Can Firecracker Vine bloom in winter? Control water and fertilizer well to get through winter safely

Winter is a difficult period for the vast majority of plants. Most plants enter dormancy in winter and will not bloom, but a very small number of flowers can still produce beautiful blooms in winter. Can Firecracker Vine bloom in winter? How does Firecracker Vine get through winter? Let's take a look below.

1. Can Firecracker Vine bloom in winter? Yes

Firecracker Vine (Pyrostegia venusta) is a flower plant with a distinctive appearance, looking like strings of firecrackers and giving people a very festive feeling. Can Firecracker Vine bloom in winter? Actually, it can, but if you want it to bloom in autumn, then the care method is very important. For details, you can refer to the article on how to grow Firecracker Vine, and I will not repeat it here.

2. How does Firecracker Vine get through winter? Control water and fertilizer

1. Temperature management

When we grow Firecracker Vine in winter, it is best to grow it indoors, because the outdoor temperature is relatively low and it is easy to freeze and damage the plant. When growing it indoors, it is best to keep the indoor temperature above 10 degrees, so that Firecracker Vine can get through winter better.

2. Watering management

When Firecracker Vine gets through winter, although its requirements for water and fertilizer are not very high, it still needs an appropriate amount of water and fertilizer, which will help the plant's growth the following year. However, when applying water and fertilizer, be sure to use an appropriate amount and never apply too much, so as not to cause fertilizer damage. After all, the plant itself does not need a large amount.

3. Light management

When Firecracker Vine gets through winter, although it is grown indoors, light is also indispensable. When the temperature rises at noon each day, we need to move it outdoors to receive several hours of light. This allows it to carry out photosynthesis and also enhances its cold resistance, helping it get through winter better.

4. Environment management

When growing Firecracker Vine in winter, we generally grow it indoors, but the environment still needs appropriate ventilation and must not be too enclosed. Otherwise, it is easy for the plant to develop some pests and diseases, which is extremely harmful to the plant, so everyone should pay attention to this point.

Care measures for the southern plant Date Palm

Part One: "Compilation of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani (Plumeria), its flowers really look like eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like the egg white and yolk, and they look really cute. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves are clustered at the top of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, and it is very suitable for people to admire carefully. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its shape is very beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and on lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity environment with plenty of sunlight and good drainage. It is vigorous by nature and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and dislikes waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. For cultivation, deep, fertile, well-aerated acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter is best. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting Frangipani, attention should also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves turn dark black, that is Frangipani angular leaf spot, and at this time you should pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so Frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, Frangipani also has red and yellow types, all of which can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap and food additives, with a rather high price and great potential for commercial development; the fresh flowers can also be dried for brewing tea, commonly known as Frangipani tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The Frangipani tree has a beautiful shape, with many branches on the stem, strange and varied, in all kinds of postures; the leaves resemble loquat leaves. After they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branches, much like deer antlers decorated with beautiful spots. It can be called the first-choice small tree for landscaping, courtyard arrangement and potted appreciation in tropical areas. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used externally to treat scabies, redness and swelling and other symptoms. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware or furniture. Frangipani flower meaning: nurturing hope, revival, new life, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Yulan Magnolia

Yulan Magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark that is rough and cracked; the branchlets are slightly stout and grayish brown; the winter buds and flower stalks are densely covered with pale grayish-yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate or obovate-elliptical, and the vigorous branches at the base have elliptical leaves. Yulan Magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of green and white, with dazzling white light, and it has high ornamental value; together with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart, it is truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Yulan Magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open ground. It loves dryness and dislikes low humidity; waterlogging at the planting site easily causes root rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan Magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. When fumigated artificially with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan Magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with air pollution. Yulan Magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun exposure. Too strong light or west-facing sun exposure can easily cause the tree to be scorched. Yulan Magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year afterward. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with emerald green and thick leaves, not only producing many buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period and rich fragrance. Yulan Magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance. The main diseases include anthracnose, yellowing disease and leaf scorch disease. Besides ornamental value, Yulan Magnolia also has medicinal value and edible value. Yulan Magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid and others, and also contain magnolia alkaloid, alkaloids, biond magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A and other components, and have certain medicinal value. The flowers of Yulan Magnolia are pungent and warm in nature, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, opening the orifices, and freeing the lungs and nose. They can be used for headache, blood stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and other conditions. Modern pharmacological studies show that Yulan Magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan Magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks or brewed as tea. The flower meaning of Yulan Magnolia represents repaying kindness. Yulan Magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the plant is tall and the flowering position is relatively high, it sways in the wind with a spirited appearance, just like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, with single, relatively large leaves, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with veins arranged in a feather-like pattern, in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good groundcover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant and likes a warm, humid and brightly lit environment. It is not cold-tolerant and not drought-tolerant, and fears exposure to intense sunlight. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves and turning the leaf color yellow, so shading should be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing period, it should be watered fully to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires enough careful attention 365 days a year. If the environment fluctuates greatly for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling traders and producers. Plants in the Marantaceae family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies and others. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Arrowroot powder is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings and desserts. Add water and boil to form a transparent, odorless and tasty paste. Arrowroot powder is fine in texture. Compared with other starches, it can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter time, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder

Red Loropetalum

Red Loropetalum (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery and alternate, ovate or elliptical, 2-5 cm long, with a short pointed tip, a rounded and oblique base, asymmetrical, with stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, dark red. Red Loropetalum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and is tolerant of pruning. It is tolerant of poor soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Red Loropetalum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, is tolerant of pruning and wiring, and can be used for hedges or for making stump bonsai. During the flowering season, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and new leaves are bright red. Different strains have different leaf colors and flower colors at maturity, and leaf sizes also differ. In garden applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, cotton leafworm, large and small cutworms and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of Red Loropetalum: anthracnose, damping-off, mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early defoliation. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinospore fungi. The pathogen overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of Red Loropetalum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental Peach

Ornamental Peach is a variety of peach, a tree 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark reddish brown and rough and scaly when old; the branchlets are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the tip, covered with short pubescence, often clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptical-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental Peach likes sunlight and is drought-tolerant, and does not tolerate humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold tolerance, and can overwinter safely in a natural environment at minus 25 degrees Celsius. It requires fertile soil with good drainage. It does not like waterlogging. If planted in waterlogged low-lying places, seedling death is likely. Garden value: Ornamental Peach has large and colorful flowers, beautiful when blooming, with an ornamental period of as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used by lakesides, streams, roadsides and parks, etc. In small greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted appreciation, and is also often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. A common type is also Weeping Ornamental Peach. Ornamental Peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects. In the year of planting, it already shows particularly good effects. It can be planted in rows, in groups, or as a specimen, and in the same year it already shows particularly good greening effects. Ornamental Peach is one of the commonly used colorful nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with plants such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf dwarf cherry. Flowering shrubs are combined in planting to form a scene of a hundred flowers blooming. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted on the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and is a kind of polysaccharide substance. Hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and others. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood and tonifying qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis and leaf curl disease. The main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects, red-necked longhorn beetles and others.

Artificial Plant Communities

1. Azalea + Red Loropetalum + Golden-edged Euonymus + Thornless Holly Ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three leaf-colored plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors, plus large-sized thornless holly balls, forming a neat, full and clearly layered roadside greening color band effect.

2. Red Loropetalum + Red-leaf Photinia Ball + Michelia + Japanese Maple

Red Loropetalum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability, and both its leaf color and flower color are very beautiful. The old leaves of the red-leaf photinia ball are green and dotted with red new leaves, setting each other off and looking extremely beautiful. The four plants are matched with rich layers, forming a landscape road with vertical rhythm and spatial layers, and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Red Loropetalum + Japanese Fatsia + Canary Island Date Palm + Frangipani

This combination of plants, mainly green, has both small leaves (Red Loropetalum) and coarse large leaves (Japanese Fatsia, Frangipani), while the Canary Island Date Palm adds a bit of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, and it has the effect of narrowing the space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso Bamboo + Iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, with spacing between the culms. Iris has a graceful posture and colorful flowers, and the two together are very charming.

5. Dwarf Gardenia + Red Loropetalum + Aucuba + Osmanthus

Dwarf Gardenia has leaves like sparrow tongues and a low plant form, and can be used as the lowest-layer plant. Aucuba leaves have yellow spots and are a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree Osmanthus has a delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart. The combination has both density and spacing, changes in leaf color, and the addition of floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + Red Loropetalum + Fagraea + Canna

Azalea flowers are gorgeous, and with Red Loropetalum and Fagraea as a foil, it is even more moving. Canna leaves are coarse and large, narrowing the space and making people feel close.

