buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance; the main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal value and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid and others, and also contain magnoflorine, alkaloids, yulan magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A and other components, and have a certain medicinal value. Yulan magnolia flowers are pungent in flavor and warm in nature, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, opening the orifices, and ventilating the lungs and unblocking the nose. They can be used for headache, blood-stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and other symptoms. Modern pharmacological research shows that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks, and can also be brewed as tea. The flower meaning of Yulan magnolia represents repaying kindness. Yulan magnolia often opens large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it makes people feel an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because its plant is tall and its flowering position is relatively high, it sways in the wind, full of spirit, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, with single, relatively large leaves, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with leaf veins arranged in a feather-like pattern, in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a good groundcover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant and likes a warm, humid and brightly lit environment. It is not cold-tolerant, nor drought-tolerant, and fears scorching sun exposure. If directly exposed to sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves and turning the leaf color yellow, so shading must be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing period it should be watered fully to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires enough careful attention 365 days a year. If the environment fluctuates greatly for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling traders and producers. Maranta family plants do not have many pests and diseases, mainly mealybugs, whiteflies and others. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta powder is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings and dessert pastries. Added to water and boiled, it becomes a transparent, odorless and tasty paste. Maranta powder is fine in texture and, compared with other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest, especially suitable for making custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt and low-protein foods. Effects: clearing the lungs and relieving cough, clearing heat and promoting urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, with many branches. Young branches are reddish brown, densely covered with stellate hairs. Leaves leathery, alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2 - 5 cm long, apex shortly pointed, base rounded and oblique, asymmetrical, both sides with stellate hairs, entire margin, dark red. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. Its sprouting ability and branching ability are strong, and it is tolerant of pruning. It is tolerant of barren soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, is tolerant of pruning and wiring, can be used for hedges, and can also be used to make stump bonsai. In the flowering season, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and its new leaves are bright red. Different lines differ in leaf color and flower color when mature, and leaf size also differs. In garden application, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf-color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, thief noctuid moths, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles and others. Common diseases of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum: anthracnose, damping-off and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf drop. It is seriously harmful in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinomycetes. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves, and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental Peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree, 3-8 m tall; crown broad and spreading; bark dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old; branchlets slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; winter buds conical, apex blunt, covered with short pubescence, often 2-3 clustered, with the middle one a leaf bud and the two sides flower buds. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight by nature, is drought-tolerant, and is not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold tolerance, and can overwinter safely in a natural environment of minus 25 degrees Celsius. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging; if planted in waterlogged low-lying places, seedling death easily occurs. Garden value: ornamental peach has large flowers and brilliant color, is beautiful when blooming, and has an ornamental period of as long as 15 days. In landscaping it is widely used at lakesides, streams, roadsides and parks and so on, and in small greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, and is also used for potted ornamental appreciation, and is often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. There is also the common weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, and shows particularly good effects in the very year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in masses or as specimens, and shows particularly good greening effects in the very year. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colored nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with nursery stock such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf dwarf cherry. Flowering shrubs are combined in planting to form a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach tree trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and so on; it is a kind of polysaccharide substance, and hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and others. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood and benefiting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include: white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis and leaf curl. The main pests include aphids, red spiders, mealybugs, red-necked longhorn beetles and others.

Artificial Plant Communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. The three foliage-color plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors, and together with large-specification thornless holly balls, they form a neat, full and clearly layered roadside greening color-band effect.

2. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Acer palmatum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum itself is widely planted in Fujian, has good adaptability, and its leaf color and flower color are both very beautiful, while the Photinia × fraseri ball has green old leaves dotted with red new leaves, setting each other off, extremely beautiful. The four plants combined have rich layers, and form a landscape road with longitudinal rhythm and spatial layering, and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fatsia japonica + Canary Island date palm + Frangipani

These plants are combined, mainly green, with leaves both small (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) and coarse and large (Fatsia japonica, Frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a bit of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, and it has the effect of reducing space, making people feel close.

4. Moso bamboo + Iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou; it is a scattered bamboo, and the spacing between culms varies. Iris has a graceful posture and beautiful, varied flower colors, and the two combined together are very charming.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Aucuba japonica + Osmanthus fragrans

Small-leaf gardenia, with leaves like sparrow tongues and a low plant, can serve as the lowest layer of plants. Aucuba japonica has yellow spots in its leaf color and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree Osmanthus fragrans has a delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart. The combination has spacing and density, changes in leaf color, and added floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fagraea ceilanica + Canna

Azalea has brilliant flowers, and with Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and Fagraea ceilanica as a backdrop it is even more moving. Canna has coarse and large leaves, reducing space and making people feel close.

7. Groundcover lawn + Marigold + Photinia × fraseri + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ball + Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui'

With green groundcover as the base, the yellow brilliant flowers of marigold are extremely beautiful, and behind the marigold are Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and red photinia as a backdrop, while the Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui' tree form spreads. The several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Ophiopogon japonicus + Guava tree

Both Ophiopogon japonicus and guava tree adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves are fine and soft, making it very suitable as groundcover. The guava tree has yellow, smooth bark, a graceful posture, and relatively large leaves with well-spaced density, making it very suitable as an open woodland path.

9. Grass + Agave americana 'Marginata' + pruned and shaped banyan + Senna bicapsularis

With green grass as the foundation, Agave americana has coarse and large leaves, with leaf color alternating silver-yellow and green, and paired with the pruned and shaped banyan it is very harmonious, while Senna bicapsularis has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. These plants combined have rich layers, and the colors change but are harmonious.

10. Liriope + Rhapis excelsa + Areca palm + Papaya tree

This plant configuration is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope has a fine and soft leaf shape, while Rhapis excelsa and Areca palm have coarser and larger leaves, and papaya leaves are large and palmate, with its fruit borne on the main trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Acalypha wilkesiana + Duranta erecta + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

As a plant combination for a carpet flower bed, Acalypha wilkesiana has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has dark purple leaf color. The three plants combined as a carpet flower bed are extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping Maintenance Management Plan

Maintenance management is very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repeated task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grass and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting of flower bed flowers. The completion of garden green space does not mean the completion of the garden landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance management can the garden landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the managed park area:

1. The green area covers about 245,419 ten-thousand square meters, with a high greening coverage rate, and there are large numbers of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned and shaped shrubs, whose initial growth has gradually taken shape. After careful investigation by us, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly

planted with rows of ginkgo, zhennan and large trees, appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are complexly combined, with large and small trees, shrubs and groundcover plants

planted in an interspersed manner. At the entrance, relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf banyan stump,

top-grade Osmanthus fragrans, etc.) are dominant. Whether the office-area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, refined, open and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa-area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely and relaxed atmosphere,

all depend on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the longitudinal area, we can find the following problems: ① Shaped shrubs are growing poorly and their shapes are monotonous; ② Flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including how much they bloom, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; ③ There are many weeds in the lawn, and in local areas the grass-family weeds in the turf show a tendency to spread unchecked; ④ Pests and diseases are present.

