How to prune nasturtium? Detailed guide to pinching methods, timing and techniques

We know that nasturtium has a twining, trailing growth habit. If it is left to grow unchecked, its stems may become tangled and look rather messy. Although this is its natural growth state, it is not attractive and also affects light penetration between the branches and leaves, so timely pruning is necessary. So how do you prune nasturtium? When should nasturtium be pinched back? Let's learn the correct pruning methods together with the editor.

How to prune nasturtium

When pruning nasturtium, techniques such as pinching, thinning and heading back are generally used. Among these, pinching is the most important, as it can control the growth vigor of nasturtium and keep it from growing too tall or too fast. Thinning is usually carried out once the plant has matured, and can keep the overall appearance of the nasturtium more attractive.

When to pinch back nasturtium

Pinching, also called stopping, needs to start from the nasturtium seedling stage. Generally, you pinch when it has grown 7-8 leaves, removing the tender shoots at the top and then letting it continue growing. Throughout the entire seedling stage, 1-3 pinchings may be carried out.

Although removing its tender shoots during the seedling stage may look like it hinders the growth of nasturtium, it can actually promote growth. It can make nasturtium sprout more side branches and keep the overall plant height from being too tall, otherwise it might not be able to be placed indoors due to space issues.

Nasturtium pruning methods

How do you prune nasturtium once it has matured? At this point, thinning and heading back are needed. Thinning is cutting away part of its dense, messy branches; heading back is using scissors to cut off the vines that grow sideways across the nodes, preventing them from growing sideways too quickly.

To make the overall plant shape more attractive, you also need to use supports or wires to train it so it grows in the intended direction, which allows it to be even more beautiful while producing abundant flowers and leaves. In addition, thinning and heading back may be used multiple times during the growth of nasturtium, depending on the plant's growth vigor and personal aesthetic preference.

Care after pruning

1. After pinching, there is no need to fertilize or water immediately. You can wait until it grows new branches a few centimeters long before supplementing with fertilizer and water. During the seedling stage, when the plant grows to about 15 cm, it is best to set up a support and tie the main vine to the support with wire, which can help it achieve the ideal shape once mature.

2. For pruning during the mature stage, you can replenish a certain amount of water after completing the pruning, but try to avoid splashing water onto the cut openings. In addition, when repotting and transplanting nasturtium, you can also prune its roots, but only cut off excess fibrous roots and do not damage the main roots.

How does nasturtium climb? Pinching seedlings, setting up supports, tying evenly, strengthening care

As is well known, nasturtium has a semi-trailing nature, so with proper care it can climb on supports and walls. Of course, this requires some techniques. So how does nasturtium climb? When do we need to prune? And when do we set up supports? The editor below will answer your questions.

How does nasturtium climb

1. Pinching during the seedling stage

After nasturtium is propagated, it will take root after 2-3 weeks, and when it grows 7-8 leaves, you can pinch it back. The purpose of doing this is to make it sprout side branches to make climbing easier; otherwise, if the main vine is too long and there are too few side branches, climbing will be difficult to achieve.

2. Setting up supports

After pinching, supplement fertilizer and water in time, and then in about 10 days its new branches will grow out. When the plant height reaches 15-20 cm, this proves to be the key period for climbing. At this point, how does nasturtium climb? You need to set up supports in time, then evenly tie the nasturtium's vines to the supports, with the leaves facing one direction.

3. Daily care

As nasturtium grows, its branches and leaves will become longer and longer, so it needs to be tied up in time according to stem growth so that it is evenly distributed on the support. While tying, you also need to pinch the growing tips; for methods, you can refer to the detailed introduction in "How to prune nasturtium."

Nasturtium planting and management

1. Climbing nasturtium is very beautiful, and the reason its leaf surface should face one direction is that its flowers and leaves are phototropic and prefer a well-lit environment. Therefore, you need to change its position in time according to the light so that its leaves and flowering branches grow in one direction; otherwise, it easily becomes messy.

2. During the growing season, fertilize once every 3-4 weeks, and water promptly after each fertilization. At the same time, also pay attention to loosening the soil frequently to keep the soil sufficiently aerated, which is good for fertilizer absorption and root development. If the soil is too compacted, root growth will be hindered.

3. In winter, the temperature must not be lower than 8°C; ordinarily, keep the temperature between 15-25°C. Too large a temperature difference will cause the leaves to turn yellow. After the temperature drops in autumn, place it in a sunny spot indoors, which can keep nasturtium's leaves green through the winter.

4. Nasturtium has a relatively low chance of being infected by pests and diseases, but we cannot ignore their harm. It is mainly attacked by leaf miners, mosaic disease and so on. Prevention is by strengthening daily care and management, while treatment is by spraying with dimethoate emulsifiable concentrate and so on. When diseased plants are found, they should be pulled up promptly.

Care measures for the southern plant date palm

Part One: "Organization of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really resemble eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like egg white and yolk, and they look really adorable. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, and is very suitable for people to admire carefully. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk bends naturally, and its form is quite beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and on lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity, sunny environment with good drainage. It is robust by nature and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and dislikes waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. For cultivation, deep, fertile, well-aerated acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter is best. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting frangipani, you also need to pay attention to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves turn dark black, that is because of frangipani angular leaf spot, and at this time you need to pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, frangipani also comes in red and yellow. All can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap and food additives, and the price is quite high, with great commercial development potential. The fresh flowers can also be dried for brewing tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effects of treating dysentery due to heat and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The frangipani tree has a beautiful shape, with many branches on the stem, strange and varied, in countless forms. Its leaves resemble loquat leaves. After they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, much like antlers adorned with beautiful spots, making it truly a top-choice small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement and potted ornamental appreciation. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling and other symptoms. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware or furniture. Frangipani flower meaning: breeding hope, resurrection, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Yulan magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark that is rough and cracked; the twigs are slightly stout and grayish brown; the winter buds and flower stalks are densely covered with pale grayish-yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate or obovate-elliptic, with the base of vigorous shoots having elliptic leaves. Yulan magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of green and white, with dazzling white light, and it has high ornamental value. Together with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart and mind, it is truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open ground. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity; waterlogging at the planting site easily causes root rot. It prefers fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. When fumigated artificially with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 g of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with atmospheric pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun. Too strong light or west-facing sun easily causes the tree to be scorched. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer. Besides applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year afterward. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with green and thick leaves, not only producing many flower buds but also large flowers, a long flowering period and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance. Its main diseases include anthracnose, yellowing disease and leaf scorch disease. Besides ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid and so on, and also contain magnoflorine, alkaloids, biond magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A and other components, and have certain medicinal value. The flowers are pungent and warm in nature, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, opening the orifices, and freeing the lungs and unblocking the nose. They can be used for headache, blood-stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and other conditions. Modern pharmacological studies show that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks, and can also be brewed as tea. The flower meaning of Yulan magnolia represents gratitude. Yulan magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with that fragrant scent it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because its plant is tall and its flowering position is relatively high, it sways in the wind, full of spirit, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, with solitary, relatively large leaves, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate veins arranged in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good groundcover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant that likes a warm, humid and brightly lit environment. It is not cold-tolerant, nor drought-tolerant, and fears scorching sun. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, stopping new leaf growth and turning leaf color yellow. Therefore, shading should be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing period, it should be watered thoroughly to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is a bit "delicate." It requires enough careful attention 365 days a year. If there is a major fluctuation in the environment for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of maranta seedling traders and producers. Plants in the Marantaceae family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies and so on. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta starch is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickening agent for soups, sauces, puddings and dessert pastries. Add water and boil to form a transparent, odorless, tasty paste. Maranta starch is fine in texture. Compared with other starches, it can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops coughing, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Red loropetalum

Red loropetalum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery, alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, with short pointed tips, rounded and oblique bases, asymmetrical, with stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, dark red. Red loropetalum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and is tolerant of pruning. It is tolerant of poor soil, but grows best in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Red loropetalum has luxuriant branches and leaves and a graceful posture. It is tolerant of pruning and wiring, and can be used for hedges and for making stump bonsai. When it blooms, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, with bright red new leaves. Different strains differ in leaf color and flower color at maturity, and leaf size also varies. In garden applications, the main considerations are the two factors of leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf-color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometer moths, yellow noctuid moths, thief noctuid moths, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of red loropetalum: anthracnose, damping-off, mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinonema. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of red loropetalum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old; the twigs are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the tip, covered with short pubescence, often clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on the sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight and is drought-tolerant, but not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold tolerance, able to overwinter safely in a natural environment at minus 25°C. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging; if planted in a low-lying waterlogged place, seedling death easily occurs. Garden value: ornamental peach has large, brightly colored flowers and is beautiful when blooming, with an ornamental period as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used by lakesides, streams, roadsides and parks, etc. In small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted ornamental appreciation, and is often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. A common form is also weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, and shows particularly good results in the year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in masses or as specimens, and shows particularly good greening effects in the same year. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colored nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with plants such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf dwarf cherry. Flowering shrubs are combined in plantings to create a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach tree trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and so on. It is a kind of polysaccharide substance, and hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and so on. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood and benefiting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis and peach leaf curl. Main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects and red-necked longhorn beetles, etc.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + red loropetalum + golden-edged euonymus + thornless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three foliage-colored plants are planted linearly, making the leaf colors rich, and together with large-specimen thornless holly balls, they form a neat, full and clearly layered roadside greening color band effect.

