What to Do When Yew Leaves Dry Up? 8 Causes and Countermeasures

The bark of the yew (Taxus) is usually grayish brown or reddish brown. Its leaves are arranged in two rows, dark green on top and pale yellow-green underneath, with a glossy surface, giving it high ornamental value. However, sometimes for various reasons the leaves dry up, which is very frustrating. So what should you do when yew leaves dry up? Let us tell you 8 causes and countermeasures.

What to Do When Yew Leaves Dry Up

1. Overwatering

Although yew prefers a moist environment, overwatering will make the soil too wet, which prevents air from entering the soil and being absorbed by the roots, causing the roots to be unable to breathe and absorb nutrients normally. This results in pale yellow new leaves and dry old leaves.

Countermeasure: Reduce watering so the soil is appropriately on the dry side, and make sure the soil is breathable with good drainage.

2. Too Little Watering

If you water too little or not at all for a long time, the soil will become dry. Although yew has some drought tolerance, its growth requires some water. If you water too little, the leaves will become dull and lose their luster.

Countermeasure: Increase the frequency of watering, but do not water heavily all at once. You can spray a small amount of water. Once the yew leaves return to normal, water reasonably according to the yew watering method.

3. Malnutrition

If you never fertilize, or if the fertilizer lacks one of the nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium, the leaves will become thin and weak, thin and small. Over time, the leaves will dry up and drop off.

Countermeasure: What should you do when yew leaves dry up due to malnutrition? You can replace the soil in time and use more fertile nutrient soil to increase the nutrient content of the soil. In daily care, apply dilute, well-rotted compound fertilizer and pay attention to balanced nutrition.

4. Excessive Fertilizer

Yew needs nutrients to grow, but its nutrient requirements are not as high as those of other plants. Excessive fertilizer will make the surface of new leaves uneven, and the leaves will be thick and fleshy with dry, scorched tips.

Countermeasure: Stop fertilizing immediately, then increase the frequency of watering so the excess fertilizer drains out from the bottom of the pot with the water. If there is still no improvement, replace the soil.

5. Temperature Too High

Yew can adapt to a certain degree of high temperature, but if it is kept indoors, summer temperatures of 37 degrees can easily dry out the leaves. Without timely shading and cooling, the leaves may become scorched.

Countermeasure: When the temperature is relatively high, place the yew in a cool place as much as possible, or move it back to a cool indoor area, and mist it more often to lower the temperature.

6. Soil and Water on the Alkaline Side

Yew is better suited to growing in neutral or slightly acidic soil. If the soil and water alkalinity is too high, it will cause a deficiency of absorbable soluble iron in the soil, causing yew leaves to dry up and turn yellow.

Countermeasure: When choosing soil, slightly acidic soil is best. When watering, the water alkalinity must not be too high. In the north, it is best not to use groundwater for irrigation.

7. Light Too Weak

Yew likes a semi-shaded environment, but it cannot be placed in a place with insufficient light, such as a dark room or a dim corner. This may not only dry out the leaves but also cause the yew to become leggy.

Countermeasure: Immediately move the yew to a bright or semi-shaded place. If indoor light is limited, use artificial light to increase illumination.

8. Caused by Pests and Diseases

Yew may be affected by certain pests and diseases, such as stem rot, red spider mites and so on. Once these pests and diseases appear, they may cause the leaves to dry up and develop spots on the surface.

Countermeasure: Promptly spray with drugs such as carbendazim for disinfection. At the same time, strengthen care and management, and keep the environment well ventilated with temperatures that are neither too high nor too low.

Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm

Part One: "Southern Plant Compilation"

Frangipani

Frangipani (Plumeria) - its flowers really look like eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like the white and yolk of an egg, very cute indeed. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large. The flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, very suitable for careful appreciation. After the leaves drop, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its form is quite beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity environment with plenty of sunlight and good drainage. It is robust by nature and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. For cultivation, deep, fertile, well-aerated acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter is best. Propagation is by cuttings. When planting frangipani, you should also pay attention to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves turn dark black, that is frangipani angular leaf spot, and you should take measures. Of course, there may be other diseases too, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, frangipani also comes in red and yellow. All can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap and food additives, with quite high prices and great commercial development potential. The fresh flowers can also be dried for making tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs to detoxify. The frangipani tree has a beautiful shape, with many branches that are oddly shaped and varied. Its leaves resemble loquat leaves. After they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branches, much like antlers decorated with beautiful spots. It can be called the top choice small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement and potted ornamental display. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used externally to treat scabies, swelling and other conditions. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware or furniture. Frangipani flower meaning: nurturing hope, resurrection, rebirth - as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Yulan Magnolia

Yulan magnolia (Magnolia denudata) is a tall deciduous tree with dark gray, rough and cracked bark. The young branches are slightly stout and grayish brown. The winter buds and flower stalks are densely covered with pale grayish-yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate or obovate-elliptic, with the base of vigorous shoots having elliptic leaves. Yulan magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard a mass of green and white with dazzling white light, giving it high ornamental value. Together with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart, it is truly an ideal flower form for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-tolerant, able to overwinter in the open. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity; planting sites with waterlogging easily cause root rot. It prefers fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. When fumigated artificially with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 g of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is an excellent pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with heavy air pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light. Young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun. Too much light or west-facing sun can easily scorch the trees. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously with dark green, thick leaves, not only producing many flower buds but also large flowers with a long flowering period and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance. Its main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oils, mainly citral, clove oil acid and others, and also contain magnoflorine, alkaloids, yulan magnolia flower essence, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A and other components, giving it certain medicinal value. Yulan magnolia flowers are pungent and warm in nature, with the effects of dispelling wind and cold, opening the orifices, and freeing the lungs and nose. They can be used for headaches, blood-stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and other conditions. Modern pharmacological research shows that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold and regulating the lungs. They can be processed into snacks or brewed as tea. The flower meaning of Yulan magnolia represents gratitude. Yulan magnolia often produces large white flowers amid lush greenery. With its fragrant scent, it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the tree is tall and the flowers are positioned high, swaying in the wind with a spirited look, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, it is very lovely.

Maranta / Prayer Plant

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers. The leaves are solitary, relatively large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate veins arranged in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a good ground cover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant that likes warm, humid and brightly lit environments. It is not cold-tolerant and not drought-tolerant, and fears scorching sun. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, stopping new leaf growth, and yellowing of leaf color. Therefore, shading should be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing season, it should be watered thoroughly to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is rather "delicate." It requires sufficient care 365 days a year. If there are a few days of major environmental fluctuations, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of maranta seedling traders and producers. Plants in the Marantaceae family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies and so on. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta starch is almost entirely starch, containing no vitamins, with a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings and desserts. Added to water and boiled, it becomes a transparent, odorless and tasty paste. Maranta starch is fine in texture. Compared with other starches, it can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter time, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt and low-protein foods. Effects: Clears the lungs and stops coughing, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: Used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Loropetalum (Chinese Fringe Flower)

Loropetalum (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery, alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, with short pointed tips, rounded and oblique bases that are asymmetrical, stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, and dark red color. Loropetalum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and is tolerant of pruning. It is tolerant of poor soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Loropetalum has luxuriant branches and leaves with a beautiful posture. It is tolerant of pruning and wiring, and can be used for hedges or for making stump bonsai. When in bloom, the whole tree is covered with red flowers, which is extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant with bright red new leaves. Different strains have different leaf colors and flower colors at maturity, and leaf sizes also differ. In garden applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, which create color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, black cutworm moths, large and small cutworms and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of loropetalum: anthracnose, damping-off and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the spots appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf drop. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinonema. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the initial infection source for the next year's disease. When you find disease on loropetalum branches and leaves, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental Peach

Ornamental peach (Prunus persica 'Duplex') is a variety of peach. It is a tree, 3-8 m tall. The crown is broad and spreading. The bark is dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old. The young branches are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels. The winter buds are conical with blunt tips, covered with short soft hairs, often 2-3 clustered together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on the sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight and is drought-tolerant, not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold tolerance, able to overwinter safely in natural environments at minus 25 degrees Celsius. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging. If planted in waterlogged low-lying areas, seedlings easily die. Garden value: ornamental peach has large, brightly colored flowers that are beautiful when blooming, with an ornamental period of up to 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used by lakesides, streams, both sides of roads and parks, etc. In small-scale greening projects such as courtyard landscaping accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted ornamental display, and is often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. There is also the common weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, showing particularly good results in the year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in masses or as specimens, showing particularly good greening effects in the year of planting. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colored nursery stock in landscaping, usually used together with plants such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf dwarf cherry. Flowering shrubs are combined to create a scene of a hundred flowers blooming. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and is a polysaccharide substance. Hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and others. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood and tonifying qi. Diseases often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include: white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis and leaf curl. Main pests include aphids, red spider mites, scale insects and red-necked longhorn beetles, etc.

