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Holly leaves turning yellow? Try light fertilizer applied frequently, watering and shade

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Holly is a plant with high ornamental value, and it is loved by many people because of its graceful plant shape and emerald green branches and leaves. However, even a plant with high ornamental value will have its overall beauty affected if its leaves turn yellow. What should be done about holly leaves turning yellow? Below, the editor will take everyone to learn about it

Holly is a plant with high ornamental value, and it is loved by many people because of its graceful plant shape and emerald green branches and leaves. However, even a plant with high ornamental value will have its overall beauty affected if its leaves turn yellow. What should be done about holly leaves turning yellow? Below, the editor will take everyone to learn about it.

1. What should be done about holly leaves turning yellow? Find the cause

If you want to know what to do about holly leaves turning yellow, we first need to understand what is causing it, so that we can solve it in a targeted way. Improper water and fertilizer management, pest and disease infestation and so on are all causes of this phenomenon. As for the specific treatment methods, there is a detailed introduction below. Let us take a look.

2. Causes of holly leaves turning yellow (with solutions)

1. Improper fertilization

Fertilizer is one of the main nutrients in the growth process of holly, but fertilization requires skill. If too much fertilizer is applied or concentrated fertilizer is applied directly, it is very easy to cause holly leaves to turn yellow, because holly does not need heavy fertilizer.

Solution: In terms of fertilization, holly needs light fertilizer applied skillfully, and concentrated fertilizer, heavy fertilizer and undecomposed liquid fertilizer must be avoided. Before fertilizing, we need to dilute the fertilizer with clean water first, so that it can be absorbed better.

2. Soil is strongly alkaline

In the northern regions of our country, most soil is alkaline. The nutrients in this kind of soil are relatively lacking, the structure is relatively simple, and it is also relatively prone to compaction, which weakens its ability to absorb nutrients, and therefore also causes holly leaves to turn yellow.

Solution: If it is a soil problem, we can occasionally use a little diluted edible vinegar or lemon water during usual care to change the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. After the soil becomes acidic, the problem of yellowing leaves will also gradually recover.

3. Improper watering

Holly is a plant that likes to grow in a warm and moist environment, so its water requirements are still very high. If too little water is given during cultivation, it will cause holly leaves to turn yellow, and if the method is not changed for a long time, it will also cause the plant to wither and die.

Solution: If the yellowing leaves are caused by too little watering, then we need to appropriately increase the watering frequency, and when watering, everyone should remember to water thoroughly at one time. Be sure not to cause water accumulation, otherwise it is very easy to cause root rot.

4. Light is too strong

Holly is a light-loving plant. In spring and autumn, the light is relatively suitable, and we can let it receive light all day. However, in summer, the sunlight is relatively strong. If it is placed outdoors in the sun for a long time, it will cause holly leaves to turn yellow.

Solution: When the sunlight is strong in summer, especially at noon, we can move the holly indoors to a semi-shaded place for cultivation. This will not make it lack light, nor will it develop yellowing due to excessive light.

5. Pest and disease infestation

In the process of cultivating holly, pests and diseases are very likely to appear if care is improper. This situation is also one of the main reasons for holly leaves turning yellow. Many pests and diseases show this phenomenon in the early stage.

Solution: If the yellowing leaves are caused by pests and diseases, we must deal with it in time and must not delay. If it is delayed for too long, it will not simply be yellowing leaves, and it may very likely cause the plant to wither and die. As for the specific prevention and control methods, everyone can refer to the article on pest and disease control for holly, which has a detailed introduction.

Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm

Part one: "Organization of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really look like eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like the egg white and yolk, and they look really cute. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves gather at the top of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, and it is very suitable for people to observe carefully. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk bends naturally, and its shape is very beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity, sunny and well-drained environment. It is strong by nature and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and is averse to waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. Cultivation is best with deep, fertile, well-aerated acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting frangipani, attention should also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if small brown spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves become dark black, that is frangipani angular leaf spot, and at this time you should pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so frangipani needs your care and nursing. In fact, besides white, frangipani also comes in red and yellow, and all can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap and food additives. The price is quite high, and it has great commercial development potential; the fresh flowers can also be dried for brewing tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effects of treating dysentery due to heat and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The frangipani tree has a beautiful shape, with many branching stems and all kinds of strange and varied forms; the leaves resemble loquat leaves, and after they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branches, quite like deer antlers decorated with beautiful spots. It can be called the preferred small tree masterpiece for landscaping, courtyard arrangement and potted ornamental use in tropical areas. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in poisonous white sap, and can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling and other symptoms. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware or furniture. Frangipani flower meaning: breeding hope, resurrection, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, losing distance.

Magnolia

Magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark that is rough and cracked; the twigs are slightly stout and grayish brown; the winter buds and pedicels are densely covered with pale grayish yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate or obovate-elliptic, and the leaves on vigorous shoots at the base are elliptic. Magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers. When fully blooming, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of green and white, with dazzling white light, and it has high ornamental value; together with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart and mind, it is truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-resistant, and can overwinter in the open ground. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity, and root rot easily occurs if the planting site is waterlogged. It likes fertile, well-drained sandy soil with slight acidity, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to the following January. Magnolia flowers have relatively strong resistance to harmful gases. If this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. With artificial fumigation using sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with air pollution. Magnolia likes light, and young trees are relatively shade-tolerant, but it is not tolerant of strong light and western exposure. Excessive light or western exposure can easily cause the trees to be scorched. Magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer when planting, it should be fertilized every year afterward. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with lush green and thick leaves, not only producing many buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period and rich fragrance. Magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance. The main diseases include anthracnose, yellowing disease and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, magnolia also has medicinal value and edible value. Magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid and so on, and also contain magnolia alkaloid, alkaloids, biond magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A and other components, and have a certain medicinal value. Magnolia flowers are pungent and warm in nature and taste, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, opening the orifices, and diffusing the lungs and unblocking the nose. They can be used for headache, blood stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and other symptoms. Modern pharmacological research shows that magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common dermatophytes.

Magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks, and can also be brewed as tea. The magnolia flower meaning represents gratitude. Magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid a scene of full greenery, and with that fragrant scent it makes people feel an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because its plant is tall and its flowering position is relatively high, it sways in the wind with a spirited look, just like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, and the leaves are solitary, relatively large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with veins arranged in a feather-like pattern, in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good groundcover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant and likes a warm, humid and brightly lit environment. It is not cold-tolerant, nor drought-tolerant, and fears harsh sunlight. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves and turning the leaf color yellow. Therefore, shading should be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing period, it should be watered fully to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires enough careful attention all 365 days. If there are a few days of major environmental fluctuations, they will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of maranta seedling traders and producers. Plants in the Marantaceae family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies and so on. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta powder is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings and dessert pastries. Added to water and boiled, it becomes a transparent, odorless and tasty paste. Maranta powder is fine in texture and, compared with other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest, especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder

Red loropetalum

Red loropetalum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, and it is much branched. The young branches are reddish brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery and alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, with a short pointed apex and a rounded and oblique, asymmetrical base, both sides having stellate hairs, entire margins, and dark red color. Red loropetalum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and is resistant to pruning. It is tolerant of barren soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Red loropetalum has luxuriant branches and leaves and a graceful posture, is resistant to pruning and tolerant of wiring, and can be used for hedges and also for making stump bonsai. During the flowering season, the whole tree is covered with red flowers, which is extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and the new leaves are bright red. Different strains differ in leaf color and flower color at maturity, and leaf size also differs. In garden applications, the main considerations are the two factors of leaf color and leaf size, which create a leaf color contrast and form a color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, black cutworm moths, large and small cutworms and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of red loropetalum: anthracnose, damping-off and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinonema. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of red loropetalum, you must treat it in time.

Ornamental peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree, 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old; the twigs are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the apex, covered with short pubescence, often clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight by nature, is drought-tolerant, and is not tolerant of moist environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold resistance, and can overwinter safely in a natural environment at minus 25°C. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like water accumulation. If planted in a low-lying place with water accumulation, seedling death easily occurs. Garden value: ornamental peach has large flowers and brilliant color, is beautiful when blooming, and the ornamental period lasts as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used by lakesides, streams, both sides of roads, parks and so on. In small greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted ornamental viewing, and is also often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. There is also commonly the weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses, and its greening effect is outstanding. In the year of planting, it already shows a particularly good effect. It can be planted in rows, in groups or as a specimen, and in the year of planting it already shows a particularly good greening effect. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colored nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with nursery stock such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf sand cherry. Flowering shrubs are arranged together to form a scene of a hundred flowers blooming. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach tree trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and so on. It is a kind of polysaccharide substance, and hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and so on. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood and boosting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis and leaf curl. The main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects and red-necked longhorn beetles.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + red loropetalum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless holly ball

These four kinds of plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three foliage-color plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors, plus large-sized thornless holly balls, forming a neat, full and clearly layered roadside greening color band effect.

2. Red loropetalum + red-leaf photinia ball + Michelia figo + Japanese maple

Red loropetalum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability, and its leaf color and flower color are both very beautiful, while the red-leaf photinia ball has old green leaves accented with new red leaves, setting each other off and looking extremely beautiful. The four plants are matched with rich layers and form a landscape road with vertical rhythm and spatial layers, as well as a strong guiding sense.

