How to propagate Murraya paniculata? Three propagation methods, with layering offering a high survival rate

Growing Techniques Jan 1, 1970 0 views

Murraya paniculata, an ornamental plant with a graceful form and a rich floral fragrance, is deeply loved by gardening enthusiasts. And because Murraya paniculata has many effects and uses, especially its medicinal value in treating various diseases, it has been widely propagated. So how do you propagate Murraya paniculata? According to what I know

1. How to propagate Murraya paniculata: cuttings / layering / sowing

In the cultivation methods for Murraya paniculata, we learned about its growth habits, as well as its requirements for soil, light, water and fertilizer, so when propagating Murraya paniculata, we must also meet these needs. As for how to propagate Murraya paniculata, after years of cultivation, there are now three common propagation methods: cuttings, layering and sowing, among which cutting propagation is the main one. For the specific operations, let's continue reading below.

(1) Cutting propagation of Murraya paniculata

① Cutting time

In the propagation of Murraya paniculata, the choice of time is very important. If you use cutting propagation for Murraya paniculata, it is best to do it in spring or autumn, and preferably in spring, so that it can bloom that same year.

② Selection of cuttings

In plant cutting propagation, besides choosing the right time, the most important thing is to select good cuttings. If they are chosen well, the whole propagation is basically successful. For Murraya paniculata cuttings, you should choose one- to two-year-old branches as cuttings. As for length, about 10-15 cm is fine, and it is best to leave 2-3 buds. Then soak the cut end of the cutting in 0.2% naphthaleneacetic acid for 3-5 seconds.

③ Soil selection

Before cutting Murraya paniculata, the soil (that is, the cutting medium) must be prepared in advance. According to the growth habits of Murraya paniculata, you can use fine sand and vermiculite.

④ Starting the cuttings

Insert the treated cuttings into the prepared medium to a depth of 3-5 cm. After inserting, water thoroughly once, then cover with plastic film and place in a spot with half shade and half sun. After that, you only need to keep the soil moist, and after about 2 months Murraya paniculata will take root.

(2) Layering propagation of Murraya paniculata, with a high survival rate

This propagation method for Murraya paniculata is best carried out during the growing season, specifically in May-June. On a well-grown, thick branch, make a wound below a node (removing the bark in a ring), then wrap it with plastic film. Generally after doing this, new roots will grow in about 50 days, and at that point it can be planted. This method is not only simple, but also has a high survival rate, making it suitable for gardening enthusiasts to use.

(3) Seed propagation of Murraya paniculata

If there are seeds, they can be sown for propagation, so sowing is also one of the propagation methods for Murraya paniculata. Specific operation: in December, after the Murraya paniculata seeds mature, sow them immediately after collection. However, since it is winter at this time and unsuitable for growth, you can store the collected seeds in sand.

In the spring of the following year, preferably March-April, take out the stored Murraya paniculata seeds and sow them evenly on the seedbed, then cover with a layer of soil 12 mm thick, and then spread a layer of straw on top. Then keep the soil moist, at a temperature of around 15°C, and they will sprout in about 20 to 30 days.

It is worth mentioning that, besides the above three methods, which are more commonly used and also have relatively high survival rates, Murraya paniculata has another propagation method, namely grafting. However, grafting propagation of Murraya paniculata is relatively complicated, and a slight operational mistake may prevent survival, so it is extremely rarely used, and therefore will not be introduced in detail here.

Murraya paniculata Murraya exotica L. Murraya paniculata gallery: how to grow Murraya paniculata / how to propagate Murraya paniculata

Murraya paniculata profile
Murraya paniculata Murraya exotica L.
Cultivation methods and precautions for Murraya paniculata, an introduction to Murraya paniculata
Murraya paniculata is also known as stone chili, nine-autumn fragrance, nine-tree fragrance, seven-mile fragrance, thousand-mile fragrance, ten-thousand-mile fragrance, mountain-crossing fragrance, golden osmanthus, mountain yellow skin, thousand eyes, and moon orange. Latin name: Murraya exotica L. It is an evergreen shrub of the Rutaceae family and the genus Murraya, sometimes able to grow into a small tree form, with a graceful plant shape, elegant branches and leaves, and a rich floral fragrance.
Murraya paniculata is the dried leaves and young leafy twigs of the Rutaceae plants Murraya paniculata and Murraya paniculata var. paniculata. It can be harvested throughout the year; remove old branches, and dry the young twigs in the shade. The young twigs are cylindrical, 1-5 mm in diameter, with a grayish-brown surface and longitudinal wrinkles, tough in texture, not easy to break, and with an uneven cross-section.
The chemical components contained in the roots, stems and leaves are similar to those of Murraya paniculata var. paniculata, and it is produced in the southern parts of the five provinces and regions of Taiwan, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi.
It is commonly found in shrub thickets on flat land, gentle slopes and small hills not far from the coast. It prefers sandy soil and sunny places. In the southern regions it is mostly used as hedge material, or as an ornamental accent for flower gardens and hotels, and also as bonsai material.
Murraya paniculata is an evergreen shrub, sometimes able to grow into a small tree form. Its plant shape is graceful, its branches and leaves are elegant, and its floral fragrance is rich. In addition, Murraya paniculata also has extremely high medicinal value. The essential oils in the flowers, leaves and fruits of Murraya paniculata can be used to make cosmetic fragrances, food fragrances, etc. Its branches and leaves are used as medicine and also have the effects of promoting qi and relieving pain, and activating blood and dispersing stasis.

Morphological characteristics of Murraya paniculata
Murraya paniculata is an evergreen shrub or small tree that can reach 8 m in height. The branches are white-gray or pale yellow-gray, but the current-year branches are green.
The leaves of Murraya paniculata have 3-5-7 leaflets; the leaflets are obovate or obovate-elliptic, often asymmetrical on both sides, 1-6 cm long and 0.5-3 cm wide, with a rounded or blunt apex, sometimes slightly concave, a shortly pointed base, one side slightly oblique, entire margins, and flat; the petiolules are very short. The inflorescence is usually terminal, or both terminal and axillary, with many flowers gathered into an umbel-like form, as a shortened paniculate cyme; the flowers are white and fragrant; the sepals are ovate, about 1.5 mm long; the petals are 5, long elliptic, 10-15 mm long, reflexed at full bloom; the stamens are 10, of unequal lengths, slightly shorter than the petals, with white filaments, and the anthers have 2 fine oil dots on the back; the style is slightly more slender than the ovary, with no obvious boundary between it and the ovary, both pale green, and the stigma is yellow and thick. The fruit is orange-yellow to vermilion, broadly ovate or elliptic, with a shortly pointed apex, slightly oblique, sometimes spherical, 8-12 mm long and 6-10 mm in transverse diameter; the fruit pulp has a sticky mucilaginous liquid, and the seeds have short cottony hairs. The flowering period is April-August, and it also blooms after autumn; the fruiting period is September-December.
The bark is ash-gray, with many branches, smooth and hairless. The odd-pinnate compound leaves are alternate; the leaflets number 3-9, ovate, obovate to nearly rhombic, 2-8 cm long and 1-3 cm wide, with a blunt or bluntly acuminate apex, sometimes slightly concave, a broadly cuneate or nearly rounded base, entire margins, dark green and glossy above, blue-green below, densely covered with glandular dots that turn brown-black after drying, with the midvein protruding, all hairless, papery or thickly papery.
The cyme has 3 to several flowers, terminal or axillary, with the floral axis nearly hairless; the flowers are large, up to 4 cm in diameter, extremely fragrant; the pedicels are slender; the sepals are 5, triangular, about 1-2 mm long, persistent; the petals are 5, white, oblanceolate or narrowly oblong, 2-2.5 cm long, with transparent glandular dots; the stamens are 8-10, alternating in length; the ovary is superior, 2-locular, with 2 ovules per locule, the style 4-6 mm long, and the stigma extremely enlarged, often wider than the ovary. The berry is rice-red, spherical or ovate, 12-20 mm long and 5-10 mm thick, with a sharp apex; it has 1-2 seeds, and the seed coat has cottony hairs.
Characters
The dried stem is slender and cylindrical, generally cut into sections 3-6 cm long, with a maximum diameter not exceeding 7 mm; the exterior is grayish-yellow, with fine longitudinal striations, and the cork layer peels off to reveal flesh-colored xylem; the center of the cross-section is lighter in color, and the texture is hard. The dried leaves are leathery, ovate or elliptic, about 2-7 cm long and about 1-3 cm wide, yellow-green, with a cuneate base, entire margins, and the main vein clearly protruding on the back. The petiole is extremely short. It is fragrant.
Small-leaved Murraya paniculata differs from Murraya paniculata in: odd-pinnate compound leaves with 3-7 leaflets; the leaflets are smaller, obovate, 2-4.5 cm long and 1-2 cm wide, with the midvein not protruding on either side, and thicker leathery texture; the inflorescence has more flowers, and the flowers are smaller, 2-3 cm in diameter, with both stamens and pistils relatively short and small; the anthers have 2 protruding small glands on the back. The ovary has only 1 ovule per locule. The fruit is smaller, 8-10 mm long.
Characteristics: Its fruit has mucus
The chemical components contained in the roots, stems and leaves are similar to those of Murraya paniculata var. paniculata, and the content of yuehchukene is about 1 time higher than that of Murraya paniculata var. paniculata. The content of transcaryophyllene is as high as 50%.