7. Groundcover Lawn + Marigold + Red-leaf Photinia + Red Loropetalum Ball + Orange Osmanthus

With green groundcover as the base, marigold's bright yellow flowers are extremely beautiful. Behind the marigold, Red Loropetalum and red photinia serve as a foil, and the orange osmanthus tree has a spreading form. The several plants set each other off and are rich in variation.

8. Ophiopogon + Guava Tree

Both Ophiopogon and guava trees adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves are fine and soft, making Ophiopogon very suitable as groundcover. The guava tree has smooth yellow bark, a graceful posture and relatively large leaves with a balanced density, making it very suitable for open woodland paths.

9. Lawn + Silver-edged Agave + Pruned Shaped Banyan + Yellow-flowered Double-podded Cassia

With green lawn as the base, agave leaves are coarse and large, with silver-yellow and green alternating leaf color, and they match the shaped banyan very harmoniously, while the yellow-flowered double-podded cassia has a beautiful posture and gorgeous flower color. This combination of several plants has rich layers, and the colors change but are harmonious.

10. Liriope + Broadleaf Lady Palm + Areca Palm + Papaya Tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope leaves are fine and soft, while broadleaf lady palm and areca palm leaves are coarser and larger, and papaya leaves are large and palm-shaped, with fruit borne on the trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Copperleaf + Duranta + Red Loropetalum

As a plant combination for a carpet flower bed, copperleaf has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, Duranta has yellow-green leaf color, and Red Loropetalum has dark purple leaf color. The combination of the three plants as a carpet flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping Maintenance and Management Plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscaping. It is a long-term and repetitive job with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grasses and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting of flower bed flowers, etc. The completion of green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the park:

1. The green area is about 245419 ten-thousand sq m, with a high greening coverage rate and a large number of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned shaped shrubs. The initial growth has gradually taken shape. After our careful investigation, the planting characteristics of the plants are roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Square area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The square is mainly planted with ginkgo, Zhennan and large trees in rows,

with appropriate matching of low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are complexly matched, with large and small trees, shrubs and groundcover plants interplanted.

At the entrance, relatively precious large plants (Canary Island Date Palm, Jacaranda, small-leaf banyan stump,

premium osmanthus, etc.) are dominant. Whether the office-area courtyard can still maintain its elegant and refined, open and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa-area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely and expansive atmosphere,

all depends on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: ① Shaped shrubs are not growing well and their shapes are monotonous; ② Flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and the flowering situation (including the number of flowers, flower size, color and reblooming) is unsatisfactory; ③ There are many weeds in the lawn, and in local areas the grass-family weeds show a trend of spreading; ④ There are pest and disease problems.

1. We plan to take the following corrective measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional gardening and carry out multi-style shaping of hedges and shrubs. For the flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to promote their growth and then shape them according to their form. This depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape. The hedges in local areas are highly regular, and the neat uniform strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can similarly try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a more flowing living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

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5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labels. We classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus and species and living habits, and label all the plants in the area. In this way,

it can enrich the employees' general knowledge of plants, add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labels

bring more attention to the greening.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of one morning or one evening. While doing the corrective work well, we will also

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached later), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

we also ask Party A to offer more opinions so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organizes reasonably and maintains carefully, and sends professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly sends no fewer than ____ experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with quality and quantity guaranteed.

6. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening planting holes and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, righting, replanting (nursery stock cost calculated separately) and the entire process. {Care measures for the southern plant Date Palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, dump carts, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, maintenance costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per plant, and topdress once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application and spraying, water-fertilizer, etc., then cover with soil, water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, control pests and diseases in time, maintain the natural growth state of the trees without shaping and pruning, promptly cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest branches, shaded vigorous branches and drooping branches that hinder vehicle passage, and promptly clean up the pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer, etc. Water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, control pests and diseases in time. For those pruned into round, square or conical shapes, do minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and beautiful cuts, promptly remove pruned material, promptly cut off dead branches and diseased and pest branches, promptly replant old, diseased and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous types: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer, etc. Water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, control pests and diseases in time, cut off residual flowers once a week, remove weeds once a week, and promptly cut off dead and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, apply fertilizer evenly, water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm, control pests and diseases in time, promptly replant wilted and dead missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(2) Specific annual landscaping maintenance work schedule:

January: the month with the lowest temperature of the year, when open-ground trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest branches on large and small trees, as well as branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings.

2. Street tree inspection: promptly inspect the binding and staking of street trees. If loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, unstable stakes and other situations are found, rectify immediately.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. You can dig out the pupae and cocoons of slug moths from the loose soil under the trees and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin to become active, but at this time they move slowly, and we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be weeded and edged in time; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: the temperature rises somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead and diseased branches of large and small trees. Before the end of the month, finish pruning all kinds of trees.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on controlling slug moths and scale insects.

March: the temperature continues to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do a good job of planning and design, dig the tree pits in advance, and ensure digging, transporting, planting and watering are done promptly. When planting shrubs, also ensure digging, transporting and planting are done promptly, and water fully to improve the survival rate of nursery stock.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, in order to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas in time.

3. Fertilizing: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Care measures for the southern plant Date Palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is the key time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock showed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion spraying for control). For slug moth control, the method of digging pupae can continue to be used.

April: the temperature continues to rise, and trees all sprout, bloom or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late. Shrubs that died in winter (azalea, Red Loropetalum, etc.) should be promptly removed and replanted, and newly planted trees should be watered fully.

2. Irrigation: continue timely watering of maintained green spaces.

3. Fertilizing: for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring, and evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, trunk bases, wall corners and other places, secrete white waxy thin cocoons and pupate. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom and then buried deeply or soaked in a concentrated way. Or use the method of spraying pesticides such as fenitrothion. (2) Longhorn beetles begin to become active. You can use a grafting knife or self-made steel wire to remove the larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: the temperature rises sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf expansion period, trees have a great water requirement and should be watered in time.

2. Pruning: prune residual flowers. Street trees undergo the first bud-removal pruning.

3. Pest and disease control: continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of slug moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level, and corresponding measures should be taken according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids and others has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, pittosporum, oleander, etc.). In mid-to-late May, spray 10-20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500-2000 times solution to control diseases and kill pests. (Others can use pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao)

June: high temperature

1. Watering: plants have a great water requirement and should be watered in time; you cannot "leave it to heaven."

2. Fertilizing: combine loosening the soil and weeding, fertilizing and watering to achieve the best effect.

3. Pruning: continue bud removal and tiller removal for street trees. Carry out pruning on hedges, balls and some flowering shrubs. {Care measures for the southern plant Date Palm}.

4. Drainage work: in heavy rain weather, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid to late June, the mother nettle caterpillar enters its peak hatching period, and timely measures should be taken. Currently, spraying with 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500-800 times dilution is basically used. (Or spray with compound BT emulsion.) Continue manual capture of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees, and straighten, reinforce and re-tie loose or leaning trees.

July: Temperatures are at their highest, and strong winds and heavy rain will occur after mid-month.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly when high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Topdressing: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud removal and pruning. All branches that conflict with power lines must be pruned, and each tree stump must be checked one by one. If looseness or instability is found, straighten and tie it tightly immediately. Prepare labor organization, materials, tools and equipment in advance, and send personnel to inspect at any time, handling dangers promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue controlling longhorn beetles and mother nettle caterpillars. For longhorn beetles, inject with 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 dilution (or Guoshu Bao, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the hole, which can also achieve good results. For the camphor tree stem borer, prune and destroy the pest nests promptly to prevent further damage.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: Continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilization can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on capturing longhorn beetles, paying attention to capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and the camphor tree stem borer should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot diseases, and take timely measures. September: Temperatures decline somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, remove buds below the third fork of street trees. Shape-prune hedges. Weed within green areas, edge the lawn, and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilization: For some trees that grow weakly and whose branches are not sufficiently plump, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) is at its peak; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to turn to the roots to cause damage; pay attention to capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control the wood leopard moth on poplars and willows. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Do a good job of inspecting various greening facilities before the holiday.

October: Temperatures drop; in late October early winter begins, trees start to shed leaves and gradually enter dormancy.

1. Prepare for autumn tree planting; once cold-hardy trees shed their leaves in late October, planting can begin.

2. Green area maintenance: Remove dead trees promptly and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green areas and lawns. Fertilize flowering plants that grow poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling the camphor tree stem borer. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-hardy plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Soil turning: Turn the soil in green areas to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry, compacted soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and draw the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green area maintenance quality objectives

1. Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no bare yellow soil.