3. Red loropetalum + Japanese aralia + Canary Island date palm + frangipani

In this combination of several plants, green is mainly dominant, with both small leaves (red loropetalum) and coarse large leaves (Japanese aralia, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, and it has the effect of reducing space, making people feel close.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a running bamboo, and the culms are spaced with both sparse and dense intervals. Iris has a graceful posture and beautiful and varied flower colors. The two matched together are very charming.

5. Dwarf gardenia + red loropetalum + aucuba + osmanthus

Dwarf gardenia has leaves like a sparrow's tongue and a low plant form, and can be used as the lowest-layer plant. Aucuba has yellow spots on its leaves and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree osmanthus has a subtle fragrance that refreshes the heart and mind. The arrangement has both sparse and dense spacing, changes in leaf color, and the addition of floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + red loropetalum + Fagraea ceilanica + canna

Azalea has brilliant flowers, and with red loropetalum and Fagraea ceilanica as a backdrop, it is even more moving. Canna has coarse large leaves, reducing space and making people feel intimate.

7. Groundcover lawn + marigold + red-leaf photinia + red loropetalum ball + orange osmanthus

With green groundcover as the base, marigold's brilliant yellow flowers are extremely beautiful. With red loropetalum and red photinia behind the marigold as a backdrop, the orange osmanthus has a spreading tree shape. The several plants set each other off and are rich in variation.

8. Dwarf lilyturf + guava tree

Both dwarf lilyturf and guava tree have very good adaptability in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves are fine and soft, making it very suitable as groundcover. The guava tree bark is yellow and smooth, with a graceful posture and relatively large leaves, with both sparse and dense spacing, making it very suitable as an open grove path.

9. Grass + silver-edged agave + pruned and shaped banyan + yellow-flowered Senna bicapsularis

With green grass as the base, agave leaves are coarse and large, and the leaf color is silver-yellow alternating with green, and matching with the pruned and shaped banyan is very harmonious, while yellow-flowered Senna bicapsularis has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. This combination of several plants has rich layers, with color changes but harmony.

10. Liriope + broadleaf lady palm + areca palm + papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope has fine and soft leaf shapes, while broadleaf lady palm and areca palm have even coarser and larger leaves, and papaya has large palmate leaves, with its fruit borne on the trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Copperleaf + Duranta erecta + red loropetalum

As a plant combination for a carpet flower bed, copperleaf has bright leaf color and is used as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and red loropetalum has dark purple leaf color. The three plants combined as a carpet flower bed are extremely attractive.

Part two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping maintenance and management plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repeated task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grasses and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, flower bed planting and so on. The completion of landscaped green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of the plants in the park area:

1. The green area covers about 245419 ten-thousand sq m, with a high greening coverage rate, and there are a large number of trees and pruned shaped shrubs of different specifications and varieties. The early growth has gradually taken shape. After careful investigation by us, the plant planting characteristics are roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with rows of ginkgo, Phoebe zhennan and large trees

, appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are complexly matched, with large and small trees, shrubs and groundcover plants interplanted

and planted. The entrance is mainly planted with relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf banyan stump,

top-grade osmanthus, etc.). Whether the office area courtyard can still maintain its elegant and refined, spacious and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely and relaxed atmosphere,

all depend on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: 1. The shaped shrubs are not growing well and their shapes are monotonous; 2. The flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and the flowering conditions (including the amount of flowering, flower size, color and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; 3. There are many weeds in the lawn, and gramineous weeds in local turf areas show a tendency to spread; 4. There are pest and disease problems.

1. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional horticulture and carry out varied and graceful shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to promote their growth and then shape them according to their form, which depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape; the hedges in local areas are highly regular, and the neat uniform strips undoubtedly make the courtyard that should be free and leisurely appear mechanical and rigid. We can also try to prune them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enliven the atmosphere of the entire courtyard, and also create a smoother living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing signs of pests and diseases, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus and species, and their living habits, and label all plants in the area. In this way, it can both

enrich employees' common knowledge about plants and add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labels

make greening receive more attention.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of a single day. While doing the rectification work well, we will also adopt different maintenance and management measures for different

plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

also ask Party A to offer more opinions, so that our work can gradually become more and more perfect.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organizes reasonably, maintains carefully, and sends professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly sends no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

6. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening basins and banking soil, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, righting, replanting (nursery stock costs billed separately) and the whole process. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower scissors, long scissors, high-altitude scissors, weed shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, wheelbarrows, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per plant, and topdress once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application and spraying, water-fertilizer and so on, then cover with soil, water thoroughly, with water penetration depth above 10 cm, timely prevent and control pests and diseases, maintain the natural growth state of the trees with no shaping pruning needed, timely cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest branches, shaded leggy branches and drooping branches that hinder vehicle passage, and timely clean up the pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bag seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer and so on, water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth above 10 cm, timely prevent and control pests and diseases. For those pruned into round, square or conical shapes, do minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and beautiful cut surfaces, timely remove pruned material, timely cut off dead branches and diseased and pest branches, timely replant old and dead or diseased plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer and so on, water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth above 10 cm, timely prevent and control pests and diseases, cut off spent flowers once a week, remove weeds once a week, and timely cut off dead branches and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth above 5 cm, timely prevent and control pests and diseases, timely replant wilted, dead and incomplete parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(2) Specific annual landscaping maintenance work arrangement:

January: the month with the lowest temperature in the whole year, when open-ground trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest branches and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings on large and small trees.

2. Street tree inspection: timely inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify when loosened ties, wire embedding into bark, loose stakes and so on are found.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. You can dig out the pupae and cocoons of stinging moths in the loose soil under the trees and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin to become active, but at this time they move slowly, and we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on the tree trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be timely weeded and edged; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: the temperature rises somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Before the end of the month, finish pruning all kinds of trees.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on preventing stinging moths and scale insects.

March: the temperature continues to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late March some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do a good job of planning and design, dig (or hoe) the tree pits in advance, and achieve digging, transporting, planting and watering as you go. When planting shrubs, also achieve digging, transporting and planting as you go, and water fully to increase the seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, in order to prevent spring drought, timely water green spaces and so on

3. Fertilization: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock showed sooty mold, and the box tree leaf roller also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion for control). For controlling stinging moths, the method of digging out pupae can continue to be used.

April: the temperature continues to rise, and trees all sprout and bloom or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late, timely pull out and replant shrubs that died in winter (azalea, red loropetalum, etc.), and water newly planted trees fully.

2. Irrigation: continue to timely water the maintained green spaces.

3. Fertilization: for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring, and evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, the base of tree trunks, wall corners and other places, secreting white waxy thin cocoons and pupating. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom and then buried deeply or soaked in a concentrated way. Or use the method of spraying pesticides such as fenitrothion. (2) Longhorn beetles begin to become active. You can use a grafting knife or self-made steel wire to remove the larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Prevention and control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: the temperature rises sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak period of leaf expansion, trees have a very large water demand and should be watered in time.

2. Pruning: Remove spent flowers. Carry out the first bud-stripping pruning on street trees.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue focusing on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of slug moths has hatched but has not yet reached a harmful level; take corresponding measures according to the actual conditions in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, etc. has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, pittosporum, oleander, etc.). In mid to late May, spray 10-20 times diluted rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500-2000 times dilution to prevent and control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can also be used.)

June: High temperatures

1. Watering: Plants have a high water demand, so water promptly; do not "leave it to fate."

2. Fertilizing: Combine with loosening soil and weeding, fertilizing, and watering to achieve the best results.

3. Pruning: Continue bud-stripping and sucker-removal work on street trees. Carry out pruning on hedges, ball-shaped plants, and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Drainage work: During heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid to late June, slug moths enter their peak hatching period; measures should be taken promptly. Currently, 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500-800 times dilution is basically used for spraying. (Or compound BT emulsion can be used for spraying.) Continue manual catching of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees; right, reinforce, and re-tie loose or leaning trees.

July: Highest temperatures; after mid-month, strong winds and heavy rain will occur.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes; once high temperatures occur, water promptly.

2. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain promptly.

3. Topdressing: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud-stripping pruning; prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and check tree stumps one by one; if any are loose or unstable, right and tie them immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials, tools and equipment, and send personnel to inspect at any time; handle dangers promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue controlling longhorn beetles and slug moths. For longhorn beetles, inject 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 dilution (or fruit tree treasure, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the hole; this can also achieve good results. For camphor tree stem borers, prune and destroy the pest nests promptly to prevent further damage.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: Continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning on hedges.

4. Cultivating and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilization can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Control aphid damage and camphor tree stem borers promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot diseases, and take measures promptly. September: Temperatures decline somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, strip buds below the third-level branching of street trees. Shape hedges. Weed within green areas, edge lawns, and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilizing: For some trees with weaker growth and insufficiently plump branches, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (on cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) is at its peak; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to root damage; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood moths on poplars and willows. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting all kinds of landscaping facilities.

October: Temperatures drop; in late October, early winter begins; trees begin to shed leaves and gradually enter dormancy.