Ecological habits of Murraya paniculata
Murraya paniculata likes warmth, and the most suitable growth temperature is 20-32°C. It is not cold-tolerant.
Murraya paniculata is a sun-loving tree species, and it should be placed in a place with sufficient sunlight and good air circulation (at least five or six hours of direct light per day) to have lush leaves, abundant flowers and fragrance. When blooming, it can be moved to a windowsill, filling the room with fragrance. After the flowers fade, it still needs to be placed in a sunny spot. Growing in half shade makes it less robust than in a sunny place, and the fragrance of the flowers is also weaker. If it is too shady, the branches become thin and soft, the leaf color becomes light, and there are few or no flowers. When brought indoors in winter, it should also be placed in a sunny spot.
It is commonly found in shrub thickets on flat land, gentle slopes and small hills not far from the coast. It prefers sandy soil and sunny places.

Cultivation techniques for Murraya paniculata
Murraya paniculata does not have high soil requirements; choosing a sandy soil rich in humus, loose and fertile is sufficient. Watering should follow the principle of watering when dry and not watering when wet, and water should not accumulate in the pot, so as to avoid damaging the roots. Murraya paniculata likes slightly acidic soil, and it is best to apply "alum fertilizer water" twice a year at intervals. It is also necessary to promptly prevent and control diseases and pests such as powdery mildew, rust disease, red spider mites and scale insects to ensure healthy plant growth.
Site selection and land preparation
Choose flat and fertile land or sunny hilly slopes. Before planting, the land needs to be prepared, beds made and planting holes dug. It can also be planted as a hedge using the areas beside the house, in front of and behind the house, combined with landscaping.
Planting
In areas with irrigation conditions, planting can be done in spring; where there are no such conditions, planting should be done in the rainy season. As a spice plant, for convenience in collecting flowers, it is suitable to cultivate it intensively in areas with good soil, water and fertilizer conditions. When the main purpose is collecting flowers, it can be planted appropriately sparsely, with a plant-row spacing of 50 cm x 50 cm; when the purpose is collecting leaves and combined with hedge cultivation, it can be planted densely, with a plant-row spacing of 25 cm x 30 cm.
Maintenance and management
Murraya paniculata likes sufficient sunlight and also tolerates half shade. It likes warmth, and the most suitable growth temperature is 20-32°C. It is not cold-tolerant. In winter, when the minimum temperature drops to around 5°C, move it indoors for overwintering at a low temperature (5-10°C). Moving it in too early is not conducive to hardening its cold tolerance. If the room temperature is too low, it easily drops leaves and affects the next year's growth; below 0°C it may freeze to death. If the room temperature is too high, the plant cannot rest properly, and may even sprout indoors; when it is moved outside and hit by cold wind, the buds retract again, and when new buds appear again, the growth of that year is affected. If the winter room temperature is too high, it consumes the plant's nutrients, which is unfavorable for the next year's growth and flowering. During the growing period, avoid direct sunlight and keep it under light shade; only in this way can Murraya paniculata have abundant flowers and a strong fragrance.
Murraya paniculata is not strict about soil, and it is suitable to choose a sandy soil rich in humus, loose and fertile. For newly planted or repotted Murraya paniculata, water thoroughly, first place it in shade for about 10 days, and then place it in a sunny, well-ventilated spot for cultivation.
When planting, place a few pieces of animal hoof and horn slices at the bottom of the pot as base fertilizer. Besides applying base fertilizer at planting, when potting or repotting and changing soil, it is suitable to mix some bone meal or nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer into the growing soil. During the growing period, apply a decomposed organic liquid fertilizer once a month. Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer alone, otherwise the branches and leaves will grow excessively and no flower buds will form. From April to June, to promote flower bud differentiation, spray a 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaves once a month, and the leftover can be poured on the roots. Because Murraya paniculata is native to the south and likes slightly acidic soil, it is best to apply "alum fertilizer water" twice a year at intervals. However, do not fertilize during the winter dormant period. If cultivating young trees, the amount of fertilizer and water can be appropriately increased to promote faster growth and development, so as to reach the height and thickness required for shaping as early as possible.
Murraya paniculata is drought-tolerant, and watering should follow the principle of watering when dry and not watering when wet. Do not let water accumulate in the pot. During continuous rainy weather, lay the pot on its side or place it in a rain-sheltered place. If watered too much, it often causes root rot. If the leaves curl and lose their luster, this is a signal of root rot, and attention should be paid to taking remedial measures as soon as possible. First, control watering and observe the changes. If after 2-3 days there is not only no improvement but it becomes more serious, then take the plant out of the pot, wash the soil off the roots with water, let it dry, then soak it in a 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution for disinfection, and then place it in a 1:2000 naphthaleneacetic acid rooting solution for 8 hours before repotting.
During the growing period, watering should not be excessive; it is enough to keep the soil slightly moist regularly. In the high-temperature summer season, watering should not be excessive, but water must not accumulate in the pot (barrel). At this time, it is also necessary to frequently spray water on the branches and leaves, which can both cool and increase humidity, and also help make the branches and leaves glossy green. After moving indoors in winter, water less; just keep the pot soil moist.
In spring, pruning should be carried out once in conjunction with planting or repotting. Over-dense branches and rapidly growing branches should be shortened or thinned at any time. Major pruning should be carried out in late October or November. Do not prune heavily during the flowering period, so as not to affect the ornamental value.
Bonsai making
Processing
Murraya paniculata is suitable for shaping by pruning. Old tree stumps collected from the wild can be appropriately carved and processed to make the trunk and branches and leaves proportionate, but care should be taken not to leave traces of artificial cutting. For seedlings cultivated from a young age, the trunk can also be slightly bent and shaped, and then pruned. The pruning period is preferably April-May in spring. Generally, the "branch-storing and trunk-cutting method" is used, that is, when the main branches of the trunk have been grown to a suitable thickness, a section is cut off from each branch. If these cut branches are called "first-section branches," then the secondary branches growing on them afterward are called "second-section branches." When the "second-section branches" grow to a suitable thickness, another section is cut off to produce "third-section branches," and so on, for shaping and processing. Usually only 1-3 branchlets are kept on each section branch, with differences in length. After years of pruning in this way, the branches and trunk can achieve a natural, winding and vigorous effect. Of course, during pruning and processing, some flexible handling should also be done according to the needs of shaping, to achieve a well-balanced density and a painterly quality.
Precautions
1. Organic fertilizer and cake fertilizer must be fully decomposed before use, otherwise fermentation in the pot soil can easily burn the roots.
2. Liquid fertilizer should not be too concentrated; it must be diluted before use, otherwise fertilizer damage can easily occur.
3. Newly potted trees should not be fertilized before new roots have grown.
4. When the pot soil is dry, water after fertilizing. Fertilizing before rain is better, and fertilizing on rainy days is not suitable.
5. Liquid fertilizer water should not be sprinkled on the leaf surface.
6. During the growing season, topdressing should use quick-acting fertilizer; during the dormant period, slow-acting fertilizer is suitable; generally do not fertilize during the plum rain season and autumn.
Pruning
After shaping, Murraya paniculata continues to grow. If allowed to grow naturally without suppression, it will inevitably affect the tree shape and lose its artistic value. Therefore, it should be pruned in time, with long branches shortened and dense branches thinned, so as to maintain a graceful tree shape and appropriate proportions. In particular, Murraya paniculata has strong sprouting ability, so to maintain a certain tree shape, attention must be paid to frequent pruning.
1. Pinching: For tree bonsai, to suppress height growth and promote the development and flattening of side branches, the tender tips of the branch ends can be pinched off.
2. Bud removal: For tree bonsai, when many adventitious buds grow at the base of the trunk or on the trunk, the buds should be removed at any time to avoid the sprouting of forked branches that affect the beauty of the tree shape.
3. Branch pruning: Tree bonsai often produces many new branches. To maintain its beautiful shape, attention must be paid to frequent pruning, and the pruning method should be determined according to the tree shape. Dead branches, parallel branches, crossing branches, etc. that hinder beauty should all be cut off in time. Useful branches can be left until April-May in spring for another pruning in conjunction with shaping.
Repotting
Murraya paniculata can be repotted once every 2-3 years, with October-November in autumn being the best period, and late spring April-May also being fine. Winter is generally not suitable for repotting. For repotting, the original pot can be used or a pot one size larger can be used, depending on the size of the tree. When repotting, root pruning and soil replacement can be combined. Roots that are too dense or too long should be pruned. When removing from the pot, peel off 50-70% of the old pot soil around the root ball, cut off rotten roots and some old roots, and then handle it according to the potting process.
If more original soil is retained, repotting can be done at any time without seasonal restrictions. If most or all of the old soil needs to be replaced, the appropriate repotting period must be strictly selected.
Harvesting and storage
During the vigorous growth period, leaves are collected in conjunction with pinching and shaping pruning. For established plants, harvest branches and leaves 1-2 times a year and dry them in the sun.