2. Red loropetalum + red-tip photinia ball + banana shrub + Japanese maple

Red loropetalum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability; both its leaf color and flower color are very beautiful. As for the red-tip photinia ball, its old leaves are green and accented with red new leaves, setting each other off and looking extremely beautiful. The four plants are matched with rich layers and form a landscape road with longitudinal rhythm and spatial hierarchy, as well as a strong sense of guidance.

3. Red loropetalum + Japanese aralia + Canary Island date palm + frangipani

These plants are matched mainly with green as the dominant color. The leaves include small and fine ones (red loropetalum) as well as coarse and large ones (Japanese aralia, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, with the effect of narrowing the space and making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, with spacing between the culms. Iris has a graceful posture and colorful, beautiful flowers. The two matched together are very charming.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + red loropetalum + aucuba + osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like sparrow tongues and a low plant form, and can be used as the lowest layer plant. Aucuba has yellow spots on its leaf color and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree osmanthus has fragrant flowers that refresh the heart and mind. The arrangement has spacing and density, with changes in leaf color, plus floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + red loropetalum + fagraea + canna

Azalea has gorgeous flowers, and with red loropetalum and fagraea as a foil, it is even more moving. Canna has coarse, large leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel intimate.

7. Groundcover lawn + marigold + red-tip photinia + red loropetalum ball + Dan osmanthus

With green groundcover as the base, marigold's bright yellow flowers are extremely beautiful. Behind the marigold, red loropetalum and red photinia serve as a foil, and Dan osmanthus has a spreading tree shape. Several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Dwarf lilyturf + guava tree

Both dwarf lilyturf and guava tree adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. Dwarf lilyturf has fine, soft leaves and is very suitable as groundcover. The guava tree has smooth yellow bark, a graceful posture and relatively large leaves with pleasing spacing, making it very suitable for open woodland paths.

9. Lawn + silver-edged agave + shaped ficus + yellow-flowered double-podded cassia

With green lawn as the base, agave has coarse, large leaves with a silver-yellow and green alternating leaf color, and it matches very harmoniously with the shaped ficus, while yellow-flowered double-podded cassia has a beautiful posture and gorgeous flower color. These plants are matched with rich layers, with color changes that are nevertheless harmonious.

10. Ophiopogon + broadleaf lady palm + areca palm + papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Ophiopogon has fine, soft leaf shapes, while broadleaf lady palm and areca palm have coarser, larger leaves, and papaya has large palmate leaves, with its fruit borne on the main trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Copperleaf + duranta + red loropetalum

As a plant combination for a carpet flower bed, copperleaf has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, duranta has yellow-green leaf color, and red loropetalum has dark purple leaf color. The three plants combined as a carpet flower bed are extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping maintenance and management plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repetitive job with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and animals, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grass and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting of flower bed flowers, etc. The completion of landscaping green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of the plants in the park:

1. The green area covers about 2,454,190,000 sq m, with a high green coverage rate. There are large numbers of trees and pruned shaped shrubs of different specifications and varieties, and the initial growth has gradually taken shape. After careful investigation by us, the plant planting characteristics are roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with rows of ginkgo, zhennan and large trees,

appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are mixed and complex, with large and small trees, shrubs and groundcover plants interplanted.

The entrance is dominated by relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf ficus stump,

premium osmanthus, etc.). Whether the office area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, refined, spacious and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely and expansive atmosphere,

all depends on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: 1) Shaped shrubs are not growing well, with monotonous shapes; 2) Flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including number of flowers, flower size, color and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; 3) There are many weeds in the lawn, and in local areas grass weeds have a tendency to spread unchecked; 4) There are pest and disease problems.

1. We plan to take the following corrective measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional gardening and carry out varied shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to encourage their growth and then shape them according to their form; this depends on the specific plant's growth vigor and plant shape. In local areas, hedges are highly regular, and the neat uniform long strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. You can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed, casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a smoother living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual removal. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices in different seasons). Plant labeling. We classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family and genus, species and living habits, and label all plants in the area. In this way, it can both

enrich employees' general knowledge of plants and add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labeling

bring more attention to the greening.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of one morning or one evening. While doing a good job in corrective work, we will also

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached below), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

likewise we ask Party A to offer more opinions so that our work can gradually become more and more perfect.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organizes reasonably, maintains meticulously, and sends professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly sends no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

6. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately) and the entire process. {Care measures for the southern plant date palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, weed cutters, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, carts, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per tree, and topdress once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, water-fertilizer and so on, then cover with soil, water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, promptly control pests and diseases, maintain the natural growth state of the trees, with no need for shaping pruning, promptly cut off yellow branches, pest and disease branches, shaded leggy branches and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and promptly clean up the pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure there are no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer and so on, water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, promptly control pests and diseases, prune into round, square or conical shapes, with minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and attractive cuts, promptly remove pruned material, promptly cut off dead branches and pest and disease branches, promptly replant old, diseased and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous types: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer and so on, water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, promptly control pests and diseases, cut off spent flowers once a week and remove weeds once a week, and promptly cut off dead and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm, promptly control pests and diseases, promptly replant withered, dead and missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(2) Specific arrangements for one year of landscaping maintenance work:

January: the month with the lowest temperatures of the year, when open-ground trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, pest and disease branches and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings on large and small trees.

2. Street tree inspection: promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify any situations found such as loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, or loose stakes.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. You can dig out the pupae and cocoons of slug moths in the loose soil under the trees and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin activity, but at this time they move slowly, and we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be weeded and edged in time; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: temperatures rise somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Finish pruning all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on preventing slug moths and scale insects.

March: temperatures continue to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do a good job of planning and design, dig (or hoe) the tree pits in advance, and ensure digging, transporting, planting and watering are done promptly in sequence. When planting shrubs, also ensure digging, transporting and planting are done promptly in sequence, and water fully to increase the seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and so on promptly.

3. Fertilizing: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Care measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock showed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion spraying for control). For slug moth control, you can continue to use the method of digging out pupae.

April: temperatures continue to rise, and trees all sprout and bloom or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late, promptly pull out and replant shrubs that died in winter (azalea, red loropetalum, etc.), and water newly planted trees fully.

2. Watering: Continue to water the green spaces under maintenance in a timely manner.

3. Fertilizing: For lawns and shrubs, in combination with watering, apply a top dressing of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: Cut out branches that dried up in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark crevices, tree holes, the base of trunks, wall corners and other places, where they secrete a white waxy thin cocoon and pupate. They can be swept away with a stiff bamboo broom, then gathered and deeply buried or soaked. Alternatively, pesticides such as fenitrothion can be sprayed. (2) Longhorn beetles have begun activity; larvae can be removed with a grafting knife or self-made steel wire, but the wound should be made as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance within green spaces: Pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawn weed removal and edging work should also be carried out.

May: The temperature rises sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: During the peak period of leaf expansion, trees have a very high water requirement and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: Prune spent flowers. Street trees undergo their first bud removal and pruning.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of stinging caterpillars hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; corresponding measures should be taken according to the actual conditions in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids and others also enters its peak period (on crape myrtle, pittosporum, oleander, etc.). In mid to late May, spray 10?20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500?2000 times dilution to prevent and control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can be used.)

June: High temperature

1. Watering: Plants have a high water requirement and must be watered in a timely manner; do not "leave it to the weather."