1. Prepare for autumn tree planting; in late October, once cold-tolerant trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green area maintenance: Promptly remove dead trees and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green areas and lawns. Fertilize flowering plants with poor growth.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree stem borers. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-tolerant plants; complete before the soil freezes.

2. Soil turning: Turn the soil in green areas to expose overwintering pests.

3. Watering: Water dry, compacted soil; complete before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and draw the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green area maintenance quality objectives

1 The landscaping maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed yellow soil.

2 Garden plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green areas reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Garden tree crowns are basically complete, main and side branches are evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the inner crown is not messy, with ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green areas.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth, and leaf size and color are normal. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect excrement or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the preservation rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Conifer

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning on various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches to ensure reasonable tree development, improve branch form, and reduce pest and disease breeding.

2. Appropriately thin trees that are too densely growing, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and carry out winter fertilization on all trees, ground cover, and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out slug moth pupae and cocoons and burn them in a centralized manner.

5. As appropriate, thin individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning, and fertilizing work on lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaved mahonia and mealybugs on coral trees and Japanese aralia.

3. In particular, strengthen antifreeze and insulation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening soil and earthing up around tree root systems.

4. Apply one topdressing (urea) to cool-season lawns at the end of the month at 10 g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Promptly mow lawns and remove weeds, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and boxwood leaf rollers. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapples and cold-season lawns; pay attention to prevention reports.

4. For local sunken and low-lying spots that appear in lawns, add soil and cover with sand; carry out low pruning on winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the germination and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply thin fertilizer to herbaceous perennials and spring-sown flowering plants; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or spray on leaves as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; begin pruning evergreen hedges.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold, and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period for trees leafing out, with a very high water demand, so water in a timely manner.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud-stripping work on plane trees, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle, and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding work on lawns, and promptly prune lawn grass to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding work on lawns.

3. Prune lawns promptly and control their growth height, and pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply one round of compound fertilizer to lawns with poor growth or fertilizer deficiency so they can safely pass the summer.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that plant watering work is carried out.

2. Carry out soil loosening and weeding work on flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to weed and remove grass to prevent grass overgrowth; continue cultivating, weeding, and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention; reinforce and strengthen trees in the garden to prevent lodging; promptly dredge and drain low-lying or severely waterlogged areas.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning on evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning on hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune promptly, control lawn height, and fertilization can be combined with weeding. Promptly supplement and topdress fertilizer, mainly with P and K fertilizers, combined with N fertilizer. For small seedlings, shrubs, and herbaceous flowers, apply thin fertilizer frequently; at the same time, pay attention to mastering the fertilization period and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought-relief work; do not choose 10-15 o'clock, to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention; further reinforce and strengthen large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly dredge drainage ditches in low-lying and easily waterlogged areas to prevent water from accumulating for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning on hedges. Weed in green areas and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Thin trees that are too densely growing, and at the same time carry out bud-stripping work.

3. Promptly prune lawns, edge them, and remove weeds, and pay attention to pest and disease control work.

4. Carry out weeding work on flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

October

1. Prune ball-shaped shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness, and clear layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend to be reasonable and the tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill gaps, water, and fertilize those with poor growth.

3. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning on evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, reducing pests and diseases, and enhancing growth.

2. In flower beds, color-block shrubs, and green areas, do a good job of weeding and edging, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant empty or bare spots. As appropriate, adjust trees in local layouts; some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Also begin cold protection and warmth work; for trees with

poor cold resistance, wrap with rice straw and earth up.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. As appropriate, scarify and aerate lawns, and prune 2-3 times.

4. In late November, carry out fertilization work, and combine with applying additional organic fertilizer to turn the soil in green areas.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. In color-block shrubs and green areas, do a good job of weeding and edging, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning on evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing residual stumps and dead branches, in order to make next year's tree growth better (do not prune flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds); at the same time, pay attention to cleaning pest cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms, and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they safely overwinter.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "Latest Common Southern Landscape Plants"

Common Garden Plants in Southern Landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, nagi, longleaf nagi, white champaca, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, burmann cinnamon, camphor tree, cinnamon, Gmelina, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, Siamese senna, red camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, water banyan, water stone banyan, avocado, blackboard tree, false betel nut, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, swamp mahogany, blue gum, paperbark tree, butterfly fruit, Chinese Torreya, Chinese plum yew, Indian rubber fig, banyan, small-leaf fig, large-fruit fig, weeping fig, yellow-fruited fig, sacred fig, horsetail tree, jackfruit, maple-leaved elm, tanbark oak, blue Japanese oak, candlenut, silk oak, sharp-leaf elaeocarpus, large-leaf elaeocarpus, sea hibiscus, iron wintergreen, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, albizia, royal palm, Dong palm, Washingtonia, sugar palm, date palm, longleaf phoenix palm, bishop wood, red sandalwood, large-flowered dillenia, jackfruit, yellow cassia, jackfruit, large-leaf privet, Lechang Michelia, schefflera, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

Indian almond, Chinese swamp cypress, water wax gourd, Chinese tallow tree, Japanese raisin tree, sand pear, soapberry, goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, large-flowered crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flame tree, peacock flower, jacaranda, yellow cassia, Chinaberry, Chinese mahogany, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, sweet acacia, Kalopanax, sweetgum, weeping willow, Magnolia soulangeana, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

rosewood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

sago palm, Chinese plum yew, orange jasmine, large-leaf boxwood, dense-flowered elaeagnus, camellia sasanqua, Hainan coral tree, spotted aucuba, St. John's wort, three-stamened areca, areca palm, Hainan fan palm, four-season orange jasmine, soft-branch allamanda, small-leaf Gendarussa, red bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, Chinese holly, Western azalea, red-edged dracaena, croton, red mulberry, golden-edged mulberry, golden-leaf fig, smooth senna, red-stemmed azalea, Ardisia, orange jasmine, red-back croton, climbing ylang-ylang, camellia, oil tea, large-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flowered allamanda, snow-in-summer, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, nandina, Japanese aralia, night-blooming magnolia, hibiscus, lantern flower, azalea, Yucca gloriosa, yucca, Hainan boxwood, ax palm, soft-leaf phoenix palm, short-spike fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-veined justicia, schefflera, variegated duranta, yellow-leaf duranta, Gendarussa, golden-leaf privet, taro, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Aspidistra, snake plant, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, variegated hibiscus, purple croton, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, Brunfelsia, Sihimeili, crinum lily, spider lily, beautyberry, red-flowered loropetalum, large-flowered datura, white paper fan, red paper fan, hairy azalea, Western azalea, dual-pod senna, hard-stem trumpet vine, myrtle, ixora, Yunnan yellow jasmine, jasmine, fiddle-leaf coral, blue snowflake, blue star flower, butterfly pea, nandina, pepper tree, red-back croton,

Deciduous shrubs:

cotton rose, bridal wreath spirea, Thunberg spiraea, modern rose, abelia, pomegranate, beautyberry, purple magnolia, lespedeza, Amur honeysuckle, Chinese snowball, rose of Sharon, redbud, dwarf flowering cherry, bridal wreath spiraea, pearl bush, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small wax

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, flame vine, rangoon creeper, three-leaf akebia, honeysuckle, wintercreeper, climbing fig, kiwi, creeping euonymus, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, Rhaphidophora pinnata, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, southern magnolia vine, Boston ivy, Chinese trumpet creeper, passionflower, multi-flowered crape myrtle, evergreen mucuna, large-flowered allamanda

climbing ylang-ylang, large-flowered allamanda, rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, flame vine, white-flowered mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, jasmine, large-flowered Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, Bignonia chamberlaynii, passionflower

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, Phyllostachys edulis (moso bamboo), Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf', Phyllostachys glauca, Phyllostachys bambusoides 'Castillonis' (golden bamboo with green stripes), Bambusa emeiensis, Bambusa multiplex, Pleioblastus amarus, Indocalamus tessellatus, Bambusa ventricosa (Buddha belly bamboo), Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis (square bamboo), Dendrocalamopsis oldhami, Bambusa multiplex 'Goddess', Bambusa multiplex 'Stripestem', Bambusa multiplex 'Disticha'

Turfgrass and groundcover plants:

Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Zoysia sinica, Zoysia tenuifolia, Axonopus compressus (carpet grass), Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipede grass), Paspalum distichum, Zoysia matrella (Manila grass), Zoysia japonica, Aglaonema modestum, Tradescantia virginiana, Rhoeo spathacea, Ophiopogon japonicus, Curculigo capitulata, Liriope spicata, Reineckea carnea, Aspidistra elatior, Thunbergia alata (black-eyed Susan vine), Acorus gramineus, Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes rosea, Lycoris aurea, Syngonium podophyllum (white butterfly), Iris japonica, Oxalis corymbosa (pink wood sorrel), Tradescantia zebrina

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'Albolineatum', Epipremnum aureum (pothos), Tradescantia zebrina, Nephrolepis cordifolia (sword fern), Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea 'Tricolor', Spathiphyllum wallisii (peace lily), Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus', Lantana camara (red-flowered), Lantana camara (yellow-flowered), Lantana camara (purple-flowered)