Cultivation methods for Murraya paniculata
Murraya paniculata is not suitable to be placed indoors; it is suitable to be placed in half shade, and in summer care must be taken to prevent exposure to the sun; in winter it needs to be put in a greenhouse, and the temperature must not be lower than 5°C. It likes a warm and humid climate, is drought-tolerant, and is not cold-tolerant. The most suitable annual average temperature is 15-18°C, the highest monthly average temperature is 27-29°C, the lowest monthly average temperature is 1-2°C, and it can withstand an extreme minimum temperature of -7°C. An annual rainfall of 1000-1600 mm is suitable. It is suitable to cultivate it in a sunny place with deep, loose and fertile slightly alkaline soil.
Watering
The place where Murraya paniculata is placed should be sprayed with water frequently to maintain air humidity. Watering: Murraya paniculata likes moisture, but when grown in a pot, because the pot
soil is limited, it dries out very easily. If not watered in time, it will die from lack of water. Tree bonsai certainly needs constant watering, but not too much; excessive water will cause excessive growth, and long-term overly wet pot soil leads to poor root respiration and easily causes root rot and death.
Therefore, watering should follow the principle of "do not water until dry, and water thoroughly when watering." Generally, in the high-temperature summer period, water once in the morning and once in the evening; in spring and autumn, water once a day or every other day; in winter, water once every few days; during the plum rain season or on rainy days, watering can be omitted.
Watering can be combined with fertilizing, and after applying topdressing, water in time. Tap water should be stored in a water vat for a day before use, and the watering tool is best a watering can with a rose head. Fertilizing: The nutrients in the pot soil are limited. In order to supply the necessary nutrients for the growth of bonsai trees, attention should be paid to supplementing appropriate fertilizer. However, tree bonsai grows slowly, and too much fertilizer should not be applied, which would cause excessive growth and affect its beauty.
Fertilizing
Murraya paniculata should be fertilized in an appropriate amount, and the type of fertilizer and nutrient content should be controlled. The nutrients needed for plant growth mainly include fertilizer that can promote branch and leaf growth, promote flower and fruit growth, and promote stem and root growth, so the choice of fertilizer can be determined according to the growth condition of the Murraya paniculata bonsai and the needs of different growth stages.
After shaping, Murraya paniculata continues to grow. For tree bonsai, to suppress height growth and promote the development and flattening of side branches, the tender tips of the branch ends can be pinched off.
Field management
The cultivation site should be chosen as a sunny area that does not accumulate water. Fertilization should pay attention to the combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and not only nitrogen fertilizer; before flowering and bud formation, apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, which is conducive to more flowering and a stronger fragrance. If there is too much nitrogen fertilizer and a lack of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, then branches and leaves will grow excessively without flower buds. Before bud formation, water slightly less to let it form buds. During the flowering period and after buds have formed, water and fertilize normally. For potted Murraya paniculata, put some slow-acting fertilizer containing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer. For old stumps of Murraya paniculata cultivated to make stump bonsai, after they have survived potting, generally watering should not be excessive, and fertilization should be omitted or reduced. Because too much water and fertilizer easily sprouts useless tender branch tips, affecting beauty.

Propagation methods of Murraya paniculata
1．Seed propagation
Pick plump, mature, vermilion fresh fruits of Murraya paniculata, rub them in clean water, remove the peel as well as impurities and shriveled seeds floating on the water surface, and dry them in the shade for later use. Sowing can be done in both spring and autumn. Generally, spring sowing is mostly used; spring sowing is in March-April, and May is also acceptable. When the temperature is 16-22°C, they sprout 25-35 days after sowing; autumn sowing is preferably in September to early October. Before sowing, choose a plot with good water and fertilizer conditions as the nursery, deep plow, break up the soil, rake level and make beds, with a bed width of 1-1.2 m. Drilling or broadcasting are both acceptable. For drilling, use a row spacing of 30 cm. For broadcasting, mix the seeds evenly with fine sand and spread them evenly on the seedbed. After sowing, cover with soil 1.2 cm thick, cover with grass on top, and irrigate. After seedlings emerge, remove the covering grass in time. When 2-3 true leaves appear, thin the seedlings, keeping a plant spacing of 10-15 cm. Combined with weeding, apply human and livestock manure as topdressing. When the seedlings are 15-20 cm tall, plant them out.
2．Cutting propagation
Cutting of Murraya paniculata is suitable in spring or during the rainy season in July-August. Cut fully developed, moderately mature one-year-old or older branches with gray-green epidermis as cuttings; current-year tender branches are not suitable. The cuttings are 10-15 cm long and have 4-5 nodes; the cut should be flat, and they are inserted obliquely into the seedbed. A layer of clean river sand can be spread in the seedbed, with a row-plant spacing of 12 cm x 9 cm. After inserting, water and keep the soil in the bed moist. Spring-sown seedlings can be planted out in the same year, while autumn-sown ones are planted out the following year.
3．Layering propagation
It is generally carried out in the rainy season. Part of a semi-aged branch is ring-barked or cut and buried in the soil. After it takes root and sprouts, it can be cut off in late autumn or the following spring and then planted out.