I. We plan to take the following corrective measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional gardening, and carry out multi-posture shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to promote their growth and then shape them according to their tendency, which depends on the specific plant's growth vigor and plant form; in local areas the hedges are highly regular, and the neat uniform long strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. Likewise, we can try pruning them into wave shapes, matching the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a smoother living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-area chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus and species, and living habits, and label all plants in the area. In this way,

we can both enrich employees' general knowledge of plants and add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labeling

make the greening receive more attention.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of a single day or night. While doing the corrective work well, we will likewise

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached after), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

likewise we ask Party A to offer more opinions, so that our work gradually becomes more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance Responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscape maintenance operating procedures and landscape maintenance quality standards, organizes reasonably, maintains carefully, and sends professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange the management and protection work, and flexibly sends no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and the plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance management task with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Maintenance Content

1. Management procedures: including the whole process of watering, opening planting holes and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately), etc. {Maintenance Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, wheelbarrows, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per plant, and topdress once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying and water-fertilizer, etc., then cover with soil and water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, maintain the trees' natural growth state, with no need for shaping pruning, promptly cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, shaded vigorous branches and drooping branches that hinder vehicle passage, and promptly clean up the pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer, etc. Water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except on rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly. For those pruned into round, square or conical shapes, do minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and beautiful cut surfaces, promptly remove pruned material, promptly cut off dead branches and diseased and pest-infested branches, promptly replant old, diseased and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer, etc. Water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except on rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, cut off spent flowers once a week and remove weeds once a week, and promptly cut off dead branches and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, promptly replant wilted and dead missing parts, with a coverage rate of more than 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(II) Specific arrangements for one year of garden maintenance work:

January: the month with the lowest temperature in the whole year, when open-ground trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest-infested branches on large and small trees, and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings.

2. Street tree inspection: promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify when loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, or shaking stakes are found.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under the trees, dig up and collect the pupae and cocoons of stinging moths, and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin to be active, but at this time they move slowly, and we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on the trunk. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be weeded and edged promptly; in green spaces, attention should be paid to antifreeze watering.

February: the temperature rises somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Complete the pruning of all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on controlling stinging moths and scale insects.

March: the temperature continues to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellias) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do a good job of planning and design, dig (hollow out) the tree pits in advance, and achieve digging, transporting, planting and watering as you go. When planting shrubs, also achieve digging, transporting and planting as you go, and water fully to increase the survival rate of nursery stock.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with large evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other places promptly.

3. Fertilizing: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Maintenance Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is the key moment for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock showed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller also appeared (control by spraying pesticides such as fenitrothion). To control stinging moths, the method of digging up pupae can continue to be used.

April: the temperature continues to rise, and trees all sprout, bloom or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue tree planting: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late, promptly pull out and replant shrubs that died in winter (azaleas, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, etc.), and water newly planted trees fully.

2. Irrigation: continue to water the maintained green spaces promptly.

3. Fertilizing: for lawns and shrubs, combined with irrigation, apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molt, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, the base of trunks, wall corners and other places, secreting a white waxy thin cocoon and pupating. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deep in a concentrated way or soaked. Or the method of spraying pesticides such as fenitrothion can be used. (2) Longhorn beetles begin to be active. You can use a grafting knife or self-made steel wire to pick out the larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: the temperature rises sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees have a very large water demand and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: prune spent flowers. Carry out the first bud-removal pruning of street trees.

3. Pest and disease control: continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of stinging moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; make corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids and others has also entered its peak occurrence period (on crape myrtle, Pittosporum tobira, oleander, etc.). In mid- and late May, spray 10-20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500-2000 times dilution to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal hormones and Huabao can be used.)

June: high temperature

1. Watering: plants have a large water demand and must be watered promptly; one cannot "live by looking at the sky."

2. Fertilizing: combine loosening the soil and weeding, fertilizing and watering to achieve the best effect.

3. Pruning: continue the bud removal and tiller removal work on street trees. Carry out pruning of hedges, balls and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

4. Drainage work: in heavy rain weather, pay attention to drainage work in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: in mid- and late June, stinging moths enter the peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly. At present, spraying 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500-800 times dilution is basically used. (Or compound BT emulsion can be sprayed.) Continue manual catching of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees, and straighten, reinforce and re-tie loose and leaning trees.

July: the highest temperature, and after mid-month there will be strong winds and heavy rain.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly if high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Top dressing: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud removal and pruning. Prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and check each tree stump one by one; if any are loose or unstable, straighten and tie them firmly immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials and tools, and send personnel to inspect at any time, handling dangerous situations promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue controlling longhorn beetles and nettle moths. For longhorn beetles, inject a 1:50 dilution of 50% fenitrothion (or Guoshu Bao, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the opening; this can also achieve good results. For the camphor tree shoot borer, prune promptly and destroy the infested nests to prevent further damage.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: Continue the typhoon prevention work for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to the summer pruning of general trees, shaping pruning should be carried out on hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilization can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching them at the roots. Aphid damage and the camphor tree shoot borer should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, watch for powdery mildew and rot disease and take measures promptly. September: Temperatures decline somewhat; do related work to welcome National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, remove buds below the third-level branching of street trees. Shaping pruning of hedges. Weeding in green areas, edging lawns, and promptly removing dead trees, so that trees are green in branch and leaf and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilization: For some trees that grow weakly and have insufficiently plump branches, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (cherry, peach, plum, etc.) is at its peak; use a 1000-fold dilution of 500% carbendazim to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to damaging the roots; pay attention to catching them at the roots. Also promptly control wood moths on poplars and willows. Do a good job in controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, carry out inspection work on all kinds of landscaping facilities.

October: Temperatures drop; in late October early winter begins, trees start to shed leaves and gradually enter dormancy.

1. Prepare for autumn tree planting; in late October, once cold-hardy trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green area maintenance: Remove dead trees promptly and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green areas and lawns. Fertilize flowering plants that are growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling the camphor tree shoot borer. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw by day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-hardy plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Soil turning: Turn the soil in green areas to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry, compacted soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and map out the locations to be adjusted.

VII. Green area maintenance quality objectives

1. Landscaping maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed yellow earth.

2. Garden plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green areas reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Garden tree crowns are basically complete, with main and side branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the interior is not tangled, with ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing individuals, and there are no dead trees in green areas.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth and normal leaf size and color. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect excrement or webs must not exceed 5%, and the retention rate of normal leaves must be above 90%. Coniferous

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches, to ensure that tree development tends toward rationality, branch form is improved, and pest and disease breeding is reduced.

2. Appropriately thin out trees that are too densely grown, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig up nettle moth pupae and cocoons and burn them in a concentrated manner.

5. As the situation requires, scarify individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning and fertilization work on lawns.

2. Do a good job in pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaved mahonia and the globular mealybug on coral and Japanese fatsia.

3. In particular, strengthen cold-proof and heat-preservation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening soil and mounding soil around tree root systems.

4. For cool-season lawns, apply a top dressing (urea) once at the end of the month at 10g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. For lawns, promptly roll grass and remove weeds, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job in forecasting, reporting and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and the boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, eggs of the crape myrtle globular scale hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapple species and cool-season lawns, so pay attention to prevention reports.

4. For local sunken and low-lying spots that appear in lawns, mound soil and cover with sand, and carry out low pruning of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the germination and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilization for planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown flowering plants, and combine irrigation with quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer for lawns and shrubs, or spray on leaves as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; pruning of evergreen hedges can begin.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period of leaf expansion for trees, with a large water demand, so water in a timely manner.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and Malus halliana, and promptly remove buds from plane trees, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Hoe weeds in flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding work on lawns, and prune lawn grass promptly to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job in forecasting, reporting and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure sufficient water supply for plants.

2. Loosen soil and hoe weeds in tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding work on lawns.

3. Lawns should be pruned promptly, and their growth height controlled, paying attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. For lawns that grow poorly or lack fertilizer, apply a compound fertilizer once to ensure safe oversummering.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job in forecasting, reporting and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, in particular ensure that plant watering work is carried out.

2. Carry out soil loosening and weeding work on flower bed color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to hoe and weed to prevent grass overgrowth, and continue cultivating, weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention work, reinforce and secure trees in the park to prevent lodging; promptly clear and drain low-lying or seriously waterlogged places.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job in forecasting, reporting and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune promptly to control lawn height, and fertilization can be combined with weeding. Promptly supplement and top-dress fertilizer, mainly P and K fertilizers, with N fertilizer as a supplement; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to grasping the fertilization period and climate well.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought relief work; it must not be chosen between 10:00 and 15:00 to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job in typhoon and flood prevention work, further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly clear drainage channels in low-lying and waterlogging-prone places to prevent water from accumulating for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job in forecasting, reporting and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed in green areas and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely grown, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. Lawns should be pruned, edged and cleared of weeds promptly, and attention should be paid to pest and disease control work.

