What to do when Crinum lily leaves turn yellow? Apply light fertilizer, control watering, avoid strong light

Crinum lily is a highly ornamental flowering plant that can be grown in pots or planted on a large scale. However, no matter how ornamental a plant is, yellowing leaves will affect its overall beauty. So what should you do when Crinum lily leaves turn yellow? Below, the editor will help you understand.

1. What to do when Crinum lily leaves turn yellow: find the cause

To know what to do when Crinum lily leaves turn yellow, we first need to understand what is causing it. Only by finding the cause can we solve it in a targeted way. Improper watering and fertilizing, or light that is too strong, can all cause this phenomenon. As for the specific solutions, they are introduced in detail below. Let us take a look.

2. Methods for dealing with yellowing Crinum lily leaves

1. Improper fertilization: apply light fertilizer frequently

Fertilizer is one of the main nutrients for Crinum lily, but fertilization still requires particular care. If too little is applied, the plant will lack nutrients and develop yellow leaves. If concentrated fertilizer is applied directly, it can easily burn the plant and also cause this phenomenon.

Solution: After Crinum lily enters the growth period, its demand for fertilizer is very high, and it basically needs fertilizing once every two weeks. When fertilizing it, we should follow the principle of applying light fertilizer frequently. Before fertilizing, the fertilizer must be diluted first.

2. Improper watering: control the amount of water

In the process of growing Crinum lily, watering is also something to pay attention to. If too much water is given and water accumulates, it can easily cause root rot. If too little is given, it can also cause Crinum lily leaves to turn yellow, so the frequency in different seasons is very important.

Solution: Crinum lily has different water needs at each stage. Before budding, we need to keep the soil somewhat moist as much as possible. After flower buds appear, we need to gradually reduce watering and keep the soil surface dry as much as possible. This can prevent pests and diseases to a certain extent.

3. Light too strong: grow in semi-shade in summer

Crinum lily prefers light but is not tolerant of strong light. Especially in summer when sunlight is relatively strong, if we grow it directly in the sun, the plant will be scorched by too much light, causing Crinum lily leaves to turn yellow.

Solution: In spring and autumn, when light is more suitable, we can grow it outdoors and let it receive light all day. But in summer, when sunlight is too strong, we had best move it indoors to a semi-shady place for growing.

4. Pests and diseases: prevent and control promptly without delay

The appearance of pests and diseases is also one of the reasons for yellowing Crinum lily leaves. Many pests and diseases can cause this phenomenon, and in severe cases they can even cause the plant to wither and die.

Solution: If this phenomenon is caused by pests and diseases, then we must deal with it promptly, because the longer it is delayed, the harder it is to control. As for the specific treatment methods, the editor introduced them in the article on pest and disease control for Crinum lily. You can take a look.

How to grow Anthurium (a big summary of successful growing experience)

The blooming Anthurium flower is scarlet and eye-catching, with fresh green leaves. Grown hydroponically in a glass bottle, it looks clear and bright, pleasing to the eye. Who would not like such a flower? The flower shape of Anthurium is similar to a goose palm, so people often call it goose palm red, and some also call it Anthurium, a plant in the Araceae family, Anthurium genus. The following text will focus on the growing methods for hydroponic Anthurium, homeHow to grow Anthuriumas well as some common points to note when growing Anthurium.

>>Click the image to view how to grow potted Anthurium

1. How to grow hydroponic Anthurium

The blooming Anthurium stands quietly in the water, with pure roots below and lively flowers above, making people feel full of joy and relaxed and happy. Among hydroponic foliage plants, growing Anthurium hydroponically is relatively more difficult. Root rot is more likely to occur. This is related to the characteristics of Anthurium itself. The roots of Anthurium are aerial roots, and aerial roots are more sensitive to the aeration of the environment. To grow Anthurium well, you must control the number of water changes, the water capacity, and the dissolved oxygen content in the water.

Editor's reminder: Hydroponic Anthurium must use a nutrient solution suitable for Anthurium growth, with suitable light and temperature, and careful maintenance.

http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/1. Nutrient solution suitable for Anthurium survival

It is recommended to choose a foliage plant nutrient solution. It must be replaced every 7-http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/10 days, http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/1 time. Regularly changing the water for Anthurium can remove the mucus secreted by the Anthurium root system and some algae plants. In summer, when the temperature is high, water should be changed more frequently than in winter. It is recommended to change the water for Anthurium once every 2-3 days. Water should not be added too full, to prevent Anthurium root rot. It is best to keep about half of the Anthurium root system exposed above the water. This can ensure the roots' absorption of oxygen.

2. Light and temperature required for hydroponic Anthurium

Anthurium prefers semi-shade. A warm, moist environment is also one of the requirements for Anthurium's growing environment. It fears exposure to the sun, so during growing, special attention should be paid to its placement. It is best to put it in a place with ventilation and air permeability that can also avoid strong light. In summer, when growing Anthurium hydroponically, note that the ambient temperature cannot be higher than 28 degrees. The relative air humidity should be maintained at 80%. When the weather is relatively dry, appropriately sprinkle some water on the Anthurium leaf surface. In winter, when growing Anthurium hydroponically, the temperature cannot be lower than http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/14 degrees. Below this temperature, Anthurium is prone to cold damage. Pay attention to keeping it warm and increasing the temperature. Also control the air humidity at around 80%, and be sure not to place Anthurium outdoors, otherwise it is very easy to cause frostbite to Anthurium.

3. Oxygen-increasing methods for hydroponic Anthurium

The difficult problem faced by hydroponic Anthurium is that if the dissolved oxygen in the water is low, it will cause root rot in Anthurium. Therefore, during hydroponic growing, the oxygen content in the water should be increased in time. The simplest method is vibration: fix the flower plant with one hand, and hold the container with the other hand and gently shake it more than http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/10 times. After shaking, the dissolved oxygen content of the nutrient solution can increase by about 30%. Or add http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/1% hydrogen peroxide (3% hydrogen peroxide solution) to the nutrient solution. If conditions permit, a micro submersible pump or oxygen pump can also be used to oxygenate the nutrient solution.

Editor's reminder: When growing Anthurium hydroponically, some of the original soil roots can be removed. Light root removal is enough. If you want to enhance the roots' ability to adapt to water, you can remove the roots heavily.

>>Click the image to view methods for dealing with root rot in hydroponic Anthurium

2. Common problems in hydroponic Anthurium growing

http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/1   What to do when the leaves of Anthurium grown in water turn yellow

Answer: Anthurium needs to be disinfected. It is recommended to buy a hydroponic acclimation solution at a flower market, used to promote rooting. After dilution, it is safe to use for growing flowers. The water temperature should be close to room temperature, and tap water should not be used directly. Yellow leaves should be pruned off. Generally, flowers will have yellow leaves, and pruning them is enough. When the flower grows new leaves again, it shows that it is very healthy.

2   The leaves and flowers of my hydroponic Anthurium have now dried up and died. What should I do?

Answer: Too much nutrient solution can cause the leaves and flowers to suffer. It is recommended to change the water, but do not add nutrient solution for now.

3   I change the water often, but the water of the hydroponic Anthurium smells bad, and some leaves have turned yellow?

Answer: Yellowing leaves can indicate a lack of nutrients. The water smelling bad is caused by root rot. It is recommended to disinfect the roots, then add a nutrient solution specially for hydroponics, and it can be improved.

4   How should hydroponic Anthurium be fertilized?

Answer: For hydroponic Anthurium, it is best to choose a liquid fertilizer specially for Anthurium, because Anthurium has a high demand for magnesium, so general compound fertilizers are not only mostly alkaline, but also low in magnesium content! After each water change, drip http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/1 to 3 drops into the water, depending on the size of the container.

5   Reasons for the roots of hydroponic Anthurium turning black.

Answer: Hydroponic Anthurium should be placed in a bright place in front of a window where diffused light comes in. Unlike soil-grown flowers, hydroponic flowers cannot have direct light shining on their roots, otherwise it will inhibit the roots or cause photo-oxidative damage to the roots, leading to blackening of the roots and, in severe cases, rot and loss of activity. The rotten roots need to be cut off, and it is enough to let the root system be fully immersed in the nutrient solution.

>>Click the image to view the flower language of Anthurium

3. How to grow potted Anthurium

http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/1. Soil substrate for growing Anthurium

The soil substrate for planting Anthurium must maintain good permeability and not retain water. For home growing, you can choose to buy prepared culture soil at a garden store and add some ceramsite and dry bark mixed in (ceramsite: dry bark = 2:http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/1) as the substrate. Before planting, the substrate needs to be disinfected to prevent Anthurium from suffering pest damage in the later stages of growth.

2. Temperature requirements for growing Anthurium

The most suitable growing environment temperature for Anthurium should be controlled between http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/14-35 degrees. In winter, when the temperature is lower than http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/10 degrees, it is easy to cause cold damage to Anthurium. Pay attention to keeping Anthurium warm and increasing the temperature. In summer, when the temperature is higher than 35 degrees, Anthurium should be humidified in time and water should be sprayed around it. If this is done, even at high temperatures, if the humidity is high, Anthurium is not easily harmed.

3. How to fertilize Anthurium

Compared with other foliage plants, Anthurium has a higher demand for magnesium fertilizer. When fertilizing Anthurium at home, it is recommended to buy Magic Kang fertilizer at a garden store and apply it together with a foliar fertilizer. Or dilute a general-purpose all-water-soluble compound fertilizer such as Huaduoduo to 800-http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/1000 times liquid fertilizer and apply it regularly (no less than http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/1 time per week). The principle of fertilizing Anthurium is to apply heavy fertilizer less often and light fertilizer frequently.

4. Watering cycle

Water Anthurium according to the dryness of the substrate in the pot. In summer, when the temperature is relatively high, it is recommended to water once every 2 days, and at noon also use a sprinkler system to spray water on the leaf surface to increase indoor relative humidity. In winter, it is recommended to water once every 5-7 days. In cold seasons, watering should be done between 9 a.m. and before 4 p.m. to avoid frostbite to the roots. Generally, in spring and autumn, water once every 3 days. Avoid adding water when the plant is severely short of water, as this will affect the growth and development of Anthurium. During watering, be sure to alternate wet and dry. Never water when the plant is severely short of water, as this will affect its normal growth and development.