Disease control of Murraya paniculata: powdery mildew
It occurs on the leaves and can be controlled by spraying agents such as azoxystrobin, triadimefon and thiophanate-methyl. Rust disease is a common trunk and branch disease that causes the core of the trunk and branches to rot, and can be controlled by spraying triadimefon. Red spider mites occur when the temperature is relatively high. They suck the sap of branches and leaves. After the leaves are damaged, gray spots appear, and in severe cases they turn yellow and fall off. They can be controlled by spraying propargite, hexythiazox and pyridaben. Scale insects suck the sap of trees and can also cause sooty mold, making the trees grow poorly, with branches and leaves turning yellow, and early leaf drop. Besides manual brushing to eliminate them, they can be killed by spraying dimethoate, trichlorfon and dichlorvos. Longhorn beetles cause relatively great harm to the plants; adults can be removed manually, or lime-sulfur mixture can be applied for control.
Red spider mite
It harms leaves, attaching to Murraya paniculata leaves and piercing and sucking sap, causing poor nutrition in the plant, resulting in leaf chlorosis and yellowing, and leading to a large amount of leaf drop.
Control method: It easily occurs during high temperature and drought. Pay attention to checking the leaves. When tiny red insects the size of a needle tip are found crawling on the leaf surface or underside, spray continuously 2-3 times with a 1000-times chlorpyrifos aqueous solution, or 1500-times fenbutatin oxide aqueous solution, or 2000-times fenpropathrin aqueous solution for control, spraying once every 10-15 days. For household potted Murraya paniculata, you can spray with a 25-30 times red chili aqueous solution, or a 25-30 times dried tobacco leaf infusion, or spray the leaves with clean water and then sprinkle a layer of sulfur powder.
Branch-tip longhorn beetle
It harms branches, trunks and branch tips, boring in from the epidermal layer to cause damage, forming insect tunnels, weakening the tree vigor, and in severe cases causing branches, trunks and branch tips to break, or even die.
Control method: During the growing season of Murraya paniculata, pay attention to frequently checking the branches, trunks and branch tips. When insect frass is found discharged, locate the insect hole, then use cotton dipped in undiluted dichlorvos to plug the opening of the insect hole, so that the branch-tip longhorn beetle is suffocated to death inside the tunnel. During the egg-laying and hatching season of the branch-tip longhorn beetle, generally in autumn, spray chlorpyrifos aqueous solution, or 1000-times chlorpyrifos aqueous solution, on the branches, trunks and branch tips once every 7-10 days, continuously spraying 2-3 times, which can kill the eggs and newly hatched larvae.
Scarab beetles, swallowtail butterflies
They harm leaves, mainly gnawing on tender leaves, reducing the leaves, weakening tree vigor, and affecting normal growth.
Control method: During the growth period of tender leaves, spray once with an 800-times trichlorfon aqueous solution, or a 1000-times Yibianjing aqueous solution for control. For household potted Murraya paniculata, manual capture can be used for control, and the captured pests can be killed by scalding with hot water.
Leaf roller moths, aphids
They harm tender leaves, causing Murraya paniculata leaves to curl and then die, or causing growth points to shrink and stop growing, affecting normal leaf growth.
Control method: During the growth period of tender leaves, spray once with a 1500-times yashijing aqueous solution, or a 1500-times Dagongchen aqueous solution, or a 1500-times Anlubao aqueous solution for control, killing the larvae.
Precautions
Strengthen fertilizer and water management, cultivate robust plants, and improve disease resistance. Loosen the soil in time, pay attention to matching water and fertilizer supply at each growth stage, and spray Xinguo lipid film to preserve soil moisture, preserve fertilizer efficiency, prevent water dissipation, and ensure that the plant body has a good growth environment and conditions.
Prevent in time, and combine prevention with control. In conjunction with production seasons and weather changes, apply pesticides in time, and add Xinguo lipid film to enhance pesticide efficacy, prevent pest and disease invasion and effectively kill pests and diseases. For plant branches and tips that have already been infected, prune and clean them in time, and apply a callus antiseptic film to the cut sites to prevent pathogen infection and invasion. Before overwintering, the soil should be treated to kill pests and diseases, and Xinguo lipid film should be sprayed to prevent cold and preserve warmth and prevent pest and disease migration.
To thicken branches and leaves, spray Zhuangjingling to promote thick plant stems, thick leaves, fresh leaf color and lush plants, which can improve disaster resistance, reduce the amount of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, and lower residual toxicity.

Distribution areas of Murraya paniculata
Murraya paniculata is produced in: Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Hainan, Taiwan, China and other places, as well as some other tropical and subtropical regions of Asia.
It is produced in the southern parts of the five provinces and regions of Taiwan, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi.

Medicinal dietary or medicinal value of Murraya paniculata
The medical information and health dietary information on Hugarden are for reference only and cannot be used as a basis for diagnosis or medical treatment. For any health problem, consult professional medical personnel, and for the treatment of any disease, please follow medical advice.
Ultimate flower-protecting task: Love yourself, and start from reality, strictly following medical advice. Toward illness, do not be careless, do not delay, do not give up hope; face it bravely, warm the silent world with love, and care for the flower field in your heart with your heart.
Medicinal value
The decoction of stems and leaves has a local anesthetic effect. At a concentration of 12.5% it is used for infiltration anesthesia, with fairly good results, though it is rather irritating locally. It has no significant effect on the blood pressure or respiration of anesthetized dogs.
A nitrogen-free crystalline component (decomposition point 91-92°C) was isolated from the petroleum ether extract of this product; it has a marked relaxing effect on isolated rat intestine and can counteract smooth muscle spasm caused by histamine and barium chloride, but has no antagonistic effect on smooth muscle spasm caused by acetylcholine.
A glycoprotein isolated from Murraya paniculata, when injected intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg or into the amniotic cavity at 3 mg/embryo in pregnant rabbits at 12-16 days of gestation, can terminate pregnancy in the rabbits.
Examination
Moisture: not more than 15.0% (Appendix IX H, second method).
Total ash: not more than 12.0% (Appendix IX K).
Macroscopic identification
Murraya paniculata: The young branches are cylindrical, 1-5 mm in diameter. The surface is grayish-brown, with longitudinal wrinkles. The texture is tough and hard to break, and the fracture surface is uneven. The pinnately compound leaves have 3-9 leaflets, most of which have already fallen off; the leaflets are obovate or nearly rhombic, widest above the middle, about 3 cm long and about 1.5 cm wide; the apex is blunt, abruptly acute or concave, the base is slightly oblique, and the margin is entire; yellow-green, thinly leathery, with transparent glandular dots on the upper surface, the petiolules short or nearly absent, sometimes pubescent below. Odor aromatic; taste bitter and pungent, with a numbing sensation on the tongue.
Processing method for the decoction pieces
Remove impurities and cut into pieces. Store in a dry place.
Nature and flavor: pungent; slightly bitter; warm in nature; mildly toxic.
① Sheng Cao Yao Xing Bei Yao: pungent in flavor, warm in nature.
② Fujian Chinese Herbal Medicine: pungent, bitter, warm.
Meridian entry
Enters the heart, liver and lung meridians.
① Guangxi Chinese Materia Medica: enters the heart, liver and lung meridians.
Functions and indications
Promotes the movement of qi and invigorates the blood; dissipates blood stasis and relieves pain; resolves toxin and reduces swelling. Mainly for stomach duct pain; traumatic swelling and pain; sores and abscesses; snake and insect bites.
Indications: traumatic swelling and pain, rheumatic bone pain, stomach pain, toothache, tetanus, epidemic encephalitis B, insect and snake bites, local anesthesia. Used for stomach pain and rheumatic arthralgia; externally for toothache, traumatic swelling and pain, and insect and snake bites.
① Sheng Cao Yao Xing Bei Yao: relieves pain, reduces swelling and toxin, opens the orifices, can stop sore itching, remove skin wind, and kill scabies mites.
② Lingnan Cai Yao Lu: for suffering from baizi tan da, take a pinch of leaves, pound them, cook them into porridge, and take it mixed with sugar.
③ Guangxi Chinese Materia Medica: promotes the movement of qi and relieves pain, invigorates the blood and dissipates stasis. Treats traumatic swelling and pain, rheumatism, and qi pain.
Associated formulas
① For eczema: fresh branches and leaves of Murraya paniculata, decocted in water, used to wash the affected area. (Fujian Chinese Herbal Medicine)
② For suffering from baizi tan da, take a pinch of leaves, pound them, cook them into porridge, and take it mixed with sugar. Lingnan Cai Yao Lu
③ To treat abdominal abscess, pound the herb Murraya paniculata, steep it in wine and take it; this is suspected to be the same product. Bencao Gangmu, quoting Fu Zi's Yixue Jicheng
Discussions by various authors
Sheng Cao Yao Xing Bei Yao: relieves pain, reduces swelling and toxin, opens the orifices, can stop sore itching, remove skin wind, and kill scabies.
Lingnan Cai Yao Lu: for suffering from baizi tan da, take a pinch of leaves, pound them, cook them into porridge, and take it mixed with sugar.
Guangxi Chinese Materia Medica: promotes the movement of qi and relieves pain, invigorates the blood and dissipates stasis. Treats traumatic swelling and pain, rheumatism, and qi pain.
Bencao Gangmu, quoting Fu Zi's Yixue Jicheng, for treating abdominal abscess, pound the herb Murraya paniculata, steep it in wine and take it; this is suspected to be the same product.
Usage and dosage
6-12 grams.
Clinical application
For local anesthesia and surface anesthesia, Murraya paniculata injection was used for local anesthesia in 100 cases of major and minor surgery. Preliminary observations showed stable results, no adverse reactions, stable blood pressure, pulse and respiration during and after surgery, no liver, kidney or other damage or other complications, and no bleeding, edema or necrosis; the analgesic time was long. In 49 cases of subtotal gastrectomy, apart from 2 cases, there was no obvious pain. The disadvantages are that local irritation is relatively strong, the abdominal muscles are rather tense during abdominal surgery, and deep surgery is still relatively difficult. Dosage: for one subtotal gastrectomy, 150-200 ml of 12.5% injection (incisional infiltration), 6.25% injection 150-200 ml (visceral block); for minor surgery, several tens of ml as the case may be. About 10-20 minutes after injection, the anesthetic effect appears, and the longest operative time was 3 hours. For minor surgery, no preoperative medication is used; for subtotal gastrectomy, sodium phenobarbital 0.1 g or dolantin 50-100 mg is generally given intramuscularly before surgery; for more nervous patients, half or a full dose of Wintermin No. 1 is added during surgery. A surface anesthetic made from Murraya paniculata was applied to the mucous membrane surface of the pharynx for 108 cases of tonsillectomy by squeezing and cutting, with good results. Several minutes after application, the anesthetic effect appeared and pain sensation diminished. The anesthesia can last about 10 minutes.
The flowers, leaves and fruits of Murraya paniculata all contain essential oil, with an oil yield of 0.25%. The essential oil can be used in cosmetic fragrances and food flavorings; the leaves can be used as a flavoring spice; the branches and leaves are used as medicine, with the effects of promoting the movement of qi and relieving pain and invigorating the blood and dissipating stasis; they can treat stomach pain and rheumatic arthralgia, and when used externally can treat toothache, traumatic swelling and pain, and insect and snake bites. In addition, in medicine it is also used as a tonic and stomachic.
Processing method
This product is washed clean, dried in the shade, and cut into sections for later use; it can also be pounded and steeped in wine to take.