4. Carry out weeding work on flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job in forecasting, reporting and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness and distinct layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend toward rationality and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill bare gaps, water, and fertilize those growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Do a good job in forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, reducing pests and diseases and enhancing growth vigor.

2. Do a good job of weeding and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs and green areas, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare gaps. As the situation requires, adjust trees in the local layout, and some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Begin cold-proof and warmth-preservation work; for trees with

poor cold resistance, wrap with rice straw and mound soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. Lawns should be scarified and aerated as the situation requires, and pruned 2-3 times at the same time.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late November, and combine with increased application of organic fertilizer to carry out soil turning in green areas.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job in forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of weeding and edging in color-block shrubs and green areas, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing residual stumps and dead branches, in order to make next year's tree growth better (flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds must not be pruned), and at the same time pay attention to cleaning insect cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job in forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "Latest Commonly Used Plants in Southern Landscapes"

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern Landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, China fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, West Indian mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Buddhist pine (Podocarpus nagi), long-leaf podocarpus, white champaca, southern magnolia, Houpoea officinalis, Cinnamomum burmannii, camphor tree, cinnamon, Paulownia kawakamii, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, siamese senna, red camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, water banyan, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, avocado, Alstonia scholaris, false betel palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Syzygium hainanense, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, Timor white gum, swamp mahogany, blue gum, cajeput, Irvingia malayana, Chinese torreya, Chinese plum yew, Indian rubber fig, banyan, small-leaf fig, large-fruited fig, weeping fig, Ficus virens, sacred fig, casuarina, jackfruit, Acer cinnamomifolium, Castanopsis sclerophylla, oriental white oak, candlenut, silk oak, Elaeocarpus apiculatus, big-leaf elaeocarpus, sea hibiscus, wintergreen, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, Albizia falcataria, royal palm, fish-tail palm (Caryota obtusa), Mexican fan palm, sugar palm, long-leaf date palm, bishop wood, red sandalwood, Dillenia indica, jackfruit, golden shower tree (Cassia fistula), jackfruit, big-leaf privet, Michelia chapensis, Schefflera octophylla, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

Terminalia mantaly, Chinese swamp cypress, water wintergreen (Saurauia tristyla), Chinese tallow, Hovenia dulcis, sand pear, soapberry, goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, Chinese tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, large-flowered crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flame tree, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Jacaranda mimosifolia, golden shower tree (Cassia fistula), chinaberry, China berry (Melia toosendan), coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, sweet acacia, Kalopanax septemlobus, sweetgum, weeping willow, Magnolia soulangeana, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

red sandalwood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm, Chinese plum yew (Cephalotaxus sinensis), Aglaia odorata, big-leaf boxwood, Elaeagnus pungens, camellia sasanqua, Hainan coral tree, golden-spotted aucuba, Hypericum monogynum, Areca triandra, areca palm, Chuniophoenix hainanensis, four-season Aglaia odorata,Allamanda cathartica, Gendarussa vulgaris, callistemon, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Jasminum mesnyi, aucuba, Chinese holly, foreign azalea, Cordyline fruticosa, croton, red mulberry, golden-edged mulberry, golden-leaf fig, Senna tora, Rhododendron ovatum, Ardisia japonica, orange jasmine, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Artabotrys hexapetalus, Camellia japonica, Camellia oleifera, big-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flowered allamanda,Serissa japonica, Michelia figo, Pittosporum tobira, Mahonia fortunei, Nandina domestica, Japanese fatsia, Magnolia coco, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Ceropegia, red azalea, Yucca gloriosa, Yucca, Hainan boxwood, Licuala spinosa, Phoenix roebelenii, Caryota mitis, Rhapis humilis, Rhapis excelsa,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, Odontonema strictum, Schefflera octophylla, Duranta repens 'Variegata', Duranta repens 'Golden Leaves', Gendarussa vulgaris, golden-leaf privet, Alocasia macrorrhizos, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Aspidistra elatior, Sansevieria trifasciata, Rhaphiolepis indica, variegated hibiscus, Euphorbia cotinifolia, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, Brunfelsia acuminata, Hamelia patens, Crinum asiaticum, Hymenocallis littoralis, Calliandra, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura arborea, Mussaenda frondosa, Mussaenda erythrophylla, Rhododendron pulchrum, Rhododendron hybridum, Senna bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Ixora chinensis, Jasminum mesnyi, jasmine, Euphorbia cotinifolia, Plumbago auriculata, Oxypetalum caeruleum, Papilio butterfly, Nandina domestica, Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, Excoecaria cochinchinensis,

Deciduous shrubs:

Hibiscus mutabilis, Spiraea cantonensis, Spiraea prunifolia, modern rose, Abelia chinensis, pomegranate, Callicarpa bodinieri, Magnolia liliiflora, Lespedeza bicolor, Lonicera maackii, Hydrangea macrophylla, Hibiscus syriacus, redbud, Prunus japonica, Spiraea thunbergii, pearl flower, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, Buddleja lindleyana, Ligustrum sinense

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, Pyrostegia venusta, Rangoon creeper, Akebia trifoliata, honeysuckle, Euonymus fortunei, creeping fig, kiwifruit, Euonymus fortunei (climbing form), Hong Kong Rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Hoya carnosa, Rhaphidophora pinnata, pothos, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Chinese ivy, English ivy, Schisandra chinensis, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, trumpet creeper, passionflower, Lagerstroemia indica 'Multiflora', Mucuna sempervirens,Thunbergia grandiflora

Artabotrys hexapetalus, Thunbergia grandiflora, Rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, Pyrostegia venusta, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosissimum, wisteria, creeping fig, cypress vine, morning glory, Ipomoea hederacea, snake vine, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, garlic vine, wood rose, Clytostoma callistegioides, passionflower

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, moso bamboo, fernleaf hedge bamboo, bamboo (Phyllostachys glauca), Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata', Bambusa emeiensis, Bambusa multiplex, bitter bamboo, Indocalamus tessellatus, Buddha belly bamboo, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, green bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, Bambusa multiplex 'Alphonse Karr', red bamboo

Lawns and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese lawngrass, fine-leaf lawngrass, carpet grass, centipede grass, jointhead grass, Manila grass, lawngrass, Guangdong evergreen, purple spiderwort, oyster plant, liriope, large-leaf curculigo, dwarf lilyturf, Reineckea carnea, Aspidistra elatior, black-eyed Susan, Acorus gramineus, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese chive lily, golden spider lily, white butterfly, butterfly flower, red-flowered oxalis, silver inch plant,

Calathea, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', pothos, silver inch plant, sword fern, Pilea cadierei, small oyster plant, peace lily, silver-edged liriope, red-flowered lantana, yellow-flowered lantana, purple-flowered lantana,

dusty miller, clerodendrum, shrimp plant, firecracker plant, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, English ivy, Trachelospermum jasminoides, ginger lily, Cyperus alternifolius, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, Wedelia trilobata, red-flowered oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, Alternanthera dentata, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green herb, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese chive lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean lawngrass, Bermuda grass, big-leaf carpet grass, variegated grass, bahia grass, dwarf lilyturf

Palms:

Royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, Caryota obtusa, windmill palm, dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, Queen palm, fishtail palm, Queen palm, Mexican fan palm, pygmy date palm, Caryota mitis, Caryota urens, areca palm, Areca triandra, traveler's palm, Rhapis excelsa,

Seasonal flowers

Pentas, African impatiens, four-season begonia, scarlet sage, petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, French marigold, marigold, nasturtium, pansy, wishbone flower, cockscomb, pot marigold, globe amaranth, zinnia, Portulaca grandiflora, Portulaca oleracea, cosmos, cineraria, spider flower, daylily, lavender, purple loosestrife