2. Fertilizing: Combine loosening the soil and weeding, fertilizing, and watering to achieve the best results.

3. Pruning: Continue bud removal and sucker removal for street trees. Carry out pruning for hedges, topiary balls and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Drainage work: During heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid to late June, stinging caterpillars enter the peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly; currently, spraying 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500?800 times dilution is basically used. (Or spray compound BT emulsion.) Continue manual capture of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees, and straighten, reinforce and re-tie loose or leaning trees.

July: The temperature is highest, and strong winds and heavy rain will occur after mid-month.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes; once high temperatures occur, water promptly.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Top dressing: Before rain, apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud removal and pruning; all branches that conflict with power lines must be pruned, and tree stakes should be checked one by one; if any are loose or unstable, straighten and tie them tightly immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials, tools and equipment, and send personnel to inspect at any time, handling dangerous situations promptly.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue to control longhorn beetles and stinging caterpillars. For longhorn beetles, inject 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 dilution (or Guoshu Bao, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the hole, which can also achieve good results. Camphor tree shoot borers should be pruned out promptly, and the pest nests destroyed to prevent further damage.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention work for street trees: Continue to do a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree shoot borers should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot, and take timely measures. September: The temperature drops somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, remove buds below the third fork of street trees. Shaping pruning of hedges. Weeding in green spaces, lawn edging, and timely removal of dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilizing: For some trees with weak growth and insufficiently plump branches, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (on cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) reaches its peak incidence; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to root damage; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood borers on poplars and willows. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting various greening facilities.

October: The temperature drops; in late October, early winter begins, trees start to shed leaves and successively enter dormancy.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting; in late October, once cold-tolerant trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green space maintenance: Remove dead trees promptly and water promptly. Lawn weed removal and edging work in green spaces should be done well. Fertilize flowering plants with poor growth.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree shoot borers. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-tolerant plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Soil turning: Turn the soil in green spaces to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry, hardened soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so the control task is relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and draw the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green space maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed yellow soil.

2 Landscape plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green spaces reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings survive within one year.

2.2 Landscape trees have basically complete crowns, with main and side branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the interior is not messy, with ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedge and color-block branches and leaves are normal, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green spaces.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth, and normal leaf size and color. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect excreta or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the preservation rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coniferous

Article 3: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting out dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches, to ensure that tree development trends toward rationality, tree branch form is improved, and pest and disease breeding is reduced.

2. Appropriately thin out trees that are too densely grown, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover and lawns, to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out stinging caterpillar pupae and cocoons and burn them in a centralized manner.

5. As appropriate, scarify individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out lawn weed removal, pruning and fertilizing work.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaved mahonia and giant mealybugs on coral trees and Japanese fatsia.

3. In particular, strengthen freeze protection and insulation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening and hilling soil around tree roots.

4. Apply a top dressing (urea) to cool-season lawns at the end of the month at 10g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Promptly mow lawns and remove weeds, and clean up winter weeds in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and box tree leaf rollers. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on Malus species and cool-season lawns; pay attention to prevention reports.

4. For local depressions and low-lying spots that appear in lawns, carry out soil filling and sand covering; carry out low pruning of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the sprouting and growth of the base grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilizing for ground-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown flowering plants; for lawns and shrubs, in combination with watering, apply a top dressing of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut out branches that dried up in winter and spring; pruning of evergreen hedges can begin.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period of tree leaf expansion, with a very high water requirement, so watering should be timely.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud removal on plane trees, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Hoe weeds in flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out lawn weed removal and promptly prune lawn grass to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and hoe weeds in tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out lawn weed removal.

3. Lawns should be pruned promptly, and their growth height controlled, paying attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply compound fertilizer once more to lawns with poor growth or nutrient deficiency, so they can safely pass the summer.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that plant watering work is implemented.

2. Carry out soil loosening and weeding work for flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of ground cover weed removal. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to carry out hoeing and weed removal to prevent grass from running wild; continue cultivation and weeding, and loosen the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, reinforce and secure trees in the park to prevent lodging; promptly dredge and drain low-lying or severely waterlogged places.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune promptly, control lawn height, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding. Fertilizer supplementation and top dressing should be timely, mainly P and K fertilizers, combined with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to mastering the fertilization period and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought relief work; it must not be chosen between 10 and 15 o'clock, to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue to do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly dredge drainage ditches in low-lying and easily waterlogged places to prevent water from accumulating for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed in green spaces and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely grown, and at the same time carry out bud removal work.

3. Lawns should be pruned promptly, edged, and cleared of weeds, and attention should be paid to pest and disease control work.

4. Carry out hoeing work for flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of ground cover weed removal, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction, forecasting and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure beautiful appearance and neat, clearly layered form. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development trend toward rationality and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill bare gaps and water, and fertilize those with poor growth.

3. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction and forecasting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, reducing pests and diseases, and enhancing growth.

2. Do a good job of weed removal and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs and green spaces, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare gaps. As appropriate, adjust trees in the local layout; some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Begin cold protection and insulation work; for trees with poor cold resistance,

carry out straw wrapping and hilling.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. As appropriate, scarify and aerate lawns, and prune 2-3 times at the same time.

4. Carry out fertilizing work in late this month, and combine with increased application of organic fertilizer to carry out soil turning in green spaces.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction and forecasting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of weed removal and edging in color-block shrubs and green spaces, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing residual stumps and dead branches, in order to make next year's tree growth better (do not prune flowering shrubs that have formed flower buds), and at the same time pay attention to cleaning pest cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they safely overwinter.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of prediction and forecasting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Article 4: "Latest Common Plants Used in Southern Landscaping"

Common Garden Plants Used in Southern Landscaping

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, China fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, false sterculia, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, renmianzi, fire-resistant Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fokien cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Buddhist pine podocarp, long-leaf podocarp, white champaca, southern magnolia, officinal magnolia, burmann cinnamon, camphor tree, Chinese cinnamon, bitter catalpa, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, siamese cassia, red camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, padauk, water banyan, water stone banyan, avocado, devil's tree, false betel nut palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, swamp mahogany, blue gum, cajeput, butterfly fruit, Chinese torreya, Chinese plum yew, Indian rubber fig, banyan, small-leaf fig, large-fruit fig, weeping fig, yellow-stem fig, sacred fig, horsetail tree, jackfruit, maple-leaved elm, tanbark oak, blue Japanese oak, candlenut, silver birch, sharp-leaf elaeocarpus, large-leaf elaeocarpus, mahoe, iron wintergreen, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, albizia, royal palm, fishtail palm, Mexican fan palm, sugar palm, Senegal date palm, autumn maple, red sandalwood, large-flowered dillenia, jackfruit, yellow cassia, jackfruit, large-leaf privet, Muchang Michelia, dwarf umbrella tree, octopus tree

Deciduous trees:

small-leaf terminalia, Chinese swamp cypress, water winter melon, Chinese tallow tree, turnjujube, sand pear, soapberry, entire-leaved goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, Chinese tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, happy tree, large-flowered crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flamboyant tree, peacock flower, jacaranda, yellow cassia, chinaberry, Chinese mahogany, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, sweet acacia, prickly castor oil tree, sweetgum, weeping willow, Magnolia soulangeana, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

rosewood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm, Cephalotaxus, Mock lime, Japanese Euonymus, Elaeagnus pungens, Camellia sasanqua, Sweet viburnum, Gold-dusted aucuba, St. John's wort, Three-stamen areca, Areca palm, Arenga palm, Four-season mock lime, Yellow allamanda, Small-leaf odollam, Callistemon, Fukien tea, Gardenia, Crown of thorns, Poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, Aucuba, Chinese holly, Azalea, Cordyline, Croton, Red mulberry, Variegated mulberry, Golden-leaf fig, Senna, Red-stemmed rhododendron, Ardisia, Orange jessamine, Red-backed excoecaria, Climbing ylang-ylang, Camellia, Oil tea, Large-leaf tea, Oleander, Yellow oleander, Small-flower allamanda, Snow-in-summer, Michelia, Pittosporum, Mahonia, Nandina, Japanese fatsia, Magnolia coco, Hibiscus, Coral plant, Red azalea, Yucca, Adam's needle, South China box, Licuala palm, Soft-leaf date palm, Short-spike fishtail palm, Dwarf lady palm, Bamboo palm,