The effects and uses of Murraya paniculata
Ornamental value: Murraya paniculata has an elegant tree posture, vigorous branches and trunk, stays evergreen through the four seasons, blooms white and fragrant, and has bright red fruits; it is an excellent bonsai material. It is suitable for viewing all year round, and the effect is best in early summer when new leaves unfold. In the southern regions it is mostly used as hedge material, or as an ornament for flower beds and hotels, and also as bonsai material. Murraya paniculata is produced in Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan, China, as well as some other tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. It likes a warm climate and is not cold-tolerant; in northern regions it is all grown in pots, and the wintering room temperature must not be lower than 5°C. It also likes a humid environment and is relatively shade-tolerant. In many shady places where flowers and trees are difficult to grow, it nevertheless grows lush and green with abundant dense flowers, and is very suitable for cultivation on rather shaded balconies and in courtyards. It is slightly drought-tolerant, avoids waterlogging, and has no strict requirements for soil, but for pot cultivation a loose, fertile neutral culture soil containing plenty of humus and with strong permeability is still best. In South China, Murraya paniculata can be planted in the ground or in pots, and is also a good material for making bonsai; in the Yangtze River basin and to its north, it can only be grown in pots and moved indoors to overwinter. It is not very particular about soil, and grows best when planted in deep, fertile, loose neutral sandy loam. For pot cultivation, choose a pot that is somewhat deeper and larger and has better air permeability; if a plastic cylindrical pot is used, it is advisable to line the bottom with a layer of crushed hard plastic foam blocks to enhance air and water permeability. Around Qingming each year, repot and change the soil once, cut off dead branches and diseased or pest-infested branches, shorten and prune leggy and overly long branches, and thin out overly dense branches. Summary of effects: Murraya paniculata is an evergreen shrub, sometimes able to grow into a small tree form; its plant posture is graceful, its branches and leaves are elegant, and its flowers are strongly fragrant. In addition, Murraya paniculata also has extremely high medicinal value; the essential oil in its flowers, leaves and fruits can be used to make cosmetic fragrances, food flavorings, etc., and its branches and leaves used as medicine also have the effects of promoting the movement of qi and relieving pain and invigorating the blood and dissipating stasis.
Variety classification and variety verification of Murraya paniculata
Murraya paniculata is recorded in Lingnan Cai Yao Lu, and in Sheng Cao Yao Xing Bei Yao it is named Qianlixiang and Manshanxiang. Southern regional Chinese herbal medicine manuals record it extensively. The 1977 edition, part one, of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China also includes it. (Only the true species is included, not the varieties.)

The cultural background of Murraya paniculata: poetry - Murraya paniculata
Small white flowers like snow hidden among green leaves
Without wind, it naturally has an ancient fragrance
It differs from orchid grass growing in deep valleys
Why envy plum blossoms that defy snow and frost
By the wall in a quiet courtyard, content with loneliness
Each green strip is even more fragrant
Dotted here and there, adorning the autumn colors
Cluster after cluster, the meaning is profound
References
Sheng Cao Yao Xing Bei Yao: written by He Jian of the Qing dynasty. Published in 1711
Fujian Chinese Herbal Medicine: compiled by the Fujian Provincial Institute of Chinese Medicine
Guangxi Chinese Materia Medica: edited by the Health Department of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Lingnan Cai Yao Lu: authored by Xiao Budan
Although Murraya paniculata is not as delicate and precious as night-blooming jasmine, nor as magical as the night lily, it is indeed one of the most widespread flowering trees in the south. The Qing dynasty Lingnan poet Qu Dajun wrote in a poem that every household has the custom of growing Murraya paniculata. In my hometown, the villagers often regard Murraya paniculata as a guardian spirit; it is said to have the power to ward off evil and remove toxins, so almost every household grows it. There is no other floral fragrance in the world that can conquer my sense of smell more than that of Murraya paniculata. Because I grew up beside its hedge from a very young age, its fragrance had long since seeped into the very marrow of my life. As the saying goes, fragrant flowers are not colorful, and colorful flowers are not fragrant; moreover, plain flowers like to gather in groups, while gorgeous flowers like to remain quietly alone. This saying fits Murraya paniculata very well. The flowers of Murraya paniculata are small and not dazzling, scattered among the green leaves, yet they give off an alluring fragrance. When in bloom, Murraya paniculata is like a group of young girls in green skirts and plain clothes, shy and incomparably graceful. I remember when I was in my early teens, the first time I spoke with a girl on campus was beside that Murraya paniculata hedge. In my hesitant words, I was afraid that all my thoughts would be spread about by the flowers and the wind.
The flower language of Murraya paniculata
The flower language of Murraya paniculata: in a silent era, a soundless love in black and white
Murraya paniculata, also called Qilixiang, as the name suggests, what is most outstanding about Murraya paniculata is naturally its fragrance. Although Murraya paniculata is very ordinary, its fragrance carries the mission of spreading its fame. It is precisely because its fragrance is rich and far-reaching that it is famous far and wide. The fragrance of nine li is very strong; whenever Murraya paniculata blooms, its fragrance can drift several li away.
Murraya paniculata represents love, related to that lingering rich fragrance and to that distant fragrance in memory. From its flowering, I have felt a love affair that haunts my dreams. Jay Chou's Qilixiang is a kind of stubborn first love, carrying the innocence and abruptness of youth. He sings: the plump ears of rice have made this season happy; and your cheeks are like ripe tomatoes in the field. You suddenly say to me that the name Qilixiang is very beautiful; and at this moment I only want to kiss your stubborn mouth.
Pictures of Murraya paniculata

Bonsai and viewing stones: Murraya paniculata

Murraya paniculata (Rutaceae, Murraya, evergreen shrub)? [jiǔ lǐ xiāng]
Murraya paniculata (scientific name: Murraya exotica), also known as: stone pepper, nine-autumn fragrance, nine-tree fragrance, Qilixiang, Qianlixiang, Wanlixiang, Guoshanxiang, golden osmanthus, mountain yellow skin, thousand eyes, and moon orange. Latin name: Murraya exotica L. An evergreen shrub of the Rutaceae family and Murraya genus, sometimes able to grow into a small tree form, with a graceful plant posture, elegant branches and leaves, and a rich floral fragrance. The chemical components contained in the roots, stems and leaves are similar to those of Qianlixiang. It is produced in southern parts of the five provinces and regions of Taiwan, China, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi. It is commonly found in shrub thickets on flat land, gentle slopes and small hills not far from the coast. It likes to grow in sandy soil and sunny places. In the southern regions it is mostly used as hedge material, or as an ornament for flower beds and hotels, and also as bonsai material.