Lantana camara (purple-flowered), Senecio cineraria (dusty miller), Clerodendrum thomsoniae (bleeding heart vine), Justicia brandegeeana (shrimp plant), Russelia equisetiformis (firecracker plant), Asparagus densiflorus, Oenothera drummondii, Ipomoea pes-caprae (beach morning glory), Hedera helix (English ivy), Trachelospermum jasminoides (star jasmine), Hedychium coronarium (white ginger lily), Cyperus alternifolius (umbrella plant), Cyperus papyrus (papyrus), Iris tectorum, Lythrum anceps, Narcissus tazetta, Nelumbo nucifera (lotus), Nymphaea tetragona (water lily), Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis corymbosa, Arachis pintoi (Brazilian peanut vine), Dichondra repens, Iresine herbstii 'Aureoreticulata', Alternanthera dentata, Coleus blumei, Verbena tenuisecta, Alternanthera bettzickiana, Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes rosea, Hippeastrum rutilum, Lilium brownii, Zantedeschia aethiopica (calla lily), Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle), Eremochloa ophiuroides, Zoysia matrella, Zoysia japonica, Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Axonopus compressus, Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. Augustine grass), Paspalum notatum (bahia grass), Ophiopogon japonicus

Palms:

Roystonea regia (royal palm), Washingtonia filifera, Neodypsis decaryi (triangle palm), Roystonea oleracea, Wodyetia bifurcata (foxtail palm), Butia capitata, Hyophorbe lagenicaulis (bottle palm), Hyophorbe verschaffeltii (spindle palm), Phoenix dactylifera (date palm), Phoenix canariensis (Canary Island date palm), Bismarckia nobilis, Elaeis guineensis (oil palm), Caryota obtusa, Trachycarpus fortunei (windmill palm), Raphia farinifera, Livistona chinensis (Chinese fan palm), Syagrus romanzoffiana (queen palm), Caryota mitis, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Washingtonia robusta, Phoenix roebelenii (pygmy date palm), Caryota mitis, Caryota rumphiana, Dypsis lutescens (areca palm), Areca triandra, Ravenala madagascariensis (traveler's palm), Rhapis excelsa

Seasonal flowers

Pentas lanceolata, Impatiens walleriana, Begonia semperflorens, Salvia splendens (scarlet sage), Petunia hybrida, Dianthus hybridus, Brassica oleracea var. acephala (ornamental kale), Tagetes patula (French marigold), Tagetes erecta (African marigold), Tropaeolum majus (nasturtium), Viola tricolor (pansy), Torenia fournieri, Celosia argentea (cockscomb), Calendula officinalis, Gomphrena globosa, Zinnia elegans, Portulaca grandiflora, Portulaca oleracea, Cosmos bipinnatus, Pericallis hybrida (cineraria), Cleome hassleriana, Hemerocallis fulva (daylily), Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), Lythrum anceps

Chapter 5: "Southern Plant Configuration Examples"

Southern Plant Configuration

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + Cyperus alternifolius + Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata'

Dracaena fragrans (large) + Dracaena fragrans 'Colorama' + Nandina domestica + Nephrolepis cordifolia + ornamental stone

Roystonea regia + Caryota obtusa + Phoenix roebelenii + Canna indica + Coleus blumei + Codiaeum variegatum

Roystonea regia + Phoenix canariensis + Cordyline fruticosa 'Red Edge' + Acalypha wilkesiana + Ixora chinensis

Roystonea regia + Archontophoenix alexandrae + Dypsis lutescens + Rhapis excelsa + Duranta erecta 'Golden Dewdrop'

Chapter 6: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China"

Commonly Used Plants for Southern Gardens

I. Palms:

1. Roystonea regia 2. Archontophoenix alexandrae 3. Washingtonia filifera 4. Phoenix sylvestris 5. Phoenix canariensis 6. Areca triandra

7. Livistona chinensis 8. Washingtonia robusta 9. Dypsis lutescens 10. Rhapis excelsa (slender-leaved lady palm) 11. Syagrus romanzoffiana 12. Phoenix roebelenii

II. Trees (street trees, shade trees):

1. Delonix regia (flamboyant tree) 2. Bombax ceiba (kapok) 3. Ceiba speciosa 4. Erythrina variegata 5. Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6. Alstonia scholaris

7. Chinese banyan (Ficus microcarpa) 8. Water stone banyan (Ficus abelii) 9. Mango 10. Chinaberry (Melia toosendan) 11. Cinnamomum burmannii 12. Large-leaved trumpet flower

13. Red sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus) 14. Frangipani (Plumeria rubra) 15. Indian almond (Terminalia catappa) 16. Traveler's palm (Ravenala madagascariensis) 17. Pandanus tectorius 18. Autumn maple (Bischofia javanica)

19. Averrhoa carambola (star fruit) 20. Olea europaea (slender-leaved) 21. Cassia fistula (golden shower tree) 22. Albizia falcataria 23. Melaleuca leucadendra

24. Eucalyptus 25. Syzygium hainanense 26. Aphanamixis grandifolia 27. Bauhinia purpurea 28. Swietenia mahagoni

29. Ficus altissima 30. Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree) 31. Tabebuia chrysantha 32. Koelreuteria bipinnata

III. Flowering shrubs:

1. Osmanthus fragrans (four-season flowering) 2. Bambusa multiplex (slender-leaved) 3. Cyathea spinulosa (tree fern) 4. Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves' 5. Bougainvillea spectabilis

6. Cassia surattensis 7. Callistemon rigidus (bottlebrush) 8. Agave angustifolia 'Marginata' 9. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 10. Fagraea ceilanica 11. Ficus aspera 'Variegata'

12. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 13. Michelia figo (banana shrub) 14. Campsis grandiflora (trumpet vine) 15. Calliandra haematocephala 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Aglaonema

18. Furcraea foetida 19. Yucca 20. Pyrostegia venusta (orange trumpet vine) 21. Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) 22. Polyscias fruticosa

IV. Groundcover or color blocks:

1. Pittosporum tobira 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Epipremnum aureum 4. Asplenium nidus (bird's nest fern) 5. Fittonia verschaffeltii (red mosaic plant) 6. Canna indica (large-leaved) 7. Schefflera octophylla

8. Syngonium podophyllum 'Pixie' 9. Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves' 10. Cuphea hyssopifolia (false heather) 11. Ophiopogon japonicus (slender-leaved) 12. Calathea majestica 13. Rhododendron pulchrum

14. Livistona chinensis (dwarf) 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Duranta erecta 'Variegata' 17. Chlorophytum comosum (spider plant) 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Allamanda cathartica

20. Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata' 21. Asparagus densiflorus 22. Arachis pintoi 23. Ixora chinensis (slender-leaved) 24. Nephrolepis cordifolia 25. Pachystachys lutea (golden shrimp plant)

26. Syngonium podophyllum (white butterfly) 27. Pilea cadierei 28. Dieffenbachia picta 29. Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow' 30. Codiaeum variegatum 31. Ophiopogon japonicus

32. Acorus gramineus 'Variegatus' 33. Jasminum sambac 34. Calathea zebrina 35. Zoysia matrella (Taiwan grass) 36. Axonopus compressus

37. Zoysia matrella (Manila grass) 38. Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) 39. Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) 40. Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue)

Some other commonly used plants:

1. Ficus religiosa (sacred fig) 2. Ficus altissima 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4. Tabebuia 5. Koelreuteria paniculata 6. Cassia fistula

7. Senna siamea 8. Kigelia africana (sausage tree) 9. Thai yellow flowering ball 10. Melaleuca bracteata

11. Senna alata 12. Cassia bicapsularis 13. Jatropha integerrima 14. Cleistocalyx operculatus 15. Manglietia glauca

16. Hainan golden tree 17. Pachira aquatica 'Variegata' 18. Ormosia pinnata (Hainan red bean) 19. Swietenia mahagoni

20. Albizia falcataria 21. Cinnamomum cassia 22. Osmanthus fragrans (autumn flowering) 23. Laurus nobilis 24. Washingtonia robusta 25. Bambusa multiplex (slender-leaved)

26. Pterocarpus indicus (Indian rosewood) 27. Pterocarpus santalinus (red sandalwood) 28. Dianella ensifolia 29. Ficus concinna 30. Markhamia cauda-felina

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China

1. Evergreen trees

Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine), Araucaria cunninghamii, Keteleeria fortunei, Araucaria bidwillii, Agathis dammara, Pinus massoniana, Pinus elliottii, Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum pedunculatum, Eucalyptus grandis, Melaleuca leucadendra, Syzygium jambos, Syzygium hainanense, Bischofia javanica, Acacia confusa, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Pterocarpus indicus, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus virens, Ficus altissima, Ficus superba, Ficus elastica, Ficus elastica 'Variegata', Ficus religiosa, Aleurites moluccana, Swietenia mahagoni, Dillenia indica, Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia mantaly, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Syzygium samarangense, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Manilkara zapota, Chukrasia tabularis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Michelia alba, Magnolia coco, Michelia macclurei, Elaeocarpus chinensis, Magnolia grandiflora, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Mangifera indica, Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis, Canarium album, Eriobotrya japonica, Myrica rubra, Citrus maxima, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Sabina chinensis, Podocarpus nagi, Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans var. semperflorens, Michelia figo, Aglaia odorata, Camellia japonica, Ficus benjamina, Phyllanthus emblica, Ficus tinctoria