Part Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Combinations"

Southern Plant Combinations

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + Cyperus alternifolius + Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata'

Dracaena draco + Dracaena fragrans 'Massangeana' + Nandina domestica + Nephrolepis auriculata + decorative stone

Roystonea regia + Caryota urens + Phoenix roebelenii + Canna indica + Coleus scutellarioides + Codiaeum variegatum

Roystonea regia + Phoenix canariensis + Cordyline fruticosa 'Red Edge' + Acalypha wilkesiana + Ixora chinensis

Roystonea regia + Archontophoenix alexandrae + Dypsis lutescens + Rhapis excelsa + Duranta erecta 'Golden Dewdrop'

Part Six: "Commonly Used Southern Landscape Plants"

Commonly Used Plants for Southern Gardens

I. Palm category:

1. Roystonea regia 2. Archontophoenix alexandrae 3. Washingtonia filifera 4. Phoenix sylvestris 5. Phoenix canariensis 6. Areca triandra

7. Livistona chinensis 8. Washingtonia filifera 9. Dypsis lutescens 10. Rhapis excelsa (slender-leaved lady palm) 11. Trachycarpus fortunei 'Nanus' 12. Phoenix roebelenii

II. Tree category (street trees, shade trees):

1. Delonix regia 2. Bombax ceiba 3. Ceiba speciosa 4. Erythrina variegata 5. Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6. Alstonia scholaris

7. Ficus microcarpa 8. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9. Mangifera indica 10. Chukrasia tabularis 11. Cinnamomum burmannii 12. Tabebuia pentaphylla

13. Pterocarpus indicus 14. Plumeria rubra 15. Terminalia catappa 16. Ravenala madagascariensis 17. Pandanus tectorius 18. Bischofia javanica

19. Averrhoa carambola 20. Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata 21. Cassia fistula 22. Albizia falcataria 23. Melaleuca leucadendra

24. Eucalyptus 25. Syzygium hainanense 26. Aphanamixis grandifolia 27. Bauhinia purpurea 28. Swietenia mahagoni

29. Ficus altissima 30. Spathodea campanulata 31. Tabebuia chrysantha 32. Koelreuteria bipinnata

III. Flowering shrub category:

1. Osmanthus fragrans 'Semperflorens' 2. Bambusa multiplex 'Alphonse Karr' 3. Alsophila spinulosa 4. Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves' 5. Bougainvillea spectabilis

6. Cassia surattensis 7. Callistemon rigidus 8. Agave americana 'Marginata' 9. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 10. Fagraea ceilanica 11. Ficus aspera var. parcellii

12. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 13. Michelia figo 14. Campsis grandiflora 15. Calliandra haematocephala 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Aglaonema

18. Furcraea foetida 19. Yucca smalliana 20. Pyrostegia venusta 21. Thevetia peruviana 22. Polyscias fruticosa

IV. Ground cover or color-block plants:

1. Pittosporum tobira 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Epipremnum aureum 4. Asplenium nidus 5. Alternanthera dentata 'Ruby' 6. Pennisetum alopecuroides 7. Schefflera octophylla

8. Syngonium podophyllum 9. Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves' 10. Cuphea hyssopifolia 11. Ophiopogon japonicus 12. Stromanthe thalia 'Triostar' 13. Rhododendron pulchrum

14. Livistona chinensis 'Nana' 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Duranta erecta 'Variegata' 17. Chlorophytum comosum 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Allamanda cathartica

20. Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata' 21. Asparagus densiflorus 22. Arachis pintoi 23. Ixora chinensis 'Nana' 24. Nephrolepis auriculata 25. Pachystachys lutea

26. Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly' 27. Pilea cadierei 28. Dieffenbachia picta 29. Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow' 30. Codiaeum variegatum 31. Ophiopogon japonicus

32. Silver-edge grass 33. Jasmine 34. Velvet Calathea 35. Taiwan grass 36. Large-leaf carpetgrass

32. Acorus gramineus 'Variegatus' 33. Jasminum sambac 34. Calathea zebrina 35. Zoysia matrella 36. Axonopus compressus

37. Zoysia matrella 'Manila' 38. Cynodon dactylon 39. Lolium perenne 40. Festuca arundinacea

Some other commonly used plants:

1. Ficus religiosa 2. Ficus altissima 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4. Campsis grandiflora 5. Koelreuteria bipinnata 6. Cassia fistula

7. Senna siamea 8. Kigelia africana 9. Cassia fistula 'Thai Yellow' 10. Melaleuca bracteata

11. Senna alata 12. Cassia bicapsularis 13. Jatropha integerrima 14. Syzygium nervosum 15. Manglietia glauca

16. Aglaonema 'Hainan Golden' 17. Pachira aquatica 'Variegata' 18. Ormosia pinnata 19. Swietenia mahagoni

20. Albizia falcataria 21. Cinnamomum cassia 22. Osmanthus fragrans (autumn) 23. Laurus nobilis 24. Washingtonia filifera 25. Bambusa multiplex 'Alphonse Karr'

26. Pterocarpus indicus (yellow/purple sandalwood) 27. Pterocarpus indicus 28. Dianella ensifolia 29. Ficus leizhouensis 30. Markhamia cauda-felina

Commonly Used Southern Landscape Plants

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla), Cunningham's araucaria (Araucaria cunninghamii), Keteleeria, Araucaria bidwillii, Agathis dammara, Pinus massoniana, Pinus elliottii, Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, Melaleuca leucadendra, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium hainanense, Bischofia javanica, Acacia confusa, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Pterocarpus indicus, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus virens, Ficus altissima, Ficus superba, Ficus elastica, Ficus elastica 'Variegata', Ficus religiosa, Aleurites moluccanus, Swietenia mahagoni, Dillenia indica, Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia mantaly, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Syzygium samarangense, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Manilkara zapota, Chukrasia tabularis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Michelia alba, Magnolia coco, Michelia macclurei, Elaeocarpus chinensis, Magnolia grandiflora, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Mangifera indica, Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis, Canarium album, Eriobotrya japonica, Myrica rubra, Citrus maxima, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Sabina chinensis, Nageia nagi, Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans 'Semperflorens', Michelia figo, Aglaia odorata, Camellia japonica, Ficus benjamina, Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei, Ficus tinctoria

2. Deciduous trees

Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium ascendens, Taxodium distichum, Glyptostrobus pensilis, Liriodendron chinense, Firmiana simplex, Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria, Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala, Liquidambar formosana, Salix babylonica, Kigelia africana, Neolamarckia cadamba, Grevillea robusta, Celtis sinensis, Sapindus mukorossi, Pistacia chinensis, Melia azedarach, Triadica sebifera, Vernicia montana, Ginkgo biloba, Sterculia monosperma, Diospyros kaki, Ficus carica, Morus alba, Carica papaya, Psidium guajava, Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum', Acacia farnesiana

3. Palm category

Archontophoenix alexandrae, Roystonea regia, Roystonea oleracea, Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, Dypsis decaryi, Wodyetia bifurcata, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Elaeis guineensis, Borassus flabellifer, Washingtonia robusta, Washingtonia filifera, Phoenix canariensis, Phoenix dactylifera, Phoenix dactylifera 'Iranian', Livistona chinensis, Caryota urens, Arenga pinnata, Phoenix loureiroi, Phoenix roebelenii, Areca triandra, Areca vestiaria, Areca catechu, Caryota maxima, Caryota mitis, Dypsis lutescens, Trachycarpus fortunei, Musa basjoo, Ravenala madagascariensis, Cordyline fruticosa, Rhapis excelsa, Rhapis humilis, Strelitzia nicolai, Philodendron 'Red Congo', Alocasia macrorrhizos