Morphological characteristics

Small tree, up to 8 m tall. Branches white-gray or pale yellow-gray, but the current year's branches green. Leaves have 3-5-7 leaflets; leaflets obovate or obovate-elliptic, often asymmetrical on the two sides, 1-6 cm long and 0.5-3 cm wide, apex rounded or blunt, sometimes slightly concave, base shortly acute, one side slightly oblique, margin entire, flat; petiolules very short.
Inflorescences usually terminal, or both terminal and axillary, with many flowers gathered into umbel-like clusters, forming a shortened paniculate cyme; flowers white, fragrant; sepals ovate, about 1.5 mm long; petals 5, long elliptic, 10-15 mm long, reflexed at full bloom; stamens 10, of unequal lengths, slightly shorter than the petals, filaments white, anthers with 2 fine oil dots on the back; style slightly more slender than the ovary, with no obvious boundary between it and the ovary, both pale green, stigma yellow, thick and large.
Fruit orange-yellow to vermilion, broadly ovate or elliptic, apex shortly acute, slightly oblique, sometimes globose, 8-12 mm long and 6-10 mm in transverse diameter; the flesh contains a sticky gelatinous liquid, and the seeds have short cottony hairs. Flowering period April-August, sometimes also flowering after autumn; fruiting period September-December.

Growing environment
Murraya paniculata likes warmth, and the most suitable growing temperature is 20-32°C; it is not cold-tolerant. It is a sun-loving tree species, and should be placed in a place with ample sunlight and good air circulation for lush leaves, abundant flowers and fragrance. When in bloom it can be moved to a windowsill, filling the room with fragrance; after the flowers fade it still needs to be placed in a place with ample sunlight. Growth in semi-shade is not as robust as in a sunny place, and the fragrance of the flowers is also weaker; if too shaded, the branches become thin and soft, the leaf color pale, and there are few or no flowers. It is commonly found in shrub thickets on flat land, gentle slopes and small hills not far from the coast. It likes to grow in sandy soil and sunny places.
In winter, when the minimum temperature drops to about 5°C, move it indoors to overwinter at a low temperature (5-10°C); doing so too early is not conducive to hardening its cold tolerance. If the room temperature is too low, it easily drops leaves and this affects the next year's growth; below 0°C it may freeze to death. If the room temperature is too high, the plant cannot go into proper dormancy and may even sprout indoors; when it is moved outside and met by cold wind, the buds shrink back again, and when new buds emerge again this affects that year's growth. If the winter room temperature is too high, it consumes the plant's nutrients, which is unfavorable for the next year's growth and flowering. During the growing period, avoid direct sunlight and keep it under filtered shade; only in this way can Murraya paniculata have abundant flowers and a strong fragrance.
Murraya paniculata has no strict requirements for soil; a sandy soil rich in humus, loose and fertile is preferable. Newly planted or repotted Murraya paniculata should be watered thoroughly, first placed in a shaded place for about 10 days, and then placed in a place with ample sunlight and good ventilation for cultivation.

Distribution range
Murraya paniculata is produced in: Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Hainan, Taiwan, China and other places, as well as some other tropical and subtropical regions of Asia.

Propagation methods

1. Seed propagation: pick plump, ripe, fresh vermilion fruits, rub them in clean water, remove the fruit skin as well as impurities and shriveled seeds floating on the water surface, and dry them in the air for later use. Sowing can be done in spring or autumn. Spring sowing is generally more common; spring sowing is in March-April, and May is also acceptable. At a temperature of 16-22°C, germination occurs 25-35 days after sowing; autumn sowing is best in September to early October. Before sowing, choose a plot with good water and fertilizer conditions as the nursery, deep-plow it, break up the soil, rake it level and make beds 1-1.2 m wide. Either drilling or broadcast sowing may be used. For drilling, use a row spacing of 30 cm; for broadcast sowing, mix the seeds evenly with fine sand and scatter them evenly on the seedbed, then cover with 1.2 cm of soil, cover with grass on top, and irrigate. After seedlings emerge, remove the covering grass promptly; when 2-3 true leaves appear, thin the seedlings, keeping a plant spacing of 10-15 cm. Combined with weeding, apply additional human and livestock manure; when the seedlings are 15-20 cm tall, transplant them.
2. Layering propagation: during the growing period in May-June, use ring barking, wrap with white plastic film; roots form in about 50 days, and then it can be removed from the tree for temporary planting. Layering roots easily, has well-developed fibrous roots, and gives very good results.
3. Grafting propagation: use Murraya paniculata seedlings as rootstock; during the growing period, side grafting, cut grafting or small bud grafting may all be used. When grafting, note the following: because the cortex of Murraya paniculata is especially thick, the cortex must be peeled away to expose the yellow-white cambium, otherwise it is not easy for the graft to survive.

Cultivation techniques
Site selection and land preparation
Choose flat, fertile land or sunny hilly slopes; before planting, the land needs to be prepared, beds made and planting holes dug. Land beside houses, in front of and behind buildings, may also be used, combined with landscaping to plant it as a green hedge.
Planting
In areas with irrigation conditions, planting can be done in spring; where conditions are lacking, planting should be done in the rainy season. As a spice plant, for convenience in harvesting flowers, it is best to cultivate it in concentrated stands in areas with good soil, water and fertilizer conditions. When the main purpose is harvesting flowers, it may be planted somewhat sparsely, with a plant and row spacing of 50 cm x 50 cm; when the purpose is harvesting leaves combined with hedge cultivation, it may be planted densely, with a plant and row spacing of 25 cm x 30 cm.

Maintenance and management
When planting, place a few pieces of animal hoof and horn slices at the bottom of the pot as base fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, when potting or repotting and changing soil, it is advisable to mix some bone meal or nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer into the culture soil. During the growing period, apply a decomposed organic liquid fertilizer once a month. Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer alone, otherwise the branches and leaves will grow leggy without forming flower buds. From April to June, to promote flower bud differentiation, spray a 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaves once a month; what remains after spraying can be poured at the roots. Because Murraya paniculata is native to the south and likes slightly acidic soil, it is best to apply "alum fertilizer water" twice a year at intervals. However, do not fertilize during the winter dormant period. If cultivating young trees, fertilizer and water may be appropriately increased to promote faster growth and development, so as to reach the height and thickness required for shaping as early as possible.
Murraya paniculata is drought-tolerant; watering should follow the principle of watering when dry and stopping when wet, and water must not accumulate in the pot. During continuous rainy weather, the pot should be laid on its side or placed in a place sheltered from rain. If watered too much, it often causes root rot; if the leaves curl and lose their luster, this is a signal of root rot, and attention should be paid to it and remedial measures taken as early as possible. First, control watering and observe the changes. If after 2-3 days there is still no improvement and it has instead become more serious, then take the plant out of the pot, wash away the soil from the roots with water, let it dry, then soak it in a 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution for disinfection, and then place it in a 1:2000 naphthaleneacetic acid rooting agent solution and soak for 8 hours before repotting. During the growing period, watering should not be excessive; it is enough to keep the soil slightly moist regularly. In the high-temperature summer season, watering should not be excessive, but water must not accumulate in the pot (barrel); at this time it is also necessary to frequently spray water on the branches and leaves, which both lowers the temperature and increases humidity and also helps make the branches and leaves glossy green. After moving indoors in winter, water less; just keep the potting soil moist.
In spring, pruning should be carried out once in combination with planting or repotting. Overly dense branches and steeply growing branches should be shortened or thinned at any time. Major pruning should be carried out in late October or November. Do not prune heavily during the flowering period, so as not to affect the ornamental effect.

Maintenance characteristics

Murraya paniculata should not be placed indoors; it is best placed in semi-shade, and in summer attention must be paid to preventing exposure to the sun; in winter it must be moved into a greenhouse, and the temperature must not be lower than 5°C. The place where it is kept should be sprayed with water frequently to maintain air humidity. Watering: Murraya paniculata likes moisture, but because the soil in a pot is limited, it dries out very easily; if not watered in time, it will die from lack of water. Tree bonsai certainly need constant watering, but not too much; excessive water causes leggy growth, and long-term overly wet potting soil impairs root respiration and easily causes root rot and death. Therefore, watering should follow the principle of "do not water if not dry; water thoroughly when watering." Generally, in the high-temperature summer period, water once in the morning and once in the evening; in spring and autumn, water once a day or every other day; in winter, water once every few days; during the plum rain season or on rainy days, watering may be omitted. Watering can be combined with fertilizing; after applying additional fertilizer, water promptly. Tap water should be stored in a water vat for a day before use, and the watering tool is best a sprinkling can with a lotus-head nozzle. Fertilizing: the nutrients in the potting soil are limited; in order to supply the necessary nutrients for the growth of bonsai trees, attention should be paid to supplementing appropriate fertilizer. But tree bonsai grow slowly, and too much fertilizer should not be applied, lest it cause leggy growth and affect their beauty. Fertilization should be moderate, and the type of fertilizer and nutrient content should be controlled. The nutrients needed for plant growth mainly include fertilizers that can promote the growth of branches and leaves, promote the growth of flowers and fruits, and promote the growth of stems and roots; therefore, the choice of fertilizer can be determined according to the growth condition of the Murraya paniculata bonsai and the needs of different growth stages. After shaping, Murraya paniculata still keeps growing; to inhibit its height growth and promote the development and flattening of side branches in tree bonsai, the tender tips of the branch ends may be pinched off.