2. Deciduous trees

Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium ascendens, Taxodium distichum, Glyptostrobus pensilis, Liriodendron chinense, Firmiana simplex, Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria, Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala, Liquidambar formosana, Salix babylonica, Kigelia africana, Neolamarckia cadamba, Grevillea robusta, Celtis sinensis, Sapindus mukorossi, Pistacia chinensis, Melia azedarach, Sapium sebiferum, Vernicia montana, Ginkgo biloba, Sterculia nobilis, Diospyros kaki, Ficus carica, Morus alba, Carica papaya, Psidium guajava, Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum', Acacia farnesiana

3. Palms

Archontophoenix alexandrae, Roystonea regia, Roystonea oleracea, Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, Neodypsis decaryi, Wodyetia bifurcata, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Elaeis guineensis, Borassus flabellifer, Washingtonia filifera, Washingtonia robusta, Phoenix canariensis, Phoenix dactylifera, Phoenix sylvestris, Livistona chinensis, Caryota obtusa, Arenga pinnata, Phoenix loureiroi, Phoenix roebelenii, Areca triandra, Areca vestiaria, Areca catechu, Caryota rumphiana, Caryota mitis, Dypsis lutescens, Trachycarpus fortunei, Musa basjoo, Ravenala madagascariensis, Cordyline fruticosa, Rhapis excelsa, Rhapis humilis, Strelitzia nicolai, Philodendron erubescens, Alocasia macrorrhizos

4. Foliage shrubs

Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaves', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves', Ficus lyrata, Ficus salicifolia, Garcinia subelliptica, Arundo donax 'Variegata', Polyalthia longifolia (weeping), Pandanus tectorius, Pittosporum tobira, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata', Cycas revoluta, Callistemon rigidus, Cestrum nocturnum, Cotinus coggygria, Justicia brandegeeana, Fatsia japonica, Juniperus procumbens, Manihot esculenta 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Schefflera octophylla, Schefflera arboricola 'Variegata', Zanthoxylum beecheyanum, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Acalypha wilkesiana, Syringa japonica, Duranta erecta, Duranta erecta 'Variegata', Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves', Murraya paniculata, Codiaeum variegatum, Codiaeum variegatum (lance-leaved), Codiaeum variegatum (Hainan), Codiaeum variegatum 'Aucubaefolium', Buddleja asiatica, Carmona retusa, Buxus sinica (small-leaved), Ligustrum sinense 'Aureum', Euphorbia milii, Furcraea foetida 'Variegata', Agave americana, Agave americana 'Marginata', Yucca, Beaucarnea recurvata, Aspidistra elatior, Sansevieria trifasciata, Cactus, Alocasia macrorrhizos, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata', Scaevola taccada, Rhaphiolepis umbellata, Breynia disticha, Phyllanthus myrtifolius, Rosa chinensis

5. Flowering shrubs

Tabernaemontana divaricata, Brunfelsia acuminata, Murraya paniculata, Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hibiscus schizopetalus, Malvaviscus arboreus, Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia), Calliandra haematocephala, Bougainvillea spectabilis, Gardenia jasminoides (large-flowered), Hydrangea macrophylla, Pachystachys lutea, Melastoma candidum, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura suaveolens, Mussaenda pubescens (white), Mussaenda erythrophylla (red), Allamanda cathartica, Rhododendron indicum, Cassia bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Ixora chinensis, Pavetta hongkongensis, Jasminum mesnyi, Jasminum sambac, Crinum asiaticum

Hymenocallis americana, Schumbergera truncata (crab claw), Canna indica (dwarf), Reinwardtia indica, Jatropha pandurifolia, Plumbago auriculata, Oxypetalum caeruleum, Hymenocallis speciosa

6. Groundcover

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'Albolineatum', Epipremnum aureum, Tradescantia zebrina, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea 'Tricolor', Spathiphyllum wallisii, Ophiopogon japonicus, Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus', Lantana camara (red), Lantana camara (yellow), Lantana camara (purple), Senecio cineraria, Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Justicia brandegeeana, Russelia equisetiformis, Asparagus densiflorus, Oenothera drummondii, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Hedera helix, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Hedychium coronarium, Cyperus alternifolius, Cyperus papyrus, Iris tectorum, Lythrum anceps, Narcissus tazetta, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea tetragona, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis corymbosa, Arachis pintoi, Dichondra repens, Iresine herbstii 'Aureoreticulata', Alternanthera dentata, Coleus blumei, Verbena tenuisecta, Alternanthera bettzickiana, Zephyranthes candida, Zephyranthes rosea, Hippeastrum rutilum, Lilium brownii, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Catharanthus roseus, Eremochloa ophiuroides, Zoysia matrella, Zoysia japonica, Cynodon dactylon, Axonopus compressus, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Paspalum notatum, Ophiopogon japonicus

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora, Quisqualis indica, Antigonon leptopus, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Pyrostegia venusta, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosissimum, Wisteria sinensis, Ficus pumila, Quamoclit pennata, Ipomoea nil, Ipomoea cairica, Celastrus orbiculatus, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, Bignonia chamberlaynii (garlic vine), Merremia tuberosa, Clytostoma callistegioides, Passiflora caerulea

Chapter 7: "Southern Common Plant Configuration Document"

Practical Plant Configuration Table — Summary Table of Common Plant Configurations

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Salix matsudana, Salix babylonica, Salix viminalis, Salix psammophila, Salix viminalis (woolly), Salix wallichiana, Populus simonii, Populus cathayana, Sabina vulgaris, Sabina chinensis, Platycladus orientalis, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Melia azedarach, Pterocarya stenoptera, Fraxinus chinensis, Forsythia suspensa, Ulmus pumila, Ulmus laciniata, Ulmus parvifolia, Sapium sebiferum, Prunus serrulata, Eucommia ulmoides, Koelreuteria paniculata, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, Nerium oleander, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Vitis vinifera, Wisteria sinensis, Amorpha fruticosa, Tamarix chinensis, Ranunculus japonicus, Halerpestes ruthenica, Halerpestes longiloba, Lysimachia, Mentha canadensis, Stachys japonica, Mentha haplocalyx, Lindernia, Veronica, Nasturtium officinale, Scirpus triqueter, Scirpus triangulatus, Scirpus planiculmis, Cyperus serotinus, Cyperus glomeratus, Pycreus globosus, Pycreus sanguinolentus, Juncus setchuensis, Juncus articulatus, Juncus bufonius, Juncus gracillimus, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum plebeium, Polygonum orientale, Polygonum caespitosum, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum minus, Polygonum perfoliatum, Polygonum senticosum, Polygonum thunbergii, Polygonum thunbergii (large-leaved), Polygonum cuspidatum, Imperata cylindrica, Calamagrostis epigejos, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Beckmannia syzigachne, Polypogon monspeliensis, Arundinella anomala, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Coix lacryma-jobi, Hemarthria altissima, Triglochin palustre

Emergent plants: Scirpus validus, Phragmites australis, Nelumbo nucifera (rhizome), Sagittaria sagittifolia, Carex dispalata, Alisma orientale, Nelumbo nucifera, Lythrum anceps, Typha orientalis, Monochoria vaginalis, Monochoria korsakowii, Acorus calamus, Pontederia cordata, Oryza sativa, Kandelia candel, Narcissus tazetta, Oenanthe javanica, Zizania latifolia, Colocasia esculenta, Marsilea quadrifolia, Phragmites australis, Eleocharis dulcis, Scirpus yagara, Eleocharis valleculosa, Typha angustifolia, Cyperus alternifolius, Typha latifolia

Floating plants: Lemna minor, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphaea tetragona, Euryale ferox, Victoria amazonica, Nuphar pumilum, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphoides peltata, Brasenia schreberi, Utricularia aurea, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Nymphoides hydrophylla

Submerged plants: Ceratophyllum demersum, Ottelia alismoides

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: Liquidambar formosana, Rhus succedanea, Acer palmatum, Acer ginnala, Celastrus orbiculatus, Quercus rubra, Acer truncatum, Sapium sebiferum, Rhus typhina, Rhus chinensis, Sorbus pohuashanensis, Nandina domestica, Euonymus alatus, Crataegus pinnatifida, Pistacia chinensis, Pterocarya stenoptera, Berberis thunbergii, Carpinus hupehensis, Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: Ginkgo biloba, Diospyros kaki, Koelreuteria paniculata, Liriodendron chinense, Firmiana simplex, Ulmus pumila, Juglans regia, Catalpa bungei, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Lagerstroemia indica, Ulmus parvifolia, Phoebe zhennan, Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa, Actinidia chinensis, Aesculus chinensis, Sorbus alnifolia, Chimonanthus praecox, Punica granatum, Cassia surattensis, Hamamelis mollis, Sapindus mukorossi, Acacia farnesiana

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be planted in residential areas include: herbs such as Mentha haplocalyx, Ocimum basilicum, Melissa officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Cymbopogon citratus, Salvia japonica, Taraxacum mongolicum, Calendula officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Borago officinalis, Pelargonium graveolens, Malva sylvestris; and shrubs such as Lavandula angustifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Gardenia jasminoides, Rosa rugosa, Aloysia citrodora.