Artificial Plant Communities

1. Satsuki azalea + loropetalum + golden-edge euonymus + thornless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are widely planted in Fuzhou. Three leaf-color plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors, plus large-specification thornless holly balls, forming a neat, full and clearly layered roadside greening color band effect.

2. Loropetalum + red-leaf photinia ball + michelia + Japanese maple

Loropetalum itself is widely planted in Fujian with good adaptability, and both its leaf color and flower color are very beautiful. The red-leaf photinia ball has old green leaves accented by red new leaves, setting each other off beautifully. The four plants are combined with rich layers, forming a landscape road with longitudinal rhythm and spatial layers, and a strong guiding feel.

3. Loropetalum + Japanese fatsia + Canary Island date palm + frangipani

This combination of plants is mainly green, with both fine small leaves (loropetalum) and coarse large leaves (Japanese fatsia, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, with the effect of narrowing the space and making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a running bamboo, with spacing between culms. Iris has a graceful posture and colorful, beautiful flowers. The two combined together are very charming.

5. Dwarf gardenia + loropetalum + aucuba + osmanthus

Dwarf gardenia has leaves like sparrow tongues and a low plant form, and can be used as the lowest layer plant. Aucuba has yellow spots on its leaves and is a good foliage plant, while the tree osmanthus has fragrant flowers that refresh the heart. The combination has spacing, changes in leaf color, and added floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + loropetalum + fagraea + canna

Azalea has brilliant flowers, and with loropetalum and fagraea as a backdrop, it is even more moving. Canna has coarse large leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel close.

7. Ground cover lawn + marigold + red-leaf photinia + loropetalum ball + orange osmanthus

With green ground cover as the base, marigold's bright yellow flowers are extremely beautiful. Marigold is backed by loropetalum and red photinia, and the orange osmanthus has a spreading tree form. The several plants set each other off with rich variation.

8. Dwarf lilyturf + guava tree

Both dwarf lilyturf and guava tree adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves are fine and soft, very suitable as ground cover. The guava tree has smooth yellow bark, a graceful posture, and relatively large leaves with well-spaced density, very suitable as an open woodland path.

9. Lawn + silver-edge agave + pruned shaped banyan + yellow-flower double-pod sophora

With green lawn as the base, agave has coarse large leaves with silver-yellow and green alternating colors, and paired with pruned shaped banyan it is very harmonious, while the yellow-flower double-pod sophora has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower colors. This combination of plants has rich layers and coordinated color variation.

10. Lilyturf + broadleaf lady palm + areca palm + papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Lilyturf has fine soft leaf shapes, while broadleaf lady palm and areca palm have coarser larger leaves, and papaya has large palmate leaves. Its fruit forms on the trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Copperleaf + golden dewdrop + loropetalum

As a carpet flower bed plant combination, copperleaf has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, golden dewdrop has yellow-green leaf color, and loropetalum has dark purple leaf color. The three plants combined as a carpet flower bed are extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping Maintenance and Management Plan

Maintenance management is very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repetitive job with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, plants and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting of flower bed flowers. The completion of a green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the park:

1. The green area covers about 2,454.19 million sq m, with a high greening coverage rate and a large number of trees and pruned shaped shrubs of different specifications and varieties. The initial growth has gradually taken shape. After careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original general layout plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with

rows of ginkgo, zhennan and large trees, appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant variety combination in this area is complex. Large and small trees, shrubs and ground cover plants are interplanted.

The entrance is mainly planted with relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf banyan stump,

premium osmanthus, etc.). Whether the office area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, spacious

and grand scenery, and whether the hotel villa area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely

and relaxed atmosphere all depends on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions of the longitudinal area, we can find the following problems: 1) Shaped shrubs are not growing well and their shapes are monotonous; 2) Flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and the flowering conditions (including number of flowers, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; 3) There are many weeds in the lawn, and in some areas grass weeds have a tendency to spread; 4) There are pest and disease problems.

I. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional gardening and carry out multi-form shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to encourage growth and then shape them according to their form. This depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape. The hedges in some areas are highly regular, and uniform long strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can also try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and creating a more smooth living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing signs of pests and diseases, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual removal. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, top dressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants and different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus and species, and growth habits, and label all plants in the area. This can both

enrich employees' general knowledge of plants and add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labels

bring more attention to the greening.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of a single day. While doing the rectification work well, we will also adopt different maintenance and management measures for different

plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

also ask the client to offer more opinions so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

During the contracted maintenance period, our company will, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organize reasonably, maintain carefully, and dispatch professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly dispatch no fewer than ______ experienced workers according to seasonal weather and plant growth conditions, to complete maintenance management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately) and the entire process. {Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, wheelbarrows, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, maintenance costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: Apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per tree, and top dress once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, water-fertilizer application, etc., then cover with soil and water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, maintain the natural growth state of the trees without shaping pruning, promptly cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, shaded leggy branches and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and promptly clean up pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: Fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer application, etc. Water once within three hours after application, and water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly. For those pruned into round, square or conical shapes, do minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and attractive cuts, promptly remove pruned material, promptly cut off dead branches and diseased and pest-infested branches, promptly replant old, diseased and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: Fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer application, etc. Water once within three hours after application, and water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly. Cut off spent flowers once a week and remove weeds once a week, and promptly cut off dead and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: Fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm. Control pests and diseases promptly, promptly replant wilted, dead and missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(II) Specific annual landscaping maintenance work schedule:

January: The month with the lowest temperatures of the year, when open-field trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: Fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest-infested branches on large and small trees, and branches that interfere with overhead lines and buildings.

2. Street tree inspection: Promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify any loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, or loose stakes.

3. Pest control: Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. You can dig out the pupae and cocoons of stinging moths from the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin activity, but at this time they move slowly, and we can scrape off the larvae on the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: In green spaces and flower beds, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be promptly weeded and edged; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: Temperatures rise somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as January.

2. Pruning: Continue pruning dead and diseased branches of large and small trees. Finish pruning all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: Continue to focus on controlling stinging moths and scale insects.

March: Temperatures continue to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: Spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do planning and design, dig the tree pits in advance, and ensure digging, transporting, planting and watering are done promptly. When planting shrubs, also dig, transport and plant promptly, and water thoroughly to improve seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: Because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces promptly.

3. Fertilizing: After the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Care Measures for the Southern Plant Date Palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: This month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock shows sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller also appears (use pesticides such as fenitrothion for control). For controlling stinging moths, the method of digging out pupae can continue to be used.

April: Temperatures continue to rise, and trees all sprout, bloom or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: In early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late. Promptly remove and replant shrubs that died in winter (azalea, loropetalum, etc.), and water newly planted trees thoroughly.

2. Watering: Continue to water the maintained green areas in a timely manner.

3. Fertilizing: For lawns and shrubs, combine with watering, apply a top dressing of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: Cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects gradually move into bark cracks, tree holes, the base of trunks, wall corners and other places, where they secrete white waxy thin cocoons and pupate. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deep in a centralized pit or soaked. Alternatively, pesticides such as fenitrothion can be sprayed. (2) Longhorn beetles have begun activity; a grafting knife or self-made steel wire can be used to remove the larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Prevention and control of other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance within green areas: Pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green areas. Lawn grass should also be thinned and edged.

May: The temperature rises sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: During the peak leaf expansion period, trees have a very high water demand and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: Prune spent flowers. Street trees undergo their first bud removal and pruning.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of nettle caterpillars hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; take corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids and others also enters its peak period (on crape myrtle, pittosporum, oleander, etc.). In mid to late May, spray 10-20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsifiable concentrate at 1500-2000 times dilution to prevent and control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can also be used.)

June: High temperature

1. Watering: Plants have a high water demand and must be watered in a timely manner; do not "leave it to the weather."

2. Fertilizing: Combine loosening the soil and weeding, fertilizing, and watering to achieve the best results.

3. Pruning: Continue bud removal and sucker removal for street trees. Carry out pruning for hedges, topiary balls and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Drainage work: During heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid to late June, nettle caterpillars enter the peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly. At present, spraying 50% fenitrothion emulsifiable concentrate at 500-800 times dilution is basically used. (Or spray compound BT emulsifiable concentrate.) Continue manual capture of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees; straighten, reinforce and re-tie loose or leaning trees.

