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How to grow a fiddle-leaf fig so it becomes tall and large? Plenty of water, ample light and a suitable temperature are key

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As a common foliage plant, the fiddle-leaf fig (Ficus lyrata) is not difficult to grow, and any flower lover with a little experience can grow it well. But although "keeping it alive" and "growing it well" differ by only one word, the difference is enormous. The fiddle-leaf fig is prized for its large leaves, so how do you grow it so it becomes tall and large?

As a common foliage plant, the fiddle-leaf fig (Ficus lyrata) is not difficult to grow, and any flower lover with a little experience can grow it well. But although "keeping it alive" and "growing it well" differ by only one word, the difference is enormous. The fiddle-leaf fig is prized for its large leaves, so how do you grow it so it becomes tall and large? Below, the editor will introduce a few little tips for you, so let's take a look together!

1. How to grow a fiddle-leaf fig so it becomes tall and large: 5 tips

In the eyes of ordinary flower lovers, the fiddle-leaf fig is an ordinary foliage plant; its large, green, evergreen leaves shaped like a cello make people like it at first sight. However, what the editor wants to say is that the fiddle-leaf fig can grow to 12 m tall! As for how to grow it so it becomes tall and large, you need to start with the soil and work hard on light, water and fertilizer, as follows:

1. Soil

When you buy a pot of fiddle-leaf fig, you should change its soil, because only fertile soil as a foundation can let the fiddle-leaf fig grow tall and large. For this, the editor recommends a soil mixed from 1 part peat soil, 1 part garden soil and 1 part river sand, plus a small amount of decomposed base fertilizer.

2. Light

Light is the foundation of plant photosynthesis, and as a foliage plant, the fiddle-leaf fig has an even greater need for light. If you can give the fiddle-leaf fig sufficient light so it can carry out photosynthesis fully, it will accumulate a large amount of nutrients and make the leaves grow large and green. Of course, direct sunlight should be avoided in summer; if placed outdoors, it must be shaded, as overly strong sunlight will make the leaves lose their luster.

3. Watering

How do you grow a fiddle-leaf fig so it becomes tall and large? Water is absolutely the most important part. The fiddle-leaf fig likes a humid environment; sufficient water can satisfy its growth and also make the leaves fuller. However, you cannot water too much either; always remember "water when dry and dry out between waterings" - wait until the potting soil is dry, then water thoroughly.

4. Fertilizing

If you want the fiddle-leaf fig to grow tall and large, sufficient nutrients are indispensable. During the growing season, fertilize once every 1-2 weeks; the fertilizer can be chosen from three types: Huaduoduo, potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate. To improve its cold resistance, you can apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizer about one month before winter arrives. By late autumn and winter, generally do not fertilize.

5. Temperature

How do you grow a fiddle-leaf fig so it becomes tall and large? Temperature is also a part that everyone must not ignore. The most suitable growing temperature for the fiddle-leaf fig is 25-35°C, and it is best to maintain this room temperature. Because the fiddle-leaf fig is not cold-tolerant and will go dormant at around 15°C, if you want it to grow tall and large, you must keep the room temperature above 15°C in winter.

Care measures for the southern plant date palm

Part One: "Southern Plant Compilation"