Golden banyan, Fiddle-leaf fig, Willow-leaf fig, Golden-vein justicia, Schefflera, Variegated duranta, Yellow-leaf duranta, Odollam, Golden-leaf privet, Alocasia, Philodendron, Monstera, Aspidistra, Snake plant, Rhaphiolepis, Variegated hibiscus, Purple-stemmed euphorbia, Small-leaf box, African jasmine, Yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, Cuphea, Crinum lily, Spider lily, Powderpuff, Chinese fringeflower, Datura, White mussaenda, Red mussaenda, Hairy azalea, Western azalea, Twin-pod senna, Hard-stem trumpet vine, Myrtle, Ixora, Yunnan jasmine, Jasmine, Cnidoscolus, Blue plumbago, Blue star flower, Butterfly pea, Nandina, Pepper tree, Red-backed excoecaria,

Deciduous shrubs:

Cotton rose, Bridal-wreath spirea, Thunberg spirea, Modern rose, Glossy abelia, Pomegranate, Beautyberry, Magnolia liliflora, Bush clover, Amur honeysuckle, Chinese snowball, Rose of Sharon, Redbud, Dwarf flowering cherry, Spirea, Pearl bush, Butterfly tree, Elderberry, Fig, Sichuan pepper, Trifoliate orange, Butterfly bush, Chinese privet

Vines:

Monstera, Bougainvillea, Millettia, Firecracker vine, Rangoon creeper, Three-leaf akebia, Japanese honeysuckle, Fortune's euonymus, Climbing fig, Kiwi, Climbing euonymus, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Wax flower, Rhaphidophora, Pothos, Star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, Southern magnolia vine, Boston ivy, Trumpet vine, Passionflower, Crape myrtle, Evergreen mucuna, Thunbergia grandiflora

Climbing ylang-ylang, Thunbergia grandiflora, Rangoon creeper, Coral vine, Boston ivy, Firecracker vine, White-flower mucuna, Beauty clerodendrum, Wisteria, Climbing fig, Cypress vine, Morning glory, Maple-leaf morning glory, Snake vine, Poet's jasmine, Dutchman's pipe, Garlic vine, Wood rose, Bignonia, Passionflower

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, Moso bamboo, Fernleaf bamboo, Henon bamboo, Golden stripe bamboo, Sinocalamus affinis, Hedge bamboo, Pleioblastus amarus, Indocalamus, Buddha belly bamboo, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thailand bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, Square bamboo, Green bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, Bambusa multiplex, Red bamboo

Lawn and groundcover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese zoysia, Fine-leaf zoysia, Carpet grass, Centipede grass, Paspalum, Manila grass, Zoysia, Guangdong evergreen, Spiderwort, Boat lily, Liriope, Curculigo, Dwarf lilyturf, Reineckea, Aspidistra, Black-eyed Susan, Acorus, Zephyr lily, Autumn zephyr lily, Golden spider lily, White butterfly, Butterfly iris, Red wood sorrel, Tradescantia,

Calathea, Syngonium, White butterfly syngonium, Pothos, Tradescantia, Boston fern, Pilea, Small boat lily, Peace lily, Silver-edge liriope, Red lantana, Yellow lantana, Purple lantana

Lantana, Dusty miller, Bleeding glory-bower, Shrimp plant, Red firecracker, Asparagus fern, Beach evening primrose, Beach morning glory, Ivy, Star jasmine, Ginger lily, Umbrella plant, Papyrus, Iris, Purple loosestrife, Narcissus, Lotus, Water lily, Wedelia, Red wood sorrel, Brazilian peanut vine, Dichondra, Purple amaranth, Round-leaf amaranth, Coleus, Fine-leaf verbena, Alternanthera, Zephyr lily, Autumn zephyr lily, Amaryllis, Lily, Calla lily, Periwinkle, Centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean lawn grass, Bermuda grass, Large-leaf carpet grass, Variegated grass, Bahia grass, Dwarf lilyturf

Palms:

Royal palm, Washington palm, Triangle palm, King palm, Foxtail palm, Butia palm, Bottle palm, Club palm, Middle East date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, Oil palm, Caryota palm, Windmill palm, Dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, Queen palm, Fishtail palm, Queen palm, Washingtonia palm, Beautiful date palm, Short-spike fishtail palm, Long-spike fishtail palm, Areca palm, Three-stamen areca, Traveler's palm, Lady palm,

Seasonal flowers

Star flower, African impatiens, Four-season begonia, Scarlet sage, Petunia, Hybrid dianthus, Ornamental kale, French marigold, African marigold, Nasturtium, Pansy, Torenia, Cockscomb, Calendula, Globe amaranth, Zinnia, Portulaca, Moss rose, Cosmos, Cineraria, Cleome, Daylily, Lavender, Purple loosestrife

Chapter Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Arrangements"

Southern Plant Arrangements

Philodendron + Umbrella plant + Variegated galangal

Large horse-tail iron + Rainbow horse-tail iron + Nandina + Boston fern + Placement stones

Royal palm + Caryota palm + Beautiful date palm + Canna + Coleus + Croton

Royal palm + Canary Island date palm head + Red iron + Red mulberry + Ixora

Royal palm + False areca + Areca palm + Large-leaf lady palm + Golden leaf

Chapter Six: "Common Southern Landscape Plants"

Common Plants for Southern Gardens

I. Palms:

1. Royal palm 2. False areca 3. Washington palm 4. Silver date palm 5. Canary Island date palm 6. Three-stamen areca

7. Chinese fan palm 8. Washingtonia palm 9. Areca palm 10. Lady palm (fine-leaf lady palm) 11. Queen palm 12. Soft-leaf date palm

II. Trees (street trees, shade trees):

1. Flame tree 2. Kapok 3. Beautiful silk floss tree 4. Coral tree 5. Pointed-leaf elaeocarpus 6. Alstonia

7. Small-leaf banyan 8. Water stone banyan 9. Mango 10. China berry 11. Cinnamon 12. Large-leaf trumpet vine

13. Red sandalwood 14. Frangipani 15. Tropical almond 16. Traveler's palm 17. Red screw pine 18. Autumn maple

19. Star fruit 20. Pointed-leaf osmanthus 21. Golden shower tree 22. Albizia 23. Paperbark

24. Eucalyptus 25. Hainan rose apple 26. Large-leaf aphanamixis 27. Bauhinia 28. Mahogany

29. Highland banyan 30. Flame tree 31. Yellow trumpet tree 32. Goldenrain tree

III. Flowering shrubs:

1. Four-season osmanthus 2. Fine-leaf bamboo 3. Tree fern 4. Yellow banyan 5. Bougainvillea

6. Yellow cassia 7. Callistemon 8. Variegated sisal 9. Hibiscus 10. Fagraea 11. Variegated banyan

12. Hibiscus 13. Michelia 14. Trumpet vine 15. Powderpuff 16. Tabernaemontana 17. Dragon boat orchid

18. Furcraea 19. Yucca 20. Firecracker vine 21. Yellow oleander 22. Polyscias

IV. Groundcover or color blocks:

1. Pittosporum 2. Monstera 3. Pothos 4. Bird's nest fern 5. Red ruby 6. Large-leaf polygonum 7. Schefflera

8. Little angel 9. Golden leaf 10. Cuphea 11. Fine-leaf frog orchid 12. Three-star calathea 13. Hairy azalea

14. Dwarf fan palm 15. Philodendron 16. Variegated duranta 17. Spider lily 18. Tradescantia 19. Yellow allamanda

20. Variegated galangal 21. Asparagus fern 22. Golden peanut 23. Fine-leaf ixora 24. Boston fern 25. Yellow shrimp plant

26. White butterfly 27. Pilea 28. Variegated dieffenbachia 29. Rainbow cordyline 30. Croton 31. Liriope

32. Silver-edge grass 33. Jasmine 34. Velvet calathea 35. Taiwan grass 36. Large-leaf carpet grass

37. Manila grass 38. Bermuda grass 39. Ryegrass 40. Tall fescue

There are also some commonly used plants:

1. Bodhi banyan 2. Highland banyan 3. Water stone banyan 4. Bell flower 5. National Day flower 6. Golden shower tree

7. Siamese senna 8. Sausage tree 9. Thailand yellow large yellow flower ball 10. Golden melaleuca

11. Winged senna 12. Twin-pod locust 13. Dwarf poinciana 14. Water banyan 15. Grey manglietia

16. Hainan golden pothos 17. Variegated money tree 18. Hainan red bean 19. Mahogany

20. Albizia 21. Sandal cinnamon 22. Autumn osmanthus 23. Laurel 24. Washingtonia palm 25. Fine-leaf bamboo

26. Indian yellow (purple) sandalwood 27. Red sandalwood 28. Dianella 29. Leizhou banyan 30. Cat-tail tree

Common Southern Landscape Plants

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine, Cunningham's araucaria, Keteleeria, Large-leaf araucaria, Kauri, Masson pine, Slash pine, Camphor tree, Japanese cinnamon, Giant eucalyptus, Paperbark, Rose apple, Hainan rose apple, Autumn maple, Taiwan acacia, Maqian acacia, Ear-pod acacia, Red sandalwood, Small-leaf banyan, Large-leaf banyan, Highland banyan, Sparrow banyan, Indian rubber fig, Variegated Indian rubber fig, Bodhi tree, Candlenut, Mahogany, Dillenia, Alstonia, Tropical almond, Small-leaf tropical almond, Jackfruit, Wax apple, Human-face tree, Sapodilla, China berry, Casuarina, White magnolia, Magnolia coco, Firepower nanmu, Small-leaf elaeocarpus, Southern magnolia, Yellow hibiscus, Mango, Longan, Lychee, Olive, Loquat, Bayberry, Pomelo, Water stone banyan, Buddhist pine, Dragon juniper, Podocarpus, Osmanthus, Four-season osmanthus, Michelia, Mock lime, Camellia, Weeping banyan, Butterfly fruit, Slant-leaf banyan

2. Deciduous trees

Dawn redwood, Pond cypress, Bald cypress, Chinese swamp cypress, Tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, Bischofia, Albizia, Large-leaf albizia, Silver albizia, Sweetgum, Weeping willow, Sausage tree, Anthocephalus, Silver birch, Chinese hackberry, Soapberry, Chinese pistache, Chinaberry, Chinese tallow, Tung oil tree, Ginkgo, Sterculia, Persimmon, Fig, Mulberry, Papaya, Guava, Red maple, Acacia

3. Palms

False areca, Royal palm, King palm, Bottle palm, Club palm, Triangle palm, Foxtail palm, Queen palm, Oil palm, Sugar palm, Large silk palm, Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Middle East date palm, Iraqi date palm, Chinese fan palm, Caryota palm, Sugar palm, Scale date palm, Soft-leaf date palm, Three-stamen areca, Green palm, Fragrant palm, Long-spike fishtail palm, Short-spike fishtail palm, Areca palm, Windmill palm, Banana, Traveler's palm, Cordyline, Lady palm, Fine-leaf lady palm, Nicolai bird of paradise, Red-stem philodendron, False alocasia

4. Foliage shrubs

Golden weeping banyan, Golden banyan, Fiddle-leaf fig, Willow-leaf fig, Garcinia, Variegated reed bamboo, Weeping polyalthia, Red screw pine, Pittosporum, Variegated hibiscus, Sago palm, Callistemon, Night-blooming jasmine, Cotinus, Golden-vein justicia, Japanese fatsia, Creeping juniper, Variegated cassava, Nandina, Schefflera, Variegated schefflera, Pepper tree, Red-backed excoecaria, Red mulberry, Japanese lilac, Duranta, Variegated duranta, Yellow-leaf duranta, Orange jessamine, Croton, Lance-leaf croton, Hainan croton, Gold-dusted croton, Odollam, Fukien tea, Small-leaf box, Golden-leaf privet, Crown of thorns, Yellow-stripe furcraea, Agave, Silver-edge agave, Yucca, Bottle palm, Aspidistra, Snake plant, Cactus, Alocasia, Philodendron, Monstera, Variegated shell ginger, Scaevola, Rhaphiolepis, Variegated breynia, Ceylon phyllanthus, Rose

5. Flowering shrubs

African jasmine, Yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, Rare jasmine, Rose of Sharon, Hibiscus, Coral plant, Chinese lantern, Poinsettia, Powderpuff, Bougainvillea, Large-flower gardenia, Hydrangea, Red bract flower, Melastoma, Chinese fringeflower, Datura, White mussaenda, Red mussaenda, Allamanda, Western azalea, Twin-pod senna, Hard-stem trumpet vine, Myrtle, Ixora, Pearl spirea, Yunnan jasmine, Jasmine, Crinum lily,

Spider lily, Crab claw flower, Dwarf canna, Stone flax, Cnidoscolus, Blue plumbago, Blue star flower, Butterfly pea

6. Groundcover

Calathea, Syngonium, White butterfly syngonium, Pothos, Tradescantia, Boston fern, Pilea, Small boat lily, Peace lily, Liriope, Silver-edge liriope, Red lantana, Yellow lantana, Purple lantana, Dusty miller, Bleeding glory-bower, Shrimp plant, Red firecracker, Asparagus fern, Beach evening primrose, Beach morning glory, Ivy, Star jasmine, Ginger lily, Umbrella plant, Papyrus, Iris, Purple loosestrife, Narcissus, Lotus, Water lily, Wedelia, Red wood sorrel, Brazilian peanut vine, Dichondra, Purple amaranth, Round-leaf amaranth, Coleus, Fine-leaf verbena, Alternanthera, Zephyr lily, Autumn zephyr lily, Amaryllis, Lily, Calla lily, Periwinkle, Centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean lawn grass, Bermuda grass, Large-leaf carpet grass, Variegated grass, Bahia grass, Dwarf lilyturf

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora, Rangoon creeper, Coral vine, Boston ivy, Firecracker vine, White-flower mucuna, Beauty clerodendrum, Wisteria, Climbing fig, Cypress vine, Morning glory, Maple-leaf morning glory, Snake vine, Poet's jasmine, Dutchman's pipe, Garlic vine, Wood rose, Bignonia, Passionflower

Chapter Seven: "Common Southern Plant Arrangement Document"

Practical Plant Arrangement Table ---- Concise Table of Common Plant Arrangements

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Hankow willow, Weeping willow, Cotton willow, Sand willow, Artemisia willow, Soap willow, Small-leaf poplar, Liao poplar, Sand cypress, Chinese juniper, Oriental arborvitae, Dawn redwood, Chinaberry, Chinese wingnut, White ash, Forsythia, Elm, Lobe-leaf elm, Chinese elm, Chinese tallow, Cherry blossom, Eucommia, Goldenrain tree, Cotton rose, Rose of Sharon, Oleander, Boston ivy, Grape, Wisteria, Amorpha, Tamarisk, Buttercup, Water hyacinth, Long-leaf alkali grass, Marsh willow-leaf, Willow-leaf lettuce, Marsh woundwort, Chinese woundwort, Mint, Mazus, Veronica, Watercress, Scirpus, Water woolflower, Flat-stem scirpus, Water nutgrass, Spiked water nutgrass, Globe-spike pycreus, Red-spike pycreus, Jointed rush, Small-flower rush, Small rush, Fine rush, Knotgrass, Common knotweed, Red knotweed, Clustered knotweed, Sorrel-leaf knotweed, Willow-leaf prickly knotweed, Small arrow-leaf knotweed, Chinese knotweed, Prickly knotweed, Halberd-leaf knotweed, Large halberd-leaf knotweed, Japanese knotweed, Lalang grass, Reed grass, Large-leaf grass, Beckmannia, Long-awn barley, Wild rice grass, Amur silvergrass, Job's tears, Hemarthria, Wetland ground orchid,

Emergent plants: Softstem bulrush, Reed, Lotus root, Arrowhead, Broad-leaf tufted sedge, Water plantain, Lotus, Purple loosestrife, Cattail, Duck-tongue grass, Monochoria, Sweet flag, Pickerelweed, Rice, Kandelia, Narcissus, Water celery, Wild rice stem, Taro, Four-leaf clover, Reed, Water chestnut, Scirpus, Needle rush, Water candle, Umbrella sedge, Broad-leaf cattail

Floating plants: Duckweed, Water hyacinth, Water lily, Gorgon nut, Victoria water lily, Spatterdock, Water hyacinth, Water shield, Water shield, Yellow bladderwort, Floating fern, Dragon-bone-petal water shield,

Submerged plants: Hornwort, Water plantain

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: Sweetgum, Lacquer tree, Japanese maple, Amur maple, Oriental bittersweet, Red oak, Tang maple, Chinese tallow, Sumac, Sumac, Mountain ash, Nandina, Euonymus, Hawthorn, Chinese pistache, Chinese wingnut, Barberry, Hubei hornbeam, Boston ivy

Golden or yellow-brown: Ginkgo, Persimmon, Goldenrain tree, Tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, Elm, Walnut, Catalpa, Dawn redwood, Crape myrtle, Chinese elm, Nanmu, Wild jujube, Kiwi, Horse chestnut, Water elm mountain ash, Wintersweet, Pomegranate, Yellow cassia, Witch hazel, Soapberry, Acacia

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be planted in residential areas include: mint, basil, lemon balm, German chamomile, lemongrass, sage, dandelion, calendula, thyme, borage, scented geranium, mallow and other herbaceous plants, and lavender, rosemary, gardenia, rose, lemon verbena and other shrubs.