4. Foliage shrubs

Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaves', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves', Ficus lyrata, Ficus salicifolia, Garcinia subelliptica, Arundo donax 'Variegata', Polyalthia longifolia 'Pendula', Pandanus tectorius, Pittosporum tobira, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata', Cycas revoluta, Callistemon rigidus, Cestrum nocturnum, Cotinus coggygria 'Purpureus', Justicia brandegeeana, Fatsia japonica, Sabina procumbens, Manihot esculenta 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Schefflera octophylla, Schefflera octophylla 'Variegata', Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Acalypha wilkesiana, Syringa japonica, Duranta erecta, Duranta erecta 'Variegata', Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves', Murraya paniculata, Codiaeum variegatum, Codiaeum variegatum 'Hastatum', Codiaeum variegatum 'Hainan', Codiaeum variegatum 'Aucubaefolium', Buddleja asiatica, Carmona retusa, Buxus sinica var. parvifolia, Ligustrum sinense 'Golden Leaves', Euphorbia milii, Furcraea foetida 'Variegata', Agave americana, Agave americana 'Marginata', Yucca smalliana, Beaucarnea recurvata, Aspidistra elatior, Sansevieria trifasciata, Cactus, Alocasia macrorrhizos, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata', Scaevola taccada, Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata, Breynia disticha 'Roseopicta', Phyllanthus myrtifolius, Rosa chinensis

5. Flowering shrubs

Tabernaemontana divaricata, Brunfelsia pauciflora, Jasminum sambac, Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus schizopetalus, Malvaviscus arboreus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Calliandra haematocephala, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Gardenia jasminoides var. grandiflora, Hydrangea macrophylla, Pachystachys coccinea, Melastoma candidum, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura suaveolens, Mussaenda frondosa, Mussaenda erythrophylla, Allamanda cathartica, Rhododendron indicum, Cassia bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Ixora chinensis, Duranta erecta 'Sheena's Gold', Jasminum mesnyi, Jasminum sambac, Crinum asiaticum,

Hymenocallis littoralis, Clivia miniata, Canna indica 'Nana', Reinwardtia indica, Jatropha integerrima, Plumbago auriculata, Evolvulus pilosus, Christia obcordata

6. Ground cover

Stromanthe sanguinea, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Epipremnum aureum, Tradescantia zebrina, Nephrolepis auriculata, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea, Spathiphyllum kochii, Ophiopogon japonicus, Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus', Lantana camara (red), Lantana camara (yellow), Lantana camara (purple), Senecio cineraria, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Justicia brandegeeana, Russelia equisetiformis, Asparagus densiflorus, Oenothera drummondii, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Hedera helix, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Hedychium coronarium, Cyperus alternifolius, Cyperus papyrus, Iris tectorum, Lythrum salicaria, Narcissus tazetta, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea tetragona, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis corymbosa, Arachis pintoi, Dichondra repens, Alternanthera dentata 'Purple', Alternanthera dentata 'Round Leaf', Coleus scutellarioides, Verbena tenuisecta, Alternanthera versicolor, Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes grandiflora, Hippeastrum rutilum, Lilium brownii, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Catharanthus roseus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Zoysia matrella 'Manila', Zoysia matrella 'Korean', Cynodon dactylon, Axonopus compressus, Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Variegatum', Paspalum notatum, Ophiopogon japonicus 'Nanus'

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora, Quisqualis indica, Antigonon leptopus, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Pyrostegia venusta, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosissimum, Wisteria sinensis, Ficus pumila, Quamoclit pennata, Ipomoea nil, Ipomoea cairica, Rourea microphylla, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, Mansoa alliacea, Merremia tuberosa, Clytostoma callistegioides, Passiflora caerulea

Part Seven: "Commonly Used Southern Plant Combination Document"

Practical Plant Combination Table ---- Concise Table of Commonly Used Plant Combinations

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Salix matsudana, Salix babylonica, Salix babylonica 'Cotton', Salix psammophila, Salix viminalis, Salix wallichiana, Populus simonii, Populus maximowiczii, Sabina vulgaris, Sabina chinensis, Platycladus orientalis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Melia azedarach, Pterocarya stenoptera, Fraxinus chinensis, Forsythia suspensa, Ulmus pumila, Ulmus laciniata, Ulmus parvifolia, Triadica sebifera, Cerasus serrulata, Eucommia ulmoides, Koelreuteria paniculata, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, Nerium oleander, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Vitis vinifera, Wisteria sinensis, Amorpha fruticosa, Tamarix chinensis, Ranunculus japonicus, Halerpestes ruthenica, Halerpestes ruthenica 'Long Leaf', Lysimachia, Lysimachia, Stachys palustris, Stachys chinensis, Mentha canadensis, Mazus pumilus, Veronica didyma, Nasturtium officinale, Scirpus triqueter, Scirpus mucronatus, Cyperus compressus, Cyperus glomeratus, Cyperus glomeratus, Cyperus sanguinolentus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus bufonius, Juncus minimus, Juncus gracillimus, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum plebeium, Polygonum orientale, Polygonum caespitosum, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum sagittatum, Polygonum perfoliatum, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum thunbergii, Polygonum macranthum, Reynoutria japonica, Imperata cylindrica, Calamagrostis epigejos, Calamagrostis purpurea, Beckmannia syzigachne, Sanguisorba officinalis, Arundinella anomala, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Coix lacryma-jobi, Hemarthria altissima, Halerpestes salsuginosa

Emergent plants: Schoenoplectus validus, Phragmites australis, Lotus root, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Caldesia parnassifolia, Alisma orientale, Nelumbo nucifera, Lythrum salicaria, Typha angustifolia, Monochoria vaginalis, Monochoria korsakowii, Acorus calamus, Pontederia cordata, Oryza sativa, Kandelia obovata, Narcissus tazetta, Oenanthe javanica, Zizania latifolia, Colocasia esculenta, Marsilea quadrifolia, Phragmites australis, Eleocharis dulcis, Scirpus yagara, Juncus setchuensis, Typha angustifolia, Cyperus alternifolius, Typha latifolia

Floating plants: Lemna minor, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphaea tetragona, Euryale ferox, Victoria amazonica, Nuphar pumilum, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphoides peltata, Brasenia schreberi, Utricularia aurea, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Nymphoides hydrophylla

Submerged plants: Ceratophyllum demersum, Ottelia alismoides

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: Liquidambar formosana, Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Acer palmatum, Acer ginnala, Celastrus orbiculatus, Quercus rubra, Acer palmatum 'Dissectum', Triadica sebifera, Rhus typhina, Rhus chinensis, Sorbus pohuashanensis, Nandina domestica, Euonymus alatus, Crataegus pinnatifida, Pistacia chinensis, Pterocarya stenoptera, Berberis thunbergii, Carpinus hupeana, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: Ginkgo biloba, Diospyros kaki, Koelreuteria paniculata, Liriodendron chinense, Firmiana simplex, Ulmus pumila, Juglans regia, Catalpa bungei, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Lagerstroemia indica, Ulmus parvifolia, Phoebe zhennan, Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa, Actinidia chinensis, Aesculus chinensis, Sorbus alnifolia, Chimonanthus praecox, Punica granatum, Cassia surattensis, Hamamelis mollis, Sapindus mukorossi, Acacia farnesiana

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be optionally planted in residential areas include: herbs such as Mentha canadensis, Ocimum basilicum, Melissa officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Cymbopogon citratus, Salvia japonica, Taraxacum mongolicum, Calendula officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Borago officinalis, Pelargonium graveolens, Malva sylvestris, etc., and shrubs such as Lavandula angustifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Gardenia jasminoides, Rosa rugosa, Aloysia citrodora, etc.