   Click to view the water requirements of Anthurium at different growth stages<<<<>

5. Growing Anthurium requires attention to humidity control

High temperature and high humidity are beneficial to the growth of Anthurium. When the indoor temperature is higher than 28 degrees, the relative air humidity needs to be increased. At this time, tools such as a humidifier can be used to increase air humidity. Temperature and humidity are closely related. When the indoor temperature is lower than 20 degrees, it is enough to maintain the indoor ambient temperature and humidity. However, in winter, even if the greenhouse temperature is relatively high, it is not suitable to cool and moisturize too much, because if the plant leaves are too wet at night, it will instead reduce their cold resistance, making them prone to frostbite, which is not conducive to safe overwintering.

6. Prevention and control of Anthurium pests and diseases

The most common pests of Anthurium are red spider mites, nematodes, cabbage caterpillars, whiteflies, thrips, snails, and scale insects, among which red spider mites, nematodes, and cabbage caterpillars are especially the main ones. Anthurium is very sensitive to insecticides, and the concentration must be correct when used. Its concentration is usually lower than that used for other flowers. Pay special attention that copper-containing pesticides and dimethoate, methamidophos, dichlorvos, malathion, parathion, etc. will cause toxicity to Anthurium.

4. Points to note when growing Anthurium

http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/1. Proper humidity, beautiful posture

When growing Anthurium, attention should be paid to moisturizing. If the humidity required during the Anthurium growth period can be correctly controlled, Anthurium can grow robustly, with fiery red petals, exceptionally bright, and a very graceful posture

2. Insufficient sunlight makes flowering difficult

Anthurium likes sunlight. If there is insufficient sunlight during the growth period, it is very difficult for it to flower. However, it is also not suitable to let sunlight shine directly on it, as leaf scorch will occur. The best method is to place it in a bright shaded place, where it can avoid the scorching of strong light while still receiving diffused sunlight.

3. Unsuitable temperature makes it difficult to keep alive

When growing Anthurium, attention should be paid to temperature control. Its suitable growth temperature is http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/18°C---28°C. The highest temperature should not exceed 35°C, and the lowest temperature is http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/14°C. Below http://m.to8to.com/yezhu/10°C, cold damage can occur at any time. Therefore, when the temperature is high in summer, attention should be paid to ventilation and sprinkling water, and in winter, greenhouse cultivation should be carried out.

5. Feng shui role of Anthurium

Anthurium has relatively high ornamental value and also no small feng shui role. Anthurium has slender stems, green and thick leaves, fiery red flowers, and golden-yellow spadix inflorescences, making it quite suitable for display at home. The red flowers growing at the top have the meaning of good fortune being at hand. In the flower and leaves there is a golden-yellow strip-shaped flower spike, meaning gold in hand. The feng shui meaning is very good, with the effect of attracting wealth. In addition, Anthurium can also play a role in the transformation of the five elements, thereby resolving some unfavorable feng shui factors.

More plants:

[Peace Lily][Lucky Bamboo][Dieffenbachia][Fatsia japonica][Nandina][Ivy][Epiphyllum]

[Spider Plant][Winter Jasmine][Cymbidium][Aglaia odorata][Crinum lily][Magnolia][Peace Lily][Anthurium]

[Bird of Paradise][Hydrangea][Dahlia][Cineraria][Clematis][Lantana][Pansy][Daphne]

[Tulip][Night-blooming jasmine][Tuberose][Hibiscus][Kalanchoe][Gerbera][Mimosa][Campanula]

[Water Lily][Casa Blanca Lily][Hydrangea][Red Maple][Japanese Maple][Salvia][Iris]

Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm

Part One: "Organization of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really resemble eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like the egg white and yolk of an egg, and they look really cute. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves gather at the top of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, and it is very suitable for people to admire carefully. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk is curved and natural, and its shape is very beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity environment with sufficient sunlight and good drainage. It is naturally robust and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. Cultivation is best with deep, fertile, well-permeable acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting Frangipani, attention should also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves become dark black, that is because of Frangipani angular leaf spot, and at this time you should pay attention to taking measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so Frangipani needs your care and nursing. In fact, in addition to white, Frangipani also has red and yellow types, all of which can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap, and food additives. The price is quite high, and it has great potential for commercial development; fresh flowers can also be dried in the sun for making tea, commonly known as Frangipani tea, which has the effect of treating dysentery due to heat and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The Frangipani tree has a beautiful tree shape, with many branches on the stem, strange shapes, and a thousand postures; the leaves resemble loquat, and after falling in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, much like antlers decorated with beautiful spots. It can be called the first-choice small tree treasure for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement, and potted ornamental use. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling, and other symptoms. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware, or furniture. Frangipani flower language: breeding hope, resurrection, new life, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, losing distance.

Magnolia

Magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark, rough and cracked; branchlets slightly stout, grayish brown; winter buds and pedicels densely covered with light grayish yellow long silky hairs. Leaves papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, with elliptic leaves on vigorous basal shoots. Magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of green and white, with dazzling white light, and it has high ornamental value; in addition, the bursts of delicate fragrance are refreshing, making it truly an ideal flower form for beautifying courtyards. Magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity; waterlogging at the planting site easily causes root rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Magnolia flowers have strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. When artificially fumigated with sulfur dioxide, 1 kilogram of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, Magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with air pollution. Magnolia likes light. Young trees are relatively shade-tolerant, but not tolerant of strong light and west-facing sun. Too much light or west-facing sun can easily scorch the trees. Magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year afterward. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with green and thick leaves, not only producing many flower buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period, and rich fragrance. Magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance. The main diseases are anthracnose, chlorosis, and leaf scorch. In addition to ornamental value, Magnolia also has medicinal value and edible value. Magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid, etc., and also contain magnoflorine, alkaloids, yulan magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A, and other components, and have certain medicinal value. Magnolia flowers are pungent in flavor and warm in nature, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, opening the orifices, and diffusing the lungs and clearing the nose. They can be used for headaches, dysmenorrhea of blood stasis type, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and other symptoms. Modern pharmacological studies show that Magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids, and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks and can also be brewed as tea. The flower language of Magnolia represents gratitude. Magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it makes people feel an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and delightful. Because its plant is tall and its flowering position is relatively high, it sways in the wind, full of spirit, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is an herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, with single, relatively large leaves, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, leaf veins arranged in a feather-like pattern, two-ranked, entire. Maranta is a relatively good ground cover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant and likes a warm, humid, and brightly lit environment. It is not cold-tolerant, nor drought-tolerant, and fears exposure to blazing sun. If sunlight shines directly, it will scorch the leaves, causing local scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves, and turning leaf color yellow. Therefore, shading should be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growth period, it should be watered fully to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not retain water, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires enough careful attention all 365 days. If there are a few days of major environmental fluctuations, it will leave "evidence of guilt" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling traders and producers. Plants of the Maranta family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies, etc. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta starch is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings, and dessert pastries. Add water and boil into a transparent, odorless, delicious paste. Maranta starch is fine in texture. Compared with other starches, it can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter time, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt, and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark dark gray or light grayish brown, much branched. Young branches reddish brown, densely covered with stellate hairs. Leaves leathery, alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, apex short-pointed, base rounded and oblique, asymmetric, both sides with stellate hairs, entire, dark red. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and is tolerant of pruning. It is tolerant of poor soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has lush branches and leaves, a beautiful posture, is tolerant of pruning and wiring, and can be used for hedges or for making stump bonsai. During the flowering season, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, with fresh red new leaves. Different strains have different leaf colors and flower colors when mature, and leaf sizes also differ. In garden applications, the main consideration is the contrast formed by the two factors of leaf color and leaf size, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, Daopan noctuid moths, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum: anthracnose, damping-off, and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear

as black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinomycetes. The pathogen overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the initial infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, it must be treated in time.

Ornamental peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree, 3-8 m tall; crown broad and flat-spreading; bark dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old; branchlets slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; winter buds conical, apex blunt, covered with short soft hairs, often 2-3 clustered, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight, is drought-tolerant, and is not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold tolerance, and can overwinter safely in a natural environment of minus 25 degrees Celsius. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like water accumulation. If planted in low-lying places with water accumulation, seedling death is likely. Garden value: Ornamental peach has large flowers and brilliant color, is beautiful when blooming, and has an ornamental period as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used by lakesides, streams, both sides of roads, parks, and so on. In small greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted ornamental display, and is also often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. A common one is also weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, and in the year of planting it already shows especially good results. It can be planted in rows, in groups, or alone, and in the same year it already shows especially good greening results. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colorful nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with nursery stock such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf sand cherry. Mixed planting with flowering shrubs forms a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. In addition to ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive, etc. It is a polysaccharide substance, and hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, etc. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood, harmonizing blood, and replenishing qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and leaf curl. The main pests include aphids, red spider mites, scale insects, and red-necked longhorn beetles, etc.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three foliage-color plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors, plus large-specification thornless holly balls, forming a neat, full, and clearly layered road greening color band effect.

2. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Japanese maple

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability, and its leaf color and flower color are both very beautiful. Photinia × fraseri balls have old green leaves accented by red new leaves, setting each other off, extremely beautiful. The four plants are matched with rich layers, and form a landscape road with vertical rhythm and spatial hierarchy, and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fatsia japonica + Canary Island date palm + Frangipani

These plants are matched, mainly green, with leaves both small (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) and large (Fatsia japonica, Frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, with the effect of narrowing the space, making people feel close.

4. Moso bamboo + Iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, with spacing between culms. Iris has a graceful posture and colorful, beautiful flowers. The two matched together are very charming.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Aucuba japonica + Osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like bird tongues and a low plant form, and can be used as the lowest-layer plant. Aucuba japonica has yellow spots on its leaves and is a relatively good foliage plant. The tree Osmanthus has a delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart. The arrangement has spacing, changes in leaf color, and added floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fagraea ceilanica + Canna

Azalea has brilliant flowers, and with Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and Fagraea ceilanica as a backdrop, it is even more moving. Canna has thick, large leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel close.

7. Ground-cover lawn + Marigold + Photinia × fraseri + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ball + Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui'

With green ground cover as the base, marigold's bright yellow flowers are extremely beautiful. Behind the marigold, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and red Photinia serve as a backdrop, and the Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui' tree form spreads. The several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Ophiopogon + Guava tree

Ophiopogon and guava tree both have very good adaptability in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves are fine and soft, very suitable as ground cover. The guava tree has yellow, smooth bark, a beautiful posture, and relatively large leaves with well-spaced density, very suitable for open woodland paths.