2. Landscape plants

2.1 Normal growth. Various plants in newly built green areas reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Landscape trees have basically complete crowns, with main and lateral branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the inner canopy is not chaotic, with ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green areas.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth and normal leaf size and color. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves and leaves with insect excrement or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the preservation rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coni-

Article Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, pruning dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower lateral branches, to ensure that tree development tends to be reasonable, tree branch form is improved, and pest and disease breeding is reduced.

2. Thin out excessively dense trees appropriately, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and carry out winter fertilization on all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. You can dig up mother nettle caterpillar pupae and cocoons in the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated manner.

5. As conditions warrant, thin the grass on individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning and fertilization work on lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaved mahonia and the globular mealybug on coral and Japanese fatsia.

3. In particular, strengthen freeze-proofing and heat-preservation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening and banking soil around tree roots.

4. Apply a topdressing (urea) to cool-season lawns once at the end of the month at 10g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Roll and weed lawns promptly, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and the boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapples and cold-season lawns, so pay attention to prevention and reporting.

4. For local sunken and low-lying spots on lawns, add soil and cover with sand; carry out low pruning of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the sprouting and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilization for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Prune dry and withered branches from winter and spring, and begin pruning evergreen hedges.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period for trees to unfold leaves, with a great demand for water, so water promptly.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud removal on plane trees, red-leaf plums, crape myrtles and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding on lawns, and prune lawn grass promptly to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding on lawns.

3. Prune lawns promptly and control their growth height, and pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply a compound fertilizer once to lawns that grow poorly or lack fertilizer, so they can pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that watering work for plants is carried out.

2. Loosen soil and weed flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to weed and remove grass to prevent grass from running wild; continue cultivation, weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, reinforce and strengthen trees in the park to prevent lodging; promptly dredge and drain low-lying or seriously waterlogged places.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune promptly to control lawn height, and fertilization can be combined with weeding. Apply supplementary and topdressing fertilizer promptly, mainly P and K fertilizers, combined with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to mastering the fertilization period and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought relief work; it must not be chosen between 10-15 o'clock, to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and strengthen large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly dredge and drain ditches in low-lying and easily waterlogged places to prevent water from accumulating for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed in green areas and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Thin out excessively dense trees, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. Prune lawns promptly, edge them, and remove weeds, and pay attention to pest and disease control.

4. Weed flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness and clear layering. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend to be reasonable and the tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted herbaceous flowers, promptly fill gaps and water, and fertilize those that grow poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, reducing pests and diseases, and enhancing growth vigor.

2. Do a good job of weeding and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs and green areas, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant gaps. As conditions warrant, adjust trees in the local layout, and some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Also begin cold-proofing and warmth-preserving work; for trees with

poor cold resistance, wrap with straw and bank soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. As conditions warrant, scarify and aerate lawns, and prune 2-3 times at the same time.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late this month, and carry out soil turning in green areas combined with increasing organic fertilizer application.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of weeding and edging in color-block shrubs and green areas, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing residual stumps and dead branches, in order to make next year's tree growth better (flowering shrubs that have formed flower buds must not be pruned); at the same time, pay attention to cleaning pest cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Article Four: "Latest Commonly Used Southern Landscape Plants"

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern Landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fokien cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Buddhist pine, long-leaf podocarp, white champaca, southern magnolia, officinal magnolia, burn-coast cinnamon, camphor tree, cinnamon, Gmelina hainanensis, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, Siamese senna, red camel's foot, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, water banyan, water stone banyan, avocado, blackboard tree, royal palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, swamp mahogany, blue gum, cajeput, putranjiva, Torreya grandis, Chinese plum yew, Indian rubber tree, banyan, small-leaf banyan, large-fruited fig, weeping fig, yellow-leaved banyan, sacred fig, horsetail tree, jackfruit, maple-leaved elm, tanbark oak, blue Japanese oak, candlenut, silk oak, pointed-leaf elaeocarpus, large-leaf elaeocarpus, sea hibiscus, rough-bark holly, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, Albizia falcataria, royal palm, fish-tail palm, Mexican blue palm, sugar palm, Canary date palm, autumn maple, red sandalwood, large-flowered dillenia, jackfruit, yellow locust, jackfruit, large-leaf privet, Michelia chapensis, schefflera, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

Indian almond, Chinese swamp cypress, water winter melon, Chinese tallow, Japanese raisin tree, sand pear, soapberry, goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, large-flowered crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, royal poinciana, yellow poinciana, jacaranda, yellow locust, chinaberry, Chinese mahogany, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, sweet acacia, prickly castor oil tree, sweetgum, weeping willow, Yulan magnolia, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

red sandalwood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm, Chinese plum yew, aglaia, large-leaf boxwood, dense-flowered oleaster, camellia sasanqua, South China coral tree, spotted aucuba, St. John's wort, three-stamen areca, areca palm, Hainan fan palm, four-season aglaia, soft-branch allamanda, small-leaf justicia, red bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, Chinese holly, foreign azalea, shiny-leaf cordyline, croton, red mulberry, golden-edged mulberry, golden-leaf banyan, smooth senna, red-stemmed rhododendron, ardisia, orange jasmine, red-back eupatorium, climbing ylang-ylang, camellia, oil tea, large-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flowered allamanda, serissa, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, nandina, Japanese fatsia, night-blooming magnolia, hibiscus, hanging lantern flower, red azalea, Spanish bayonet, yucca, South China boxwood, licuala palm, soft-leaf date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-vein justicia, schefflera, variegated duranta, yellow-leaf duranta, justicia, golden-leaf privet, elephant ear, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Aspidistra, snake plant, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, variegated hibiscus, Euphorbia cotinifolia, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, Hamelia patens, crinum lily, spider lily, Calliandra, red-leaf loropetalum, large-flowered datura, white mussaenda, red mussaenda, hairy azalea, Western azalea, two-pod senna, hard-stem tecoma, rose myrtle, ixora, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, fiddle-leaf coral, blue plumbago, blue star flower, butterfly pea, nandina, pepper tree, red-back eupatorium,

Deciduous shrubs:

Cotton rose, bridal wreath spirea, rhombus-leaf spirea, modern rose, abelia, pomegranate, beautyberry, purple magnolia, bush clover, Amur honeysuckle, Chinese snowball viburnum, rose of Sharon, redbud, dwarf cherry, bridal wreath, pearl flower, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small wax privet

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, flame vine, rangoon creeper, three-leaf akebia, honeysuckle, wintercreeper, creeping fig, kiwi, creeping euonymus, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, dragon-tail plant, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, southern magnolia vine, Boston ivy, trumpet creeper, passionflower, multi-flowered crape myrtle, evergreen mucuna, large-flowered thunbergia

Climbing ylang-ylang, large-flowered thunbergia, rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, flame vine, white-flowered mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, creeping fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, Jasminum officinale, large-flowered Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, woolly-stemmed clerodendrum, passionflower

Bamboos:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, moso bamboo, fernleaf hedge bamboo, bamboo, golden-striped bamboo, Neosinocalamus affinis, hedge bamboo, bitter bamboo, indocalamus, Buddha belly bamboo, ma bamboo, Bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, square bamboo, green bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, small green-striped bamboo, red bamboo

Lawns and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese lawngrass, fine-leaf lawngrass, carpet grass, centipede grass, joint paspalum, Manila grass, Korean lawngrass, Guangdong evergreen, purple spiderwort, oyster plant, dwarf lilyturf, large-leaf curculigo, mountain lilyturf, lucky plant, Aspidistra, black-eyed Susan vine, Acorus gramineus, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese chive lily, golden spider lily, white butterfly, butterfly iris, red-flowered oxalis, wandering jew,

purple-back prayer plant, arrowhead plant, white-butterfly arrowhead, pothos, wandering jew, sword fern, clearweed, small oyster plant, peace lily, silver-edged dwarf lilyturf, red-flowered lantana, yellow-flowered lantana, purple-flowered lantana,

lantana, dusty miller, bleeding glorybower, shrimp plant, red firecracker plant, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, English ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, three-lobed wedelia, red-flowered oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf amaranth, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green herb, autumn zephyr lily, Chinese chive lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean lawngrass, Bermuda grass, large-leaf carpet grass, variegated blunt grass, bahia grass, short-leaf lilyturf

Palms:

Royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, fishtail palm, windmill palm, dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, queen palm, queen palm, Mazari palm, pygmy date palm, dwarf fishtail palm, clustered fishtail palm, areca palm, three-stamen betel nut, traveler's palm, lady palm,