Woody plants with fragrance rotating through the four seasons, for example: plum blossoms and orange blossoms in spring; gardenias and Michelia alba in summer; osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-gas-resistant plants: Robinia pseudoacacia, Paulownia fortunei, Pinus bungeana, Sabina chinensis, Viburnum odoratissimum, Photinia serratifolia, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting, butterfly-attracting plants: Taxus cuspidata 'Nana', Podocarpus macrophyllus, Torreya grandis, Ilex crenata 'Convexa', Cinnamomum camphora, Myrica rubra, Ligustrum lucidum, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, Viburnum dilatatum, Aucuba japonica, Mahonia fortunei, Pyracantha fortuneana, Buxus sinica, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc., Buddleja davidii, Pistacia chinensis, and other fragrant-flower plants (such as Citrus plants of the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous perennial) flowers: Kniphofia uvaria (torch lily), Lupinus polyphyllus, Festuca glauca, Astilbe chinensis, Coreopsis grandiflora, Lysimachia nummularia, Origanum vulgare, Hibiscus moscheutos, Mentha sanguinea, Trachelospermum jasminoides 'Variegatum', Lampranthus spectabilis, Helleborus thibetanus, Lycoris radiata, Hemerocallis fulva, Iris tectorum, Tradescantia virginiana, Hosta plantaginea, Canna indica 'Variegata', Canna indica 'Red Leaf', Symphyotrichum novi-belgii, Farfugium japonicum, Bletilla striata, Verbena peruviana

Flowering trees and shrubs of the four seasons:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus micromalus, Chaenomeles sinensis, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia 'Red', Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), Cercis chinensis, red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: Lagerstroemia indica, Hibiscus syriacus, Hydrangea macrophylla, Michelia figo, Rhododendron indicum, pomegranate (flower), Gardenia jasminoides, Campsis grandiflora, Albizia julibrissin, Acacia farnesiana Autumn: Osmanthus fragrans, Lagerstroemia indica, Hibiscus syriacus, flowering pomegranate, Hibiscus mutabilis, Campsis grandiflora, etc.

Winter: Lonicera japonica, Nandina domestica, plum blossom, Michelia figo, camellia, Camellia sasanqua, etc.

Classification diagram of common landscaping tree species:

(I) Evergreen conifers

1. Tree category: Cedrus deodara, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus thunbergii, Sabina chinensis, Pinus massoniana, Sabina chinensis, Cycas revoluta, Araucaria cunninghamii, Cryptomeria japonica, Torreya grandis

2. Shrub category: (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Platycladus orientalis, Sabina chinensis 'Compacta', Sabina procumbens, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus parviflora

(II) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Tree category: Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pseudolarix amabilis, Taxodium ascendens, Taxodium distichum

(III) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Tree category: Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Ligustrum lucidum, Trachycarpus fortunei

2. Shrub category: Viburnum odoratissimum, Euonymus japonicus, Buxus sinica, Buxus bodinieri, Ilex cornuta, Citrus reticulata, Photinia serratifolia, Pittosporum tobira, Osmanthus fragrans, Nerium oleander, Jasminum floridum, Jasminum nudiflorum, Aucuba japonica 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Serissa japonica, Ligustrum sinense, Fatsia japonica, Gardenia jasminoides, Distylium racemosum, Camellia japonica, Hypericum monogynum, Rhododendron simsii, Yucca smalliana (Agave americana, Agave angustifolia), Cycas revoluta (sago palm), Mahonia fortunei

(IV) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Tree category: Salix babylonica, Salix babylonica var. pendula, Pterocarya stenoptera, Salix matsudana 'Tortuosa', Triadica sebifera, Sophora japonica, Firmiana simplex (Chinese parasol tree)

Firmiana simplex (Chinese parasol tree), Platanus x acerifolia (London plane), Sophora japonica (Chinese scholar tree), Sophora japonica 'Pendula', Albizia julibrissin, Ginkgo biloba, Melia azedarach (chinaberry), Catalpa ovata

2. Shrub category: Cerasus serrulata, Magnolia denudata, Amygdalus persica, Chimonanthus praecox, Lagerstroemia indica, Cercis chinensis, Cornus kousa, Acer palmatum, Prunus cerasifera 'Atropurpurea', Chaenomeles speciosa, Malus halliana, Hydrangea macrophylla, Spiraea cantoniensis, Forsythia viridissima (golden bells), Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus (rose of Sharon), Alchornea davidii (guangxi tree), Punica granatum

(V) Bamboo category: Bambusa multiplex 'Alphonse Karr', Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllostachys edulis, Phyllostachys nigra, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf', Bambusa ventricosa, Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata'

(VI) Vines: Wisteria sinensis, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy, wall creeper), Hedera helix, Vitis vinifera, Euonymus fortunei

(VII) Flowers: Portulaca grandiflora, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Salvia splendens, Canna indica, Alternanthera versicolor, Brassica oleracea (ornamental cabbage), Chrysanthemum morifolium, Cymbidium

(VIII) Lawn: Zoysia matrella 'Velvet', Zoysia japonica, Ophiopogon japonicus, Lolium perenne 'Four Seasons', Festuca arundinacea, Zoysia matrella 'Manila', Trifolium repens, Dichondra repens

Detailed Table of Commonly Used Plant Combinations

General Commonly Used Street Tree Table

Name Scientific Name Family Tree Shape Characteristics

Cinnamomum camphora Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, tri-nerved, aromatic, berry spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large dense crown, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm-hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; flowers red and beautiful, flowering period May to August

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental tree and street tree

Sweet acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, flowers golden yellow, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan tree Ficus retusa Linn. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and round, strong growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, dark green leaf surface, strong growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, slower growth, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, pale purple flowers

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, also beautiful posture

Formosan alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, strong tree vigor, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm-hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, beautiful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for northwest regions

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool-humid climate and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese juniper (Sabina chinensis) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, drought and barren-tolerant, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, pruning-tolerant, good dust-proof and sound-insulating effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, flowers large white and fragrant, beautiful tree form

Formosan koa Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, strong growth, also beautiful posture

Royal palm (Roystonea regia) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk, upright, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen at the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very vigorous, highly ornamental

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, yellow autumn foliage, cold-resistant, deep-rooted, intolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool climate, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, fairly long-lived; neat tree form, straight trunk, gray-white bark

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrow cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold- and drought-tolerant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, dry cold, and light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, yellow autumn foliage{southern palm cultivation measures}.

Table of Traits of Commonly Used Landscape Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, trinerved, doubly aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Broad crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, flowers large, white and fragrant, tree form graceful,

Yulan magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Fairly cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large and pure white, blooms in March to April. Suitable for garden viewing.

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, neat tree form when young, often crooked when old, vigorous growth, long-lived, beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round Evergreen tree, strong constitution, fast-growing, graceful tree form and leaf shape Bischofia Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round Evergreen tree, very attractive when young leaves sprout, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-lying land, lush and fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, irregularly longitudinally fissured; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Royal palm Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk, upright, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen at the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very vigorous, highly ornamental

Japanese euonymus Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Oval Prefers warm and humid climate, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Highly adaptable, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, and bank-protection tree

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping low shrub, branches spreading and crawling along the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, unique tree form, with fresh green, flowing foliage. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc.{southern palm cultivation measures}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Round Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. The yellow-leaved golden dewdrop is grown mainly for foliage and has wide uses; it can serve as ground cover, be pruned into shapes, form patterns, or be used to emphasize color combinations, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Round Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge, soft and thin, branches spreading in all directions, also beautiful in form

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium tree, branches densely borne, dark green, vigorous growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form

Japanese pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Round White flowers fragrant, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as a hedge or potted plant. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk tillering, up to 20-25m tall, leaves gray-white with arched curvature, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, and bank-protection tree

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Japanese black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, needles hard, borne two per bundle, long-lived

Purple-leaf cherry plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, reddish-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purplish-red, blooms pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen and mass planting, as a foil background.

Washington palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk cylindrical, swollen at the base, up to 4-8m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form{southern palm cultivation measures}.