Woody plants with fragrance in rotation through the four seasons, such as: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and white magnolia in summer; osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: Black locust, Paulownia, White pine, Sabina chinensis, Sweet viburnum, Photinia, Pittosporum, Japanese fatsia, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha, Caragana, Soybean, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pea, Bean, Bayberry, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: Dwarf yew, Buddhist pine, Torreya, Japanese holly, Camphor tree, Bayberry, Privet, Ternstroemia, Viburnum, Aucuba, Mahonia, Firethorn, Box, Pittosporum, Japanese fatsia, etc., Butterfly bush, Chinese pistache, other fragrant-flower plants (such as Citrus plants of the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous) flowers: Torch lily (red-hot poker), Lupine, Blue fescue, Astilbe, Coreopsis, Lysimachia, Oregano, Large-flower hibiscus, Red-flower mint, Variegated star jasmine, Thistle-leaf mesembryanthemum, Hellebore, Lycoris, Daylily, Iris, Spiderwort, Hosta, Variegated canna, Red-leaf canna, Dutch aster, Large-windflower grass, Bletilla, Perennial verbena

Four-season flowering trees:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Mulus spectabilis, Chaenomeles, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Southern magnolia, White magnolia, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliflora, Red magnolia, Michelia, Michelia maudiae, etc.), Redbud, Red-leaf

Plum, Peach blossom, Camellia, Winter jasmine, Lilac, etc.

Summer: Crape myrtle, Rose of Sharon, Hydrangea, Michelia, Summer azalea, Pomegranate (flower), Gardenia, Trumpet vine, Albizia, Acacia Autumn: Osmanthus, Crape myrtle, Rose of Sharon, Flowering pomegranate, Cotton rose, Trumpet vine, etc.

Winter: Honeysuckle, Nandina, Plum blossom, Michelia, Camellia, Camellia sasanqua, etc.

Schematic classification of common landscaping tree species:

(I) Evergreen conifers

1. Trees: Deodar cedar, Korean pine, Black pine, Dragon juniper, Masson pine, Sabina chinensis, Sago palm, Norfolk Island pine, Japanese cedar, Torreya

2. Shrubs: (Buddhist pine), Oriental arborvitae, Weeping cypress, Creeping juniper, Japanese cedar, Five-needle pine

(II) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Trees: Dawn redwood, Golden larch, Pond cypress, Bald cypress

(III) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: Camphor tree, Southern magnolia, Privet, Windmill palm

2. Shrubs: Sweet viburnum, Japanese euonymus, Small-leaf box, Boxwood, Chinese holly, Orange tree, Photinia, Pittosporum, Osmanthus, Oleander, Yellow jasmine, Winter jasmine, Gold-dusted aucuba, Nandina, Snow-in-summer, Small-leaf privet, Japanese fatsia, Gardenia, Mosquito fern, Camellia, St. John's wort, Azalea, Yucca (pineapple flower, arrow hemp), Sago palm (iron tree), Mahonia

(IV) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: Weeping willow, Straight willow, Chinese wingnut, Dragon-claw willow, Chinese tallow, Sophora, Green phoenix tree (Chinese parasol

tree), Plane tree (French plane), Sophora (Chinese scholar tree), Coiled sophora, Albizia, Ginkgo, Chinaberry (bitter melon tree), Catalpa

2. Shrubs: Cherry blossom, White magnolia, Peach blossom, Wintersweet, Crape myrtle, Redbud, Ash tree, Green maple, Red-leaf plum, Chaenomeles, Bellflower crabapple, Hydrangea, Bridal-wreath spirea, Forsythia (golden strip), Cotton rose, Rose of Sharon (hibiscus tree), Mountain hemp (cinnamon garden tree), Pomegranate

(V) Bamboo: Ci-xiao bamboo, Moso bamboo, Phyllostachys, Purple bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, Fernleaf bamboo, Buddha belly bamboo, Golden jade bamboo

(VI) Vines: Wisteria, Star jasmine, Boston ivy (climbing tiger, wall-climbing tiger), Ivy, Grape vine, Fortune's euonymus

(VII) Flowers: Sun flower, Everlasting chrysanthemum, Scarlet sage, Canna, Five-color amaranth, Kale (ball cauliflower), Chrysanthemum, Orchid

(VIII) Lawn: Velvet grass, Zoysia, Lilyturf, Four-season green grass, Tall fescue, Manila grass, Clover, Dichondra

Detailed Table of Common Plant Arrangements

Table of Generally Common Street Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, three-veined, aromatic, spherical berries.

Plane tree Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerates pruning. Large crown and dense shade, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, gray smooth bark, triangular leaves, slow growth, beautiful tree form

Flame tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm-hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; beautiful red flowers, flowering period May to August

Albizia Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Pink flowers, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental tree, street tree

Acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, densely branched and leafy, golden-yellow flowers, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various types of pruning

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and rounded, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, dark green leaf surface, robust growth, very beautiful form

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Rounded Evergreen tree with rounded crown, strong canopy density, relatively slow growth, very beautiful form

Chinaberry (neem tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, pale purple flowers

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, beautiful form

Formosan alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, robust, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm-hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, graceful form

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for northwest regions

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool-humid climate and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese juniper (cypress juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, drought and barren-tolerant, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, pruning-tolerant, good dust prevention and sound insulation

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovoid Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful tree form,

Taiwan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth vigor

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, robust growth, beautiful form

Canary Island date palm Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, thick sturdy trunk, tall and majestic, dense spreading pinnate leaves,

Royal palm (giant king palm) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, can reach 18m in height, slightly swollen at the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, yellow autumn leaves, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, not waterlogging-tolerant, resistant to various toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm-humid climate, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaf shape resembling a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool climate, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, relatively long-lived; upright tree form, straight trunk, bark gray-white

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrow cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold and drought-tolerant, slightly saline-alkali and waterlogging tolerant, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm-humid climate, drought and barren-tolerant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke dust and toxic gases, strong dust retention capacity

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool-humid climate, smoke dust-tolerant, dry-cold tolerant, mildly saline-alkali tolerant, pruning-tolerant, yellow autumn leaves{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Common landscape tree characteristics table

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovoid Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, pruning-tolerant. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as street tree and courtyard shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovoid Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, beautiful tree form,

Yulan magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Fairly cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large pure white, blooms March to April. Suitable for garden viewing.

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm-humid climate, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaf shape resembling a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, neat tree form when young, mostly curved when old, strong growth, long-lived, beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Rounded Evergreen tree, robust, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Autumn maple Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Rounded Evergreen tree, very beautiful when young leaves sprout, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, showing irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Giant king palm Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, can reach 18m in height, slightly swollen at the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Japanese euonymus Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Ovoid Prefers warm-humid climate, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Formosan sweetgum Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Strong adaptability, waterlogging-tolerant, fast-growing. Suitable as courtyard shade tree, street tree, bank protection tree

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping dwarf shrub, branches and trunk sprawling and creeping on the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, unique tree form style, bright green flowing foliage. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc.{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Rounded Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden-leaf duranta is mainly grown for foliage, widely used, can be used as ground cover, pruned into shapes, composed into patterns, or used to emphasize color combinations, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Rounded Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, beautiful form

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm-humid climate, drought and barren-tolerant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke dust and toxic gases, strong dust retention capacity

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium tree, densely branched, dark green, robust growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form

Japanese pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Rounded White fragrant flowers, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as hedge or potted plant. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk tillering, can reach 20-25m in height, leaves gray-white with arching curve, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as courtyard shade tree, street tree, bank protection tree

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as courtyard shade ornamental tree, street tree

Japanese black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, needles hard in pairs clustered, long-lived

Purple-leaf plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, red-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purple-red, blooms pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen and group planting, as backdrop.