Seasonal flowers

Star flower, African impatiens, four-season begonia, scarlet sage, petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, French marigold, African marigold, nasturtium, pansy, wishbone flower, cockscomb, pot marigold, globe amaranth, zinnia, moss rose, purslane, cosmos, cineraria, spider flower, daylily, lavender, purple loosestrife

Chapter Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Arrangements"

Southern Plant Arrangements

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + Cyperus alternifolius + Alpinia zerumbet variegata

Dracaena fragrans 'Massangeana' + Dracaena fragrans 'Victoria' + Nandina domestica + Nephrolepis cordifolia + landscape stone

Royal palm + fishtail palm + pygmy date palm + Canna + Coleus + Croton

Royal palm + Canary Island date palm + Cordyline fruticosa 'Red Edge' + Acalypha wilkesiana + Ixora chinensis

Royal palm + Archontophoenix alexandrae + Areca palm + large-leaf lady palm + Duranta erecta 'Golden Dewdrop'

Chapter Six: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in the South"

Commonly Used Plants for Southern Courtyards

I. Palm Family:

1. Royal palm 2. Archontophoenix alexandrae 3. Washington palm 4. Silver date palm 5. Canary Island date palm 6. Three-stamen betel nut

7. Chinese fan palm 8. Mazari palm 9. Areca palm 10. Lady palm (fine-leaf lady palm) 11. Arenga engleri 12. Phoenix roebelenii

II. Tree Family (street trees, shade trees):

1. Delonix regia 2. Bombax ceiba 3. Ceiba speciosa 4. Erythrina variegata 5. Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6. Alstonia scholaris

7. Ficus microcarpa 8. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9. Mango 10. Chukrasia tabularis 11. Cinnamomum burmannii 12. Tabebuia pentaphylla

13. Pterocarpus santalinus 14. Plumeria rubra 15. Terminalia catappa 16. Traveler's palm 17. Pandanus tectorius 18. Bischofia javanica

19. Carambola 20. Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata 21. Cassia fistula 22. Albizia falcataria 23. Melaleuca leucadendra

24. Eucalyptus 25. Syzygium hainanense 26. Aphanamixis grandifolia 27. Bauhinia purpurea 28. Swietenia mahagoni

29. Ficus altissima 30. Spathodea campanulata 31. Tabebuia chrysantha 32. Koelreuteria bipinnata

III. Flowering Shrubs:

1. Osmanthus fragrans (four-season) 2. Bambusa multiplex 'Stripestem' 3. Cyathea spinulosa 4. Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves' 5. Bougainvillea spectabilis

6. Cassia surattensis 7. Callistemon rigidus 8. Agave americana 'Marginata' 9. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 10. Fagraea ceilanica 11. Ficus aspera

12. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 13. Michelia figo 14. Campsis grandiflora 15. Calliandra haematocephala 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Renanthera coccinea

18. Furcraea foetida 19. Yucca 20. Pyrostegia venusta 21. Thevetia peruviana 22. Polyscias

IV. Ground Cover or Color Beds:

1. Pittosporum tobira 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Epipremnum aureum 4. Asplenium nidus 5. Alternanthera dentata 'Ruby' 6. Pennisetum alopecuroides 7. Schefflera octophylla

8. Syngonium podophyllum 9. Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves' 10. Cuphea hyssopifolia 11. Ophiopogon japonicus 12. Calathea roseopicta 13. Rhododendron pulchrum

14. Livistona rotundifolia 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Duranta erecta 'Variegata' 17. Chlorophytum comosum 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Allamanda cathartica

20. Alpinia zerumbet variegata 21. Asparagus fern 22. Arachis pintoi 23. Ixora lutea 24. Nephrolepis cordifolia 25. Pachystachys lutea

26. Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly' 27. Pilea cadierei 28. Dieffenbachia picta 29. Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow' 30. Croton 31. Ophiopogon japonicus

32. Acorus gramineus 'Variegatus' 33. Jasmine 34. Calathea warscewiczii 35. Zoysia tenuifolia 36. Axonopus compressus

37. Zoysia matrella 38. Cynodon dactylon 39. Ryegrass 40. Tall fescue

Some other commonly used plants:

1. Ficus religiosa 2. Ficus altissima 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4. Tabebuia 5. Koelreuteria 6. Cassia fistula

7. Senna siamea 8. Kigelia africana 9. Thai yellow flowering ball 10. Melaleuca bracteata

11. Senna alata 12. Cassia bicapsularis 13. Jatropha integerrima 14. Cleistocalyx operculatus 15. Manglietia glauca

16. Hainan variegated 17. Pachira aquatica (variegated) 18. Ormosia pinnata 19. Swietenia mahagoni

20. Albizia falcataria 21. Cinnamomum cassia 22. Osmanthus fragrans (autumn) 23. Laurus nobilis 24. Mazari palm 25. Bambusa multiplex 'Stripestem'

26. Pterocarpus indicus (yellow/purple) 27. Pterocarpus santalinus 28. Dianella ensifolia 29. Ficus microcarpa 'Leizhou' 30. Markhamia cauda-felina

Commonly Used Garden Plants in the South

1. Evergreen Trees

Norfolk Island pine, Cunningham's araucaria, Keteleeria, large-leaf araucaria, Agathis dammara, Masson's pine, slash pine, camphor tree, Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, Melaleuca leucadendra, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium hainanense, Bischofia javanica, Acacia confusa, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Pterocarpus santalinus, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus virens, Ficus altissima, Ficus superba, Ficus elastica, Ficus elastica 'Variegata', Ficus religiosa, Aleurites moluccanus, Swietenia mahagoni, Dillenia indica, Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia mantaly, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Syzygium samarangense, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Manilkara zapota, Chukrasia tabularis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Michelia alba, Magnolia coco, Michelia macclurei, Elaeocarpus decipiens, Magnolia grandiflora, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Mango, Longan, Lychee, Chinese olive, Loquat, Bayberry, Pomelo, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Sabina chinensis, Podocarpus nagi, Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans (four-season), Michelia figo, Aglaia odorata, Camellia japonica, Ficus benjamina, Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei, Ficus tinctoria

2. Deciduous Trees

Dawn redwood, pond cypress, bald cypress, Chinese swamp cypress, Chinese tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria, Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala, Sweetgum, Weeping willow, Kigelia africana, Anthocephalus chinensis, Grevillea robusta, Chinese hackberry, Sapindus mukorossi, Pistacia chinensis, Melia azedarach, Chinese tallow tree, Vernicia montana, Ginkgo, Sterculia monosperma, Persimmon, Fig, Mulberry, Papaya, Guava, Red maple, Acacia farnesiana

3. Palm Family

Archontophoenix alexandrae, royal palm, king palm, bottle palm, club palm, triangle palm, foxtail palm, Queen palm, oil palm, sugar palm, Washingtonia robusta, Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, date palm, Iraqi date palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, sugar palm, Phoenix loureiroi, Phoenix roebelenii, three-stamen betel nut, Areca triandra, Areca catechu, Caryota mitis, Caryota ochlandra, Areca palm, windmill palm, banana, traveler's palm, Cordyline fruticosa, lady palm, fine-leaf lady palm, Strelitzia nicolai, Philodendron erubescens, Alocasia macrorrhizos

4. Foliage Shrubs

Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaves', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves', Ficus pandurata, Ficus salicifolia, Garcinia subelliptica, Arundo donax 'Variegata', Polyalthia longifolia 'Pendula', Pandanus tectorius, Pittosporum tobira, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata', Cycas revoluta, Callistemon rigidus, Cestrum nocturnum, Cotinus coggygria, Justicia brandegeeana, Fatsia japonica, Sabina procumbens, Manihot esculenta 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Schefflera octophylla, Schefflera octophylla 'Variegata', Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Acalypha wilkesiana, Syringa japonica, Duranta erecta, Duranta erecta 'Variegata', Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves', Murraya paniculata, Croton, Croton 'Hastatus', Croton 'Hainan', Croton 'Variegatus', Gendarussa vulgaris, Carmona retusa, Buxus sinica var. parvifolia, Ligustrum sinense 'Aureum', Euphorbia milii, Furcraea foetida 'Yellow Edge', Agave americana, Agave americana 'Marginata', Yucca, Beaucarnea recurvata, Aspidistra elatior, Sansevieria trifasciata, Cactus, Alocasia macrorrhizos, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Alpinia zerumbet variegata, Scaevola taccada, Rhaphiolepis umbellata, Breynia disticha, Phyllanthus myrtifolius, Chinese rose