Pagoda tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as a shade tree and street tree

Glaucous cassia Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Round Deciduous tree, evenly pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, dry cold, and light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, yellow autumn foliage

Japanese maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Leaves elegant in shape, red in autumn. Suitable for garden viewing and potted cultivation.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Ovate tower-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves spreading gracefully, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, small leaves radiating, tree form vigorous and upright.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen, forming a wine bottle shape, very beautiful in form

Tangerine tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Round Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry tree Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Round Deciduous tree, bark gray-brown, doubly odd-pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, fast-growing

Snowbush (Serissa) Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Round Evergreen small shrub. Leaves dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves delicate, fine texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, and pruned shapes.

Kaituka juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium tree, branches densely borne, dark green, vigorous growth, very long-lived, very beautiful tree form

Weeping pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches pendulous, suitable for garden viewing, planted in pairs or rows

Corkscrew willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Round Branches twisted like a roaming dragon, suitable as a shade tree and ornamental tree

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, 2m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, plain and elegant in bearing, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, or tiered forms for garden landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark reddish-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic in form

Nandina Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves elegant, red berries in autumn and winter; for garden viewing, can be group-planted or potted. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones pendulous, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, vigorous growth

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Oval Flowers white, blooms in June. Suitable as a hedge or street tree.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, up to 6-12m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, lush growth, elegant posture

Globe juniper Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly round Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful, can be trained into a noble-shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, or forest-bathing tree.

Boxleaf euonymus B. bodinieri Buxaceae Oval Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for garden viewing. Can be group-planted, used as a hedge, or potted. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, oval, round Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Care of Arecaceae Plants"

The Arecaceae is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems solitary or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, root system well developed, tolerant of drought and poor soil, with strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This edition will introduce their introduction, transplanting, and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2,400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants, while a few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term waterlogging, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the Alexander palm and the Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape value of palm plants has been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following twenty-plus years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, and later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan and other areas, successively set off a wave of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, several units, based on theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high-latitude, high-altitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, water and soil. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing plant growth and development; low winter temperatures are the leading factor determining the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on the salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers selected a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora blight, coconut leaf beetle, and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented techniques for accelerating palm seed germination, mastered the techniques for whole-crown transplanting of palm plants and the cultivation of large-specification container seedlings, and did fruitful work on techniques such as soil improvement and winter cold protection and care.

At present, researchers have selected and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including the royal palm, Chinese fan palm, palm grass, southern palm, and fish-tail palm; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the Arecaceae plants successfully applied mainly include the Butia palm, hairy Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm, and more than ten other species, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

On the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Blight

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Blight

This disease often causes damage on palm plants such as the royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm, and Canary Island date palm. On affected plants, the central leaf cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the entire plant wilts in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora blight is caused by Phytophthora fungi, which can be identified by culturing in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splash, air movement, etc.

Occurrence Pattern of Washington Palm Phytophthora Blight

This disease occurs during the high-temperature, humid period between summer and autumn. Drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, causing the soil water content

to suddenly increase, poor ventilation, or plants located in a wind gap, are prone to infection. In low-lying, poorly drained, continuous-cropping plots the disease is severe. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root damage caused when digging seedlings, followed by long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young central leaf rots, the leaf turns gray-green and droops, and it can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, one can see a paste-like secretion at the growing point or even the entire central part of the plant, with a foul odor, and the infected tissue can grow white mold-like matter. In severely affected plants, damage to the roots is also often seen, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots with an abnormal

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is less common in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage in nursery fields has been relatively severe. In the early stage of disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand and are slightly sunken, and when moist the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When disease occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under moist conditions. When disease occurs on the stem, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part shows wilting. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes purulent liquid exudes when the root system and stem are cut open, and in severe cases the young leaf vein margins bear large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora blight is a vascular bundle disease; in severe cases the whole plant wilts, droops, dries up, and eventually dies, with a high mortality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature, humid period, i.e., the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease can be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes in patches.

Control Methods

I. Prevention through Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness and drainage in the nursery; leaves can be moderately pruned each autumn and winter, and pits can be dug and soil mounded at the planting site to keep the nursery land dry. Usually, potassium fertilizer can be applied more, and quicklime, superphosphate, etc. can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of the plants.

2. Choose good plots; select loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Practice crop rotation; land that has been planted with Washington palms should be rotated for three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Practice high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering in the rainy season, drain promptly after rain so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, and do it on sunny afternoons or evenings.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Observe regularly, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One to two months before the onset of disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Oxadixyl-MZWP (1:500 to 600), 80% Fosethyl aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as KaMeiTong, i.e., soil fungicide (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), Dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control method: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and the Washington palm roots with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or on consecutive sunny days first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization, or spread lime powder for disinfection, or use 500 times Dexon solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Oxadixyl (better) or Fosethyl aluminum (prone to developing resistance), adding 0.4% washing powder, into the heart or as a spray for both prevention and treatment. One can also spray 700 times 80% mancozeb, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora blight. After adopting this measure, the Washington palm and hairy Washington palm at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company have dropped from a 20% disease incidence in 2004 to below 10%.

Experience in Control

The control effect of carbendazim and the like is not obvious. If in the early stage of disease all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can gradually revive after 2 to 3 years, but growth is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature, dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater, and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies in large numbers when water is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant wilts and dies from water loss. The heart rot disease described in some literature is actually also Phytophthora blight, only occurring at the central leaf part.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, with water-soaked small spots appearing at onset, then expanding into larger lesions, and is easily found, and is generally controllable with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens such as Phyllosticta and Pestalotiopsis, which often cause leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Large Single-Trunk Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance; after root pruning, the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. After root pruning, remove stones and broken roots from the soil and backfill promptly, and maintain moisture: the purpose is to exercise the seedling's adaptability and encourage new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If using heeled-in seedlings, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the ground. Dig holes at the planting site 20 days before transplanting; the hole size is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. Let the soil from the holes be exposed to the sun for a period, and the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of decomposed phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done year-round, with spring and autumn being best; try to avoid summer and winter, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants like warmth and moisture; in summer, temperatures are high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, and it is easy to cause excessive water loss that affects survival; in winter, temperatures are low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds easily cause seedling frostbite or even death.

Moving the Seedlings

Some large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick stems, the work of moving the seedlings is heavy, and the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when moving seedlings, use burlap sacks or straw to wrap the trunk, especially the green wrapped-trunk part at the boundary between trunk and petiole. First, it protects the trunk; second, it preserves moisture and blocks the sun. In addition, when lifting the seedlings, combine with leaf pruning, remove old leaves, and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on the strength of the tree vigor). At the same time, cut off 1/5 of the leaf together with the petiole, to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

It is best to plant seedlings the same day they are dug; if the time is too long, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water, and it is easy for water loss to affect survival. If they cannot all be planted the same day, cover them well with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaves every day, doing good shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil Once the seedling is positioned, backfill the soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, shape the soil mound into a "water storage basin" that is slightly higher around the edges and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering After backfilling, immediately water thoroughly to settle the roots; before watering, first use bamboo poles, etc. to tamp the loose soil around the soil ball until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing in place There are many kinds of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-Planting Management

1. Moisture retention Spray the leaves and the trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, just enough to wet the leaves and trunk wrapping. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow down and accumulate, causing root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with straw for sun protection, to prevent excessive soil temperature differences from causing soil compaction, and to keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which favors the sprouting of new roots.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally tall, and after transplanting are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds, check regularly after planting whether the supports have come loose; especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, straighten and tie it promptly.

3. Topdressing About one month after planting, urea water can be used for foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half month. After the first new leaf grows out and matures, use fully decomposed peanut cake for hole fertilization. Dig the holes by opening a ring-shaped trench outside the edge of the soil ball, with the trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer must be mixed evenly with the backfill soil.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings, because their tree vigor is relatively weak, are very susceptible to pests and diseases, especially the young leaves and central leaf. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is doing quite serious harm to Arecaceae plants; adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping gaps of the not-yet-expanded central leaf and gnaw the leaf tissue, causing some or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times; ② cypermethrin 500 times; ③ use "YeJiaQing", all of which can achieve good control effects. Based on practical operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "YeJiaQing" on the central leaf in combination with tying during planting for control.