July: The temperature is the highest, and strong winds and heavy rain will occur after mid-month.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes; once high temperatures occur, water promptly.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Top dressing: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud removal and pruning; all branches that conflict with power lines must be pruned, and tree stakes must be checked one by one; if looseness or instability is found, straighten and tie them tightly immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials, tools and equipment, and assign people to inspect at any time and handle dangers promptly.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue prevention and control of longhorn beetles and nettle caterpillars. For longhorn beetles, inject 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 dilution (or fruit tree treasure, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the opening, which can also achieve good results. Camphor tree shoot borers should be pruned out promptly, and the pest nests destroyed to prevent further damage.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention work for street trees: Continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree shoot borers should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot, and take measures promptly. September: The temperature declines somewhat; do related work well to welcome National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, remove buds below the third-level branching of street trees. Shape-prune hedges. Weed within green areas, edge lawns, and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and neat.

2. Fertilizing: For some trees with weaker growth and insufficiently plump branches, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (on cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) is at its peak; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to root damage; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood borers on poplars and willows. Do a good job of preventing and controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Do a good job of inspecting all kinds of greening facilities before the holiday.

October: The temperature drops; in late October, early winter begins, trees start to shed leaves, and successively enter the dormant period.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting; in late October, once cold-tolerant trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green area maintenance: Remove dead trees promptly and water promptly. Lawn thinning and edging work in green areas and lawns should be done well. Fertilize flowering plants with poor growth.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree shoot borers. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-tolerant plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Soil turning: Turn the soil in green areas to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry, compacted soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late month, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: Low temperature; winter maintenance work begins.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and draw the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green area maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed loess.

2 Garden plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green areas reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are injured or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Garden trees have basically complete crowns, main and side branches distributed evenly, appropriate in number, reasonably pruned, uncluttered inside the crown, with ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedge and color-block branches and leaves are normal, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green areas.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth and normal leaf size and color. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect urine or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the preservation rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Conifer

Article 3: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches, to ensure that tree development tends to be reasonable, tree branch form is improved, and the breeding of pests and diseases is reduced.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely growing as appropriate, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out nettle caterpillar pupae and cocoons and burn them in a centralized manner.

5. As appropriate, scarify individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out lawn thinning, pruning and fertilizing work.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaved mahonia and globular scale on coral and Japanese fatsia.

3. In particular, strengthen freeze protection and insulation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening and banking soil around tree roots.

4. Apply one top dressing (urea) to cool-season lawns at the end of the month at 10 g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Lawns should be rolled and weeds removed promptly, and winter grass in tree beds and flower beds should be cleaned up.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control. Pay special attention to sooty mold and boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on Malus species and cold-season turfgrasses, so pay attention to prevention reports.

4. For local depressions and low-lying spots that appear in lawns, add soil and cover with sand; carry out low pruning of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the sprouting and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilizing for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown flowering plants; for lawns and shrubs, combine with watering, apply a top dressing of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can begin to be pruned.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak leaf expansion period for trees, with a very high water demand, so water in a timely manner.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and Malus halliana, and promptly carry out bud removal on plane trees, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Hoe weeds in flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out lawn thinning and prune lawn grass promptly to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure sufficient water supply for plants.

2. Loosen soil and hoe weeds in tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out lawn thinning.

3. Lawns should be pruned promptly, and their growth height controlled; pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply compound fertilizer once to lawns with poor growth or lacking fertilizer, so they can safely pass the summer.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that plant watering work is carried out.

2. Carry out soil loosening and weeding for flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of thinning ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperature and relatively high humidity, and weeds grow quickly; seize the opportunity to hoe and thin weeds to prevent grass overgrowth, and continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention; reinforce and strengthen trees in the garden to prevent lodging; for low-lying or severely waterlogged places, dredge and drain promptly.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune promptly, control lawn height, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding. Apply supplementary and top-dressing fertilizer promptly, mainly P and K fertilizers, combined with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to mastering the fertilization period and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought relief work; it must not be chosen between 10:00 and 15:00, so as not to burn the seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention; further reinforce and strengthen large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and for low-lying and other water-prone places, dredge drainage ditches promptly to prevent water from standing too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed within green areas and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and neat.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely growing, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. Lawns should be pruned, edged and cleared of weeds promptly, and attention should be paid to pest and disease control.

4. Carry out weeding in flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of thinning ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness and distinct layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend to be reasonable and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill bare gaps and water, and fertilize those with poor growth.

3. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively prevent and control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, reducing pests and diseases, and enhancing growth.

2. Do a good job of thinning and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs and green areas, pull out weeds promptly, and replant bare gaps promptly. Adjust trees in the local layout as appropriate; some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Begin cold protection and insulation work; for trees with relatively

poor cold tolerance, wrap with rice straw and bank soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. Scarify and aerate lawns as appropriate, and prune 2-3 times at the same time.

4. Carry out fertilizing work in late this month, and carry out green area soil turning combined with increased application of organic fertilizer.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively prevent and control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of thinning and edging in color-block shrubs and green areas, and pull out weeds promptly.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing stubs and dead branches, in order to make next year's tree growth better (do not prune flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds), and at the same time pay attention to cleaning pest cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they safely overwinter.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively prevent and control, and keep relevant records.

Article 4: "Latest Commonly Used Plants in Southern Landscapes"

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern Landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fokien cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Taiwan podocarpus, long-leaf podocarpus, white champaca, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, cinnamon, camphor tree, cinnamon, bitter catalpa, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, Siamese senna, red camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, water banyan, water stone banyan, avocado, blackboard tree, false betel palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Syzygium hainanense, sapodilla, lemon eucalyptus, river red gum, swamp mahogany, blue gum, paperbark, butterfly fruit, Chinese torreya, Chinese plum yew, India rubber fig, banyan, small-leaf banyan, cluster fig, weeping fig, Ficus virens, sacred fig, horsetail tree, jackfruit, maple-leaf maple, tanbark oak, oriental white oak, candlenut, silky oak, sharp-leaf elaeocarpus, big-leaf elaeocarpus, mahoe, iron holly, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, Albizia falcataria, royal palm, fishtail palm, Mexican washingtonia, sugar palm, long-leaf date palm, Bishop wood, red sandalwood, Dillenia indica, jackfruit, yellow locust, jackfruit, big-leaf privet, Michelia chapensis, schefflera, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

small-leaf Terminalia, Chinese swamp cypress, water winter melon, Chinese tallow, honey tree, sand pear, soapberry, entire-leaved goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, large-flowered crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flame tree, yellow poinciana, jacaranda, yellow locust, chinaberry, Toona sinensis, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, golden acacia, Kalopanax septemlobus, sweetgum, weeping willow, Magnolia soulangeana, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, India

red sandalwood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm, Chinese plum yew, Aglaia, Large-leaf Euonymus, Elaeagnus conferta, Camellia sasanqua, Canton coral tree, Aucuba japonica 'Variegata', Hypericum, Areca triandra, Areca palm, Chuniophoenix, Aglaia duperreana, Golden trumpet, Gendarussa, Callistemon, Carmona, Gardenia, Crown of thorns, Poinsettia, Jasminum mesnyi, Aucuba, Chinese holly, Rhododendron, Cordyline fruticosa, Croton, Acalypha wilkesiana, Acalypha wilkesiana 'Marginata', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaf', Senna glauca, Rhododendron ovatum, Ardisia, Murraya paniculata, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Artabotrys, Camellia japonica, Camellia oleifera, Large-leaf tea, Oleander, Yellow oleander, Allemanda neriifolia, Serissa, Michelia figo, Pittosporum, Mahonia, Nandina, Fatsia japonica, Magnolia coco, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Fuchsia, Azalea, Yucca gloriosa, Yucca, Canton boxwood, Licuala, Phoenix roebelenii, Caryota mitis, Rhapis humilis, Rhapis excelsa,