Woody plants with fragrance cycling through the four seasons can be arranged as follows: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and Michelia alba in summer; Osmanthus fragrans in autumn and Chimonanthus praecox in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-gas-resistant plants: Robinia pseudoacacia, Paulownia fortunei, Pinus bungeana, Sabina chinensis, Viburnum odoratissimum, Photinia serrulata, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: Taxus cuspidata (dwarf), Podocarpus macrophyllus, Torreya grandis, Ilex crenata, Cinnamomum camphora, Myrica rubra, Ligustrum lucidum, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, Viburnum, Aucuba japonica, Mahonia fortunei, Pyracantha fortuneana, Buxus sinica, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc., Buddleja davidii, Pistacia chinensis, and other fragrant flowering plants (such as plants of the Citrus genus in the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous) flowers: Kniphofia uvaria (torch lily), Lupinus polyphyllus, Festuca glauca, Astilbe chinensis, Coreopsis grandiflora, Lysimachia nummularia, Origanum vulgare, Hibiscus moscheutos, Mentha spicata (red-flowered), Trachelospermum jasminoides 'Variegata', Lampranthus spectabilis, Helleborus thibetanus, Lycoris radiata, Hemerocallis fulva, Iris tectorum, Tradescantia virginiana, Hosta plantaginea, Canna indica 'Variegata', Canna indica 'Red Leaf', Aster novi-belgii, Farfugium japonicum, Bletilla striata, Verbena hybrida (perennial)

Flowering trees and shrubs of the four seasons:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus micromalus, Chaenomeles sinensis, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia 'Red', Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), Cercis chinensis, red-leaf plum

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: Lagerstroemia indica (crape myrtle), Hibiscus syriacus, Hydrangea macrophylla, Michelia figo, Rhododendron indicum (summer azalea), Punica granatum (flowering pomegranate), Gardenia jasminoides, Campsis grandiflora, Albizia julibrissin, Acacia farnesiana Autumn: Osmanthus fragrans, Lagerstroemia indica, Hibiscus syriacus, Punica granatum (flowering pomegranate), Hibiscus mutabilis, Campsis grandiflora, etc.

Winter: Lonicera japonica, Nandina domestica, plum blossom, Michelia figo, Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua, etc.

Classification diagram of common landscaping tree species:

(1) Evergreen conifers

1. Trees: Cedrus deodara, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus thunbergii, Sabina chinensis, Pinus massoniana, Sabina chinensis, Cycas revoluta, Araucaria cunninghamii, Cryptomeria japonica, Torreya grandis

2. Shrubs: (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Platycladus orientalis 'Sieboldii', Calocedrus macrolepis, Sabina procumbens, Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar), Pinus parviflora

(2) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Trees: Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pseudolarix amabilis, Taxodium ascendens, Taxodium distichum

(3) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: Cinnamomum camphora, Magnolia grandiflora, Ligustrum lucidum, Trachycarpus fortunei

2. Shrubs: Viburnum odoratissimum, Euonymus japonicus, Buxus sinica, Buxus harlandii, Ilex cornuta, Citrus, Photinia serrulata, Pittosporum tobira, Osmanthus fragrans, Nerium oleander, Jasminum floridum, Jasminum nudiflorum, Aucuba japonica 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Serissa foetida, Ligustrum sinense, Fatsia japonica, Gardenia jasminoides, Distylium racemosum, Camellia japonica, Hypericum chinense, Rhododendron, Yucca (described as pineapple flower, arrow hemp), Cycas revoluta (sago palm), Mahonia fortunei

(4) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: Salix babylonica, Salix babylonica (upright), Pterocarya stenoptera, Salix matsudana 'Tortuosa', Sapium sebiferum, Sophora japonica, Firmiana simplex (Chinese parasol

tree), Platanus acerifolia (London plane), Sophora japonica (Chinese scholar tree), Sophora japonica 'Pendula', Albizia julibrissin, Ginkgo biloba, Melia azedarach, Catalpa ovata

2. Shrubs: Prunus serrulata, Magnolia denudata, Prunus persica, Chimonanthus praecox, Lagerstroemia indica, Cercis chinensis, Acer, Acer palmatum, Prunus cerasifera 'Atropurpurea', Chaenomeles speciosa, Malus halliana, Hydrangea macrophylla, Spiraea blumei, Forsythia viridissima (golden bell), Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, Alchornea davidii, Punica granatum

(5) Bamboo: Bambusa multiplex (cixiao bamboo), Phyllostachys sulphurea, Phyllostachys edulis, Phyllostachys nigra, Bambusa multiplex 'Goddess', Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf', Bambusa ventricosa, Phyllostachys bambusoides 'Castillonis'

(6) Vines: Wisteria sinensis, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy, wall creeper), Hedera helix, Vitis vinifera, Euonymus fortunei

(7) Flowers: Portulaca grandiflora, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Salvia splendens, Canna indica, Alternanthera bettzickiana, Brassica oleracea (ornamental cabbage), Chrysanthemum, Orchid

(8) Turfgrass: Zoysia tenuifolia, Zoysia japonica, Ophiopogon japonicus, evergreen grass, Festuca arundinacea, Zoysia matrella, clover, Dichondra repens

Detailed Table of Common Plant Configurations

Table of Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific Name Family Tree Shape Characteristics

Cinnamomum camphora Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, trinerved, aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovate Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerates pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm and hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; flowers red and beautiful, flowering period May to August

Albizia Albizia julibrissin Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Sweet acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Fabaceae (Mimosoideae) Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, flowers golden yellow, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-lying wet areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and rounded, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, leaf surface dark green, robust growth, very beautiful form

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with rounded crown, strong canopy density, relatively slow growth, very beautiful form

Chinaberry (bead tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, roughly umbrella-shaped, flowers pale purple

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper Mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge, soft and thin, branches spreading in all directions, crown umbrella-shaped, form also beautiful

Formosan Alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tree form tall and beautiful

Ash Tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tree vigour strong, grows rapidly, tree form and leaf shape elegant Norfolk Island Pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm and hot climate, not cold-tolerant, likes fertile soil, grows fast, crown narrowly conical, form elegant

Qinghai Spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the northwest region

Korean Pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool and humid climate and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese Juniper (Juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, tolerant of drought and poor soil, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerant of pruning, good dust-blocking and sound-insulating effect

Southern Magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, flowers large, white, fragrant, tree form elegant,

Taiwan Acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly crooked, growth vigour strong

Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, grows robustly, form also beautiful

Canary Island Date Palm (Canary Date Palm) Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk thick and sturdy, tall and majestic, pinnate leaves dense and spreading,

Royal Palm (Great King Coconut) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk upright, up to 18m tall, central part slightly swollen, pinnate compound leaves, vitality very strong, ornamental value great

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, autumn leaves yellow, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, not tolerant of waterlogging, resistant to many toxic gases

Chinese Tulip Tree (Horse Jacket Tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, resistance fairly strong, fertile acidic soil, grows rapidly, long-lived, leaf shape like a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese White Poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool temperate climate, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, fairly long-lived; tree form upright, trunk straight, bark grayish-white

Lombardy Poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrowly cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold-tolerant and drought-tolerant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogging, grows fast

Chinese Elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention ability

Box Elder (Ash-leaved Maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, autumn leaves yellow{Date Palm Maintenance Measures in Southern China}.

Table of Traits of Commonly Used Landscape Trees

Name Scientific Name Family Tree Form Characteristics

Camphor Tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, doubly aromatic, berries spherical.

London Plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovate Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Crown large and shade dense, suitable as street tree and courtyard shade tree.

Southern Magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, flowers large, white, fragrant, tree form elegant,

Yulan Magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Fairly cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large, pure white, blooms March to April. Suitable for courtyard viewing.

Chinese Tulip Tree (Horse Jacket Tree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, resistance fairly strong, fertile acidic soil, grows rapidly, long-lived, leaf shape like a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese Arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, form neat when young, mostly crooked when old, grows vigorously, long-lived, tree form beautiful

Ash Tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round Evergreen tree, tree vigour strong, grows rapidly, tree form and leaf shape elegant Java Bishopwood Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round Evergreen tree, when young leaves sprout, very beautiful, grows robustly, tree form beautiful

Weeping Willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-temperature land, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, tree form beautiful

Chinese Incense Cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark grayish-brown, showing irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green when young, flat.

Royal Palm Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk upright, up to 18m tall, central part slightly swollen, pinnate compound leaves, vitality very strong, ornamental value great

Japanese Euonymus Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Ovate Prefers warm and humid climate, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Formosan Sweetgum Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, grows slowly, tree form beautiful

Chinese Wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Highly adaptable, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as courtyard shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Creeping Juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping dwarf shrub, branches and trunk sprawling and creeping on the ground, leaves needle-like. Grows slowly, tree form uniquely styled, branches and leaves emerald green and flowing. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, pools, sand pits, slopes, etc.{Date Palm Maintenance Measures in Southern China}.