9. Lawn + Agave americana 'Marginata' + pruned and shaped banyan + Senna bicapsularis

With green lawn as the foundation, Agave americana 'Marginata' has thick, large leaves, and the leaf color is silver-yellow alternating with green. Matched with pruned and shaped banyan, it is very harmonious, while Senna bicapsularis has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. These plants are matched with rich layers and color changes that are coordinated.

10. Liriope + Rhapis excelsa + Areca palm + Papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope has fine, soft leaf shapes, while Rhapis excelsa and Areca palm have thicker, larger leaves, and papaya has large palmate leaves, with its fruit bearing on the main trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Acalypha wilkesiana + Duranta repens + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

As a plant combination for a pattern flower bed, Acalypha wilkesiana has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, Duranta repens has yellow-green leaf color, and Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has dark purple leaf color. The three plants combined as a pattern flower bed are extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping maintenance and management plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repeated job with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and animals, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grass, and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and flower bed planting, etc. The completion of landscaping green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the maintenance park:

1. The green area is about 245419 ten thousand square meters, with a high green coverage rate. There are a large number of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned shaped shrubs. In the early stage, the growth trend has gradually taken shape. After our careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with rows of ginkgo, Phoebe zhennan, and large trees,

appropriately combined with low shrubs, making the overall space quite transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant species in this area are complexly matched, with large and small trees, shrubs, and ground cover plants

interplanted. The entrance is dominated by relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf ficus stump,

premium osmanthus, etc.). Whether the office area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, refined, spacious and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely and relaxed atmosphere,

all depends on subsequent maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: ① The shaped shrubs are growing poorly and have monotonous shapes; ② The flowering shrubs are in poor vigor, and the flowering conditions (including the number of flowers, flower size, color, and reblooming) are unsatisfactory; ③ There are many weeds in the lawn, and in some areas grassy weeds show a tendency to spread rampantly; ④ There are pest and disease problems.

I. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional horticulture and carry out varied and graceful shaping of hedges and shrubs. For the flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to encourage their growth and then shape them according to their form, which depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape. In some areas, the hedges are highly regular; a neat, uniform strip shape undoubtedly makes a courtyard that should be free and relaxed appear mechanical and rigid. We can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and leisurely landscaping of the residential area, enliven the atmosphere of the entire courtyard, and also create a more flowing living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing signs of pests and diseases, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

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5. For lawn weeds, apply herbicides and increase the workload of manual removal. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus, species, and growth habits, and label all plants in the area. In this way, we can

enrich employees' general knowledge of plants, add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labels

draw more attention to the greening.

6. Greening maintenance is not something accomplished overnight. While doing the rectification work well, we will likewise

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached later), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to its extreme,

and we also ask Party A to offer more opinions so that our work can gradually become more and more perfect.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with garden greening maintenance operating procedures and garden greening maintenance quality standards, reasonably organizes and carefully maintains the work, and dispatches professional horticulturists to organize, guide, and arrange management and protection work. According to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, we flexibly dispatch no fewer than ______ experienced workers to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening soil basins and hilling soil, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (seedling costs calculated separately), etc., the entire process. {Maintenance measures for southern plants such as date palms}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shoveling machines, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, carts, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: Apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per tree; topdress once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, water-fertilizer, etc., then cover with soil and water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Timely prevent and control pests and diseases, maintain the trees' natural growth state without shaping or pruning, timely cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, shaded leggy branches, and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and timely clean up pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: Fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 m2, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer, etc. Water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except on rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Timely prevent and control pests and diseases. For those pruned into round, square, or conical shapes, do minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and attractive cuts, timely remove pruned material, timely cut off dead branches and diseased and pest-infested branches, timely replant old, diseased, and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: Fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 m2, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer, etc. Water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except on rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm. Timely prevent and control pests and diseases, cut off spent flowers once a week, remove weeds once a week, and timely cut off dead and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: Fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 m2, with even fertilization and thorough watering, water penetration depth of more than 5 cm. Timely prevent and control pests and diseases, timely replant wilted and dead missing parts, coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(II) Specific arrangements for one year of garden maintenance work:

January: The month with the lowest temperatures of the year, when open-field trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: Fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings on large and small trees.

2. Street tree inspection: Timely inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify when loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, unstable stakes, etc. are found.

3. Pest control: Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out and collect the pupae and cocoons of nettle moths and burn them in a centralized manner. In mid-January, scale insects begin activity, but at this time they move slowly, so we can scrape off the larvae on the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: In green spaces, flower beds, and other areas, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be timely weeded and edged; in green spaces, pay attention to frost protection and watering.

February: Temperatures rise somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: Continue pruning dead and diseased branches of large and small trees. Finish pruning all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: Continue to focus on controlling nettle moths and scale insects.

March: Temperatures continue to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellias) bloom.

1. Tree planting: Spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, complete planning and design, dig (or hoe) tree pits in advance, and ensure digging, transporting, planting, and watering are done promptly. When planting shrubs, also ensure digging, transporting, and planting are done promptly, and water thoroughly to increase seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: Because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas in a timely manner.

3. Fertilization: After the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Maintenance measures for southern plants such as date palms}.

4. Pest and disease control: This month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some seedlings show sooty mold, and the box tree leaf roller also appears (use pesticides such as fenitrothion spraying for control). To control nettle moths, the method of digging out pupae can continue to be used.

April: Temperatures continue to rise, and trees sprout, bloom, or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: In early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late. Timely pull out and replant shrubs that died in winter (azaleas, red-flowered loropetalum, etc.), and water newly planted trees thoroughly.

2. Irrigation: Continue timely watering of maintained green spaces.

3. Fertilization: For lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: Cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects gradually move to bark cracks, tree holes, trunk bases, wall corners, and other places to secrete white waxy thin cocoons and pupate. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deeply or soaked in a centralized manner. Or use pesticides such as fenitrothion spraying. (2) Longhorn beetles begin activity; grafting knives or homemade steel wires can be used to remove larvae, but the wounds should be as small as possible. (3) Control of other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: Pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: Temperatures rise sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: During the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees have a very high water requirement and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: Prune spent flowers. Carry out the first bud-removal pruning of street trees.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of nettle moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; make corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, etc. also enters its peak period (on crape myrtle, pittosporum, oleander, etc.). In mid- and late May, spray 10?20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500?2000 times solution to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can also be used.)

June: High temperatures

1. Watering: Plants have a high water requirement, so water in a timely manner and do not "live by looking at the sky."

2. Fertilization: Combine loosening soil and weeding, fertilization, and watering to achieve the best effect.

3. Pruning: Continue bud removal and sprout removal work on street trees. Carry out pruning of hedges, ball-shaped plants, and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for southern plants such as date palms}.

4. Drainage work: During heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid- and late June, nettle moths enter the peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly. At present, 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500?800 times solution is basically used for spraying. (Or compound BT emulsion can be used for spraying.) Continue manual catching of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees, and straighten, reinforce, and re-tie loose or leaning trees.

July: The highest temperatures, with strong winds and heavy rain after mid-month.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly once high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Topdressing: Before rain, apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud-removal pruning, prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and inspect tree stakes one by one; if looseness or instability is found, straighten and tie them tightly immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials, tools and equipment, etc., and send people to inspect at any time, handling dangers promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue controlling longhorn beetles and nettle moths. For longhorn beetles, inject 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 times solution (or fruit tree treasure, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the hole, which can also achieve a very good effect. Camphor tree nest borers should be cut off promptly, and the insect nests destroyed to avoid harm again.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, promptly drain low-lying waterlogged areas.

2. Typhoon prevention work for street trees: Continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilization can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree nest borers should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot diseases, and take timely measures. September: Temperatures decline somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: To welcome city appearance work, remove buds below the third-level branching of street trees. Shape-prune hedges. Weed in green spaces, edge lawns, and timely clean up dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilization: For some trees that grow weakly and whose branches are not sufficiently solid, topdress with some phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) is at its peak incidence; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times solution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to turn to the roots to cause damage; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also timely control wood borers on poplars and willows. Do a good job controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job inspecting various greening facilities.

October: Temperatures drop. In late October, early winter begins, trees begin to shed leaves, and they gradually enter dormancy.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting. In late month, once cold-tolerant trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green space maintenance: Timely remove dead trees and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green spaces and lawns. Fertilize herbaceous flowers that are growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue catching root longhorn beetles. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree nest borers. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-tolerant plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Turning soil: Turn the soil in green spaces to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry and hardened soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late month, so the control task is relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and mark the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green space maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete, management is proper, and the standard of no exposed loess is achieved.

2 Garden plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green spaces reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replanted seedlings survive within one year.

2.2 Garden tree crowns are basically complete, with main and side branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, reasonably pruned, the inner canopy not chaotic, and ventilation and light transmission good. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedge and color-block branches and leaves are normal and neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green spaces.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth and normal leaf size and color. Under ordinary conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect excrement or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the preservation rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Conifer

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches to ensure tree development tends to be reasonable, tree branch form is improved, and pest and disease breeding is reduced.

2. Appropriately thin trees that are too densely growing, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover, and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out and collect the pupae and cocoons of nettle moths and burn them in a centralized manner.

5. As appropriate, dethatch individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning, and fertilization work on lawns.

2. Do a good job controlling pests and diseases, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaf mahonia and the cottony cushion scale on coral plants and Japanese aralia.

3. In particular, strengthen freeze protection and insulation measures for trees, and do a good job loosening soil and hilling soil around tree roots.

4. Apply one topdressing (urea) to cool-season lawns at the end of the month, 10 g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees in a timely manner.

2. Timely mow lawns and remove weeds, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and box tree leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapple types and cold-season lawns; pay attention to prevention reports.

4. For local sunken and low-lying spots appearing in lawns, carry out soil hilling and sand covering, and carry out low pruning of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the germination and growth of the base grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers. For lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; pruning of evergreen hedges can begin.

3. Pest and disease control: mainly control aphids, sooty mold, and scale insects. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period of leaf expansion for trees, which have a high water demand, so they should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and Malus halliana, and promptly carry out bud removal on plane trees, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Weed the flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out grass picking on the lawn, and prune the lawn grass in a timely manner to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting, early warning, and prevention and control.

June

1. Water the plants in a timely manner to ensure an adequate water supply for the plants.

2. Loosen the soil and weed the tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out grass picking on the lawn.

3. The lawn should be pruned in a timely manner, and its growth height should be controlled, paying attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply compound fertilizer once to lawns that grow poorly or lack fertilizer, so that they can safely pass the summer.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting, early warning, and prevention and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, it is especially necessary to ensure that the watering work for plants is carried out.