Ficus microcarpa 'Golden', Ficus lyrata, Ficus salicifolia, Justicia aurea, Schefflera, Duranta erecta 'Variegata', Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaf', Gendarussa, Ligustrum sinense 'Aureum', Alocasia, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Aspidistra, Sansevieria, Rhaphiolepis indica, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata', Euphorbia cotinifolia, Buxus sinica, African jasmine, Brunfelsia, Ixora 'Xi Meili', Crinum, Hymenocallis, Calliandra, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura, Mussaenda pubescens, Mussaenda erythrophylla, Rhododendron mucronatum, Rhododendron hybridum, Senna bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Ixora, Jasminum mesnyi, Jasmine, Jatropha pandurifolia, Plumbago auriculata, Oxypetalum, Butterfly flower, Nandina, Pepper tree, Excoecaria cochinchinensis,

Deciduous shrubs:

Cotton rose, Spiraea cantoniensis, Spiraea trilobata, Modern rose, Abelia, Pomegranate, Callicarpa, Magnolia liliiflora, Lespedeza, Lonicera maackii, Hydrangea, Hibiscus syriacus, Redbud, Prunus japonica, Spiraea prunifolia, Spiraea thunbergii, Butterfly tree, Elderberry, Fig, Sichuan pepper, Trifoliate orange, Buddleja, Ligustrum sinense

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, Bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, Pyrostegia venusta, Rangoon creeper, Akebia trifoliata, Honeysuckle, Euonymus fortunei, Ficus pumila, Kiwi, Euonymus fortunei 'Radicans', Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Hoya, Epipremnum pinnatum, Pothos, Trachelospermum, Chinese ivy, English ivy, Schisandra, Parthenocissus, Trumpet vine, Passionflower, Lagerstroemia indica, Mucuna, Thunbergia grandiflora

Artabotrys, Thunbergia grandiflora, Rangoon creeper, Antigonon leptopus, Boston ivy, Pyrostegia venusta, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosum, Wisteria, Ficus pumila, Cypress vine, Morning glory, Ipomoea cairica, Snake vine, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, Garlic vine, Wood rose, Clytostoma, Passionflower

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, Moso bamboo, Bambusa multiplex, Phyllostachys glauca, Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata', Neosinocalamus affinis, Bambusa multiplex 'Stripestem', Pleioblastus amarus, Indocalamus, Buddha belly bamboo, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, Chimonobambusa, Green bamboo, Bambusa multiplex 'Alphonse Karr', Bambusa multiplex 'Wamin', Red bamboo

Lawn and groundcover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese zoysia, Fine-leaf zoysia, Carpet grass, Centipede grass, Paspalum distichum, Manila grass, Zoysia, Dieffenbachia, Tradescantia, Rhoeo discolor, Liriope, Curculigo capitulata, Ophiopogon japonicus, Reineckea carnea, Aspidistra, Black-eyed Susan, Acorus gramineus, Rain lily, Zephyranthes, Lycoris, White butterfly, Iris, Oxalis rubra, Zebrina pendula,

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Pothos, Zebrina pendula, Sword fern, Pilea, Tradescantia spathacea, Spathiphyllum, Liriope 'Silver Edge', Lantana camara 'Red', Lantana camara 'Yellow', Lantana camara 'Purple'

Lantana, Dusty miller, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Justicia brandegeana, Porphyrostachys, Asparagus fern, Evening primrose, Beach morning glory, Ivy, Trachelospermum, Ginger lily, Umbrella plant, Papyrus, Iris, Purple loosestrife, Narcissus, Lotus, Water lily, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis rubra, Arachis pintoi, Dichondra, Alternanthera, Alternanthera 'Round Leaf', Coleus, Verbena tenuisecta, Alternanthera 'Red Green', Rain lily, Zephyranthes, Amaryllis, Lily, Calla lily, Periwinkle, Centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean lawn grass, Bermuda grass, Large-leaf carpet grass, St. Augustine grass, Bahia grass, Dwarf lilyturf

Palms:

Royal palm, Washington palm, Triangle palm, King palm, Foxtail palm, Butia palm, Bottle palm, Spindle palm, Canary date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, Oil palm, Fishtail palm, Windmill palm, Dragon scale palm, Fan palm, Queen palm, Fishtail palm, Queen palm, Mexican blue palm, Phoenix canariensis, Caryota mitis, Caryota maxima, Areca palm, Areca triandra, Traveller's palm, Rhapis,

Seasonal flowers

Pentas, Impatiens, Wax begonia, Salvia, Petunia, Dianthus hybridus, Ornamental kale, Tagetes patula, Marigold, Nasturtium, Pansy, Torenia, Celosia, Calendula, Globe amaranth, Zinnia, Portulaca grandiflora, Portulaca oleracea, Cosmos, Cineraria, Cleome, Hemerocallis, Lavender, Purple loosestrife

Chapter Five: Examples of Southern Plant Arrangements

Southern Plant Arrangement

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + Cyperus alternifolius + Alpinia variegata

Dracaena 'Large Horse-tail' + Dracaena 'Rainbow' + Nandina + Sword fern + Stone arrangement

Royal palm + Fishtail palm + Phoenix roebelenii + Canna + Coleus + Croton

Royal palm + Canary Island date palm head + Cordyline 'Red' + Acalypha wilkesiana + Ixora

Royal palm + Archontophoenix + Areca palm + Large-leaf Rhapis + Ficus 'Golden Leaf'

Chapter Six: Common Southern Landscape Plants

Common Plants for Southern Gardens

I. Palms:

1. Royal palm 2. Archontophoenix 3. Washington palm 4. Silver date palm 5. Canary Island date palm 6. Areca triandra

7. Fan palm 8. Mexican blue palm 9. Areca palm 10. Rhapis (Slender-leaf Rhapis) 11. Queen palm 12. Phoenix roebelenii

II. Trees (street trees, shade trees):

1. Flame tree 2. Kapok 3. Beautiful silk floss tree 4. Coral tree 5. Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6. Alstonia

7. Ficus microcarpa 8. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9. Mango 10. Chukrasia 11. Cinnamomum 12. Large-leaf Tecoma

13. Rosewood 14. Frangipani 15. Terminalia 16. Traveller's palm 17. Pandanus 18. Autumn maple

19. Star fruit 20. Osmanthus 21. Golden shower tree 22. Albizia 23. Melaleuca

24. Eucalyptus 25. Syzygium hainanense 26. Aphanamixis 27. Bauhinia 28. Mahogany

29. Ficus altissima 30. Flame tree 31. Tabebuia 32. Goldenrain tree

III. Flowering shrubs:

1. Osmanthus 'Four Seasons' 2. Slender-leaf Bambusa multiplex 3. Tree fern 4. Ficus 'Yellow' 5. Bougainvillea

6. Senna 7. Callistemon 8. Agave 'Marginata' 9. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 10. Fagraea 11. Ficus 'Variegata'

12. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 13. Michelia figo 14. Tecoma 15. Calliandra 16. Tabernaemontana 17. Ixora

18. Furcraea 19. Yucca 20. Pyrostegia venusta 21. Yellow oleander 22. Polyscias

IV. Groundcover or color blocks:

1. Pittosporum 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Pothos 4. Bird's nest fern 5. Red ruby 6. Large-leaf Polygonum 7. Schefflera

8. Little angel 9. Ficus 'Golden Leaf' 10. Cuphea 11. Slender-leaf frog orchid 12. Calathea 'Three Star' 13. Rhododendron mucronatum

14. Dwarf fan palm 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Duranta erecta 'Variegata' 17. Spider lily 18. Zebrina pendula 19. Golden trumpet

20. Alpinia variegata 21. Asparagus fern 22. Arachis 23. Dwarf Ixora 24. Sword fern 25. Pachystachys lutea

26. White butterfly 27. Pilea 28. Dieffenbachia 29. Cordyline 'Rainbow' 30. Croton 31. Liriope

32. Silver edge grass 33. Jasmine 34. Calathea velvet 35. Taiwan grass 36. Large-leaf carpet grass

37. Manila grass 38. Bermuda grass 39. Ryegrass 40. Tall fescue

Some other commonly used plants:

1. Ficus religiosa 2. Ficus altissima 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4. Campanula 5. National Day flower 6. Golden shower tree

7. Cassia siamea 8. Sausage tree 9. Thai yellow golden flower ball 10. Golden melaleuca

11. Senna alata 12. Senna bicapsularis 13. Jatropha 14. Cleistocalyx 15. Manglietia

16. Hainan Aucuba 17. Pachira 'Variegata' 18. Hainan Ormosia 19. Mahogany

20. Albizia 21. Sandalwood cinnamon 22. Autumn osmanthus 23. Bay laurel 24. Mexican blue palm 25. Slender-leaf Bambusa multiplex