Washington palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single cylindrical trunk, swollen at the base, up to 4-8m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped rounded, robust growth, beautiful tree form{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Dense branches and leaves, broad crown, suitable as courtyard shade tree, street tree

Yellow cassia Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Rounded Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, yellow flowers, fast-growing, beautiful tree form

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool-humid climate, smoke dust-tolerant, dry-cold tolerant, mildly saline-alkali tolerant, pruning-tolerant, yellow autumn leaves

Japanese maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Elegant leaf shape, red autumn leaves. Suitable for garden viewing and potted cultivation.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Ovoid tower-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves spreading, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, leaflets radial, tree form vigorous and upright.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval-swollen, forming a wine bottle shape, very beautiful form

Mandarin orange tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Rounded Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry tree Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Rounded Deciduous tree, bark gray-brown, bipinnate odd-pinnate compound leaves, purple flowers, fast-growing

Snowbush Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Rounded Evergreen small shrub. Leaves dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, good texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, pruning and shaping.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium tree, densely branched, dark green, robust growth, very long-lived, very beautiful tree form

Dragon-claw pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches pendulous, suitable for garden viewing, paired or row planting

Dragon-claw willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Rounded Branches twisted like a dragon winding, suitable as courtyard shade tree, ornamental tree

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, 2m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, elegant and simple demeanor, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into rounded, conical, layered forms for garden landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark red-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic

Nandina Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves elegant, red berries in autumn and winter; garden viewing, can be group planted or potted. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones pendulous, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, robust growth

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Ovoid Flowers white, blooms in June. Suitable as hedge or street tree.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, can reach 6-12m in height, leaves rounded, petiole margins spiny, grows luxuriantly, elegant form

Dwarf oriental arborvitae Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly rounded Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful, can be trained into noble-shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, forest bathing tree.

Boxleaf euonymus B. bodinieri Buxaceae Ovoid Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for garden viewing. Can be group planted, used as hedge or potted. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, ovoid, rounded Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Arecaceae Plants"

Arecaceae is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, well-developed root system, drought-tolerant, barren-tolerant, strong disease and pest resistance, and outstanding effects when used to create tropical-style garden landscapes. This section will introduce its introduction, transplanting and disease prevention and control content.

Brief introduction to the introduction process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants. A few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term water immersion, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the false betel nut and Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape effects of palm plants have been recognized, and they have been used as key varieties for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore, etc.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants since the early 1980s. Over the following twenty-plus years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, as well as later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan and other regions, all successively set off an upsurge of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Several units led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on plant geography and ecology theories, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high-latitude, high-altitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, moisture and soil, etc. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is to govern plant growth and development, and low winter temperatures are the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on palm salt tolerance and shade tolerance, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the prevention and control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora disease, coconut leaf beetle and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases has been greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the germination mechanism of palm seeds, summarized and invented the technique of palm seed germination acceleration, mastered the whole-crown transplanting and large-specification container seedling cultivation techniques of palm plants, and did effective work on soil improvement, winter cold protection and conservation techniques.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including the giant king palm, Chinese fan palm, broadleaf lady palm, South palm, fishtail palm, etc.; the Arecaceae plants successfully applied in Shanghai and surrounding areas mainly include Butia palm, hairy Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm, etc., more than ten species, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as having reached the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

Discussing the occurrence and control of Phytophthora disease

Damage and general symptoms of palm Phytophthora disease

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palm plants such as the giant king palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm, Canary Island date palm, etc. On affected plants, the heart leaves cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the entire plant wilts in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora fungi and can be identified through incubator culture. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The bacteria spread through watering, rain splashing, air flow, etc.

Occurrence pattern of Washington palm Phytophthora disease

This disease occurs during the high-temperature, high-humidity period between summer and autumn. Drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, soil moisture content

suddenly increasing, poor ventilation, or plants located at wind gaps, are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, continuous cropping plots. In addition, this disease is often related to severe root damage caused during seedling digging and then long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young heart leaf rots, the leaves turn gray-green and droop, and they can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, one can see paste-like secretions at the growth point and even the entire heart of the plant, with a foul odor, and white mold-like substances can grow on the affected tissue. Severely affected plants also often show root damage, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots and an abnormal

smell. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is relatively rare in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage in nursery land has been relatively severe. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand and are slightly sunken, and in humid conditions the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When the disease occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under humid conditions. When the disease occurs on the stem, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part shows wilting. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes the root system and stem show purulent liquid exudation when cut open, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves carry large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora disease is a vascular bundle disease, and in severe cases the entire plant wilts, droops, dries up, and eventually dies, with a high fatality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature, high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the western mountainous areas of the Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease can be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control methods

I. Preventive cultivation measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness and drainage in the nursery. Leaves can be moderately pruned each autumn and winter, and pits can be opened in the planting site and soil earthed up, etc., to keep the nursery land dry. Usually, potassium fertilizer can be applied additionally, and quicklime and superphosphate can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of plants.

2. Choose a good plot: choose loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation: for land where Washington palms have been planted, crop rotation of three to four years or more is required.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain, so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, and do it in the afternoon or evening on sunny days.

5. Achieve prevention first and comprehensive control. Pay attention to observation at ordinary times, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, promptly clean them up, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical control

One to two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% oxadixyl-mancozeb wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosethyl aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol types such as kameitong, i.e., soil fungicide (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and Washington palm roots with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or first dig pits and sun-expose them for sterilization on consecutive sunny days, or sprinkle lime powder for disinfection, or use 500 times dexon solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray oxadixyl-mancozeb (better) or fosethyl aluminum (prone to resistance), add 0.4% washing powder and pour into the heart or spray for both prevention and treatment. 80% mancozeb 700 times solution can also be sprayed, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora disease. After adopting this measure, the Washington palms and hairy Washington palms at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company have dropped from a disease incidence of 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Control experience

The control effect of using carbendazim, etc. is not obvious. If all leaves are cut off in the early stage of plant disease and the plant is transplanted elsewhere for replanting, about 30% can successively revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth vigor is relatively poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies in large numbers when water is sufficient, eventually causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant wilts and dies from water loss. The heart rot disease introduced in some literature is actually also Phytophthora disease, only occurring at the heart leaf part.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, and when it occurs, water-soaked small spots appear, then expand into larger lesions, and it is easy to find, and generally can be controlled with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, and common pathogens are Phyllosticta, Pestalotiopsis, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting techniques for large single-trunk seedlings

Preparation before transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance. After root pruning, the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. Stones and broken roots should be removed from the root-pruned soil and then promptly backfilled, and moisture retention should be done well: the purpose is to exercise the adaptability of the seedlings and promote new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If using heeled-in seedlings, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the ground. The planting site should have holes dug 20 days before transplanting, and the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. The soil from digging the holes should be exposed to the sun for a period of time. The backfill soil is best to use pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of matured phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, but the best is spring and autumn, and summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants prefer warmth and humidity. In summer, the temperature is high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, and it is easy to cause excessive water loss and affect survival; in winter, the temperature is low, and some places even have frost, and strong north winds can easily cause seedling frostbite or even death.

Transplanting seedlings

Some large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick stems, the workload of transplanting seedlings is large, and the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when transplanting seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with burlap sacks or rice straw, especially the green wrapped trunk part at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. First, it protects the trunk, and second, it retains moisture and protects from the sun. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with leaf pruning, remove old leaves, and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on the strength of the tree vigor). At the same time, cut off 1/5 of the leaves together with the petioles, to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

It is best to plant the seedlings on the same day they are dug; if the time is too long, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water, and it is easy for water loss to affect survival. If they cannot all be planted on the same day, they should be covered with shade netting and a small amount of water sprayed on the leaf surface every day, and shade and moisture retention should be done well.

1. Backfilling soil: once the seedling position is set, backfill soil immediately. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, make the soil mound into a "water storage basin" that is slightly higher around and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering: immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to settle the roots. Before watering, first use bamboo poles, etc. to insert and compact the loose soil around the soil ball, until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing: there are many kinds of supports, and using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-planting management

1. Moisture retention: spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, to the extent of wetting the leaves and trunk wrapping. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow downward, and water accumulation will cause root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with rice straw for sun protection, prevent excessive soil temperature difference from causing soil hardening, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which is conducive to new root sprouting.

2. Wind protection: because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally relatively tall, and after transplanting are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds, the supports should be regularly checked after planting to see whether they are loose, and especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be tilted, it should be timely straightened and tied.