Whether large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have survived can be roughly determined about one month after planting based on whether their leaves remain green, but to truly confirm survival, one generally must wait one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques for construction, the transplanting survival rate rose from the original 75% to above 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and worth promoting and applying.

Transplanting Techniques for Seedlings, Large Trees and Clustered Seedlings

Key Techniques for Transplanting Seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during the period after they germinate and take root. At this time the seedlings are small, can be transplanted with the seed, and in addition have few fibrous roots, so the root system is not easily damaged when moving the seedlings. Use nutrient bags for seedling cultivation; the size depends on the seedling cultivation time. Generally speaking, for 1-year-old seedlings a 16 cm × 18 cm container is suitable, for 2-year-old seedlings use 19 cm × 20 cm; nutrient bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. Prepare the nutrient soil by mixing loose topsoil, burnt soil and wheat bran in a 5:2:1 ratio, adding a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, mixing evenly, then bagging. First fill half the bag with the mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling, fill it full and compact, so that the seedling root system and the mixed soil are pressed closely together, and water thoroughly. Palm plants must not be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, lift the seedling upward so that the seedling root system spreads out.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Trees

Arecaceae plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most need several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting, so choosing sparse-planted, robust seedlings gives a higher survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass Palm plant roots are tender in tissue, with many lateral roots and capillary roots; when lifting and digging, keep as large a soil ball as possible, and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize the degree of damage to the root mass as much as possible, to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity, and improve the transplanting survival rate. During construction, accurately lay out lines and set holes, to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning The amount of leaf retained at transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to different species, the climate at transplanting, and transplanting and maintenance conditions, etc.

Generally, about 40% of the original leaf number should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause the leaves to turn yellow and dry due to large water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes it difficult for the plant to recover, with a long cycle, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the plant's stem and its pseudostem During the process of lifting and digging, carrying, loading and unloading the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem part should be protected from compression and bending; this is the guarantee of the plant's health and rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site Palm plants suffer damage to root tips when transplanted, and it is difficult for new root tips to sprout within one month after transplanting, so water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, if the soil has good permeability and aeration, it is conducive to seedling survival, so when planting, dig large holes and pay attention to the quality of the foreign soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer, to facilitate the recovery of palms after planting.

Maintenance Within one month after planting, the plant's adaptability is poor, so the seedlings should be carefully maintained, and water must be replenished promptly and appropriate shading provided, striving to have new leaves sprout within three months. If, after transplanting, there is continuous rainy weather for several days, palm seedlings will recover better, because rainy days can avoid the effects of unfavorable factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Clustered Seedlings

Clustered species of Arecaceae plants have multiple growth points, and after growing into a multi-stem clustered state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. But clustered palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks and large leaf area leading to large water evaporation, and poor ventilation making them susceptible to strong wind damage. Therefore, in addition to handling them as for single-trunk palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement "hairy root method" transplanting That is, after lifting and digging a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retain more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and immediately wrap it with a light moisture-retaining material, to reduce the weight of the soil ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slower-recovering clustered palms such as the fishbone palm and the three-stamen areca.

2. Implement bare-root heeling-in or potting for concentrated maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant stabilizes before formal planting. This method is suitable for robust clustered palms such as the areca palm, the strange wrinkled areca, and the Hawaiian palm, and can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In summary, for the transplanting of large seedlings and mature trees of the palm family, in brief, five aspects must be done well, namely: selecting strong seedlings; digging good soil balls and transporting and planting them carefully; pruning leaves moderately; ensuring good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and doing well the post-planting care of sun protection and moisture retention. The sign for judging the success of transplanting large seedlings and mature trees is being able to retain most of the leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves is considered complete success of transplanting.

Drainage: first understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and as far as possible place the very bottom of the soil ball at a position 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site and with thick fertile soil; at the same time, a drainage layer for the soil ball roots underground and a surface runoff guidance network should be well constructed to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions cannot meet the requirements, the method of planting with a raised soil ball can be adopted, that is, using loose media mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand to first pile up the planting site as high as possible to meet the above requirements, then placing the plant on the soil mound, and filling and burying the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose media, so as to achieve the condition of loose and breathable roots for the plant; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots, so as to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: immediately after planting, water once with settling water to ensure the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil, promoting root development; next, water three more times thoroughly and cover the soil ball in time to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray water more on the ground and tree crown to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss of the plant; c. under sunny weather conditions, spray water in mist form on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water in time to ensure the moisture of the soil ball and the breathability of root respiration. Fertilization: after planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, appropriately spray low-concentration foliar fertilizer to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant, and if new roots are found growing, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is above 2O℃, applying mainly organic fertilizer as much as possible, and appropriately adding compound fertilizer with high P and K content, so as to promote balanced nutrition for the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: spray pesticide before the seedlings leave the nursery to control pests and diseases, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed with pesticide for control before unloading, and ensure that within one month after planting, pesticide is applied three times consecutively at intervals of one week to ten days, and afterward a pest and disease control plan still needs to be reasonably formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Landscaping of Styron (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd.

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Styron (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28,186 sq m. The plant configuration in the factory landscaping is relatively reasonable, rich in color, and with obvious seasonal changes, forming a plant community with clear layers and natural ecology, basically showing the natural landscape of plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties such as camphor, southern magnolia, zelkova, osmanthus, and crape myrtle have been planted in the factory area, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-sized camphor, and scenic spots at the gatehouse composed of varieties such as ancient red maple, pomegranate, Malus spectabilis, ginkgo, and Canary date palm.

In view of the existing situation of the factory landscaping, we believe that the initial construction of the landscaping was relatively extensive, and the understanding of plant habits was insufficient, especially the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not in place, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Landscaping Maintenance Plan Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold protection equipment, facilities, and seedling cold protection wrapping materials.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing, and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune away dead, damaged, diseased, and pest-infested branches and leaves, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons, and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning diseased and pest-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue accumulating fertilizer and making compost, preparing culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various insect and disease control equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scales, and achieve timely control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Do well the control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs, mole crickets, and diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do well the work of loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply light fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do well the bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess tender buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Perform post-flowering pruning and hedge pruning on shrubs that bloom in spring. According to technical operation requirements, perform bud removal and pruning on trees, and prune and remove suckers at the roots of small seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do well the work of replanting, thinning, and final singling of seedlings, apply additional topdressing, and apply light fertilizer frequently.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases greatly harm trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to forecasting and reporting pest conditions, and pest and disease prevention work should be done well.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Perform post-flowering pruning and fertilization on flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do well the work of pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and tortoise wax scales, and diseases such as leaf spot, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly, so continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scales, shield scales, second-generation cottony cushion scales, and mites occur in large numbers, and attention should be paid to their control. At the same time, continue to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot, and so on.

3. During the dog days with high temperature and little rain, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with relatively many rainstorms, so attention should be paid to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season, so typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, with frequent inspections and timely righting of wind-toppled trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue to do well the work of drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal growth of seedlings.

3. This month the seedlings grow vigorously, so topdressing should be applied in time, and for small seedlings light fertilizer should be applied frequently.

4. Continue to do well the work of typhoon and flood prevention, and right wind-toppled trees in time when found.

5. Continue to do well the work of pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harming trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do well the work of eliminating pests and diseases; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood borers, and so on, and once found, control them immediately.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and perform shaping and pruning on topiary balls, hedges, and so on.

3. Continue to do well the work of pest and disease control. In particular, check the pest and disease conditions such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease, and sooty mold of flowering shrubs, which occur relatively more, and control them in time.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do well the work of pest and disease control, and eliminate various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, clarify the actual situation, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring landscaping work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do well the work of cold protection, whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; egg-bearing branches and competing branches, excessive