26. Indian yellow (purple) sandalwood 27. Rosewood 28. Dianella 29. Leizhou banyan 30. Cat-tail tree

Common Southern Landscape Plants

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine, Hoop pine, Keteleeria, Large-leaf Araucaria, Kauri, Masson pine, Slash pine, Camphor tree, Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis, Melaleuca, Rose apple, Syzygium hainanense, Autumn maple, Taiwan acacia, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Rosewood, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus virens, Ficus altissima, Ficus superba, Ficus elastica, Ficus elastica 'Variegata', Ficus religiosa, Candlenut, Mahogany, Dillenia, Alstonia, Terminalia, Terminalia mantaly, Jackfruit, Syzygium samarangense, Dracontomelon, Sapodilla, Chukrasia, Casuarina, Michelia alba, Magnolia coco, Michelia macclurei, Elaeocarpus, Magnolia grandiflora, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Mango, Longan, Lychee, Olive, Loquat, Bayberry, Pomelo, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, Podocarpus, Dragon juniper, Nageia, Osmanthus, Osmanthus 'Four Seasons', Michelia figo, Aglaia, Camellia, Ficus benjamina, Butterfly fruit, Ficus pandurata

2. Deciduous trees

Dawn redwood, Bald cypress, Pond cypress, Chinese swamp cypress, Tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, Bischofia, Albizia, Albizia julibrissin, Leucaena, Sweetgum, Weeping willow, Sausage tree, Anthocephalus, Silver birch, Hackberry, Soapberry, Pistacia chinensis, Chinaberry, Chinese tallow, Tung tree, Ginkgo, Sterculia, Persimmon, Fig, Mulberry, Papaya, Guava, Red maple, Acacia

3. Palms

Archontophoenix, Royal palm, King palm, Bottle palm, Spindle palm, Triangle palm, Foxtail palm, Queen palm, Oil palm, Sugar palm, Large Washingtonia, Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Canary date palm, Iranian date palm, Fan palm, Fishtail palm, Sugar palm, Phoenix, Phoenix roebelenii, Areca triandra, Green palm, Fragrant palm, Caryota maxima, Caryota mitis, Areca palm, Windmill palm, Banana, Traveller's palm, Cordyline, Rhapis, Slender-leaf Rhapis, Strelitzia nicholai, Philodendron 'Red Stem', Alocasia

4. Foliage shrubs

Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaf', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden', Ficus lyrata, Ficus salicifolia, Garcinia, Arundo donax 'Variegata', Polyalthia, Pandanus, Pittosporum, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata', Sago palm, Callistemon, Cestrum nocturnum, Cotinus, Justicia aurea, Fatsia japonica, Juniperus procumbens, Manihot 'Variegata', Nandina, Schefflera, Schefflera 'Variegata', Pepper tree, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Acalypha wilkesiana, Japanese lilac, Duranta erecta, Duranta erecta 'Variegata', Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaf', Murraya paniculata, Croton, Croton 'Hastatus', Croton hainanensis, Croton 'Aucuba', Gendarussa, Carmona, Buxus sinica, Ligustrum sinense 'Aureum', Crown of thorns, Furcraea 'Yellow Stripe', Agave, Agave 'Marginata', Yucca, Beaucarnea, Aspidistra, Sansevieria, Cactus, Alocasia, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Alpinia 'Variegata', Scaevola, Rhaphiolepis indica, Breynia, Phyllanthus, Rose

5. Flowering shrubs

African jasmine, Brunfelsia, Murraya, Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Fuchsia, Malvaviscus, Poinsettia, Calliandra, Bougainvillea, Gardenia 'Grandiflora', Hydrangea, Aphelandra, Melastoma, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura, Mussaenda pubescens, Mussaenda erythrophylla, Allemanda, Rhododendron hybridum, Senna bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Ixora, Spiraea, Jasminum mesnyi, Jasmine, Crinum,

Hymenocallis, Crab claw flower, Dwarf Canna, Reinwardtia, Jatropha pandurifolia, Plumbago auriculata, Oxypetalum, Butterfly flower

6. Groundcover

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Pothos, Zebrina pendula, Sword fern, Pilea, Tradescantia spathacea, Spathiphyllum, Liriope, Liriope 'Silver Edge', Lantana camara 'Red', Lantana camara 'Yellow', Lantana camara 'Purple', Dusty miller, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Justicia brandegeana, Porphyrostachys, Asparagus fern, Evening primrose, Beach morning glory, Ivy, Trachelospermum, Ginger lily, Umbrella plant, Papyrus, Iris, Purple loosestrife, Narcissus, Lotus, Water lily, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis rubra, Arachis pintoi, Dichondra, Alternanthera, Alternanthera 'Round Leaf', Coleus, Verbena tenuisecta, Alternanthera 'Red Green', Rain lily, Zephyranthes, Amaryllis, Lily, Calla lily, Periwinkle, Centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean lawn grass, Bermuda grass, Large-leaf carpet grass, St. Augustine grass, Bahia grass, Dwarf lilyturf

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora, Rangoon creeper, Antigonon leptopus, Boston ivy, Pyrostegia venusta, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosum, Wisteria, Ficus pumila, Cypress vine, Morning glory, Ipomoea cairica, Snake vine, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, Garlic vine, Wood rose, Clytostoma, Passionflower

Chapter Seven: Document on Common Southern Plant Arrangements

Practical Plant Arrangement Table ---- Concise Table of Common Plant Arrangements

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Hankow willow, Weeping willow, Cotton willow, Sand willow, Artemisia willow, Sapindus willow, Populus simonii, Populus maximowiczii, Sabina vulgaris, Chinese juniper, Oriental arborvitae, Dawn redwood, Chinaberry, Chinese wingnut, Ash, Forsythia, Elm, Lacerate-leaf elm, Chinese elm, Chinese tallow, Cherry blossom, Eucommia, Goldenrain tree, Cotton rose, Hibiscus syriacus, Oleander, Boston ivy, Grape, Wisteria, Amorpha, Tamarisk, Buttercup, Water hyacinth, Halerpestes, Marsh willow, Willow weed, Marsh woundwort, Chinese woundwort, Mint, Lindernia, Veronica, Watercress, Scirpus, Scirpus triangulatus, Scirpus planiculmis, Cyperus, Cyperus glomeratus, Cyperus globosus, Cyperus sanguinolentus, Juncus effusus, Juncus articulatus, Juncus bufonius, Juncus tenuis, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum plebeium, Polygonum orientale, Polygonum caespitosum, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum sagittatum, Polygonum perfoliatum, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum thunbergii, Polygonum sieboldii, Polygonum cuspidatum, Imperata cylindrica, Calamagrostis, Calamagrostis langsdorffii, Beckmannia, Phleum, Arundinella, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Coix, Hemarthria, Wetland groundcover,

Emergent plants: Scirpus validus, Reed, Lotus root, Arrowhead, Cyperus, Alisma, Lotus, Purple loosestrife, Cattail, Monochoria, Monochoria vaginalis, Acorus calamus, Pontederia, Rice, Mangrove, Narcissus, Water celery, Wild rice stem, Taro, Marsilea, Reed, Water chestnut, Scirpus, Juncus, Typha, Cyperus alternifolius, Typha latifolia

Floating plants: Duckweed, Water hyacinth, Water lily, Gorgon nut, Victoria lily, Nuphar, Water hyacinth, Nymphoides, Water shield, Bladderwort, Floating fern, Nymphoides,

Submerged plants: Hornwort, Ottelia

Colored-leaf plants:

Red or purple: Sweetgum, Lacquer tree, Japanese maple, Amur maple, Celastrus, Red oak, Maple, Chinese tallow, Sumac, Rhus, Mountain ash, Nandina, Euonymus, Hawthorn, Pistacia chinensis, Chinese wingnut, Barberry, Hornbeam, Boston ivy

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: Ginkgo, Persimmon, Goldenrain tree, Tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, Elm, Walnut, Catalpa, Dawn redwood, Crape myrtle, Chinese elm, Machilus, Wild jujube, Kiwi, Horse chestnut, Mountain ash, Wintersweet, Pomegranate, Senna, Witch hazel, Soapberry, Acacia

Fragrant plants:

Fragrant plants that can be planted in residential areas include: mint, basil, lemon balm, German chamomile, lemongrass, sage, dandelion, calendula, thyme, borage, scented geranium, mallow and other herbaceous plants; lavender, rosemary, gardenia, rose, lemon verbena and other shrubs.