Bonsai making
Processing: Murraya paniculata is suitable for shaping by pruning. Old tree stumps collected from the wild may be appropriately carved and processed to make the trunk and branches and leaves proportionate, but care should be taken not to leave traces of artificial cutting. For seedlings cultivated from a young age, the trunk may also be slightly bent and shaped, and then pruned. The pruning period is best in spring, April-May. Generally, the "branch-storing and trunk-cutting method" is used, that is, when the main branches of the trunk have been cultivated to a suitable thickness, a section is cut from each branch and trunk; if these cut branches and trunks are called "first-section branches," then the secondary branches growing on them thereafter are called "second-section branches." When the "second-section branches" grow to a suitable thickness, another section is cut off to produce "third-section branches," and so on for shaping and processing. Usually only 1-3 branchlets are kept on each section branch, with differences in length. After many years of pruning in this way, the branches and trunk can achieve a naturally twisting and vigorous effect. Of course, during pruning and processing, some flexible handling should also be done according to the needs of shaping, to achieve a well-balanced density and a rich pictorial quality.

Precautions
1. Organic fertilizer and cake fertilizer must be fully decomposed before use, otherwise fermentation in the potting soil easily burns the roots.
2. Liquid fertilizer should not be too concentrated; it must be diluted before use, otherwise fertilizer damage easily occurs.
3. Newly potted trees should not be fertilized before new roots have grown.
4. When the potting soil is dry, water after fertilizing; fertilizing before rain is better, and fertilizing on rainy days is not suitable.
5. Liquid fertilizer water should not be sprinkled on the leaf surface.
6. During the growing season, additional fertilizer should be quick-acting fertilizer; during the dormant period, slow-acting fertilizer should be applied; during the plum rain season and in autumn, fertilizer is generally not applied.

Pruning

After shaping, Murraya paniculata is still constantly growing. If allowed to grow naturally without suppression, it will inevitably affect the tree's posture and shape and lose its artistic value, so it should be pruned in time: long branches shortened, dense branches thinned, in order to maintain a graceful tree posture and appropriate proportions. In particular, Murraya paniculata has strong sprouting ability, and to maintain a certain tree shape, attention must be paid to frequent pruning.
1. Pinching: to inhibit the height growth of tree bonsai and promote the development and flattening of side branches, the tender tips of the branch ends may be pinched off.
2. Bud removal: when many adventitious buds grow at the base of the trunk or on the trunk of a tree bonsai, the buds should be removed at any time, so as to avoid the sprouting of forked branches and affect the beauty of the tree shape.
3. Branch pruning: tree bonsai often produce many new branches; to maintain their beautiful shape, attention must be paid to frequent pruning, and the pruning method should be determined according to the tree shape. Dead branches, parallel branches, crossing branches and others that hinder beauty should all be cut off in time; for useful branches, they may be left until April-May in spring, and pruning carried out once more in combination with shaping.

Repotting
Murraya paniculata can be repotted once every 2-3 years; the best period is autumn, October-November, and late spring, April-May, is also good; winter is generally not suitable for repotting. For repotting, the original pot may be used or a pot one size larger may be substituted, depending on the size of the tree. When repotting, root pruning and soil replacement may be combined; overly dense or overly long roots should be pruned. When removing the plant from the pot, peel off 50-70% of the old potting soil around the root ball, cut off rotten roots and some old roots, and then handle it according to the potting process.
If a relatively large amount of original soil is retained, repotting can be done at any time without seasonal restrictions; if most or all of the old soil needs to be replaced, the appropriate repotting period must be strictly chosen.

Pest and disease control
Powdery mildew
Occurs on the leaves and can be prevented and controlled by spraying agents such as azoxystrobin, triadimefon and thiophanate-methyl. Rust disease is a common disease of branches and trunks, causing the core of the branches and trunks to rot; it can be prevented and controlled by spraying triadimefon. Red spider mites occur when the temperature is relatively high; they suck the sap of branches and leaves, and after the leaves are damaged they show gray spots, and in severe cases turn yellow and fall off; they can be prevented and controlled by spraying propargite, hexythiazox or pyridaben. Scale insects suck the tree's sap and can also cause sooty mold, making the tree grow poorly, with branches and leaves turning yellow and falling early; besides manual brushing to eliminate them, they can be killed by spraying dimethoate, trichlorfon or dichlorvos. Longhorn beetles cause relatively great harm to the plants; adults can be removed manually, and lime-sulfur mixture can also be applied for prevention and control.
Red spider mite
Damages leaves, attaching to the leaves and piercing and sucking sap, causing poor nutrition in the plant, resulting in leaf chlorosis and yellowing, and leading to a large number of fallen leaves.
Control method: it easily occurs in high temperature and drought; pay attention to checking the leaves. When tiny red mites the size of needle heads are found crawling on the leaf surface and leaf back, spray continuously 2-3 times with 1000 times Lorsban aqueous solution, or 1500 times Manjisi aqueous solution, or 2000 times Mieshaoli aqueous solution for control, spraying once every 10-15 days. For household potted Murraya paniculata, a 25-30 times red chili pepper aqueous solution, or 25-30 times dry tobacco leaf infusion may be sprayed, or after moistening the leaves with clean water, spread a layer of sulfur powder on them.
Twig longhorn beetle
Damages branches, trunks and twigs, boring in from the epidermal layer to do harm, forming insect tunnels, weakening the tree's vigor; in severe cases the branches, trunks and twigs break off, or even die.
Control method: during the growing season of Murraya paniculata, pay attention to frequently checking the branches, trunks and twigs. When insect frass is found discharged, find the insect hole, then use cotton dipped in undiluted dichlorvos to plug the opening of the insect hole, so that the twig longhorn beetle is suffocated to death in the insect tunnel. In the season when twig longhorn beetles lay eggs and hatch, generally in autumn, spray the branches, trunks and twigs once every 7-10 days with Lorsban aqueous solution, or 1000 times Dushiben aqueous solution, continuously 2-3 times, and the eggs and newly hatched larvae can be killed.
Scarab beetles, swallowtail butterflies
Damages leaves, mainly gnawing the tender leaves, reducing the leaves, weakening the tree's vigor, and affecting normal growth.
Control method: during the growth period of tender leaves, spray once with 800 times trichlorfon aqueous solution, or 1000 times Yibianjing aqueous solution for control. For household potted Murraya paniculata, manual capture may be adopted for control; the captured pests can be killed by scalding with hot water.
Tortricid moths, aphids
They damage young leaves, causing the leaves to curl and then die, or causing the growing points to shrivel and stop growing, affecting normal leaf growth.
Control method: During the young leaf growth period, spray once with a 1500-fold aqueous solution of Ya Shi Jing (Aphid-Cicada Clean), or a 1500-fold aqueous solution of Da Gong Chen, or a 1500-fold aqueous solution of An Lu Bao to control and kill the larvae.
Precautions
Strengthen fertilizer and water management, cultivate robust plants, and improve disease resistance. Loosen the soil in a timely manner, pay attention to matching the supply of water and fertilizer at each growth stage, and spray Xin Gao Zhi Mo (New High Lipid Film) to preserve soil moisture, maintain fertilizer efficacy, and prevent water dissipation, ensuring the plant has a good growth environment and conditions.
Timely prevention, combining prevention and control. In combination with the production season and weather changes, apply pesticides promptly, and add Xin Gao Zhi Mo to enhance pesticide efficacy, prevent pest and disease invasion, and effectively kill pests and diseases. For plant branches and tips already infected with disease, prune and clean them up promptly, and apply Yu Shang Fang Fu Mo (Callus Antiseptic Film) to the cut surfaces of knives and scissors to prevent pathogen infection and invasion. Before overwintering, treat the soil to kill pests and diseases, and spray Xin Gao Zhi Mo to prevent cold, preserve warmth, and prevent the migration of pests and diseases.
To thicken branches and leaves, spray Zhuang Jing Ling to promote thick and sturdy plant stems, thick and plump leaves, fresh and tender leaf color, and luxuriant plant growth, which can enhance disaster resistance, reduce the amount of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and lower residual toxicity.