2. Carry out soil loosening and weeding on flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job in grass picking on ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity, and weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to carry out weeding and grass picking to prevent the formation of a weed overgrowth, and continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention work, reinforce and strengthen the trees in the garden to prevent lodging; promptly dredge and drain places that are low-lying or have serious water accumulation.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting, early warning, and prevention and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning on evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning on hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune in a timely manner, control the lawn height, and combine weeding with fertilization. Timely supplementary and topdressing fertilization is needed, mainly with P and K fertilizers, combined with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply thin fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to mastering the fertilization period and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, it is essential to ensure daily watering and drought relief work, and it must not be chosen to be carried out from 10 to 15 o'clock, so as to avoid burning the seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue to do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention work, further reinforce and strengthen large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly dredge and drain ditches in low-lying and other places prone to water accumulation, to prevent water from accumulating for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting, early warning, and prevention and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning on hedges. Weed in green spaces and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves, and the green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely grown, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. The lawn should be pruned, edged, and cleared of weeds in a timely manner, and attention should be paid to the prevention and control of pests and diseases.

4. Carry out weeding on flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job in grass picking on ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting, early warning, and prevention and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness and distinct layers. Prune the tree shape of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend to be reasonable and the tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen the management of newly planted flower plants, promptly fill in bare gaps and water, and apply fertilizer to those growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting and early warning, actively prevent and control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning on evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light transmission, reducing pests and diseases, and enhancing growth vigor.

2. Do a good job in grass picking and edging on flower beds, color-block shrubs, and green spaces, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare gaps. Adjust trees in the local layout as appropriate, and some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Also begin cold protection and warmth work, and for trees with

poor cold resistance, carry out straw wrapping and soil banking.

3. Strengthen the maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. For the lawn, carry out scarifying and aerating as appropriate, and at the same time prune 2 to 3 times.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late this month, and carry out green space soil turning work in combination with increasing the application of organic fertilizer.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting and early warning, actively prevent and control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job in grass picking and edging on color-block shrubs and green spaces, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning on evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly to remove residual stumps and dead branches, in order to make the trees grow better in the second year (flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds must not be pruned), and at the same time pay attention to clearing insect cocoons on tree trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they safely overwinter.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job in forecasting and early warning, actively prevent and control, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "The Latest Commonly Used Plants in Southern Landscapes"

Commonly used garden plants in southern landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Buddhist pine, big-leaf Buddhist pine, Michelia alba, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, Cinnamomum burmannii, camphor tree, cinnamon, Michelia chapensis, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, siamese senna, red flower camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Bauhinia variegata, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, Syzygium nervosum, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, avocado, Alstonia scholaris, Archontophoenix alexandrae, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, Queen palm, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium hainanense, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, Queensland peppermint, big-leaf eucalyptus, blue gum, cajeput tree, Irvingia gabonensis, Torreya grandis, Cephalotaxus fortunei, Indian rubber tree, banyan, small-leaf banyan, big-fruit fig, weeping fig, Ficus virens, sacred fig, beefwood, jackfruit, Acer cinnamomifolium, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, candlenut, silver oak, Elaeocarpus apiculatus, big-leaf elaeocarpus, sea hibiscus, Ilex rotunda, privet, osmanthus, loquat, Albizia falcataria, royal palm, fish-tail palm, Washingtonia, sugar palm, Phoenix loureiroi, autumn maple, rosewood, Dillenia indica, Artocarpus heterophyllus, yellow cassia, jackfruit, big-leaf privet, Michelia chapensis, Schefflera octophylla, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

Terminalia mantaly, Chinese swamp cypress, water snowflake, Chinese tallow, Hovenia dulcis, sand pear, soapberry, goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, big-leaf crape myrtle, beautiful kapok, flame tree, peacock flower, Jacaranda mimosifolia, yellow cassia, chinaberry, Chinese mahogany, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, acacia, Kalopanax septemlobus, sweetgum, weeping willow, Magnolia soulangeana, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

rosewood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm, Chinese plum yew, aglaia, big-leaf boxwood, Elaeagnus pungens, camellia sasanqua, Chinese viburnum, aucuba, hypericum, three-medicine areca, areca palm, Chuniophoenix hainanensis, four-season aglaia, soft-branch allamanda, Justicia gendarussa, red bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, Chinese holly, rhododendron, Cordyline fruticosa, croton, red mulberry, golden-edge mulberry, golden-leaf fig, Senna obtusifolia, Rhododendron ovatum, Ardisia japonica, orange jasmine, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, climbing ylang-ylang, camellia, oil tea, big-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flower allamanda, serissa, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, nandina, Japanese fatsia, magnolia coco, hibiscus, Chinese lantern, azalea, yucca, yucca, South China boxwood, rhapis palm, soft-leaf date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-vein justice, Schefflera octophylla, variegated duranta, yellow-leaf duranta, Justicia gendarussa, golden-leaf privet, taro, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Aspidistra elatior, snake plant, Rhaphiolepis indica, variegated hibiscus, Euphorbia cotinifolia, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, Brunfelsia latifolia, Ixora chinensis, crinum lily, spider lily, Calliandra haematocephala, Loropetalum chinense, Datura suaveolens, white mussaenda, red mussaenda, hairy azalea, Western azalea, Senna bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, rose myrtle, Ixora chinensis, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, Euphorbia pulcherrima, blue snowflake, blue star flower, butterfly pea, nandina, pepperwood, Excoecaria cochinchinensis,

Deciduous shrubs:

Hibiscus mutabilis, Spiraea thunbergii, Spiraea prunifolia, modern rose, Abelia chinensis, pomegranate, Callicarpa bodinieri, Magnolia liliiflora, Lespedeza bicolor, Lonicera maackii, Hydrangea macrophylla, rose of Sharon, redbud, Prunus japonica, Spiraea prunifolia, pearl bush, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, Buddleja lindleyana, Ligustrum sinense

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, firecracker vine, Rangoon creeper, Akebia trifoliata, honeysuckle, Euonymus fortunei, climbing fig, kiwi, Euonymus fortunei, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, Epipremnum pinnatum, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, Schisandra sphenanthera, Boston ivy, Chinese trumpet creeper, passion flower, Lagerstroemia indica, Mucuna sempervirens, Thunbergia grandiflora

climbing ylang-ylang, Thunbergia grandiflora, Rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, firecracker vine, Mucuna birdwoodiana, clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, Ipomoea cairica, snake vine, Jasminum officinale, Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, Bignonia capreolata, passion flower

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, moso bamboo, fernleaf hedge bamboo, Phyllostachys glauca, Bambusa vulgaris vittata, Neosinocalamus affinis, Bambusa multiplex, Pleioblastus amarus, Indocalamus tessellatus, Buddha belly bamboo, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, green bamboo, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa multiplex, red bamboo

Lawn and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese zoysia, fine-leaf zoysia, carpet grass, centipede grass, Paspalum distichum, Manila grass, zoysia, Guangdong evergreen, Tradescantia virginiana, oyster plant, Liriope platyphylla, Curculigo capitulata, Liriope spicata, Reineckea carnea, Aspidistra elatior, black-eye Susan, Acorus gramineus, autumn zephyr lily, pink zephyr lily, Lycoris aurea, white butterfly, butterfly flower, red-flower oxalis, Tradescantia zebrina,

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum, pothos, Tradescantia zebrina, sword fern, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea, Spathiphyllum, silver-edge Liriope, red-flower lantana, yellow-flower lantana, purple-flower lantana,

lantana, silver ragwort, clerodendrum, shrimp plant, firecracker plant, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, Wedelia trilobata, red-flower oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf amaranth, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green grass, autumn zephyr lily, pink zephyr lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean velvet grass, Bermuda grass, big-leaf carpet grass, variegated leaf blunt grass, bahia grass, short-leaf Liriope

Palms:

Royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, fish-tail palm, windmill palm, dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, queen palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, Washingtonia, beautiful date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, long-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, three-medicine areca, traveler's palm, lady palm,

Seasonal flowers

Pentas, African impatiens, four-season begonia, scarlet sage, petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, marigold, marigold, nasturtium, pansy, Torenia fournieri, cockscomb, calendula, globe amaranth, zinnia, Portulaca grandiflora, Portulaca grandiflora, cosmos, cineraria, cleome, daylily, lavender, purple loosestrife

Part Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Configuration"

Southern plant configuration

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + Cyperus alternifolius + variegated galangal

Dracaena fragrans + Dracaena fragrans 'Colorama' + nandina + sword fern + placed stones

Royal palm + fish-tail palm + beautiful date palm + canna + coleus + croton

Royal palm + Canary Island date palm head + red cordyline + red mulberry + Ixora

Royal palm + Archontophoenix alexandrae + areca palm + big-leaf lady palm + golden leaf

Part Six: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in the South"

Commonly used plants in southern courtyards

I. Palms:

1. Royal palm 2. Archontophoenix alexandrae 3. Washington palm 4. Silver date palm 5. Canary Island date palm 6. Three-medicine areca

7. Chinese fan palm 8. Washingtonia 9. Areca palm 10. Lady palm (fine-leaf lady palm) 11. Queen palm 12. Soft-leaf date palm

II. Trees (street trees, shade trees):

1. Flame tree 2. Kapok 3. Beautiful kapok 4. Coral tree 5. Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6. Alstonia scholaris

7. Small-leaf banyan 8. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9. Mango 10. Chinese mahogany 11. Cinnamomum burmannii 12. Big-leaf crape myrtle

13. Rosewood 14. Frangipani 15. Terminalia catappa 16. Traveler's palm 17. Pandanus tectorius 18. Autumn maple

19. Star fruit 20. Osmanthus fragrans 21. Golden shower tree 22. Albizia falcataria 23. Cajeput tree

24. Eucalyptus 25. Syzygium hainanense 26. Aphanamixis grandifolia 27. Camel's foot tree 28. Mahogany

29. Banyan 30. Spathodea campanulata 31. Yellow-flower trumpet tree 32. Goldenrain tree

III. Flowering shrubs:

1. Four-season osmanthus 2. Fine-leaf Bambusa multiplex 3. Tree fern 4. Yellow banyan 5. Bougainvillea

6. Yellow cassia 7. Red bottlebrush 8. Golden-edge sisal 9. Hibiscus 10. Fagraea ceilanica 11. Variegated banyan

12. Hibiscus 13. Banana shrub 14. Crape myrtle 15. Calliandra haematocephala 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Ixora