Woody plants with fragrance in rotation through the four seasons, such as: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and Michelia alba in summer; osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: Black locust, Paulownia, Lacebark pine, Sabina chinensis, Coral tree, Photinia, Pittosporum, Fatsia japonica, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: Dwarf yew, Podocarpus, Torreya, Ilex crenata, Cinnamomum camphora, Bayberry, Ligustrum, Ternstroemia, Viburnum, Aucuba, Mahonia, Firethorn, Boxwood, Pittosporum, Fatsia japonica, etc., Buddleja, Pistacia chinensis, and other fragrant flower plants (such as Citrus plants of the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous) flowers: Torch lily (Red-hot poker), Lupine, Blue fescue, Astilbe, Coreopsis, Lysimachia, Oregano, Hibiscus moscheutos, Red mint, Trachelospermum 'Variegata', Osteospermum, Hellebore, Lycoris, Hemerocallis, Iris, Tradescantia, Hosta, Canna 'Variegata', Canna 'Red Leaf', Aster, Farfugium, Bletilla, Perennial verbena

Flowering trees and shrubs of the four seasons:

Spring: Various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus micromalus, Malus spectabilis, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia 'Red', Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), Redbud, Red-leaf

Plum, Peach blossom, Camellia, Winter jasmine, Lilac, etc.

Summer: Crape myrtle, Hibiscus syriacus, Hydrangea, Michelia figo, Summer azalea, Pomegranate (flower), Gardenia, Trumpet vine, Albizia, Acacia. Autumn: Osmanthus, Crape myrtle, Hibiscus syriacus, Flowering pomegranate, Cotton rose, Trumpet vine, etc.

Winter: Honeysuckle, Nandina, Plum blossom, Michelia figo, Camellia, Camellia sasanqua, etc.

Classification diagram of common landscaping tree species:

(I) Evergreen conifers

1. Trees: Deodar cedar, Korean pine, Black pine, Dragon juniper, Masson pine, Sabina chinensis, Sago palm, Norfolk Island pine, Japanese cedar, Torreya

2. Shrubs: (Podocarpus), Platycladus orientalis 'Sieboldii', Sabina chinensis 'Pyramidalis', Juniperus procumbens, Japanese cedar, Five-needle pine

(II) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Trees: Dawn redwood, Golden larch, Bald cypress, Pond cypress

(III) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Ligustrum, Windmill palm

2. Shrubs: Coral tree, Large-leaf Euonymus, Buxus sinica, Buxus bodinieri, Chinese holly, Citrus tree, Photinia, Pittosporum, Osmanthus, Oleander, Jasminum, Winter jasmine, Aucuba 'Variegata', Nandina, Serissa, Ligustrum quihoui, Fatsia japonica, Gardenia, Distylium, Camellia, Hypericum, Rhododendron, Yucca (Puerto Rico flower, Arrow hemp), Sago palm (Iron tree), Mahonia

(IV) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: Weeping willow, Straight willow, Chinese wingnut, Dragon-claw willow, Chinese tallow, Sophora, Firmiana (Chinese parasol

tree), Platanus (French plane), Sophora (Chinese scholar tree), Sophora 'Pendula', Albizia, Ginkgo, Chinaberry (Bitter chinaberry), Catalpa

2. Shrubs: Cherry blossom, Magnolia denudata, Peach blossom, Wintersweet, Crape myrtle, Redbud, Maple, Green maple, Red-leaf plum, Chaenomeles speciosa, Fuchsia, Hydrangea, Spiraea cantoniensis, Forsythia (Golden bells), Cotton rose, Hibiscus syriacus (Hibiscus tree), Alchornea (Guiyuan tree), Pomegranate

(V) Bamboo: Bambusa multiplex, Phyllostachys, Moso bamboo, Purple bamboo, Bambusa multiplex 'Alphonse Karr', Bambusa multiplex, Buddha belly bamboo, Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata'

(VI) Vines: Wisteria, Trachelospermum, Parthenocissus (Boston ivy, Wall-climbing tiger), Ivy, Grape vine, Euonymus fortunei

(VII) Flowers: Moss rose, Chrysanthemum, Salvia, Canna, Alternanthera, Kale (Ball cabbage flower), Chrysanthemum, Orchid

(VIII) Lawn: Velvet grass, Zoysia, Liriope, Evergreen grass, Tall fescue, Manila grass, Clover, Dichondra

Detailed Table of Common Plant Arrangements

Table of Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, aromatic, berries spherical.

Plane tree Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Likes warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown and dense shade, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flame tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, likes warm and hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; flowers red and beautiful, flowering period May to August

Albizia Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink-red, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental tree, street tree

Acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, flowers golden yellow, excellent tree vigor

Weeping Willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor Tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and rounded, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese Fan Palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, dark green leaf surface, robust growth, very beautiful posture

Longan Tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Rounded Evergreen tree with rounded crown, strong canopy density, relatively slow growth, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (Chinaberry Tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, pale purple flowers

Chinese Parasol Tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper Mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Urticaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and thin, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, beautiful posture

Formosan Alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash Tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, robust, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Hoop Pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm-hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, graceful posture

Qinghai Spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the northwest region

Korean Pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool and humid climate and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese Juniper (Juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, drought and barren tolerant, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, pruning tolerant, good dust-proof and sound-insulating effect

Southern Magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, flowers large, white, fragrant, beautiful tree form,

Taiwan Acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth vigor

Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, robust growth, beautiful posture

Canary Island Date Palm (Canary Date Palm) Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk thick and sturdy, tall and majestic, pinnate leaves dense and spreading,

Royal Palm (Royal Palm) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, can reach 18m in height, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, autumn leaves yellow, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, not tolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases

Chinese Tulip Tree (Chinese Tulip Tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaf shape resembling a Chinese jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese White Poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool temperate climate, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, relatively long-lived; tree form upright, trunk straight, bark gray-white

Lombardy Poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrow cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold and drought tolerant, slightly tolerant of salinity and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese Elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, drought and barren tolerant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Box Elder (Ash-leaved Maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climate, smoke and dust tolerant, dry-cold tolerant, slightly saline-alkali tolerant, pruning tolerant, autumn leaves yellow {Maintenance measures for the southern plant Date Palm}.

Common Landscape Tree Characteristics Table

Name Scientific Name Family Tree Form Characteristics

Camphor Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, aromatic, berries spherical.

London Plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovate Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, pruning tolerant. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Southern Magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, flowers large, white, fragrant, beautiful tree form,

Yulan Magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Quite cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large, pure white, blooms March to April. Suitable for courtyard ornamental.

Chinese Tulip Tree (Chinese Tulip Tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaf shape resembling a Chinese jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese Arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, neat tree form when young, mostly curved when old, strong growth, long-lived, beautiful tree form

Ash Tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Rounded Evergreen tree, robust, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Java Bishopwood Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Rounded Evergreen tree, very beautiful when young leaves sprout, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Weeping Willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Chinese Incense Cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, irregularly longitudinally fissured; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Royal Palm Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, can reach 18m in height, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Japanese Euonymus Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Ovate Prefers warm and humid climate, resistant to toxic gases. Foliage ornamental. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Formosan Sweetgum Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese Wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Strong adaptability, waterlogging tolerant, fast-growing. Suitable as shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Creeping Juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping dwarf shrub, branches and trunk sprawling on the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, unique tree form style, branches and leaves verdant and flowing. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant Date Palm}.

Golden Dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Rounded Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden Dewdrop with yellow leaves is mainly foliage ornamental, widely used, can be used as ground cover, pruned into shapes, formed into patterns or used for color-contrast planting, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese Holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Rounded Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper Mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Urticaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and thin, branches spreading in all directions, beautiful posture

Chinese Elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, drought and barren tolerant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Chinese Juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium-sized tree, branches densely grown, dark green, robust growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form

Japanese Pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Rounded White flowers fragrant, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as hedge or potted plant. Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk tillering, can reach 20-25m in height, leaves gray-white with arched curvature, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Hankow Willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Silk Tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental tree, street tree

Japanese Black Pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, needles hard in pairs, long-lived

Purple-leaf Plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, red-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purple-red, blooms pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both solitary and group planting, as background contrast.

Washington Palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single cylindrical trunk, enlarged at the base, up to 4-8m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, robust growth, beautiful tree form {Maintenance measures for the southern plant Date Palm}.