5. Flowering Shrubs

African jasmine, Brunfelsia pauciflora, Murraya paniculata, Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Fuchsia, Malvaviscus arboreus, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Calliandra haematocephala, Bougainvillea, Gardenia jasminoides var. grandiflora, Hydrangea, Pachystachys coccinea, Melastoma, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura suaveolens, Mussaenda frondosa, Mussaenda erythrophylla, Allamanda cathartica, Rhododendron hybridum, Senna bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Ixora chinensis, Phaleria macrocarpa, Jasminum mesnyi, Jasmine, Crinum asiaticum,

Hymenocallis, Crab's claw, dwarf Canna, Reinwardtia indica, Jatropha pandurifolia, Plumbago auriculata, Oxypetalum caeruleum, Papilio butterfly

6. Ground Cover

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Epipremnum aureum, Tradescantia zebrina, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea, Spathiphyllum, Ophiopogon japonicus, Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus', Lantana camara (red), Lantana camara (yellow), Lantana camara (purple), Senecio cineraria, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Justicia brandegeeana, Justicia coccinea, Asparagus fern, Oenothera littoralis, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Hedera helix, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Hedychium coronarium, Cyperus alternifolius, Cyperus papyrus, Iris, Lythrum, Narcissus, Lotus, Water lily, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis corymbosa, Arachis pintoi, Dichondra repens, Alternanthera dentata 'Purple', Alternanthera philoxeroides, Coleus, Verbena tenera, Alternanthera versicolor, Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes rosea, Hippeastrum, Lily, Calla lily, Catharanthus roseus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Zoysia matrella, Zoysia koreana, Bermuda grass, Axonopus compressus, Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Variegatum', Paspalum notatum, Ophiopogon japonicus (short-leaf)

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora, Quisqualis indica, Antigonon leptopus, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Pyrostegia venusta, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum japonicum, Wisteria, Ficus pumila, Quamoclit, Morning glory, Ipomoea nil, Snake vine, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, Pseudocalymma alliaceum, Merremia tuberosa, Clytostoma callistegioides, Passiflora

Chapter Seven: "Document on Commonly Used Plant Arrangements in the South"

Practical Plant Arrangement Table — Summary Table of Common Plant Arrangements

Aquatic Plants:

Wetland plants: Hankow willow, weeping willow, cotton willow, sand willow, artemisia willow, soap willow, small-leaf poplar, Liaoning poplar, sand cypress, Chinese juniper, Oriental arborvitae, dawn redwood, Melia azedarach, Chinese wingnut, white ash, Forsythia, elm, Siberian elm, Chinese elm, Chinese tallow tree, cherry blossom, Eucommia, Koelreuteria, cotton rose, Hibiscus syriacus, oleander, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, grape, Wisteria, Amorpha fruticosa, tamarisk, buttercup, water hyacinth, long-leaf alkali grass, marsh willow-leaf, willow-leaf grass, marsh woundwort, Chinese woundwort, mint, Mazus, Veronica, watercress, Scirpus, water wool grass, flat-stem Scirpus, water nutgrass, spike water nutgrass, globe water nutgrass, red phosphorus flat sedge, jointed rush, small-flower rush, small rush, fine rush, Polygonum aviculare, common knotweed, red knotweed, clustered knotweed, rumex-leaf knotweed, willow-leaf prickly knotweed, small arrow-leaf knotweed, Persicaria perfoliata, prickly knotweed, halberd-leaf knotweed, large halberd-leaf knotweed, Japanese knotweed, cogongrass, Calamagrostis, large-leaf reed, Beckmannia, long-awn clubhead, wild rice grass, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Job's tears, Hemarthria, wet-zone plaque bud,

Emergent plants: water onion, reed, lotus root, arrowhead, broad-leaf water sedge, Alisma, lotus, purple loosestrife, cattail, duck-tongue grass, Monochoria, Acorus calamus, pickerelweed, rice, water pen, Narcissus, water celery, wild rice stem, taro, Marsilea, reed, water chestnut, Scirpus triqueter, needle rush, water candle, umbrella sedge, broad-leaf cattail

Floating plants: duckweed, water hyacinth, water lily, fox nut, Victoria water lily, Nuphar, water hyacinth, water shield, water shield, yellow bladderwort, floating fern, water snowflake,

Submerged plants: Hornwort, water plantain

Colorful-leaf Plants:

Red or purple: Sweetgum, lacquer tree, Japanese maple, Amur maple, Oriental bittersweet, red oak, Tang maple, Chinese tallow tree, staghorn sumac, sumac, mountain ash, Nandina, Euonymus, hawthorn, Pistacia chinensis, Chinese wingnut, barberry, Hubei hornbeam, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: Ginkgo, persimmon, Koelreuteria, Chinese tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, elm, walnut, catalpa, dawn redwood, crape myrtle, Chinese elm, camphor tree, wild jujube, kiwi, horse chestnut, Sorbus alnifolia, wintersweet, pomegranate, yellow cassia, witch hazel, Sapindus mukorossi, Acacia farnesiana

Aromatic Plants:

Aromatic plants that can be planted in residential areas include: mint, basil, lemon balm, chamomile, lemongrass, sage, dandelion, pot marigold, thyme, borage, scented geranium, mallow and other herbaceous plants; lavender, rosemary, gardenia, rose, lemon verbena and other shrubs.

Woody plants with fragrance through the four seasons: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and Michelia alba in summer; Osmanthus fragrans in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: Black locust, Paulownia, Lacebark pine, Sabina chinensis, Coral tree, Photinia, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: Dwarf yew, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Torreya grandis, Ilex crenata, camphor tree, bayberry, privet, Ternstroemia, Viburnum, Aucuba, Mahonia, Pyracantha, boxwood, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc. Buddleja davidii, Pistacia chinensis, and other fragrant flower plants (such as Rutaceae Citrus plants)

Perennial (herbaceous) flowers: Torch lily (red-hot poker), Lupinus, blue fescue, Astilbe, Coreopsis, Lysimachia, Oregano, large-flower hibiscus, red-flower mint, variegated Trachelospermum, Argyranthemum, Hellebore, Lycoris, daylily, Iris, Tradescantia, Hosta, variegated Canna, red-leaf Canna, Dutch aster, Farfugium japonicum, Bletilla, perennial verbena

Flowering Plants for the Four Seasons:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus spectabilis, Malus cathayensis, Malus halliana, etc.), Magnolia family (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, red magnolia, Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), redbud, red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: crape myrtle, Hibiscus syriacus, Hydrangea, Michelia figo, summer azalea, pomegranate (flower), gardenia, Campsis grandiflora, Albizia julibrissin, Acacia farnesiana Autumn: Osmanthus fragrans, crape myrtle, Hibiscus syriacus, flowering pomegranate, cotton rose, Campsis grandiflora, etc.

Winter: honeysuckle, Nandina domestica, plum blossom, Michelia figo, camellia, sasanqua, etc.

Classification of Common Greening Tree Species:

(1) Evergreen Conifers

1. Trees: Deodar cedar, Korean pine, Japanese black pine, Sabina chinensis, Masson's pine, Chinese juniper, Cycas revoluta, Norfolk Island pine, Japanese cedar, Torreya grandis

2. Shrubs: (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Platycladus orientalis 'Sieboldii', Calocedrus macrolepis, Sabina procumbens, Cryptomeria japonica, five-needle pine

(2) Deciduous Conifers (no shrubs):

Trees: Dawn redwood, golden larch, pond cypress, bald cypress

(3) Evergreen Broadleaf Trees:

1. Trees: camphor tree, Magnolia grandiflora, privet, windmill palm

2. Shrubs: Coral tree, Euonymus japonicus, Buxus sinica, Buxus bodinieri, Ilex cornuta, orange tree, Photinia, Pittosporum tobira, Osmanthus fragrans, oleander, Jasminum floridum, winter jasmine, Aucuba japonica 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Serissa japonica, Ligustrum sinense, Fatsia japonica, gardenia, Distylium racemosum, Camellia japonica, Hypericum, Rhododendron, Yucca (pineapple flower, arrow hemp), Cycas revoluta (iron tree), Mahonia

(4) Deciduous Broadleaf Trees:

1. Trees: weeping willow, straight willow, Chinese wingnut, dragon-claw willow, Chinese tallow tree, pagoda tree, Chinese parasol tree (Chinese

parasol tree), London plane (French plane), pagoda tree (Chinese scholar tree), coiled pagoda tree, Albizia julibrissin, Ginkgo, Melia azedarach (chinaberry), catalpa

2. Shrubs: cherry blossom, Magnolia denudata, peach blossom, wintersweet, crape myrtle, redbud, maple, green maple, red-leaf plum, Malus halliana, Malus zumi, Hydrangea, Hydrangea macrophylla, Forsythia (golden strip), cotton rose, Hibiscus syriacus (rose of Sharon), Alchornea davidii (guiyuan tree), pomegranate