18. Furcraea 19. Yucca 20. Firecracker vine 21. Yellow oleander 22. Polyscias

IV. Ground cover or color blocks:

1. Pittosporum 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Pothos 4. Bird's nest fern 5. Red gem 6. Big-leaf knotweed 7. Schefflera octophylla

8. Little angel 9. Golden leaf 10. Cigar flower 11. Fine-leaf frog orchid 12. Three-star arrowroot 13. Hairy azalea

14. Dwarf Chinese fan palm 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Variegated duranta 17. Spider lily 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Soft-branch allamanda

20. Variegated galangal 21. Asparagus fern 22. Golden peanut 23. Fine-leaf Ixora 24. Sword fern 25. Yellow shrimp flower

26. White butterfly 27. Pilea cadierei 28. Dieffenbachia 29. Rainbow cordyline 30. Croton 31. Liriope

32. Silver-edge grass 33. Jasmine 34. Velvet calathea 35. Taiwan grass 36. Big-leaf carpet grass

37. Manila grass 38. Bermuda grass 39. Ryegrass 40. Tall fescue

There are also some commonly used plants:

1. Sacred fig 2. Banyan 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4. Campanula 5. National Day flower 6. Golden shower tree

7. Siamese senna 8. Sausage tree 9. Thai yellow big yellow flower ball 10. Golden melaleuca

11. Senna alata 12. Senna bicapsularis 13. Euphorbia milii 14. Syzygium nervosum 15. Manglietia glauca

16. Hainan sajin 17. Variegated money tree 18. Hainan ormosia 19. Mahogany

20. Albizia falcataria 21. Sandalwood osmanthus 22. Autumn osmanthus 23. Laurel 24. Washingtonia 25. Fine-leaf Bambusa multiplex

26. Indian yellow (purple) sandalwood 27. Rosewood 28. Dianella ensifolia 29. Leizhou banyan 30. Markhamia

Commonly used garden plants in the south

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine, Hoop pine, oil fir, big-leaf hoop pine, kauri, masson pine, slash pine, camphor tree, Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis, cajeput tree, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium hainanense, autumn maple, Taiwan acacia, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, rosewood, small-leaf banyan, big-leaf banyan, banyan, bird fig, Indian rubber tree, variegated Indian rubber tree, sacred fig, candlenut, mahogany, Dillenia, Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia mantaly, jackfruit, wax apple, Dracontomelon duperreanum, sapodilla, Chinese mahogany, beefwood, Michelia alba, magnolia coco, Michelia macclurei, small-leaf elaeocarpus, southern magnolia, sea hibiscus, mango, longan, lychee, olive, loquat, bayberry, pomelo, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, Buddhist pine, dragon juniper, Buddhist pine, osmanthus, four-season osmanthus, banana shrub, aglaia, camellia, weeping fig, Irvingia gabonensis, Ficus pandurata

2. Deciduous trees

Dawn redwood, pond cypress, bald cypress, Chinese swamp cypress, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria, big-leaf silk tree, Leucaena leucocephala, sweetgum, weeping willow, sausage tree, Anthocephalus chinensis, silver oak, Chinese hackberry, soapberry, Chinese pistache, chinaberry, Chinese tallow, tung tree, ginkgo, Sterculia nobilis, persimmon, fig, mulberry, papaya, guava, red maple, acacia

3. Palms

Archontophoenix alexandrae, royal palm, king palm, bottle palm, club palm, triangle palm, foxtail palm, Queen palm, oil palm, sugar palm, Washingtonia, Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Iranian jujube, Chinese fan palm, fish-tail palm, sugar palm, spiny date palm, soft-leaf date palm, three-medicine areca, green palm, fragrant palm, long-spike fishtail palm, short-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, windmill palm, banana, traveler's palm, Cordyline fruticosa, lady palm, fine-leaf lady palm, Strelitzia nicolai, red-stem philodendron, false taro

4. Foliage shrubs

Golden-leaf weeping fig, golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, Garcinia subelliptica, variegated arundo, Monodora tenuifolia, Pandanus tectorius, pittosporum, variegated hibiscus, sago palm, red bottlebrush, night jasmine, Cotinus coggygria, golden-vein justice, Japanese fatsia, creeping juniper, variegated cassava, nandina, Schefflera octophylla, variegated Schefflera octophylla, pepperwood, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, red mulberry, Japanese lilac, duranta, variegated duranta, yellow-leaf duranta, orange jasmine, croton, croton, Hainan croton, croton, Justicia gendarussa, Fukien tea, small-leaf boxwood, golden-leaf privet, crown of thorns, yellow-stripe furcraea, agave, silver-edge agave, yucca, ponytail palm, Aspidistra elatior, snake plant, cactus, taro, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, variegated shell ginger, Scaevola taccada, Rhaphiolepis indica, Breynia disticha, Phyllanthus myrtifolius, rose

5. Flowering shrubs

African jasmine, Brunfelsia latifolia, jasmine, rose of Sharon, hibiscus, Chinese lantern, Turk's cap, poinsettia, Calliandra haematocephala, bougainvillea, big-flower gardenia, hydrangea, red bract flower, wild peony, Loropetalum chinense, Datura suaveolens, white mussaenda, red mussaenda, allamanda, Western azalea, Senna bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, rose myrtle, Ixora chinensis, Spiraea thunbergii, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, crinum lily,

spider lily, crab claw flower, dwarf canna, Reinwardtia indica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, blue snowflake, blue star flower, butterfly pea

6. Ground cover

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum, pothos, Tradescantia zebrina, sword fern, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea, Spathiphyllum, Liriope platyphylla, silver-edge Liriope, red-flower lantana, yellow-flower lantana, purple-flower lantana, silver ragwort, clerodendrum, shrimp plant, firecracker plant, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, Wedelia trilobata, red-flower oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf amaranth, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green grass, autumn zephyr lily, pink zephyr lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean velvet grass, Bermuda grass, big-leaf carpet grass, variegated leaf blunt grass, bahia grass, short-leaf Liriope

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora, Combretum indicum (Rangoon creeper), Antigonon leptopus (coral vine), Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy), Pyrostegia venusta (orange trumpet vine), Mucuna birdwoodiana (white jade vine), Clerodendrum speciosissimum (glorybower), Wisteria sinensis, Ficus pumila (creeping fig), Quamoclit pennata (cypress vine), Ipomoea nil (morning glory), Ipomoea x multifida (cardinal climber), Celastrus orbiculatus (Oriental bittersweet), Jasminum officinale (common jasmine), Aristolochia gigantea (Brazilian Dutchman's pipe), Mansoa alliacea (garlic vine), Merremia tuberosa (Spanish arborvine), Clytostoma callistegioides (violet trumpet vine), Passiflora caerulea (blue passionflower)

Chapter Seven: "Document on Common Plant Configuration in Southern China"

Practical Plant Configuration Table ---- Brief Table of Common Plant Configuration

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Salix matsudana (hankow willow), Salix babylonica (weeping willow), Salix gordejevii (cotton willow), Salix psammophila (sand willow), Salix viminalis (basket willow), Salix wallichiana (Hoary willow), Populus simonii (Simon poplar), Populus maximowiczii (Japanese poplar), Sabina vulgaris (sandland juniper), Sabina chinensis (Chinese juniper), Platycladus orientalis (Chinese arborvitae), Metasequoia glyptostroboides (dawn redwood), Melia azedarach (chinaberry), Pterocarya stenoptera (Chinese wingnut), Fraxinus chinensis (Chinese ash), Forsythia suspensa (weeping forsythia), Ulmus pumila (Siberian elm), Ulmus laciniata (Manchurian elm), Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm), Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree), Cerasus serrulata (Japanese cherry), Eucommia ulmoides (hardy rubber tree), Koelreuteria paniculata (goldenrain tree), Hibiscus mutabilis (cotton rose), Hibiscus syriacus (rose of Sharon), Nerium oleander (oleander), Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy), Vitis vinifera (grape), Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria), Amorpha fruticosa (false indigo), Tamarix chinensis (Chinese tamarisk), Ranunculus japonicus (Japanese buttercup), Halerpestes ruthenica (water crowfoot), Halerpestes lancifolia (lanceleaf water crowfoot), Salix leaf grass, Lycopus lucidus (shiny bugleweed), Stachys chinensis (Chinese betony), Mentha canadensis (field mint), Lindernia procumbens (common false pimpernel), Veronica polita (grey field speedwell), Nasturtium officinale (watercress), Beckmannia syzigachne (American sloughgrass), Schoenoplectus mucronatus (bog bulrush), Scirpus planiculmis (flat-stem bulrush), Cyperus serotinus (tidal cyperus), Cyperus glomeratus (brown flatsedge), Cyperus difformis (smallflower umbrella sedge), Cyperus sanguinolentus (red flatsedge), Juncus articulatus (jointed rush), Juncus bufonius (toad rush), Juncus effusus (soft rush), Juncus gracillimus (slender rush), Polygonum aviculare (common knotgrass), Polygonum plebeium (small knotweed), Polygonum orientale (prince's feather), Polygonum caespitosum (tufted knotweed), Polygonum lapathifolium (pale persicaria), Polygonum senticosum (spiny knotweed), Polygonum sieboldii (Siebold's knotweed), Polygonum perfoliatum (Asiatic tearthumb), Polygonum dissitiflorum (sparsely flowered knotweed), Polygonum thunbergii (Thunberg's knotweed), Polygonum macrophyllum (largeleaf knotweed), Reynoutria japonica (Japanese knotweed), Imperata cylindrica (cogon grass), Calamagrostis epigejos (wood small-reed), Calamagrostis langsdorffii (Langsdorff's reedgrass), Beckmannia eruciformis (sloughgrass), Polypogon monspeliensis (annual beard grass), Arundinella anomala (wild cane), Miscanthus sacchariflorus (silvergrass), Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's tears), Hemarthria altissima (limpograss), wet meadow grass

Emergent plants: Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (softstem bulrush), Phragmites australis (common reed), lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera), Sagittaria sagittifolia (arrowhead), Caldesia parnassifolia (broadleaf water plantain), Alisma orientale (Asian water plantain), Nelumbo nucifera (lotus), Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife), Typha angustifolia (narrowleaf cattail), Monochoria vaginalis (pickerel weed), Monochoria korsakowii (Korean Monochoria), Acorus calamus (sweet flag), Pontederia cordata (pickerelweed), Oryza sativa (rice), Kandelia candel (mangrove), Narcissus tazetta (narcissus), Oenanthe javanica (water dropwort), Zizania latifolia (wild rice stem), Colocasia esculenta (taro), Marsilea quadrifolia (four-leaf clover fern), Phragmites australis (common reed), Eleocharis dulcis (Chinese water chestnut), Scirpus yagara (Yagara bulrush), Eleocharis valleculosa (vallecular spikerush), Typha angustifolia (narrowleaf cattail), Cyperus alternifolius (umbrella papyrus), Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail)