3. Topdressing: about one month after planting, urea water can be used for foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half a month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. The hole digging position is outside the edge of the soil ball, opening a ring-shaped trench, with the trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer and backfill soil should be mixed evenly.

4. Pest and disease control. Newly transplanted large single-trunk palm seedlings are highly susceptible to pests and diseases, especially the young leaves and the heart leaf, because their tree vigor is relatively weak. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" causes quite serious damage to palm plants; adults and larvae gather in the overlapping spaces between the not-yet-unfolded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf mesophyll, causing the newly emerging leaves to wither partially or entirely, and the affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods are as follows: ① 81% malathion emulsifiable concentrate at 1000 times dilution; ② cypermethrin at 500 times dilution; ③ use "Yejiaqing"; all can achieve very good control results. Based on practical operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and longest-lasting method is to hang a "Yejiaqing" sachet on the heart leaf together with the tying at planting time for control.

About one month after planting large single-trunk palm seedlings, whether they have survived can be roughly determined by whether their leaves remain green; however, to truly confirm survival, it is generally necessary to wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author used the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to more than 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and worth promoting and applying.

Transplanting techniques for seedlings, large trees and clumping seedlings

Key techniques for transplanting seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during a period after they have germinated and rooted. At this time the seedlings are relatively small, can be transplanted together with the seed, and in addition have few fibrous roots, so the root system is not easily damaged during transplanting. When using nutrient bags for raising seedlings, the size depends on the time for which the seedlings will be grown; generally speaking, for 1-year-old seedlings a 16 cm x 18 cm container is suitable, and for 2-year-old seedlings 19 cm x 20 cm; nutrient bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutrient soil is prepared by using loose topsoil, burned soil and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a ratio of 5:2:1 with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, and then bagged. First fill half the bag with the mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling and fill the bag full and compact it, so that the seedling root system is closely pressed against the mixed soil, and water thoroughly. Palm plants must not be planted too deep, otherwise seedling growth will be affected. If too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward so that the seedling root system spreads out.

Key techniques for transplanting large trees

Palm plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most need several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting; therefore, selecting widely spaced strong seedlings results in a higher survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass. The root tissues of palm plants are tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots; when digging, keep as large a root ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize damage to the root mass so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve the transplanting survival rate. During construction, lines should be accurately laid out and holes accurately positioned to avoid rework and prevent the root ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning. The amount of foliage retained at transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to the different species, the climate at transplanting time, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally about 40% of the original leaf number should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause the leaves to turn yellow and wither due to excessive water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes it difficult for the plant to recover and prolongs the recovery period, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the plant's stem and its pseudostem. During digging, carrying, loading and unloading of the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem should not be squeezed or bent; this is the guarantee of the plant's health and its fastest possible rejuvenation.

Soil at the new planting site. Palm plants suffer damage to the root tips during transplanting, and within one month after transplanting it is very difficult for new root tips to sprout, so their water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, good soil permeability and aeration are conducive to seedling survival; therefore, when planting, large holes should be dug and attention should be paid to the quality of the imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to facilitate the recovery of palms after planting.

Maintenance. Within one month after planting, the plant's adaptability is poor, so the seedlings should be carefully maintained; water must be replenished in time and appropriate shading provided, striving to have new leaves emerge within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs for several days after transplanting, the palm seedlings will recover better, because rainy days can avoid the adverse effects of scorching sun exposure and other unfavorable factors.

Key techniques for transplanting large clumping seedlings

Clumping species of palm plants have multiple growth points; after growing into a multi-stem clumping state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clumping palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks and large leaf area causing high water evaporation, and poor ventilation making them vulnerable to strong winds. Therefore, in addition to the measures for transplanting single-trunk palms, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "hairy root method" for transplanting, that is, after digging out a relatively large root ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the root ball, retaining more fibrous roots and a moderate root ball, and then immediately wrap it with a lightweight moisture-retaining material, so as to reduce the weight of the root ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting clumping palms that recover relatively slowly, such as the fishbone palm and the three-stamen areca.

2. Implement bare-root temporary planting or potting and concentrated maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant is stable before formal planting. This method is suitable for robust clumping palms such as the areca palm, the strange wrinkled-seed palm and the Hawaiian palm, and can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for transplanting large seedlings and large trees of palm plants, in brief, five aspects should be handled well, namely: select strong seedlings; dig good root balls and transport and plant carefully; prune leaves appropriately; ensure good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and handle post-planting maintenance such as sun protection and moisture retention. The sign for judging the success of transplanting large seedlings and large trees is being able to retain most of the leaves within half a year after planting and to sprout new leaves, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves means the transplanting is completely successful

Drainage: first understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and as far as possible place the very bottom of the root ball at a position 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site and with deep, fertile soil; at the same time, build a drainage layer for the root ball root system underground and a surface runoff drainage network to prevent water accumulation in the root ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions cannot meet the requirements, the method of planting with a raised root ball can be used, that is, first pile up the planting site with loose media mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand to meet the above requirements as far as possible, then place the plant on the soil mound, and bury the root ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose media, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots, so as to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: immediately after planting, water once with the rooting water to ensure the root ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil and to promote root development; then water thoroughly three more times and promptly cover the root ball to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray more water on the ground and the crown to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; foliar moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiring leaf area; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. in clear weather conditions, spray water in mist form on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the root ball and roots at any time and replenish water in time to ensure the root ball remains moist and the roots can breathe freely. Fertilization: after planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, foliar fertilizer can be appropriately sprayed at low concentration to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant, and if new roots are found to have grown, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is higher than 2O℃, applying mainly organic fertilizer and appropriately adding compound fertilizer with high P and K content, so as to promote balanced nutrition for the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: spray pesticides to control pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed with pesticides before unloading, and ensure that within one month after planting, pesticides are applied three times consecutively at intervals of one week to ten days, after which a pest and disease control plan still needs to be reasonably formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. greening

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Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project overview

"Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28186 sq m. The greening plant configuration in the factory area is relatively reasonable, rich in color, with obvious seasonal changes, forming a plant community with distinct layers and natural ecology, basically displaying the natural landscape of the plants; the configuration of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties such as camphor, southern magnolia, zelkova, osmanthus and crape myrtle have been planted in the factory area, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor, and a gatehouse scenic spot composed of varieties such as ancient red maple, fruiting pomegranate, Malus micromalus, ginkgo and Canary Island date palm.

In view of the existing situation of the greening landscape in the factory area, we believe that the initial greening construction was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits, especially the replacement of planting soil in the greening land was not in place, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Greening maintenance plan schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold-protection equipment and facilities and the cold-protection wrapping materials on seedlings.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune and remove dead, damaged and pest- or disease-infested branches and leaves, and thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning pest- and disease-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue collecting manure and making compost, prepare culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

The weather gradually warms up, and many pests and diseases are about to occur; maintain and repair various insect-control and disease-prevention equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scale, and achieve timely control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in controlling pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs and mole crickets, and diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding, and fertilizing before flowering. Apply dilute fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess young buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Clear and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning of spring-flowering shrubs and pruning of hedges; according to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and prune and remove suckers at the roots of small seedlings as they appear.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning and finalizing seedlings, increase topdressing and frequently apply dilute fertilizer.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases cause extensive damage to trees and flowers; attention should be paid to pest forecasting and doing a good job in pest and disease prevention.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity; replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization of flowering shrubs, and pinching and pruning of some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control; this month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms and tortoise wax scale, and diseases such as leaf spot, anthracnose and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly; continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scale, armored scale, second-generation cottony cushion scale and mites occur in large numbers; attention should be paid to control, and at the same time continue to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot, etc.

3. During the dog days the temperature is high; when there is little rain, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so attention should be paid to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season; do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, check frequently, and promptly straighten wind-toppled trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue doing a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal seedling growth.

3. This month the seedlings grow vigorously; topdressing should be applied in time, and for small seedlings apply dilute fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue doing a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and promptly straighten wind-toppled trees found.

5. Continue doing a good job in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harmful to trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do a good job in pest elimination and disease control; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood borers, etc., and once found, control immediately.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of ball-shaped plants, hedges, etc.

3. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, check the conditions of pests and diseases that occur more frequently, such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease and sooty mold on flowering shrubs, and control them in time.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control, and eliminate various adults and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, get a clear picture of the stock, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection; whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter pruning of trees, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with eggs as well as competing branches and over-