Japanese Pagoda Tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as shade tree, street tree

Scrambled Egg Tree Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Rounded Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Box Elder (Ash-leaved Maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climate, smoke and dust tolerant, dry-cold tolerant, slightly saline-alkali tolerant, pruning tolerant, autumn leaves yellow

Japanese Maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Leaf shape elegant, autumn leaves red. Suitable for courtyard ornamental and potted plants.

Golden Larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Ovate tower-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves spreading, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, leaflets radial, tree form vigorous and upright.

Bottle Palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen, forming a wine bottle shape, very beautiful posture

Mandarin Orange Tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Rounded Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry Tree Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Rounded Deciduous tree, bark gray-brown, bipinnate odd-pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, fast-growing

Snowbush Serissa Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Rounded Evergreen small shrub. Leaf color dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, good texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, pruning and shaping.

Dragon Juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium-sized tree, branches densely grown, dark green, robust growth, very long-lived, very beautiful tree form

Dragon-claw Pagoda Tree S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches pendulous, suitable for courtyard ornamental, opposite or row planting

Dragon-claw Willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Rounded Branches twisted like a dragon, suitable as shade tree, ornamental tree

Pygmy Date Palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Upright trunk, 2m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist Pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, plain and elegant posture, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, layered forms for courtyard landscaping and beautification.

Masson Pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark red-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic

Sacred Bamboo Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves elegant, red berries in autumn and winter; courtyard ornamental, can be group planted or potted. Hoop Pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer tree, branches whorled, lower ones pendulous, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, robust growth

Glossy Privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Ovate Flowers white, blooms in June. Suitable as hedge or street tree.

Chinese Fan Palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Upright trunk can reach 6-12m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, grows luxuriantly, elegant posture

Globe Arborvitae Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly rounded Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green Maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful, can be trained into noble bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, forest bathing tree.

Boxleaf Euonymus B. bodinieri Buxaceae Ovate Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for courtyard ornamental. Can be group planted, used as hedge or potted. Japanese Cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, ovate, rounded Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Arecaceae Plants"

Arecaceae is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems solitary or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, well-developed root system, drought tolerant, barren tolerant, strong resistance to pests and diseases, outstanding for creating tropical-style landscape effects. This edition will introduce their introduction, transplanting and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants. A few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the Silver Date Palm (Wild Date Palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term waterlogging, such as the Swamp Palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, having strong wind resistance, such as the False Betel Nut Palm and the Chinese Fan Palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape effects of palm plants have been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore, etc.

Some landscape companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants since the early 1980s. Over the following twenty-plus years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, as well as later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan and other regions, successively set off a wave of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company and several other units, based on plant geography and ecology theories, through observational research on the growth and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, it was found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high-latitude, high-altitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, moisture and soil, etc. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing the growth and development of plants; winter low temperature is the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora disease, coconut leaf beetle, and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases has been greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented palm seed germination-promotion technology, mastered the full-crown transplanting and large-specification container seedling cultivation techniques of palm plants, and did fruitful work on soil improvement, winter cold protection and conservation techniques.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including Royal Palm, Chinese Fan Palm, Broadleaf Lady Palm, South Coconut, Fishtail Palm, etc.; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the successfully applied Arecaceae plants mainly include Butia Palm, Woolly Washington Palm, Canary Island Date Palm, Washington Palm and more than ten other species, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington Palm as an Example

Discussion on the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Disease

Harm and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Disease

This disease often occurs and causes harm on palm plants such as Royal Palm, Large Chinese Fan Palm, Washington Palm, Mexican Fan Palm, Canary Island Date Palm, etc. On affected plants, the central leaf cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the whole plant withers in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora fungi, which can be identified through incubator culture. The pathogen mainly overwinters in soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splashing, air movement, etc.

Occurrence Pattern of Washington Palm Phytophthora Disease

This disease occurs during high-temperature and high-humidity periods between summer and autumn. Drought followed by rain or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering causing soil moisture content to

suddenly increase, poor ventilation, or plants located at wind gaps, are prone to infection. In low-lying, poorly drained, continuous cropping plots, the disease is severe. In addition, this disease is often related to severe root injury during seedling digging, followed by long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young central leaf rots, leaves turn gray-green and droop, and can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, one can see paste-like secretions at the growing point or even the entire central part of the plant with a foul odor, and white mold-like substances can grow on the affected tissue. Severely affected plants also often show root damage, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots with an abnormal

smell. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries; adult trees planted in green spaces are less affected.

Symptoms

In recent years, the harm in nursery fields has been relatively severe. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand, slightly sunken, and in moist conditions the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under moist conditions. When it occurs on stems, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part shows withering. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes the root system and stem when cut open exude pus-like liquid, and in severe cases the young leaf vein margins carry large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora disease is a vascular bundle disease; in severe cases the whole plant wilts, droops, dries up, and eventually dies, with a high mortality rate.

According to surveys, the peak incidence period of this disease is mostly during high-temperature and high-humidity periods, that is, the optimal temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the incidence period in coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease can be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, drying and drainage in the nursery. In autumn and winter each year, moderately prune leaves, and dig pits and earth up the planting site, etc., to keep the nursery land dry. Normally, increase potassium fertilizer application, and also apply quicklime, superphosphate, etc., separately, to enhance plant tissue density and resistance to infection, and improve plant disease resistance.

2. Choose good plots; select loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation; for land where Washington Palm has been planted, require crop rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, increase organic fertilizer application, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly during drought, strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, and do it in the afternoon or evening on sunny days.

5. Achieve prevention first, integrated control. Pay attention to observation at ordinary times, frequently prune dead branches and fallen leaves, promptly clean up discovered diseased plants, bury them deep or burn them, and disinfect disease holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One to two months before the onset of disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan WP (1:500 to 600), 80% Fosetyl-Al (1:400), or other hymexazol types such as Kameitong, also known as soil fungicide (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), Dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington Palm, first spray the planting site and Washington Palm roots with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization on consecutive sunny days, or spread lime powder for disinfection, or use Dexon 500 times solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or Fosetyl-Al (prone to resistance), add 0.4% washing powder and pour into the heart or spray for both prevention and treatment. 80% Mancozeb 700 times solution can also be sprayed, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora disease. After taking this measure, the Washington Palm and Woolly Washington Palm at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company have dropped from a 20% incidence rate in 2004 to below 10%.

Control Experience

The control effect of using carbendazim etc. is not obvious. In the early stage of the disease, if all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can gradually revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth vigor is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies massively when moisture is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular transport tissue, and the plant dies from water loss and wilting. The heart rot disease introduced in some literature is actually also Phytophthora disease, only occurring at the central leaf part.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, with water-soaked small spots appearing at onset, then expanding into larger lesions, easy to find, and generally can be controlled with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens being Phyllosticta, Pestalotia, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Large Single-trunk Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance. After root pruning, the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. After root pruning, remove stones and broken roots from the soil and backfill promptly, and do a good job of moisture retention: the purpose is to exercise the seedling's adaptability and promote new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If using heeled-in seedlings, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare for planting. Dig holes 20 days before transplanting at the planting site; the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. Let the soil from the holes be exposed to the sun for a period, and the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + appropriate amount of decomposed phosphate fertilizer + appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn being the best, and summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants prefer warmth and humidity; in summer when temperatures are high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, easily causing excessive water loss and affecting survival; in winter when temperatures are low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds can easily cause frostbite or even death of seedlings.

Seedling Transplanting

Some large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick trunks, and the workload of transplanting is large, and seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when transplanting, use burlap bags or straw to wrap the trunk, especially the green wrapped trunk portion at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. First, it protects the trunk; second, it retains moisture and prevents sunburn. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with leaf pruning, remove old leaves, and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on the tree's vigor). At the same time, cut off 1/5 of the leaf together with the petiole, to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

Seedlings are best dug and planted the same day; if the time is too long, seedlings evaporate a lot of water and are prone to water loss affecting survival. If they cannot all be planted the same day, cover them with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaf surface every day, doing a good job of shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil. After the seedling is positioned, backfill soil immediately. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, shape the soil mound into a "water storage basin" with slightly higher surroundings and slightly lower middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering. After backfilling, immediately water thoroughly to set the roots. Before watering, first use bamboo poles etc. to poke the loose soil around the soil ball firmly, until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing. There are many kinds of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The binding height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-planting Management

1. Moisture retention. Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, to the extent of wetting the leaves and trunk wrapping. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow down, and water accumulation causes root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with straw for sun protection, to prevent excessive soil temperature difference from causing soil compaction, and to keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, facilitating new root sprouting.