Floating plants: Lemna minor (common duckweed), Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), Nymphaea tetragona (pygmy waterlily), Euryale ferox (fox nut), Victoria amazonica (giant waterlily), Nuphar pumilum (least yellow waterlily), Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth), Nymphoides peltata (yellow floating heart), Brasenia schreberi (watershield), Utricularia aurea (golden bladderwort), floating fern, Nymphoides hydrophylla

Submerged plants: Ceratophyllum demersum (hornwort), Ottelia alismoides (duck lettuce)

Colored-leaf plants:

Red or purple: Liquidambar formosana (Formosan gum), Toxicodendron vernicifluum (lacquer tree), Acer palmatum (Japanese maple), Acer ginnala (Amur maple), Celastrus orbiculatus (Oriental bittersweet), Quercus rubra (red oak), Acer truncatum (Shantung maple), Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree), Rhus typhina (staghorn sumac), Rhus chinensis (Chinese sumac), Sorbus pohuashanensis (mountain ash), Nandina domestica (heavenly bamboo), Euonymus alatus (winged euonymus), Crataegus pinnatifida (Chinese hawthorn), Pistacia chinensis (Chinese pistache), Pterocarya stenoptera (Chinese wingnut), Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry), Carpinus hupeana (Hubei hornbeam), Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy)

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: Ginkgo biloba, Diospyros kaki (persimmon), Koelreuteria paniculata (goldenrain tree), Liriodendron chinense (Chinese tulip tree), Firmiana simplex (Chinese parasol tree), Ulmus pumila (Siberian elm), Juglans regia (walnut), Catalpa bungei (Manchurian catalpa), Metasequoia glyptostroboides (dawn redwood), Lagerstroemia indica (crape myrtle), Ulmus parvifolia (Chinese elm), Phoebe zhennan (nanmu), Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (wild jujube), Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit), Aesculus chinensis (Chinese horse chestnut), Sorbus alnifolia (Korean mountain ash), Chimonanthus praecox (wintersweet), Punica granatum (pomegranate),, Cassia surattensis (glossy shower), Hamamelis mollis (Chinese witch hazel), Sapindus mukorossi (soapberry), Acacia farnesiana (sweet acacia)

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be planted in residential areas include: Mentha canadensis (mint), Ocimum basilicum (basil), Melissa officinalis (lemon balm), Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile), Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass), Salvia japonica (sage), Taraxacum mongolicum (dandelion), Calendula officinalis (pot marigold), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Borago officinalis (borage), Pelargonium graveolens (scented geranium), Malva sylvestris (common mallow) and other herbaceous plants; Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Gardenia jasminoides (gardenia), Rosa rugosa (rose), Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena) and other shrubs.

Woody plants with fragrance rotating through the four seasons, such as: Prunus mume (plum blossom) and Citrus reticulata (mandarin orange blossom) in spring; Gardenia jasminoides (gardenia) and Michelia alba (white champaca) in summer; Osmanthus fragrans (sweet osmanthus) in autumn and Chimonanthus praecox (wintersweet) in winter.

Pollution- and exhaust-resistant plants: Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust), Paulownia fortunei (empress tree), Pinus bungeana (lacebark pine), Juniperus chinensis (Chinese juniper), Viburnum odoratissimum (sweet viburnum), Photinia serratifolia (Chinese photinia), Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum), Fatsia japonica (Japanese aralia), etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia (locust genus), Lonicera (honeysuckle genus), Albizia (silk tree genus), Amorpha fruticosa (false indigo), Caragana (pea shrub genus), Glycine (soybean genus), Lespedeza (bush clover genus), Melilotus (sweet clover genus), Pisum (pea genus), Phaseolus (bean genus), Myrica (bayberry genus), Elaeagnus (silverberry genus), Cycas (cycad genus)

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: Taxus cuspidata var. nana (dwarf Japanese yew), Podocarpus macrophyllus (yew plum pine), Torreya grandis (Chinese nutmeg tree), Ilex crenata 'Convexa' (Japanese holly), Cinnamomum camphora (camphor tree), Myrica rubra (Chinese bayberry), Ligustrum lucidum (glossy privet), Ternstroemia gymnanthera (Japanese ternstroemia), Viburnum dilatatum (linden viburnum), Aucuba japonica (spotted laurel), Mahonia fortunei (Chinese mahonia), Pyracantha fortuneana (Chinese firethorn), Buxus sinica (Chinese boxwood), Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum), Fatsia japonica (Japanese aralia), etc., Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush), Pistacia chinensis (Chinese pistache), and other fragrant-flower plants (such as plants of the genus Citrus in the family Rutaceae)

Perennial (herbaceous perennial) flowers: Kniphofia uvaria (torch lily), Lupinus polyphyllus (lupine), Festuca glauca (blue fescue), Astilbe chinensis (Chinese astilbe), Coreopsis grandiflora (large-flowered tickseed), Lysimachia christinae (Christina loosestrife), Origanum vulgare (oregano), Hibiscus moscheutos (rose mallow), Monarda didyma (bee balm), Trachelospermum jasminoides 'Variegatum' (variegated star jasmine), Lampranthus spectabilis (trailing ice plant), Helleborus thibetanus (Chinese hellebore), Lycoris radiata (red spider lily), Hemerocallis fulva (daylily), Iris tectorum (wall iris), Tradescantia virginiana (Virginia spiderwort), Hosta plantaginea (fragrant plantain lily), Canna indica 'Variegata' (variegated canna), Canna indica 'Red Leaf' (red-leaf canna), Aster novi-belgii (New York aster), Farfugium japonicum (leopard plant), Bletilla striata (hyacinth orchid), perennial bellflower

Flowers and trees of the four seasons:

Spring: various cherries (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus micromalus, Malus cathayensis, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia 'Red', Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), Cercis chinensis (Chinese redbud), red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: Lagerstroemia indica (crape myrtle), Hibiscus syriacus (rose of Sharon), Hydrangea macrophylla (bigleaf hydrangea), Michelia figo (banana shrub), summer azalea, Punica granatum (pomegranate flower), Gardenia jasminoides (gardenia), Campsis grandiflora (Chinese trumpet creeper), Albizia julibrissin (silk tree), Acacia farnesiana (sweet acacia) Autumn: Osmanthus fragrans (sweet osmanthus), Lagerstroemia indica (crape myrtle), Hibiscus syriacus (rose of Sharon), flowering pomegranate, Hibiscus mutabilis (cotton rose), Campsis grandiflora (Chinese trumpet creeper), etc.

Winter: Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle), Nandina domestica (heavenly bamboo), Prunus mume (plum blossom), Michelia figo (banana shrub), Camellia japonica (camellia), Camellia sasanqua (sasanqua camellia), etc.

Classification diagram of common greening tree species:

(1) Evergreen conifers

1. Tree category: Cedrus deodara (deodar cedar), Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine), Pinus thunbergii (black pine), Sabina chinensis 'Kaizuca' (dragon juniper), Pinus massoniana (Masson pine), Juniperus chinensis (Chinese juniper), Cycas revoluta (sago palm), Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine), Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar), Torreya grandis (Chinese nutmeg tree)

2. Shrub category: (Podocarpus macrophyllus, yew plum pine), Platycladus orientalis 'Sieboldii' (dwarf Oriental arborvitae), Calocedrus macrolepis (Chinese incense cedar), Sabina procumbens (creeping juniper), Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar), Pinus parviflora (Japanese white pine)

(2) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Tree category: Metasequoia glyptostroboides (dawn redwood), Pseudolarix amabilis (golden larch), Taxodium ascendens (pond cypress), Taxodium distichum (bald cypress)

(3) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Tree category: Cinnamomum camphora (camphor tree), Magnolia grandiflora (southern magnolia), Ligustrum lucidum (glossy privet), Trachycarpus fortunei (windmill palm)

2. Shrub category: Viburnum odoratissimum (sweet viburnum), Euonymus japonicus (evergreen euonymus), Buxus sinica (Chinese boxwood), Buxus bodinieri (Bodinier's boxwood), Ilex cornuta (Chinese holly), Citrus reticulata (mandarin orange tree), Photinia serratifolia (Chinese photinia), Pittosporum tobira (Japanese pittosporum), Osmanthus fragrans (sweet osmanthus), Nerium oleander (oleander), Jasminum mesnyi (primrose jasmine), Jasminum nudiflorum (winter jasmine), Aucuba japonica 'Variegata' (spotted laurel), Nandina domestica (heavenly bamboo), Serissa japonica (snowbush), Ligustrum quihoui (Quihou privet), Fatsia japonica (Japanese aralia), Gardenia jasminoides (gardenia), Distylium racemosum (island witch hazel), Camellia japonica (camellia), Hypericum monogynum (Chinese St. John's wort), Rhododendron simsii (azalea), Yucca gloriosa (Spanish dagger), Cycas revoluta (sago palm), Mahonia fortunei (Chinese mahonia)

(4) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Tree category: Salix babylonica (weeping willow), Salix matsudana (hankow willow), Pterocarya stenoptera (Chinese wingnut), Salix matsudana 'Tortuosa' (corkscrew willow), Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree), Sophora japonica (Japanese pagoda tree), Firmiana simplex (Chinese parasol tree)

tree), Platanus x acerifolia (London plane), Sophora japonica (Japanese pagoda tree), Sophora japonica 'Pendula' (weeping pagoda tree), Albizia julibrissin (silk tree), Ginkgo biloba, Melia azedarach (chinaberry), Catalpa ovata (Chinese catalpa)

2. Shrub category: Cerasus serrulata (Japanese cherry), Magnolia denudata (Yulan magnolia), Prunus persica (peach blossom), Chimonanthus praecox (wintersweet), Lagerstroemia indica (crape myrtle), Cercis chinensis (Chinese redbud), Acer palmatum (Japanese maple), Acer serrulatum (green maple), Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea (purple-leaf plum), Chaenomeles speciosa (flowering quince), Malus halliana (Hall crabapple), Hydrangea macrophylla (bigleaf hydrangea), Viburnum macrocephalum (Chinese snowball), Forsythia viridissima (greenstem forsythia), Hibiscus mutabilis (cotton rose), Hibiscus syriacus (rose of Sharon), Alchornea davidii (David's alchornea), Punica granatum (pomegranate)