(5) Bamboo: Bambusa multiplex, Phyllostachys bambusoides, moso bamboo, purple bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, bamboo, Buddha belly bamboo, golden bamboo with jade

(6) Vines: Wisteria, Trachelospermum, Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy, wall-climbing tiger), Hedera helix, grapevine, Euonymus fortunei

(7) Flowers: Portulaca grandiflora, chrysanthemum, scarlet sage, Canna, Alternanthera, kale (ball cabbage), chrysanthemum, orchid

(8) Lawn: Zoysia tenuifolia, Zoysia japonica, Ophiopogon japonicus, four-season green grass, tall fescue, Zoysia matrella, clover, Dichondra repens

Detailed Table of Common Plant Arrangements

Table of Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific Name Family Tree Shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, tri-nerved, aromatic, spherical berries.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, smooth gray bark, triangular leaves, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Delonix regia Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; beautiful red flowers, flowering May to August

Albizia julibrissin Albizia julibrissin Mimosoideae Umbrella-shaped Pink flowers, June to July, suitable as courtyard ornamental tree and street tree

Acacia farnesiana Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosoideae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, golden yellow flowers, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Ficus retusa Ficus retusa Linn. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and round, strong growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, dark green leaves, strong growth, very beautiful form

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, relatively slow growth, very beautiful form

Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, light purple flowers

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, huge soft thin leaves, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, also beautiful in form

Formosan alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, strong growth, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, graceful form

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for Northwest China

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool moist climate and acidic soil, blue-green needles

Chinese juniper (Sabina chinensis) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, drought and barren-tolerant, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, pruning-tolerant, good dust-proof and sound-insulating effect

Magnolia grandiflora Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful tree form,

Acacia confusa Merr. (Formosan koa) - Fabaceae - umbrella-shaped - evergreen tree; bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk often crooked, strong growth vigor

Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm) - Arecaceae - pinnate - evergreen broadleaf tree; trunk branching, strong heat resistance, vigorous growth, handsome habit

Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm) - Arecaceae - pinnate - evergreen broadleaf tree; trunk thick and stout, tall and majestic, pinnate fronds dense and spreading,

Roystonea regia H.B.K. (royal palm) - Arecaceae - umbrella-shaped - single trunk upright, up to 18 m tall, slightly swollen at the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very vigorous, high ornamental value

Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) - Ginkgoaceae - umbrella-shaped - deciduous broadleaf tree; leaves yellow in autumn, cold-hardy, deep-rooted, intolerant of waterlogging, resistant to many toxic gases

Liriodendron chinense (Chinese tulip tree) - Magnoliaceae - umbrella-shaped - deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers warm, humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acid soil, fast-growing, long-lived; leaves shaped like a Chinese jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Populus tomentosa (Chinese white poplar) - Salicaceae - umbrella-shaped - deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers cool temperate climate, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, fairly long-lived; crown well formed, trunk straight, bark grayish white

Populus nigra var. italica (Lombardy poplar) - Salicaceae - narrow columnar - deciduous broadleaf tree; cold- and drought-tolerant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and wet conditions, fast-growing

Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm) - Ulmaceae - umbrella-shaped - deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers warm, humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Acer negundo (box elder) - Aceraceae - umbrella-shaped - deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, dry cold and light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, leaves yellow in autumn{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Table of Traits of Commonly Used Landscape Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Cinnamomum camphora (camphor tree) - Lauraceae - spherical - large evergreen tree; leaves alternate, with three main veins, aromatic, berries spherical.

Platanus x acerifolia (London plane) - Platanaceae - oval - prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Broad crown and dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Magnolia grandiflora L. (southern magnolia) - Magnoliaceae - oval - evergreen tree; flowers large, white, fragrant, tree form elegant,

Magnolia denudata (Yulan magnolia) - Magnoliaceae - umbrella-shaped - quite cold-hardy, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large and pure white, blooming in March to April. Suitable for garden viewing.

Liriodendron chinense (Chinese tulip tree) - Magnoliaceae - umbrella-shaped - deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers warm, humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acid soil, fast-growing, long-lived; leaves shaped like a Chinese jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Thuja orientalis Linn (Chinese arborvitae) - Cupressaceae - conical - evergreen tree; form neat when young, often crooked when old, vigorous growth, long-lived, beautiful habit

Fraxinus insularis Hemsl. (island ash) - Oleaceae - round - evergreen tree; robust, fast-growing, beautiful in habit and leaf shape Bischofia javanica Blanco (bishop wood) - Euphorbiaceae - round - evergreen tree; very ornamental when young leaves sprout, robust growth, beautiful habit

Salix babylonica Linn. (weeping willow) - Salicaceae - umbrella-shaped - deciduous small tree; suitable for low-lying wet sites, luxuriant and rapid growth, beautiful habit

Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz (Chinese incense cedar) - Cupressaceae - umbrella-shaped - evergreen tree; bark grayish brown, irregularly longitudinally fissured; branchlets alternate, green and flat when young.

Roystonea regia (royal palm) - Arecaceae - umbrella-shaped - single trunk upright, up to 18 m tall, slightly swollen at the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very vigorous, high ornamental value

Euonymus japonicus (evergreen spindle tree) - Celastraceae - oval - prefers warm, humid climate, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Liquidambar formosana Hance. (Formosan sweetgum) - Hamamelidaceae - conical - deciduous tree; bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful habit

Pterocarya stenoptera (Chinese wingnut) - Juglandaceae - umbrella-shaped - highly adaptable, tolerant of wet conditions, fast-growing. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree and bank-protection tree

Sabina procumbens (creeping juniper) - Cupressaceae - evergreen prostrate dwarf shrub; branches spreading and creeping along the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, with a uniquely styled form and lush, flowing green foliage. Suitable for ground cover and for landscaping around courtyard rocks, ponds, sand pits and slopes.{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Duranta repens (golden dewdrop) - Verbenaceae - round - evergreen shrub. Suitable for large containers, flower troughs and hedges. Golden dewdrop with yellow leaves is grown mainly for foliage and has wide uses; it can be used as ground cover, trimmed into shapes, used to form patterns or planted for color contrast, eye-catching and striking. Ilex cornuta (Chinese holly) - Aquifoliaceae - round - resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. (paper mulberry) - Moraceae - umbrella-shaped - evergreen tree; leaves very large, soft and thin, branches spreading in all directions, handsome habit

Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm) - Ulmaceae - umbrella-shaped - deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers warm, humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Juniperus chinensis Linn (Chinese juniper) - Cupressaceae - conical - medium evergreen tree; branches densely borne, dark green, robust growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful habit

Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum) - Pittosporaceae - round - white flowers fragrant, blooming in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as a hedge or in containers. Phoenix dactylifera Linn (date palm) - Arecaceae - umbrella-shaped - trunk clump-forming, up to 20-25 m tall, leaves grayish white and curved like a bow, robust growth, beautiful habit

Salix matsudana (Hankow willow) - Salicaceae - umbrella-shaped - suitable as a shade tree, street tree and bank-protection tree

Albizia julibrissin (silktree) - Mimosaceae - umbrella-shaped - flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade and ornamental tree and street tree

Pinus thunbergii Parl. (Japanese black pine) - Pinaceae - conical - evergreen tree; bark grayish brown, small branches orange-yellow, needles hard and borne two per bundle, long-lived

Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea (purple-leaf plum) - Rosaceae - umbrella-shaped - small deciduous tree; branchlets smooth, reddish brown, leaves ovate, entirely purplish red, small pale pink flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen and group planting, and as a backdrop.

Washingtonia filifera Wend. (desert fan palm) - Arecaceae - umbrella-shaped - single cylindrical trunk, swollen at the base, up to 4-8 m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, vigorous growth, beautiful habit{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Sophora japonica (Japanese pagoda tree) - Fabaceae - umbrella-shaped - branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as a shade tree and street tree

Cassia glauca Lam. (glauccous cassia) - Fabaceae - round - deciduous tree; even-pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, fast-growing, beautiful habit

Acer negundo (box elder) - Aceraceae - umbrella-shaped - deciduous broadleaf tree; prefers fertile soil and a cool, humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, dry cold and light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, leaves yellow in autumn

Acer palmatum (Japanese maple) - Aceraceae - umbrella-shaped - leaves elegant in shape, red in autumn. Suitable for garden viewing and container growing.

Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. (golden larch) - Pinaceae - oval-tower-shaped - evergreen tree; branches and leaves well spaced, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, small leaves radiating, habit upright and vigorous.

Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. (bottle palm) - Arecaceae - umbrella-shaped - trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen to form a bottle shape, very handsome habit

Citrus reticulata (mandarin) - Rutaceae - round - flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Melia azedarach Linn. (chinaberry) - Meliaceae - round - deciduous tree; bark grayish brown, bipinnately odd-pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, fast-growing

Serissa serissoides (snowrose) - Rubiaceae - round - small evergreen shrub. Foliage dark green, flowers snow white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves fine, good texture, suitable for containers, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds and trimmed shapes.

Juniperus chinensis var. Kaizuka Hort (Kaizuka juniper) - Cupressaceae - upright tower-shaped - medium evergreen tree; branches densely borne, dark green, robust growth, very long-lived, very beautiful habit

Sophora japonica cv. Pendula (weeping pagoda tree) - Fabaceae - umbrella-shaped - branches pendulous, suitable for garden viewing, planted in pairs or rows

Salix matsudana cv. Tortuosa (curly willow) - Salicaceae - round - branches twisted like a roaming dragon, suitable as a shade tree and ornamental tree

Phoenix roebelenii Brien. (pygmy date palm) - Arecaceae - umbrella-shaped - trunk upright, 2 m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful foliage

Podocarpus macrophyllus D. Don (yew plum pine) - Podocarpaceae - long conical - evergreen tree; plain and elegant in form, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical or tiered forms for garden landscaping and beautification.

Pinus massoniana Lamb. (Masson pine) - Pinaceae - umbrella-shaped - evergreen tree; trunk bark reddish brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic in habit

Nandina domestica (heavenly bamboo) - Berberidaceae - umbrella-shaped - branches and leaves elegant, red berries in autumn and winter; for garden viewing, can be group-planted or grown in containers. Araucaria excelsa Br. (Norfolk Island pine) - Araucariaceae - conical - evergreen coniferous tree; branches whorled, lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful habit, robust growth

Ligustrum lucidum (glossy privet) - Oleaceae - oval - flowers white, blooming in June. Suitable as a hedge or street tree.

Livistona chinensis R. Br. (Chinese fan palm) - Arecaceae - umbrella-shaped - trunk upright, can reach 6-12 m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, luxuriant growth, elegant habit

Juniperus chinensis cv. Globosa (dwarf Japanese garden juniper) - Cupressaceae - broad round - shrub, without a main trunk, branches tufted.

Acer serrulatum (Taiwan, China maple) - Aceraceae - umbrella-shaped conical - deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Habit light and graceful; can be trained into noble-shaped bonsai, and is an elegant street tree, landscape tree and forest-bathing tree.

Buxus bodinieri (Bodinier box) - Buxaceae - oval - branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for garden viewing. Can be group-planted, used as a hedge or grown in containers. Cryptomeria japonica D. Don (Japanese cedar) - Taxodiaceae - conical, oval, round - evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Arecaceae Plants"

The Arecaceae is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clump-forming, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, root systems well developed, tolerant of drought and poor soil, and highly resistant to pests and diseases, giving outstanding results when used to create tropical-style garden landscapes. This section introduces their introduction, transplanting and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2,400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants; a few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term waterlogging, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, giving them strong wind resistance, such as the Alexander palm and the Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape value of palm plants has been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, and later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan, successively set off a wave of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, several units, based on theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high latitudes and high altitudes in the Southern Hemisphere also have fairly strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, water and soil. The most notable effect of the temperature factor is to govern plant growth and development; low winter temperatures are the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm introduction and acclimatization. Through research on the salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers selected a group of varieties with strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora blight, coconut leaf beetle and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the germination mechanism of palm seeds, summarized and invented techniques for forcing palm seeds to germinate, mastered whole-crown transplanting and large-specification container seedling cultivation techniques for palm plants, and did fruitful work on techniques such as soil improvement and winter cold protection and conservation.

At present, researchers have selected and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including the royal palm, Chinese fan palm, lady palm, southern coconut palm and fishtail palm; the Arecaceae plants successfully applied in Shanghai and its surrounding areas mainly include the Butia palm, Mexican washingtonia, Canary Island date palm and Washington palm, more than ten species in total, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

On the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Blight

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Blight

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palms such as the royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm and Canary Island date palm; in affected plants the central leaf cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the whole plant withers in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora blight is caused by Phytophthora, and can be identified by culturing in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splash and air movement.

Occurrence Pattern of Phytophthora Blight in the Washington Palm

This disease occurs during the high-temperature, high-humidity period between summer and autumn. After early drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, the soil water content

suddenly increases, ventilation is poor, or plants located in a wind gap are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained plots and in continuous cropping plots. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root injury caused when digging up seedlings, followed by long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young tender central leaf rots, and the leaf turns grayish green and droops, and can be pulled out with a slight tug. Dissecting the stem, the growth point and even the entire central part of the plant show paste-like exudate with a foul odor, and white mold-like growth can appear on infected tissue. In severely affected plants, the roots are also often seen to be damaged, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots and a strange

odor. This disease occurs mainly at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is less common in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years the damage has been fairly severe in nursery sites. In the early stage of the disease, yellowish-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand and are slightly sunken, and in humid conditions the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When the disease occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellowish brown, and white mold grows under humid conditions. When it occurs on the stem, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and softens, and in the later stage the upper part shows withering. This disease can damage the whole palm plant. Sometimes the root system and stem, when cut open, exude pus-like liquid, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves bear large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora blight is a vascular bundle disease; in severe cases the whole plant wilts and droops, dries up and dies, with a high mortality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature, high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease could be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically and sometimes in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness and drainage in the nursery; leaves can be moderately pruned each autumn and winter, and pits can be dug and soil earthed up around the planting site to keep the nursery land dry. At ordinary times, potassium fertilizer can be applied additionally, and quicklime and superphosphate can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of the plants.

2. Choose a good plot: select loam or sandy loam land with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Practice crop rotation: land where Washington palms have been grown requires rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer to promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Practice high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly prohibit flooding irrigation when watering, carrying it out on sunny afternoons or in the evening.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Observe carefully at ordinary times, regularly prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One to two months before the disease occurs in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl-aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as kaimeitong, that is, soil fungicide (usual rate 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control method: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and the roots of the Washington palm with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or on consecutive sunny days first dig the holes and expose them to the sun to sterilize, or spread lime powder to disinfect, or use 500 times dexon solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or fosetyl-aluminum (prone to resistance), adding 0.4% washing powder, into the heart or as a spray for both prevention and treatment. Alternatively, spray with 700 times 80% mancozeb solution once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora blight. After adopting this measure, the incidence rate of Washington palms and Mexican washingtonias at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company dropped from 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Experience in Control

The control effect of using carbendazim and similar products is not obvious. If, in the early stage of the disease, all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can successively revive after 2 to 3 years, but their growth is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature, dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater. When the plant's roots, trunk and leaves are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies massively when water is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant wilts and dies from water loss. The heart rot disease described in some literature is actually also Phytophthora blight, only occurring at the central leaf.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, where water-soaked small spots appear at onset and then expand into larger lesions, and is easily found and can generally be controlled with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens such as Phyllosticta and Pestalotiopsis, often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Large Single-Trunk Palm Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance; after root pruning the soil ball should be twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth should be 50 cm to 60 cm. Stones and broken roots should be removed from the root-pruning soil and it should be backfilled promptly, with good moisture retention: the purpose is to toughen the seedling's adaptability and promote new root growth. After root pruning it is best to leave them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If heeled-in seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the soil. Dig holes at the planting site 20 days before transplanting; the hole size is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. Let the soil dug from the holes be exposed to the sun in the open air for a period, and the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom compost + an appropriate amount of aged phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand: mud at 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn being best; summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants like warmth and humidity; in summer the temperature is high and seedlings evaporate water quickly, easily causing excessive water loss that affects survival; in winter the temperature is low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds easily cause frost injury or even death of seedlings.

Moving the Seedlings

Some large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have fairly thick stems, the workload of moving seedlings is large, and the seedlings are very easily injured; therefore, when moving seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with burlap sacks or rice straw, especially the green wrapped-trunk portion at the boundary between trunk and petiole. This protects the trunk and also retains moisture and shields from the sun. In addition, when lifting the seedlings, prune the leaves at the same time, removing old leaves and retaining 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on the vigor of the tree). At the same time cut off the leaves together with the petiole by 1/5, to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

It is best to plant seedlings the same day they are dug; if the time is too long the seedlings evaporate a lot of water, and water loss easily affects survival. If they cannot all be planted the same day, cover them with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaf surfaces every day, providing good shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil Once the seedling is positioned, backfill the soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, shape the soil mound into a "water storage basin" with slightly higher edges and a slightly lower middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering Immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to settle the roots; before watering, first use bamboo poles or similar to poke and firm the loose soil around the soil ball, until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing There are various supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. Tie at a height of 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-Planting Management

1. Moisture retention Spray the leaves and the trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, spraying until the leaves and trunk wrapping are wet. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow downward and accumulate, causing root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with rice straw to shade it from the sun, prevent soil compaction caused by excessive temperature differences in the soil, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, favoring the sprouting of new roots.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally fairly tall, and after transplanting are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds, the supports must be checked regularly after planting for loosening; especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, it must be promptly straightened and re-tied.