Golden Dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Round Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden Dewdrop with yellow leaves is grown mainly for foliage, widely used, can serve as ground cover, trimmed shapes, formed patterns, or colour-accent planting, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese Holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Round Resistant to toxic gases, grows slowly. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper Mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge, soft and thin, branches spreading in all directions, form also beautiful

Chinese Elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention ability

Chinese Juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium tree, branches densely growing, dark green, grows robustly, suitable for pruning, tree form beautiful

Japanese Pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Round White flowers fragrant, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as hedge or potted plant. Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk tillering, up to 20-25m tall, leaves grayish-white with arching curve, grows robustly, tree form beautiful

Hankow Willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as courtyard shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Silk Tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as courtyard shade ornamental tree, street tree

Japanese Black Pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark grayish-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, needles hard, in clusters of two, long-lived

Purple-leaf Cherry Plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, reddish-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purplish-red, blooms pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen and group planting, as a backdrop.

Washington Palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk cylindrical, base swollen, up to 4-8m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, grows vigorously, tree form beautiful{Date Palm Maintenance Measures in Southern China}.

Japanese Pagoda Tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as courtyard shade tree, street tree

Glaucous Cassia Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Round Deciduous tree, evenly pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, grows rapidly, tree form beautiful

Box Elder (Ash-leaved Maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, autumn leaves yellow

Japanese Maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Leaf shape elegant, autumn leaves red. Suitable for courtyard viewing and potted plants.

Golden Larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Ovate tower-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves spreading, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, leaflets radial, tree form vigorous and upright.

Bottle Palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base elliptical and swollen, forming a wine bottle, form very beautiful

Mandarin Orange Tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Round Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry Tree Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Round Deciduous tree, bark grayish-brown, bipinnate odd-pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, grows rapidly

Snowbush Serissa Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Round Evergreen small shrub. Leaf colour dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, texture excellent, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, trimmed shapes.

Dragon Juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium tree, branches densely growing, dark green, grows robustly, very long-lived, tree form very beautiful

Dragon-claw Pagoda Tree S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches drooping, suitable for courtyard viewing, opposite planting or row planting

Dragon-claw Willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Round Branches twisted like a dragon roaming, suitable as courtyard shade tree, ornamental tree

Pygmy Date Palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, 2m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist Pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, form simple and elegant, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, layered forms for courtyard landscaping and beautification.

Masson Pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark reddish-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic

Heavenly Bamboo Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves elegant, red berries in autumn and winter; courtyard viewing, can be group planted or potted. Norfolk Island Pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer tree, branches whorled, lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, tree form beautiful, grows robustly

Glossy Privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Ovate Flowers white, blooms in June. Suitable as hedge or street tree.

Chinese Fan Palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, up to 6-12m tall, leaves round, petiole edges spiny, grows luxuriantly, form elegant

Globe Arborvitae Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly round Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green Maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful, can be trained into noble-shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, forest-bathing tree.

Boxleaf Euonymus B. bodinieri Buxaceae Ovate Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for courtyard viewing. Can be group planted, used as hedge or potted. Japanese Cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, ovate, round Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Care of Arecaceae Plants"

Arecaceae is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class; their stems are solitary or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, root system well developed, tolerant of drought, tolerant of poor soil, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style landscape effects. This section introduces their introduction, transplanting and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants; a few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the Silver Date Palm (Wild Date Palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term waterlogging, such as the Swamp Palm. Most palm plants are rich in fibre, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the False Betel Nut Palm and the Chinese Fan Palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape effect of palm plants has been recognised, and they have been used as key varieties for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following twenty-plus years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, and later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan and other areas, all successively set off a wave of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Several units led by the Guangdong Palm Landscaping Company, based on the theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatised Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally possess cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high-latitude, high-altitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatisation are: temperature, light, humidity, moisture and soil, among others. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing the growth and development of plants; low winter temperatures are the dominant factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatisation; through research on the salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of diseases and pests such as palm Phytophthora disease, coconut leaf beetle and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarised and invented palm seed germination-promotion technology, mastered the techniques of full-crown transplanting of palm plants and large-specification container seedling cultivation, and did effective work on soil improvement, winter cold protection and preservation techniques.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including the Royal Palm, Chinese Fan Palm, Broadleaf Lady Palm, South Coconut, Fishtail Palm, etc.; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the successfully applied Arecaceae plants mainly include Butia Palm, Woolly Washington Palm, Canary Island Date Palm, Washington Palm and more than ten other species, and the relevant research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington Palm as an Example

Discussion of the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Disease

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Disease

This disease often causes damage on palm plants such as the Royal Palm, Large Chinese Fan Palm, Washington Palm, Mexican Fan Palm and Canary Island Date Palm; affected plants cannot normally put out new heart leaves, new leaves shrivel and dry up, and in severe cases the whole plant withers in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora, and can be identified by incubation in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The bacteria spread and proliferate through watering, rain splashing, air movement, etc.

Occurrence Pattern of Phytophthora Disease in the Washington Palm

This disease occurs during the high-temperature, high-humidity period between summer and autumn. After early drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, the soil moisture content

suddenly increases, ventilation is poor, or plants located in wind-gap positions are prone to infection. In low-lying, poorly drained, continuous-cropping plots the disease is severe. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root injury caused when digging up seedlings, followed by long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded tender heart leaf rots, the leaves turn grayish-green and droop, and they can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, one can see paste-like secretions at the growing point and even the entire heart of the plant, with a foul odour, and the infected tissue can grow white mould-like substances. In severely affected plants, the roots are also often seen to be damaged, with the main symptom being blackened, rotted roots, with an unusual

smell. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries; adult trees planted in green areas are less affected.

Symptoms

In recent years it has caused fairly severe damage in nursery land. In the early stage of the disease, yellowish-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand, are slightly sunken, and when moist the surface is densely covered with white cottony mould, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellowish-brown, and under moist conditions white mould grows. When it occurs on the stem, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part shows withering. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes the root system and stem, when cut open, exude pus-like liquid, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves carry large amounts of grayish-black mycelium. Phytophthora disease is a vascular bundle disease; in severe cases the entire plant wilts, droops and dries up until death, with a high fatality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature, high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease can be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness and drainage in the nursery; leaves can be moderately pruned each autumn and winter, and trenches can be opened and soil mounded on the planting site to keep the nursery land dry. Usually potassium fertiliser can be applied additionally, and quicklime and superphosphate can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of the plants.

2. Choose a good plot; select loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation; land that has been planted with Washington Palm requires rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertiliser, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering in the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, and carry it out on sunny afternoons or evenings.

5. Achieve prevention first, integrated control. Pay attention to observation at ordinary times, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One or two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan WP (1:500 to 600), 80% Fosetyl-aluminium (1:400), or other hymexazol types such as Kameitong, i.e. Hydroxyisoxazole (usual amount 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), Dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control method: when transplanting the Washington Palm, first spray the planting site and the Washington Palm roots with 600 to 700 times Hydroxyisoxazole solution, or on consecutive sunny days first dig pits and sun-expose them for sterilisation, or spread lime powder for disinfection, or use 500 times Dexon solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or Fosetyl-aluminium (prone to developing resistance), adding 0.4% washing powder, into the heart or as a spray for both prevention and treatment. 700 times 80% Mancozeb solution can also be sprayed, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora disease. After adopting this measure, the Washington Palm and Woolly Washington Palm at the Shanghai base of the Guangdong Palm Landscaping Company have dropped from a 20% incidence rate in 2004 to below 10%.

Control Experience

Using Carbendazim and the like for control has no obvious effect. In the early stage of the disease, if all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can successively revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth is poor.

It is understood that in hot, dry areas such as Los Angeles this disease rarely occurs, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies in large numbers when water is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant dies from water loss and wilting. The heart rot disease described in some literature is actually also Phytophthora disease, only occurring at the heart leaf position.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, showing water-soaked small spots at onset, then expanding into larger lesions, and is easily found; it is generally controllable with agents such as Carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens being Phyllosticta, Pestalotia, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Large Solitary-trunk Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance; after root pruning the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. Stones and broken roots should be removed from the root-pruned soil and it should be backfilled promptly, and moisture retention done well: the purpose is to exercise the adaptability of the seedling and promote new root growth. After root pruning it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If heeled-in seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the ground. The planting site should have holes dug 20 days before transplanting, and the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. The soil from the holes should be sun-exposed in the open for a period, and the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of aged phosphate fertiliser + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn best, and summer and winter avoided as far as possible, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants like warmth and moisture; in summer the temperature is high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, easily causing excessive water loss that affects survival; in winter the temperature is low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds easily cause frostbite or even freezing death of seedlings.

Moving the Seedlings

Some large solitary-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick stems, the work of moving the seedlings is heavy, and the seedlings are very easily injured; therefore, when moving seedlings the trunk should be wrapped with gunny sacks or rice straw, especially the green wrapped-trunk part at the boundary between trunk and petiole. First, it protects the trunk, and second, it retains moisture and blocks sunlight. In addition, when lifting the seedlings, prune the leaves in combination, removing old leaves and retaining 40% to 45% of the leaves (the specifics depending on tree vigour). At the same time cut off the leaves together with the petioles by 1/5, to minimise water evaporation as much as possible.