(5) Bamboo category: Bambusa multiplex (hedge bamboo), Phyllostachys sulphurea (green bamboo), Phyllostachys edulis (moso bamboo), Phyllostachys nigra (black bamboo), Bambusa multiplex 'Nana' (Buddha belly bamboo), Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf' (fernleaf bamboo), Bambusa ventricosa (Buddha belly bamboo), Phyllostachys aureosulcata 'Spectabilis' (golden bamboo with green stripes)

(6) Vines: Wisteria sinensis (Chinese wisteria), Trachelospermum jasminoides (star jasmine), Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy, creeping ivy), Hedera nepalensis (Nepal ivy), Vitis vinifera (grape vine), Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper)

(7) Flowers: Portulaca grandiflora (moss rose), Chrysanthemum coronarium (crown daisy), Salvia splendens (scarlet sage), Canna indica (canna lily), Alternanthera bettzickiana (Joseph's coat), Brassica oleracea (ornamental cabbage), Chrysanthemum morifolium (chrysanthemum), Cymbidium (orchid)

(8) Lawns: Zoysia matrella (Manila grass), Zoysia japonica (Japanese lawngrass), Ophiopogon japonicus (dwarf lilyturf), Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue), Zoysia matrella (Manila grass), Trifolium repens (white clover), Dichondra repens (dichondra)

Detailed Table of Common Plant Configuration

Table of Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Cinnamomum camphora Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerates pruning. Broad crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Formosan gum Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; flowers red and beautiful, flowering period May to August

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree, street tree

Sweet acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, flowers golden yellow, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-lying wet land, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Chinese banyan Ficus retusa Linn. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various styles of pruning

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and rounded, grows vigorously, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Tree form single-trunked and upright, leaf surface dark green, grows vigorously, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, relatively slow-growing, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (chinaberry tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, crown irregular, slightly umbrella-shaped, flowers pale purple

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaf surface broad, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, beautiful posture

Formosan alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Island ash Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, strong tree vigor, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Hoop pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, prefers fertilizer, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, graceful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the northwest region

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool humid climates and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese juniper (Chinese juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, drought- and barren-tolerant, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerates pruning, good dust-proofing and sound-insulating effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, flowers large white and fragrant, beautiful tree form,

Taiwan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth vigor

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, grows vigorously, beautiful posture

Canary Island date palm Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk thick and sturdy, tall and majestic, pinnate leaves dense and spreading,

Royal palm (king coconut) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk upright, up to 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, autumn leaves yellow, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, not tolerant of waterlogging, resistant to many toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm humid climates, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaf shape resembling a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool climates, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, relatively long-lived; tree form upright, trunk straight, bark gray-white

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrowly cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold- and drought-tolerant, slightly salt- and water-tolerant, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm humid climates, drought- and barren-tolerant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climates, smoke- and dust-tolerant, dry-cold-tolerant, slightly salt-alkali-tolerant, tolerates pruning, autumn leaves yellow {Maintenance measures for date palms among southern plants}.

Table of Common Landscape Tree Traits

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Cinnamomum camphora Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerates pruning. Broad crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, flowers large white and fragrant, beautiful tree form,

Yulan magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Quite cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large pure white, blooms March to April. Suitable for courtyard viewing.

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm humid climates, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaf shape resembling a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Oriental arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, tree form neat when young, mostly curved when old, strong growth, long-lived, beautiful tree form

Island ash Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round Evergreen tree, strong tree vigor, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Java bishopwood Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round Evergreen tree, very beautiful when young leaves sprout, grows vigorously, beautiful tree form

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-lying wet land, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, irregularly longitudinally fissured; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Royal palm Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk upright, up to 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Evergreen euonymus Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Oval Prefers warm humid climates, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Formosan gum Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Strong adaptability, moisture-tolerant, fast-growing. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping low shrub, branches and trunk sprawling along the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, unique tree form, foliage emerald green and flowing. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc. {Maintenance measures for date palms among southern plants}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Round Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden dewdrop is mainly grown for foliage, widely used, can serve as ground cover, pruned shapes, forming patterns or emphasizing color combinations, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Round Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red fruits, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, beautiful posture

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm humid climates, drought- and barren-tolerant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium tree, branches densely growing, dark green, grows vigorously, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form

Japanese pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Round White flowers fragrant, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as a hedge or potted plant. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk tillering, up to 20-25 m tall, leaves gray-white with arching curves, grows vigorously, beautiful tree form

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree, street tree

Black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, needles hard and in clusters of two, long-lived

Purple-leaf plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, red-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purple-red, blooms small pale pink flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen and group planting, as a backdrop.

Washington palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk cylindrical, base swollen, up to 4-8 m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, grows vigorously, beautiful tree form {Maintenance measures for date palms among southern plants}.

Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as a shade tree, street tree

Glossy shower Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Round Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climates, smoke- and dust-tolerant, dry-cold-tolerant, slightly salt-alkali-tolerant, tolerates pruning, autumn leaves yellow

Japanese maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Leaf shape elegant, autumn leaves red. Suitable for courtyard viewing and potted plants.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Ovate tower-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves spreading, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, small leaves radiating, tree form vigorous and upright.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen, forming a wine bottle shape, very beautiful posture

Mandarin orange tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Round Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Round Deciduous tree, bark gray-brown, bipinnate odd-pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, fast-growing

Snowbush Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Round Evergreen small shrub. Leaf color dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, good texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, pruned shapes.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium tree, branches densely growing, dark green, grows vigorously, very long-lived, very beautiful tree form

Weeping pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches drooping, suitable for courtyard viewing, paired planting or row planting

Corkscrew willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Round Branches twisted like a roaming dragon, suitable as a shade tree, ornamental tree

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, 2 m tall, petiole thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Yew plum pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, posture simple and elegant, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, layered forms for courtyard landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark red-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic

Heavenly bamboo Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves elegant, red fruits in autumn and winter; courtyard viewing, can be group-planted or potted. Hoop pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower part drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, grows vigorously

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Oval Flowers white, blooms in June. Suitable as a hedge or street tree.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, up to 6-12 m tall, leaves round, petiole edges spiny, grows luxuriantly, posture elegant

Dwarf Oriental arborvitae Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly round Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful, can be trained into noble-shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, forest bathing tree.

Bodinier's boxwood B. bodinieri Buxaceae Oval Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for courtyard viewing. Can be group-planted, used as a hedge or potted. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, oval, round Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Care of Palm Family Plants"

The palm family is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants within the monocotyledon class, with stems that are solitary or clumping, erect or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, a well-developed root system, tolerance of drought and poor soil, and strong resistance to pests and diseases, making them outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This edition will introduce their introduction, transplanting and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of palm family plants worldwide, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palms, while a few palms have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas on the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can withstand long-term waterlogging, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the Alexander palm and the Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape value of palms has been recognized, and they have been used as key species for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palms in the early 1980s. Over the following twenty-plus years, the southern provinces and regions of Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, as well as later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan, successively set off a wave of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, several units, based on the theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized palm family plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally possess cold tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high-latitude, high-altitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palms, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, moisture and soil. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing plant growth and development; low winter temperatures are the dominant factor affecting the success or failure of palm introduction and acclimatization. Through research on salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers selected a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkaline tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of palm Phytophthora disease, coconut leaf beetle, red palm weevil and other pests and diseases, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented techniques for accelerating palm seed germination, mastered whole-crown transplanting of palm plants and large-specification container seedling cultivation techniques, and did fruitful work on soil improvement, winter cold protection and conservation techniques.

At present, researchers have selected and promoted about 80 species of palms in South China, including the royal palm, Chinese fan palm, bamboo palm, southern coconut palm, fishtail palm, etc.; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the palm family plants successfully applied mainly include the Butia palm, Mexican washingtonia, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm and more than ten other species, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington Palm as an Example

Discussing the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Disease

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Disease

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palms such as the royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm, and Canary Island date palm. On affected plants, the heart leaf cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the entire plant wilts in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora, which can be identified through incubator culture. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splash, air movement, etc.

Occurrence Pattern of Phytophthora Disease on the Washington Palm

This disease occurs during the high-temperature, high-humidity period between summer and autumn. After early drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, soil moisture content

suddenly increases, poor ventilation, or plants located in drafty positions are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, continuous-cropping plots. In addition, this disease is often related to severe root injury caused during seedling digging and subsequent long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young tender heart leaf rots, and the leaf turns grayish-green and droops, and it can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, one can see paste-like secretions at the growing point and even the entire heart of the plant, with a foul odor, and white mold-like growth can appear on the infected tissue. On severely affected plants, root damage is also often seen, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots with an abnormal

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is less common in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage occurring in nursery plots has been relatively severe. In the early stage of the disease, yellowish-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, and the lesions rapidly expand, are slightly sunken, and in humid conditions the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellowish-brown, and white mold grows under humid conditions. When it occurs on the stem, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and softens, and in the later stage the upper part shows wilting. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes when the root system and stem are cut open, pus-like liquid exudes, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves bear large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora disease is a vascular bundle disease, and in severe cases the entire plant wilts and droops, dries up, until death, with a high fatality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature, high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease could be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, drying and drainage in the nursery. Leaves can be moderately pruned each autumn and winter season, and pits can be dug and soil mounded in the planting area to keep the nursery land dry. Normally, potassium fertilizer can be added, and quicklime and superphosphate can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of plants.

2. Choose a good plot: select loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation: land that has grown Washington palms requires a rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, increase organic fertilizer application, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain promptly after rain so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, and do it on sunny afternoons or evenings.