3. Topdressing About one month after planting, urea solution can be used as a foliar topdressing, sprayed on, with topdressing about once every half month. After the first new leaf grows out and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. Dig the holes in a ring-shaped trench outside the edge of the soil ball, with the trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer must be mixed evenly with the backfill soil.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings are relatively weak in vigor and highly susceptible to pests and diseases, especially the tender leaves and central leaf. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest coconut leaf beetle causes quite serious damage to Arecaceae plants; adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping spaces of the not-yet-unfolded central leaf and gnaw the leaf tissue, causing some or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The following control methods are available: 1) 81% malathion emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times; 2) cypermethrin 500 times; 3) use "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve good control effects. Based on actual practice, the author believes the simplest, most convenient and longest-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the central leaf together with the tying when planting.

About one month after planting, whether large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have survived can be roughly determined by whether their leaves remain green, but to truly confirm survival it is generally necessary to wait one growing season and use whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author used the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate rose from the original 75% to above 90%, and the above techniques are highly practical and worth promoting and applying.

Transplanting Techniques for Seedlings, Large Trees and Clump-Forming Seedlings

Key Techniques for Transplanting Seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during the period after they germinate and take root. At this time the seedlings are smaller and can be transplanted with the seed, and moreover they have few fibrous roots, so the root system is not easily damaged when moving seedlings. Use nutrition bags for raising seedlings, with the size depending on the time for which the seedlings will be grown; generally, 16 cm x 18 cm containers are suitable for 1-year-old seedlings, and 19 cm x 20 cm for 2-year-old seedlings; nutrition bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. Prepare the nutrition soil by mixing loose topsoil, burnt soil and wheat bran in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, mixing evenly, then filling the bags. First fill half a bag with the mixed soil, then place the seedling, then hold the seedling upright, fill the bag full and compact it, so that the seedling roots are pressed tightly against the mixed soil, then water thoroughly. Palm plants must not be planted too deep, otherwise seedling growth will be affected. If planted too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward so that the seedling roots spread out.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Trees

Arecaceae plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most require several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting; therefore, selecting spacious, robust seedlings gives a higher survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass Palm plant root tissue is tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots; when digging, carry as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize the degree of root mass damage so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity, and improve the transplanting survival rate. During construction, set out and position the holes accurately to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning The amount of leaves retained at transplanting should be determined comprehensively according to the different species, the climate at transplanting time, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally about 40% of the original number of leaves should be retained. Retaining too many leaves causes the leaves to yellow due to high water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes recovery difficult and lengthy for the plant, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the plant's stem and its pseudostem During the processes of digging, carrying, loading and unloading the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem part should not be squeezed or bent; this is the guarantee of the plant's health and its rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site Arecaceae plants suffer damage to root tips at transplanting, and within one month after transplanting it is very difficult for new root tips to sprout, so water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, if the soil has good water permeability and air permeability, it favors seedling survival; therefore, when planting, dig large holes and pay attention to the quality of the imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to favor palm recovery after planting.

Maintenance Within one month after planting, the plant's adaptability is poor, and the seedlings must be carefully maintained, with timely water replenishment and appropriate shading, striving to have new leaves emerge within three months. If, after transplanting, there is continuous rainy weather for several days, the palm seedlings recover better, because rainy days can avoid the effects of adverse factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Clump-Forming Seedlings

Clustered species of palms have multiple growth points; once they form a multi-stemmed clumping habit, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clustered palms also have drawbacks, such as heavy stems and large leaf areas that cause high water evaporation, as well as poor wind permeability that makes them vulnerable to strong winds. Therefore, in addition to the measures used for transplanting single-stemmed palms, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "hairy root method" of transplanting: after digging out a relatively large root ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the root ball, retaining more fibrous roots and a moderate root ball, then immediately wrap it with a lightweight moisture-retaining material to reduce the weight of the root ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slow-to-recover clustered palms such as the fishtail palm and the three-stemmed areca palm.

2. Implement bare-root heel-in or pot planting for centralized care until new roots sprout and the plant is stable before formal planting. This method is suitable for robust clustered palms such as the areca palm, the strange wrinkled palm, and the Hawaiian palm; it can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for transplanting large seedlings and mature trees of palm family plants, the key is to do well in five aspects: select strong seedlings; dig good root balls and transport them carefully; prune leaves moderately; ensure good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and carry out post-planting care including sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and mature trees is being able to retain most leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, with the sprouting of three healthy new leaves being complete success.

Drainage: First understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and try to place the very bottom of the root ball at a position 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site and where the soil layer is fertile and thick. At the same time, a drainage layer for the root ball underground and a surface runoff guidance network should be established to prevent water accumulation around the root ball after planting. If the hydrological conditions cannot meet the requirements, the raised root ball planting method can be used, that is, first pile up the planting site with loose medium mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand to meet the above requirements as much as possible, then place the plant on the soil mound and fill around the root ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose medium, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: Immediately after planting, water once with rooting water to ensure the root ball is moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil, promoting root development; then water thoroughly three more times and cover the root ball in time to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, spray water on the ground and canopy more often to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include: a. Newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. Appropriately spray anti-transpirants on the leaves to inhibit plant physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. In sunny weather, spray water in mist form on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture condition of the root ball and roots at any time and replenish water in time to ensure the root ball remains moist and the roots can breathe freely. Fertilization: After planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, a low-concentration foliar fertilizer can be appropriately sprayed to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting condition of the plant, and if new roots are found, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing a season when the monthly average temperature is above 2O℃, applying mainly organic fertilizer and appropriately adding compound fertilizer with high P and K content, so as to promote balanced nutrition for the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: Spray pesticides before the seedlings leave the nursery to prevent pests and diseases, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed before unloading, and ensure continuous pesticide application three times within one month after planting at intervals of one week to ten days, after which a reasonable pest and disease control plan still needs to be formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Sundalene (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Greening

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Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Sundalene (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a green area of 28,186 sq m. The plant configuration in the factory greening is relatively reasonable, rich in color, and shows obvious seasonal changes, forming a plant community with distinct layers and natural ecology, basically displaying the natural landscape of plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties have been planted in the factory area, such as camphor, southern magnolia, zelkova, osmanthus, and crape myrtle, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-sized camphor trees, and a guard house scenic spot composed of ancient red maple, pomegranate, Xifu crabapple, ginkgo, Canary Island date palm, and other varieties.

In view of the existing conditions of the factory greening landscape, we believe that the initial greening construction was relatively extensive, and the understanding of plant habits was insufficient. In particular, the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not in place, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Greening maintenance plan schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold protection equipment, facilities, and seedling cold protection wrapping materials.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune dead, damaged, diseased, and pest-infested branches and leaves, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons, and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning diseased and pest-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue collecting fertilizer and making compost, prepare culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various insect and disease control equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scales, and achieve timely control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in controlling pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs, mole crickets, and diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply dilute fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess young buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning of spring-blooming shrubs and hedge pruning; according to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and prune and remove root sprouts of small seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in filling gaps, thinning, and final spacing of seedlings, increase additional fertilization, and apply dilute fertilizer frequently.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases cause great harm to trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and prevention and disease control.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization of flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and wax scales, and diseases such as leaf spot, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot, weeds grow quickly, so continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, wax scales, armored scales, the second generation of cottony cushion scale, and mites occur in large numbers, so attention should be paid to control, while continuing to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot, etc.

3. During the dog days with high temperature and little rain, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so attention should be paid to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season, so typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, with frequent inspections and timely righting of wind-thrown trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue doing a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal growth of seedlings.

3. This month the seedlings grow vigorously, so additional fertilizer should be applied in time; for small seedlings, apply dilute fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue doing a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and right wind-thrown trees promptly when found.

5. Continue doing a good job in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harmful to trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease elimination; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood borers, etc., and once found, control immediately.

2. Continue intertillage weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of topiary and hedges.

3. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, inspect the conditions of pests and diseases that occur more frequently, such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease, and sooty mold on flowering shrubs, and control them in time.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control and eliminate various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate and clarify the actual situation to ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection, whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with insect eggs, competing branches, and ex