Planting

Seedlings are best dug and planted on the same day; if the time is too long the seedlings evaporate a lot of water, and survival is easily affected by water loss. If they cannot all be planted that day, they should be covered well with shade netting and a small amount of water sprayed on the leaf surfaces every day, with good shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil Once the seedling is positioned, backfill the soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, make the soil mound into a "water-storage basin" slightly higher around the edge and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering Immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to settle the roots; before watering, first use bamboo poles etc. to puddle the loose soil around the soil ball until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing There are many kinds of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-planting Management

1. Moisture retention Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, to the extent of wetting the leaves and trunk wrapping. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow downward and accumulate, causing root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with rice straw to block sunlight, prevent excessive soil temperature difference from causing soil compaction, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which is conducive to the sprouting of new roots.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted large solitary-trunk palm plants are generally tall, and after transplanting are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds, the supports should be regularly checked after planting to see whether they have come loose; especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, it should be promptly straightened and re-tied.

3. Topdressing About one month after planting, urea water can be used as a foliar topdressing, applied as a spray, with topdressing about once every half month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilisation. The hole position is an annular trench opened beyond the edge of the soil ball, with the trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertiliser must be mixed evenly with the backfill soil.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted large solitary-trunk Arecaceae seedlings, because their tree vigour is relatively weak, are extremely susceptible to pests and diseases, especially the tender leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% Methamidophos plus 5% Omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" causes fairly serious damage to Arecaceae plants; adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping spaces of the not-yet-unfolded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing part or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods include the following: ① 81% Malathion EC 1000 times; ② Cypermethrin 500 times; ③ using "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve good control effects. Based on practical operation, the author believes the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a "Yejiaqing" packet on the heart leaf in combination with tying during planting for control.

Whether large solitary-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have survived can be roughly determined about one month after planting based on whether their leaves remain green, but to truly determine survival one generally has to wait one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate rose from the original 75% to above 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and worth promoting and applying.

Transplanting Techniques for Seedlings, Large Trees and Clustered Seedlings

Key Techniques for Transplanting Seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during the period after they germinate and take root. At this time the seedlings are relatively small, can be transplanted with the seed, and in addition have few fibrous roots, so the root system is not easily damaged when moving seedlings. Use nutrition bags for raising seedlings, with the size depending on the seedling cultivation time; generally speaking, for 1-year-old seedlings a 16 cm x 18 cm container is suitable, for 2-year-old seedlings use 19 cm x 20 cm; nutrition bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutrition soil is prepared with loose topsoil, burnt soil and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertiliser, then bagged. First fill half the bag with mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling and fill it full and compact it, so that the seedling root system adheres closely to the mixed soil, and water thoroughly. Palm plants must not be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward so that the seedling root system spreads out.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Trees

Arecaceae plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most require several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting; therefore, choosing sparsely planted strong seedlings gives a relatively high survival rate.

Minimize damage to the root system. Palm roots are tender, with many lateral roots and fibrous roots. When digging, keep as large a root ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Reduce root damage to a minimum so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption and improve the survival rate of transplanting. During construction, stake out and position the planting holes accurately to avoid rework and prevent the root ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning: The amount of foliage retained at transplanting should be determined comprehensively according to the species, the climate at transplanting time, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally about 40% of the original leaf count should be retained. Retaining too many leaves causes the leaves to yellow due to excessive water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes recovery difficult and prolonged for the plant, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the stem and pseudostem of the plant. During digging, transport, loading and unloading, the stem should be protected from damage and the pseudostem should not be squeezed or bent. This is the guarantee of plant health and rapid rejuvenation.

Soil at the new planting site: palms suffer damage to root tips at transplanting, and within one month after transplanting new root tips are very difficult to sprout, so water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, good soil permeability and aeration favor the survival of the seedlings, so when planting, dig large holes and pay attention to the quality of the imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to help palms recover after planting.

Maintenance: Within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability, so the seedlings should be carefully maintained. Be sure to replenish water in time and provide appropriate shading, and strive to have new leaves sprouting within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs for several days after transplanting, palm seedlings will recover better, because rainy days can avoid the adverse effects of scorching sun exposure.

Key techniques for transplanting large clumping seedlings

Clumping species of palms have multiple growing points; after growing into a multi-stemmed clumping state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clumping palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks, large leaf area causing high water evaporation, and poor wind permeability making them vulnerable to strong winds. Therefore, in addition to the measures for transplanting single-stemmed palms, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "hairy root method" for transplanting. That is, after digging out a relatively large root ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the root ball, retaining more fibrous roots and a moderate root ball, and then immediately wrap it with a moisture-retaining lightweight material, so as to reduce the weight of the root ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting clumping palms that recover slowly, such as the fishtail palm and the three-stamen areca.

2. Implement bare-root heeling-in or potting for centralized maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant is stable, and only then carry out formal planting. This method is suitable for robust clumping palms such as the areca palm, the strange winkled palm, and the Hawaiian palm; it can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for transplanting large seedlings and large trees of palms, in brief, five aspects should be done well, namely: select strong seedlings; dig good root balls and transport the plants carefully; prune leaves appropriately; ensure aeration and drainage at the planting site; and do a good job of post-planting maintenance, especially sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is that within half a year after planting, most leaves can be retained and new leaves can sprout; among these, sprouting three healthy new leaves means the transplanting is completely successful.

Drainage: First understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and as far as possible place the very bottom of the root ball at a position 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site and where the soil layer is thick and fertile. At the same time, a drainage layer for the root ball underground and a surface runoff guidance network should be well constructed to prevent water accumulation in the root ball after planting. If the hydrological conditions cannot meet the requirements, the method of planting the root ball raised high can be adopted, that is, use loose media mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand to first pile up the planting site as high as possible to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil mound, and bury the root ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil. Remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose media, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots. Strengthen inspections during the rainy season, dredge drainage facilities in time and loosen the soil around the roots appropriately, so as to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: Immediately after planting, water once with settling water to ensure the root ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil and to promote root development. Next, water thoroughly three more times, and cover the root ball in time to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, spray water on the ground and canopy more often to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration. Moisture retention treatment for leaves includes: a. Newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. Appropriately spray antitranspirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. In clear weather, spray misted water on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration. Check the moisture status of the root ball and roots at any time and replenish water in time to ensure the root ball remains moist and the roots can breathe freely. Fertilization: After planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, foliar fertilizer can be appropriately sprayed at low concentration to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation. Frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant. If new roots are found growing, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is above 2O℃, applying mainly organic fertilizer and appropriately adding compound fertilizer with high P and K content, so as to promote balanced nutrition for the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: Spray pesticides before the seedlings leave the nursery to prevent pests and diseases. After arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed with pesticides before unloading, and within one month after planting, pesticide application should be carried out three consecutive times at intervals of one week to ten days; afterward, a reasonable pest and disease control plan should also be formulated. Special

Part Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Sidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Greening

Main

te

nan

ce Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Sidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28186 sq m. The plant configuration of the factory greening is relatively reasonable, rich in color, and with obvious seasonal changes, forming a plant community with clear layers and natural ecology, basically displaying the natural landscape of plants. The arrangement of plant flowering shrubs and hedges between the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties are planted in the factory area, including camphor tree, southern magnolia, zelkova, osmanthus, crape myrtle, among which there is an avenue of large-sized camphor trees forming a shaded boulevard, and there are scenic spots at the gatehouse formed by varieties such as ancient red maple, fruiting pomegranate, Xifu crabapple, ginkgo, and Canary Island date palm.

In view of the existing conditions of the factory greening landscape, we believe that the initial greening construction was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits. In particular, the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not in place, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Greening Maintenance Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold-protection equipment, facilities, and seedling cold-protection wrapping materials.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Cut off dead, damaged, diseased and insect-infested branches and leaves, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons, and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue cutting off diseased and insect-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue collecting fertilizer and making compost, prepare culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

The weather gradually warms, and many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various insect-control and disease-prevention equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scale, and achieve timely control. April (Clear and Bright, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in controlling pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, grubs, mole crickets, and diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply light fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess tender buds and branches growing in inappropriate positions at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Buds)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning of spring-blooming shrubs and hedge pruning. According to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and prune and remove root suckers of small seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning, and final singling of seedlings, and increase additional fertilization and frequently apply light fertilizer.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases greatly harm trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and reporting, and pest and disease prevention should be done well.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization for flowering shrubs, and pinch-prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and soft scale, and diseases such as leaf spot, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly, so continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, soft scale, armored scale, second-generation cottony cushion scale, and mites occur in large numbers. Attention should be paid to control, and at the same time continue to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot, etc.

3. During the dog days, temperatures are high; when rain is scarce, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with more rainstorms, so attention should be paid to preventing waterlogging.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season, so typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, with frequent inspections and timely straightening of wind-thrown trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue doing a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal growth of seedlings.

3. This month the seedlings grow vigorously, so additional fertilizer should be applied in time; for small seedlings, apply light fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue doing a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and straighten wind-thrown trees in time when found.

5. Continue doing a good job in pest and disease control, and earnestly control the main pests harming trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do a good job in pest elimination and disease control; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood borers, etc., and once found, control immediately.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of topiary and hedges.

3. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, check the conditions of pests and diseases such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease, and sooty mold of flowering shrubs, which occur more frequently, and control them in time.

October (Cold Dew, Frost's Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control, and eliminate various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, ascertain the actual situation, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection, whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter pruning of trees, cut off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with insect eggs and competing branches, excessive

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