5. Achieve prevention first, integrated control. Observe regularly, frequently prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One to two months before the disease occurs in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl-aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol types such as kameitong, that is, soil fungicide (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and Washington palm roots with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or first dig pits and sun-expose them for sterilization during consecutive sunny days, or sprinkle lime powder for disinfection, or use dexon 500 times solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or fosetyl-aluminum (prone to developing resistance), adding 0.4% laundry detergent, poured into the heart or sprayed for both prevention and treatment. 80% mancozeb 700 times solution can also be sprayed, once every 7 to 10 days, sprayed two or three times consecutively, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora disease. After adopting this measure, the incidence rate of Washington palms and Mexican washingtonias at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company has dropped from 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Control Experience

The control effect of using carbendazim and the like is not obvious. In the early stage of the disease, if all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can gradually revive over 2 to 3 years, but the growth is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature, dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies in large numbers when water is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant wilts and dies from water loss. The heart rot disease described in some literature is actually also Phytophthora disease, only occurring at the heart leaf position.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, with small water-soaked spots appearing at onset, then expanding into larger lesions, easily discovered, and generally controllable with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens being Phyllosticta, Pestalotiopsis, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Large Single-Stem Palm Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance. After root pruning, the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. After root pruning, stones and broken roots should be removed from the soil and it should be backfilled promptly, and moisture should be maintained: the purpose is to toughen the adaptability of the seedling and induce new roots. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If heeled-in seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the ground. The planting site should have holes dug 20 days before transplanting, and the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. The soil from digging the holes should be exposed to the sun in the open for a period of time, and the backfill soil is best prepared as a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of decomposed phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with a sand-to-mud ratio of 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with the best being spring and autumn, and summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most palm family plants like warmth and humidity. In summer, temperatures are high and seedlings lose water quickly, easily causing excessive water loss that affects survival; in winter, temperatures are low, and some places even have frost, and strong north winds can easily cause frostbite or even death of seedlings.

Moving the Seedlings

Some large single-stem palm family seedlings have relatively thick stems, and moving seedlings is a heavy workload, and the seedlings are extremely easily injured. Therefore, when moving seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with burlap sacks or straw, especially the green wrapped trunk part at the boundary between the trunk and the leaf stalk. First, it protects the trunk; second, it retains moisture and blocks sunlight. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with pruning leaves, remove old leaves and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically determined according to the strength of the tree vigor). At the same time, cut off the leaves together with the leaf stalks by 1/5, to minimize water evaporation as much as possible.

Planting

Seedlings are best dug and planted on the same day; if the time is too long, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water and are prone to water loss affecting survival. If they cannot all be planted the same day, they should be covered with shade netting and a small amount of water sprayed on the leaf surface every day, doing good shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil: once the seedling is positioned, backfill soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, make the soil mound into a "water storage basin" slightly higher around and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering: immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to settle the roots. Before watering, first use bamboo poles, etc. to poke and firm the loose soil around the soil ball, until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing: there are many kinds of supports, and using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-Planting Management

1. Moisture retention: spray the leaves and trunk wrapping materials twice a day, except on rainy days, until the leaves and trunk wrapping materials are moistened. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow downward, and water accumulation causes root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with straw to block sunlight, prevent soil compaction caused by excessive soil temperature differences, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which is conducive to the sprouting of new roots.

2. Wind protection: because transplanted large single-stem palm plants are generally taller, and after transplanting are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds, the supports should be checked regularly after planting to see whether they are loose, especially after strong winds; if the trunk is found to be leaning, it should be straightened and tied promptly.

3. Topdressing: about one month after planting, urea water can be used as foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half a month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. The hole position is a ring-shaped trench opened beyond the edge of the soil ball, with the trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer and backfill soil must be mixed evenly.

4. Pest and disease control: newly transplanted large single-stem palm family seedlings are relatively weak in tree vigor and extremely susceptible to pests and diseases, especially tender leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is causing quite severe damage to palm family plants; adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping spaces of the not-yet-unfolded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing part or all of the newly emerging leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsion 1000 times solution; ② cypermethrin 500 times solution; ③ use "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve very good control effects. Based on practical operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a "Yejiaqing" packet on the heart leaf together with the tying at planting for control.

For large single-stem palm family seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether their leaves remain green, but to truly determine survival, generally one must wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to above 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and necessary to promote and apply.

Transplanting Techniques for Seedlings, Large Trees and Clumping Seedlings

Key Techniques for Transplanting Seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during the period after germination and rooting. At this time the seedlings are smaller and can be transplanted with the seed, and because there are few fibrous roots, the root system is not easily damaged when moving seedlings. Use nutrition bags for seedling cultivation, with the size depending on the seedling cultivation time. Generally speaking, for 1-year-old seedlings, 16 cm x 18 cm containers are suitable, and for 2-year-old seedlings, 19 cm x 20 cm. Nutrition bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutrition soil is prepared with loose topsoil, burnt soil and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, then bagged. First fill half a bag of mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling, fill it full and compact it, so that the seedling root system is closely attached to the mixed soil, and then water thoroughly. Palm plants cannot be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward to spread out the seedling root system.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Trees

Palm family plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most require several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting, so selecting sparsely planted strong seedlings gives a relatively high survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass: palm plant root tissues are tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots. When digging, bring as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize the degree of root mass damage as much as possible, so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity, and improve the transplanting survival rate. During construction, lines should be set and holes positioned accurately to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning: the amount of leaves retained during transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to different species, the climate at transplanting, and transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original leaf number should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause the leaves to yellow due to large water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes plant recovery difficult and the cycle long, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the plant's stem and its pseudostem: during the process of digging, carrying, loading and unloading the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem part should not be squeezed or bent; this is the guarantee of plant health and rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site: palm family plants suffer root tip damage during transplanting, and it is difficult for new root tips to sprout within one month after transplanting, so water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, if the soil has good permeability and aeration, it is conducive to seedling survival, so when planting, large holes should be dug and attention paid to the quality of the introduced soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to facilitate palm recovery after planting.

Maintenance: within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability, and the seedling should be carefully maintained, with timely water supplementation and appropriate shading, striving to have new leaves sprout within three months. If continuous rainy weather is encountered after transplanting, palm seedlings will recover relatively well, because rainy days can avoid the effects of adverse factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Clumping Seedlings

Clumping palm family species have multiple growth points, and after growing into a multi-stemmed clumping state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. But clumping palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks, large leaf area causing large water evaporation, and poor ventilation making them susceptible to strong wind damage. Therefore, in addition to handling according to single-stem palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement "hairy root method" transplanting: that is, after digging out a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retain more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and immediately wrap it with lightweight moisture-retaining material, to reduce the weight of the soil ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slower-recovering clumping palms such as the fishtail palm and the three-stamen areca.

2. Implement bare-root heeling-in or pot planting for centralized maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant stabilizes, and only then formally plant. This method is suitable for rough-growing clumping palms such as the areca palm, the strange wrinkly-seeded palm, and the Hawaiian palm, and can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In summary, for transplanting large seedlings and large trees of palm family plants, in short, do well in five aspects, namely: select strong seedlings; dig good soil balls and transport and plant carefully; moderately prune leaves; do good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and do good post-planting maintenance of sun protection and moisture retention. The sign for judging the success of large seedling and large tree transplanting is being able to retain most leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves is complete transplanting success

Drainage: first understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and try to place the very bottom of the soil ball at a position 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site and with thick fertile soil, and at the same time do good work on the drainage layer for the soil ball root system and the surface runoff guidance network, to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions cannot meet the requirements, the method of planting with an elevated soil ball can be used, that is, first pile up the planting site with loose medium mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand, try to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil mound, and bury the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose medium, to achieve the condition of loose and breathable plant roots; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly dredge drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil at the roots, to facilitate waterlogging prevention and accumulation drainage. Moisture retention: immediately after planting, water once to settle the roots, ensuring the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil, promoting root development, then water thoroughly three more times and promptly cover the soil ball to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray more water on the ground and canopy to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray anti-transpirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. in sunny weather conditions, spray as much atomized water as possible on the leaves to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water promptly, ensuring the moisture of the soil ball and the permeability of root respiration. Fertilization: after planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, appropriately spray low-concentration foliar fertilizer to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the sprouting status of the plant root system, and if new roots are found growing, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is above 20°C, applying organic fertilizer as the main type as much as possible, and appropriately adding compound fertilizer with high P and K content, to promote balanced nutrition of the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: spray pesticides to control pests and diseases before seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed with pesticides before unloading, and ensure continuous pesticide application three times at intervals of one week to ten days within one month after planting, and afterward a reasonable pest and disease control plan must also be formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Greening

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28186 sq m. The plant configuration in the factory greening is relatively reasonable, rich in color, with obvious seasonal changes, forming a plant community with distinct layers and natural ecology, basically displaying the natural landscape of plants. The configuration of plant flowering shrubs and hedges between the various factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties such as camphor, southern magnolia, zelkova, osmanthus and crape myrtle have been planted in the factory area, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor, and scenic spots at the gatehouse composed of varieties such as ancient red maple, fruiting pomegranate, Xifu crabapple, ginkgo and Canary Island date palm.

In view of the existing situation of the factory greening landscape, we believe that the initial greening construction was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits, especially the replacement of planting soil in the greening land was not in place, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Greening Maintenance Plan Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold protection equipment, facilities and seedling cold protection wrapping materials.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Cut off dead, damaged, diseased and pest-infested branches and leaves, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons, and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue cutting off diseased and pest-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, grass scale, etc.).

3. Continue accumulating fertilizer and making compost, preparing cultivation soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various insect and disease control equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and grass scales, and achieve timely control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in the control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs and mole crickets, and diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding, and fertilizing before flowering. Apply thin fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers every week.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess tender buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning and hedge pruning of shrubs that bloomed in spring. According to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and prune and remove suckers at the roots of seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning and finalizing seedlings, increase topdressing and frequently apply thin fertilizer.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases cause large-scale damage to trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and doing good pest and disease prevention work.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization of flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms and tortoise wax scales, and diseases such as leaf spot disease, anthracnose and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly, so continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scales, armored scales, second-generation cottony cushion scales and mites occur in large numbers, and attention should be paid to their control. At the same time, continue to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, etc.

3. During the dog days the temperature is high, and when there is little rain, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with more rainstorms, so attention should be paid to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season, so typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, with frequent inspections and timely straightening of wind-toppled trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue doing a good job in drought prevention and drainage, ensuring normal seedling growth.

3. This month seedlings grow vigorously, so topdressing should be applied promptly, and for small seedlings thin fertilizer should be applied frequently.

4. Continue doing a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and straighten wind-toppled trees promptly when found.

5. Continue doing a good job in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harming trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot disease, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease elimination; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood borers and the like, and once found, control them immediately.

2. Continue intertillage weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of balls and hedges.

3. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, check the pest and disease situations of relatively frequently occurring aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease and sooty mold of flowering shrubs, and control them promptly.

October (Cold Dew, Frost's Descent)

1. Do a good job of pest and disease control, eliminating all kinds of adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After the seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate and get a clear picture of the stock, so as to ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job of cold protection: whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with insect eggs as well as competing branches and over-