2. Wind protection. Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally relatively tall, and after transplanting are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds, after planting, regularly check whether the supports are loose; especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, promptly straighten and re-tie it.

3. Topdressing. About one month after planting, urea water can be used as foliar topdressing, sprayed, with topdressing about once every half a month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. Dig the hole position outside the edge of the soil ball, opening a ring-shaped trench, with trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer must be mixed evenly with the backfill soil.

4. Pest and disease control. Newly transplanted large single-trunk palm seedlings are relatively weak in vigor and highly susceptible to pests and diseases, especially the young leaves and the heart leaf. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" (Brontispa longissima) causes very serious damage to palm plants; adults and larvae gather in the overlapping spaces of the not-yet-unfolded heart leaf and gnaw the leaf mesophyll, causing part or all of the newly emerging leaves to wither and die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The following control methods are available: (1) 81% malathion emulsion at 1000 times dilution; (2) cypermethrin at 500 times dilution; (3) use of "Yejiaqing" (coconut beetle clear); all can achieve very good control results. Based on practical operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and longest-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the heart leaf together with the tying at planting time for control.

For large single-trunk palm seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined by whether their leaves remain green; however, to truly confirm survival, it is generally necessary to wait until after one growing season and use whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author used the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to more than 90%, and the above techniques are highly practical and should be promoted and applied.

Transplanting techniques for seedlings, large trees and clumping seedlings

Key techniques for transplanting seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during a period after germination and rooting. At this time the seedlings are relatively small and can be transplanted with the seeds, and since they have few fibrous roots, the root system is not easily damaged during transplanting. When using nursery bags for seedling cultivation, the size depends on the intended cultivation time; generally, for 1-year-old seedlings, containers of 16 cm x 18 cm are suitable, and for 2-year-old seedlings, 19 cm x 20 cm; nursery bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutrient soil is prepared by mixing loose topsoil, burnt soil and wheat bran in a ratio of 5:2:1, adding a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, mixing evenly, and then filling the bags. First fill half the bag with the mixed soil, then place the seedling, then hold the seedling upright, fill the bag full and compact it so that the seedling root system is pressed closely together with the mixed soil, and water thoroughly. Palm plants must not be planted too deep, otherwise seedling growth will be affected. If planted too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward so that the seedling root system spreads out.

Key techniques for transplanting large trees

Palm plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most require several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting; therefore, selecting widely spaced, strong seedlings results in a higher survival rate.

Reducing damage to the root mass. The root tissue of palm plants is young and tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots; when digging up, keep as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize damage to the root mass so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve the transplanting survival rate. During construction, lines should be accurately laid out and planting holes accurately positioned to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning. The amount of foliage retained at transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to the different species, the climate at transplanting time, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original leaf count should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause the leaves to yellow and wither due to excessive water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes recovery difficult and the cycle long, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protecting the plant's trunk and its false trunk. During digging, transport, loading and unloading, the trunk should be protected from damage, and the false trunk should not be squeezed or bent; this is the guarantee of plant health and rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site. Palm plants suffer root tip damage during transplanting, and within one month after transplanting it is very difficult for new root tips to sprout, so water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, good soil permeability and aeration are beneficial to seedling survival; therefore, when planting, dig large holes and pay attention to the quality of imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to facilitate recovery after planting.

Maintenance. Within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability, so the seedlings should be carefully maintained, water must be replenished in time, and appropriate shading should be provided, striving to have new leaves emerge within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs for several days after transplanting, palm seedlings will recover better, because rainy days can avoid adverse factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key techniques for transplanting large clumping seedlings

Clumping species of palm plants have multiple growth points, and after growing into a multi-trunk clumping state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clumping palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks and large leaf area leading to high water evaporation, and poor ventilation making them susceptible to damage from strong winds. Therefore, in addition to the treatments for single-trunk palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement "hairy root method" transplanting. That is, after digging up a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retaining more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and then immediately wrap it with a light moisture-retaining material, so as to reduce the weight of the soil ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slower-recovering clumping palms such as fishbone palm and three-medicine betel nut.

2. Implement bare-root temporary planting or pot planting for centralized maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant is stable, and only then carry out formal planting. This method is suitable for robust clumping palms such as areca palm, strange wrinkled-seed palm and Hawaiian bamboo palm, and can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for transplanting large seedlings and large trees of palm plants, in brief, five aspects should be well handled, namely: select strong seedlings; dig good soil balls and transport them carefully; prune leaves moderately; ensure aeration and drainage at the planting site; and carry out post-planting maintenance with attention to sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is being able to retain most of the leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves means the transplanting is completely successful.

Drainage: First understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and as far as possible place the very bottom of the soil ball at a position 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site and with deep, fertile soil; at the same time, build a drainage layer for the soil ball root system and a surface runoff guiding network to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions do not meet the requirements, the method of planting with a raised soil ball can be used, that is, first pile up the planting site with loose medium mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand as far as possible to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil mound, and bury the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose medium, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots, so as to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: Immediately after planting, water once to settle the roots, ensuring that the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil to promote root development; then water thoroughly three more times and cover the soil ball in time to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, more water should also be sprayed on the ground and the crown to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. in clear weather conditions, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water in time to ensure the moisture of the soil ball and the permeability of root respiration. Fertilization: After planting, in addition to keeping the plant moist, foliar fertilizer can be appropriately sprayed at low concentration to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant, and if new roots are found growing, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is higher than 2O°C, mainly applying organic fertilizer and appropriately adding compound fertilizer with high P and K content, so as to promote balanced nutrition of the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: Spray pesticides to control pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the construction site, the plants also need to be sprayed before unloading, and ensure continuous pesticide application three times at intervals of one week to ten days within one month after planting, after which a pest and disease control plan should also be reasonably formulated. Special

Chapter 9: "Maintenance Plan"

Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Greening

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28,186 sq m. The plant configuration of the factory greening is relatively reasonable, rich in color, and with obvious seasonal changes, forming a plant community with distinct layers and natural ecology, basically displaying the natural landscape of plants; the arrangement of plant flowering shrubs and hedges between the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties such as camphor, southern magnolia, zelkova, osmanthus and crape myrtle are planted in the factory area, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor, and a landmark scenic spot composed of ancient red maple, fruiting pomegranate, Xifu crabapple, ginkgo and Canary Island date palm.

In view of the existing situation of the factory greening landscape, we believe that the initial greening construction was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits, especially the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not in place, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Greening maintenance plan schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold protection equipment, facilities and seedling cold protection wrapping materials.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune and remove dead, residual, diseased and pest-infested branches and leaves, and thoroughly clear overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning and removing diseased and pest-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, grass scale, etc.).

3. Continue collecting fertilizer and making compost, prepare cultivation soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

The weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur; maintain and repair various insecticide and disease prevention equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and grass scale, and achieve timely control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in controlling pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, grubs and mole crickets, and diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding and fertilizing before flowering. Apply thin fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers every week.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess young buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning of spring-flowering shrubs and pruning of hedges; according to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and prune and remove sprouts at the roots of small seedlings as they occur.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning and final singling of seedlings, and apply additional fertilizer and frequent thin fertilizer.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases cause great damage to trees and flowers; attention should be paid to pest forecasting and prediction, and pest and disease prevention work should be done well.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity; replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization of flowering shrubs, and pinching and pruning of some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control; this month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms and tortoise wax scale, and diseases such as leaf spot, anthracnose and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly; continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scale, shield scale, second-generation cottony cushion scale and mites occur in large numbers; attention should be paid to their control, and at the same time continue to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot, etc.

3. During the dog days the temperature is high; when there is little rain, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so attention should be paid to preventing waterlogging.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tide season; typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, with frequent inspections and timely righting of wind-toppled trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue to do a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal seedling growth.

3. This month seedlings grow vigorously; fertilizer should be applied in time, and for small seedlings thin fertilizer should be applied frequently.

4. Continue to do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and right wind-toppled trees in time when found.

5. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harmful to trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do a good job in eliminating pests and diseases; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood borers and moths, etc., and once found, control immediately.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of topiary and hedges.

3. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, check the conditions of pests and diseases such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease and sooty mold of flowering shrubs, which occur more frequently, and control them in time.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control, and eliminate various adults and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate and gain a clear understanding of the stock, so as to ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection; whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter pruning of trees, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with eggs and competing branches, excessively