Character identification
The young branches of Jiulixiang (Murraya paniculata) are cylindrical, 1-5 mm in diameter.
The surface is grayish-brown with longitudinal wrinkles. The texture is tough and not easily broken, and the cross-section is uneven. The pinnately compound leaves have 3-9 leaflets, most of which have already fallen off; the leaflets are obovate or nearly rhombic, widest above the middle, about 3 cm long and about 1.5 cm wide; the tip is blunt, acute, or concave, the base is slightly oblique, and the margin is entire; yellow-green, thinly leathery, with transparent glandular dots on the upper surface, the petiolules are short or nearly absent, and the lower part is sometimes covered with soft hairs. Aromatic odor, bitter and pungent taste, with a numbing sensation on the tongue.

Decoction piece processing method
Remove impurities and cut into pieces. Store in a dry place.
Nature and flavor
Pungent flavor; slightly bitter; warm nature; mildly toxic.
① Sheng Cao Yao Xing Bei Yao: Pungent flavor, warm nature.
② Fujian Chinese Herbal Medicine: Pungent, bitter, warm.
Meridian entry
Enters the heart; liver; lung meridians.
① Guangxi Chinese Materia Medica Record: Enters the heart, liver, and lung three meridians.

Chemical composition

Jiulixiang leaves contain various coumarin compounds: isomexoticin, murpanidin, mur-panicin, murrangatin, murralongin, 5,7-dimethoxy-8-(3'-methyl-2'-oxobutyl)-coumarin, hainanmurpanin, 7-methoxy-8-(2'-methyl-2'-formylpropyl)-coumarin [7-methoxy-8(2'-methyl-2'-formylpropyl). Couma-rin], phebalosin, 8-isopentenyllimettin, osthole, coumurrayin, paniculatin, in-peratorin, meranzin hydrate, paniculin, murpaniculol, coumurrin, murrayatin, microminutin, isomeranzin, auraptenol, murrangatin acetate, paniculonolisovalerate, paniculal, isomurralonginol nicotinate, panial, cis-osthenon, etc. It also contains flavonoid compounds: 3',4',5,5',7-pentamethoxyflavone, 3,3',4',5,5',6,7-heptamethoxy flavone, 3,3',4',5,5',7,8-heptamethoxy flavone, 3',4',5,5',7,8-hexamethoxy flavone, exoticin, 4'-hydroxy-3,3',5,5',6,7-hexamethoxy flavone, etc. It also contains free amino acids such as cysteine, alanine, proline, tyrosine, and leucine, as well as vomifoliol, octacosanol, hentriacotane, and glucose. It also contains volatile oil, in which the oil contains: l-cadinene, methyl anthranilate, bisabolene, β-caryophyllene, geraniol, 3-carene, eugenol, citronellol, methyl salicylate, S-guaiazulene, etc.

Main value

Medicinal value
The decoction of stems and leaves has a local anesthetic effect. A 12.5% concentration used for infiltration anesthesia has fairly good effects, but the local irritation is relatively strong. It has no significant effect on the blood pressure or respiration of anesthetized dogs.
A nitrogen-free crystalline component (decomposition point 91-92°C) was isolated from the petroleum ether extract of this product. It has a significant relaxing effect on isolated rat intestine and can counteract smooth muscle spasms caused by histamine and barium chloride, but has no antagonistic effect on smooth muscle spasms caused by acetylcholine.
A glycoprotein isolated from Jiulixiang, when injected intraperitoneally into pregnant rabbits at 10 mg/kg on days 12-16 of pregnancy or injected into the amniotic cavity at 3 mg/embryo, can terminate pregnancy in pregnant rabbits.

Inspection
Moisture: not more than 15.0% (Appendix IX H, Method 2).
Total ash: not more than 12.0% (Appendix IX K).

Functions and indications
Promotes qi and activates blood; disperses blood stasis and relieves pain; resolves toxins and reduces swelling. Mainly for stomach duct pain; traumatic swelling and pain; sores and carbuncles; snake and insect bites.
Mainly treats traumatic swelling and pain, rheumatic bone pain, stomach pain, toothache, tetanus, epidemic encephalitis B, insect and snake bites, and local anesthesia. Used for stomach pain and rheumatic arthralgia; externally for toothache, traumatic swelling and pain, and insect and snake bites.
① Sheng Cao Yao Xing Bei Yao: Relieves pain, reduces swelling and toxins, opens the orifices, can stop sore itching, remove skin wind, and kill scabies.
② Lingnan Cai Yao Lu: For suffering from baizi tan da, use a pinch of leaves, pound them into a paste, cook porridge, and take it mixed with sugar.
③ Guangxi Chinese Materia Medica Record: Promotes qi and relieves pain, activates blood and disperses stasis. Treats traumatic swelling and pain, rheumatism, and qi pain.
Appended formulas
① To treat eczema: Fresh Jiulixiang branches and leaves, decoct in water, and wash the affected area. (Fujian Chinese Herbal Medicine)
② For suffering from baizi tan da, use a pinch of leaves, pound them into a paste, cook porridge, and take it mixed with sugar. Lingnan Cai Yao Lu
③ To treat abdominal carbuncle, pound Jiulixiang herb and soak it in wine to take; it is suspected that this is the product. Bencao Gangmu citing Fu Zi's Yi Xue Ji Cheng

Discussions by various schools
Sheng Cao Yao Xing Bei Yao: Relieves pain, reduces swelling and toxins, opens the orifices, can stop sore itching, remove skin wind, and kill scabies.
Lingnan Cai Yao Lu: For suffering from baizi tan da, use a pinch of leaves, pound them into a paste, cook porridge, and take it mixed with sugar.
Guangxi Chinese Materia Medica Record: Promotes qi and relieves pain, activates blood and disperses stasis. Treats traumatic swelling and pain, rheumatism, and qi pain.

Clinical application
Used for local anesthesia and surface anesthesia, with Jiulixiang injection used for local anesthesia in 100 cases of major and minor surgeries. Preliminary observations showed stable effects, no adverse reactions, stable blood pressure, pulse, and respiration during and after surgery, no liver, kidney, or other damage or other complications, and no bleeding, edema, necrosis, and other phenomena; the analgesic duration is long. In 49 cases of subtotal gastrectomy, except for 2 cases, there was no obvious pain after surgery. The disadvantages are relatively strong local irritation, relatively tense abdominal muscles during abdominal surgery, and still relatively difficult for deep surgery. Dosage: For one subtotal gastrectomy, 150-200 ml of 12.5% injection (incision infiltration), 150-200 ml of 6.25% injection (visceral block); for minor surgeries, several tens of milliliters varying by case. About 10-20 minutes after injection, anesthesia takes effect, and the longest surgical time was 3 hours. Minor surgeries generally do not use preoperative drugs. For subtotal gastrectomy, generally 0.1 g of sodium phenobarbital or 50-100 mg of dolantin is injected intramuscularly before surgery; for patients with relatively high nervous tension, half or full dose of hibernation No. 1 is added during surgery. A surface anesthetic made from Jiulixiang is applied to the mucosal surface of the pharynx for 108 cases of tonsillectomy by extrusion, with good results. Several minutes after application, anesthesia appears and pain sensation decreases. The anesthesia time can be maintained for about 10 minutes.
The flowers, leaves, and fruits of Jiulixiang all contain essential oil, with an oil yield of 0.25%. The essential oil can be used in cosmetic fragrances and food flavors; the leaves can be used as a seasoning spice; the branches and leaves are used in medicine, with the effects of promoting qi and relieving pain and activating blood and dispersing stasis, and can treat stomach pain and rheumatic arthralgia, while external use can treat toothache, traumatic swelling and pain, and insect and snake bites, etc. In addition, in medicine it is also used as a tonic and stomachic, etc.

References
Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 edition, Part One
Chinese Materia Medica
Ornamental value

Jiulixiang has an elegant tree posture, vigorous branches and trunk, remains evergreen through the four seasons, blooms white and fragrant flowers, and has bright red fruits, making it an excellent bonsai material. It is suitable for viewing all year round, and the effect is best in early summer when new leaves unfold.