Plumeria

Plumeria - its flowers really look like eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like the white and yolk of an egg, and really cute in shape. Its branches are thick and fleshy. Its leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Plumeria blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, and it is very suitable for careful viewing. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its form is quite beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and on lawns. Plumeria likes a high-temperature, high-humidity, sunny environment with good drainage. It is vigorous by nature and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and is averse to waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. For cultivation, deep, fertile, well-aerated acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter is best. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting plumeria, you also need to pay attention to pest and disease control; for example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or the leaves even turn dark black, that is because of plumeria leaf spot, and at this time you need to pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so plumeria needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, plumeria also comes in red and yellow; all can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap and food additives, and the price is quite high, with great commercial development potential; the fresh flowers can also be dried for brewing tea, commonly known as plumeria tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The plumeria tree has a beautiful form, with many branches on the stem in strange and varied shapes; the leaves resemble loquat leaves, and after they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, much like antlers decorated with beautiful spots, making it a top-choice small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement and potted viewing. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used externally to treat scabies, redness and swelling and other conditions. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be made into musical instruments, tableware or furniture. Plumeria flower meaning: breeding hope, resurrection, rebirth - as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Yulan magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark that is rough and cracked; the twigs are slightly stout and grayish brown; the winter buds and flower stalks are densely covered with pale grayish yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate or obovate-elliptic, while the vigorous shoots at the base have elliptic leaves. The yulan magnolia flower is very much like a lotus; when fully open, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of green and white, with dazzling white light, and it has high ornamental value; together with wave after wave of delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart, it is truly an ideal flower form for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light by nature and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open ground. It loves dryness and is averse to low humidity; waterlogging at the planting site easily causes root rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. When fumigated artificially with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 g of sulfur. Therefore, yulan magnolia is an excellent pollution-resistant greening tree species for areas with air pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and not tolerant of strong light or west sun, and too strong light or west sun can easily scorch the trees. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer; besides applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year afterward, and sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously with green, thick leaves, not only producing many flower buds but also large flowers, a long flowering period and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance; its main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, yulan magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid and others, and also contain magnoflorine, alkaloids, yulan magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A and other components, and have a certain medicinal value. The yulan magnolia flower is pungent in flavor and warm in nature, and has the effects of dispelling wind and cold, unblocking the orifices, and freeing the lungs and clearing the nose. It can be used for headache, blood stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and other conditions. Modern pharmacological research shows that yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids and multiple trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks and can also be brewed as tea. The yulan magnolia flower meaning represents repaying kindness. Yulan magnolia often opens large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because its plant is tall and its flowers are positioned relatively high, swaying in the wind, full of spirit, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, it is very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, with single, relatively large leaves, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate veins arranged in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good groundcover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant and likes a warm, humid and brightly lit environment; it is not cold-tolerant and also not drought-tolerant, and fears scorching sun exposure. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing local scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves, and turning the leaf color yellow, so shading must be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water; during the growing period it should be watered fully to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires enough careful attention for all 365 days; if there are a few days of major environmental fluctuation, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant - this is the consensus of maranta seedling merchants and producers. Plants of the Marantaceae family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies and others. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta powder is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings and dessert snacks. Add water and boil into a transparent, odorless and tasty paste. Maranta powder is fine in texture and, compared with other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest, making it especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urinary difficulty due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery and alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, with a short pointed tip and a rounded, oblique, asymmetrical base, with stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, and dark red color. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. Its sprouting and branching ability is strong, and it is tolerant of pruning. It is tolerant of poor soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, is tolerant of pruning and wiring, and can be used for hedges and also for making stump bonsai; when it blooms, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and its new leaves are bright red; different lines differ in leaf color and flower color at maturity, and leaf size also varies. In garden applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, which bring about leaf color contrast and form color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometric moths, yellow noctuid moths, duckwing noctuid moths, large and small cutworms and scarab beetles and others. Common diseases of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum: anthracnose, damping-off and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves; because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall; damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August, and the pathogen is Actinospore fungi. The pathogen overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the initial infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, you must treat it promptly.

Bitao ornamental peach

Bitao is a variety of peach, a tree 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old; the twigs are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the tip, covered with short soft hairs, often clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Bitao likes sunlight by nature, is drought-tolerant and not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold resistance, and can overwinter safely in a natural environment at minus 25°C. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging; if planted in waterlogged low-lying places, seedlings easily die. Garden value: Bitao has large flowers and bright colors, is beautiful when blooming, and the ornamental period lasts as long as 15 days. In landscaping it is widely used beside lakes, along streams, on both sides of roads and in parks and so on; in small greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens it is also used for potted viewing, and is also often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. There is also the common weeping Bitao. Bitao has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, and shows especially good results in the year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in masses or as a specimen, and shows especially good greening effects in the same year. Bitao is one of the commonly used colored nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with nursery stock such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf sand cherry. When combined with flowering shrubs, it forms a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted on the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and so on; it is a kind of polysaccharide substance, and hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and others. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood, harmonizing blood and benefiting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis and leaf curl. Main pests include aphids, red spider mites, scale insects and red-necked longhorn beetles and others.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three leaf-colored plants are planted linearly, giving rich leaf color, and together with large-sized thornless holly balls, they form a neat, full and clearly layered roadside greening color-band effect.

2. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Japanese maple

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability, and both its leaf color and flower color are very beautiful, while the Photinia × fraseri ball has green old leaves accented by red new leaves; they set each other off and are extremely beautiful. The combination of the four plants is richly layered and forms a landscape road with longitudinal rhythm and spatial layering, and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fatsia japonica + Canary Island date palm + Plumeria

This combination of several plants is,, mainly green, with leaves both small (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) and coarse and large (Fatsia japonica, Plumeria), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, and it has the effect of reducing space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + Iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou; it is a scattered bamboo, and the culms are spaced with gaps between them. Iris has a graceful posture and colorful, beautiful flowers, and the two combined together are very charming.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Aucuba japonica + Osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like sparrow tongues and a low plant form, and can be used as the lowest-layer plant; Aucuba japonica has yellow spots in its leaf color and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree osmanthus has fragrant flowers that refresh the heart. The combination has spacing and density, changes in leaf color, and added floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fagraea ceilanica + Canna

Azalea has brilliant flowers, and with Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and Fagraea ceilanica as a foil, it is even more moving; canna has coarse, large leaves and reduces space, making people feel friendly.

7. Groundcover lawn + marigold + Photinia × fraseri + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ball + Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui'

With green groundcover as the base, marigold's bright yellow flowers are extremely beautiful; behind the marigold, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and red Photinia serve as a foil, and the Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui' tree form spreads out. The several plants set each other off and are richly varied.

8. Ophiopogon + guava tree

Both Ophiopogon and guava tree adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally; the leaves are fine and soft, making Ophiopogon very suitable as groundcover,, and the guava tree has smooth yellow bark, a graceful posture and relatively large leaves with well-spaced density, making it very suitable for open woodland paths.

9. Lawn + Agave americana 'Marginata' + pruned and shaped banyan tree + Senna bicapsularis

With green lawn as the base, Agave americana has coarse, large leaves, and its leaf color is silver-yellow alternating with green, and it is very coordinated when paired with the pruned and shaped banyan tree, while Senna bicapsularis has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. The combination of these several plants is richly layered, with color changes but coordinated.

10. Liriope + Rhapis excelsa + Areca palm + papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building; Liriope has a fine, soft leaf shape, while Rhapis excelsa and Areca palm have coarser and larger leaves, and papaya has large palmate leaves and bears fruit on the main trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Acalypha wilkesiana + Duranta erecta + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

As a plant combination for a carpet flower bed, Acalypha wilkesiana has bright leaf color and is used as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has dark purple leaf color; the combination of the three plants as a carpet flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping maintenance and management plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscaping; it is a long-term, repeated job with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, plants and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and flower bed planting and so on. The completion of green space does not mean the completion of the landscape; people often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the park area:

1. The green area covers about 245419 ten thousand sq m, with a high greening coverage rate and a large number of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned and shaped shrubs; the initial growth has gradually taken shape. After our careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open; the plaza is mainly planted with ginkgo, Phoebe zhennan and large trees in rows

, appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant variety combination in this area is complex, with large and small trees, shrubs and groundcover plants inter

planted; the entrance is mainly planted with relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, Jacaranda mimosifolia, small-leaf banyan stump,

top-grade osmanthus and so on). Whether it can still keep the office-area courtyard maintaining its elegant, refined, open and grand

scenery, and whether it can still let the hotel villa-area courtyard carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely and relaxed atmosphere,

all depends on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: 1) The shaped shrubs grow poorly and their shapes are monotonous; 2) The flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including number of flowers, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; 3) The lawn has many weeds, and in local areas grass-family weeds show a tendency to spread unchecked; 4) There are pest and disease problems.

1. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional gardening and carry out varied and graceful shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to promote their growth and then shape them according to their form, which depends on the specific plant's growth and plant shape; the hedges in local areas are highly regular, and the neat uniform strip shape undoubtedly makes the courtyard, which should be free and relaxed, appear mechanical and rigid. You can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes, matching the relaxed and leisure-oriented residential landscaping, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a more fluid living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family and genus, species and living habits, and label all plants in the area. In this way, it can both

enrich employees' common knowledge of plants and also add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labels

it can make greening receive more attention.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of a single morning or evening; while doing the rectification work well, we will likewise

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached later), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

likewise ask Party A to offer more opinions, so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organizes reasonably, maintains carefully, and sends professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange the management and protection work, and flexibly sends no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and the plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

6. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including the whole process of watering, opening planting holes and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, righting, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately), etc. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, barrows, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, applying 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per tree, and topdress once, applying 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, water-fertilizer and so on, then cover with soil, water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, control pests and diseases promptly, maintain the trees' natural growth state without need for shaping and pruning, promptly cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, shaded vigorous branches and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and promptly clean up the pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure there are no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: fertilize once each quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer and so on; water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, control pests and diseases promptly; for those pruned into round, square or cone shapes, carry out minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and beautiful cut surfaces, promptly remove pruned material, promptly cut off dead branches and diseased and pest-infested branches, promptly replant old, diseased and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: fertilize once each quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer and so on; water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, control pests and diseases promptly, cut off spent flowers once a week, remove weeds once a week, and promptly cut off dead branches and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once each quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm, control pests and diseases promptly, promptly replant withered, dead and missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(2) Specific annual landscaping maintenance work arrangements:

January: the month with the lowest temperatures of the year, when open-ground trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest-infested branches on large and small trees, and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings.

2. Street tree inspection: promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify when loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, loose stakes and other situations are found.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. You can dig out the pupae and cocoons of stinging moths in the loose soil under the trees and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin activity, but at this time they move slowly, and we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be weeded and edged promptly; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: temperatures rise somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Finish pruning all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on preventing stinging moths and scale insects.

March: temperatures continue to rise; after mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellias) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the time to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do a good job of planning and design, dig (hollow out) the tree pits in advance, and ensure digging, transporting, planting and watering are done in sequence. When planting shrubs, also ensure digging, transporting and planting are done in sequence, and water fully to improve the seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and so on promptly.

3. Fertilizing: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is the key time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock has developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller has also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion spraying for control). To control stinging moths, you can continue to use the method of digging out pupae.

April: temperatures continue to rise, and trees all sprout and bloom or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late, promptly remove and replant shrubs that died in winter (azaleas, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, etc.), and water newly planted trees fully.

2. Irrigation: continue to water the maintained green spaces promptly.

3. Fertilizing: for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring, and evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move to bark cracks, tree holes, the base of trunks, wall corners and other places to secrete white waxy thin cocoons and pupate. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deeply in a concentrated way or soaked. Or use the method of spraying pesticides such as fenitrothion. (2) Longhorn beetles begin activity; you can use a grafting knife or homemade steel wire to pick out the larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: temperatures rise sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees have a very large water demand and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: prune spent flowers. Carry out the first bud-thinning pruning on street trees.

3. Pest and disease control: continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of stinging moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; make corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids and others has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, Pittosporum tobira, oleander, etc.); in mid- and late May, spray 10?20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsifiable concentrate 1500?2000 times solution to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can be used.)

June: high temperatures

1. Watering: plants have a large water demand, so water promptly and do not "live by looking at the sky."

2. Fertilizing: combine with loosening soil and weeding, fertilizing and watering to achieve the best effect.

3. Pruning: continue bud thinning and tiller removal work on street trees. Carry out pruning on hedges, balls and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Drainage work: during heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: in mid to late June, the slug moth enters its peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly. At present, spraying with 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500-800 times dilution is basically used. (Or compound BT emulsion can be sprayed.) Continue manual capture of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-typhoon inspection for tree flood prevention and typhoon protection; right, reinforce, and re-tie loose or leaning trees.

July: temperatures are highest, and after mid-month there will be strong winds and heavy rain.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: during the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly once high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Topdressing: apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: carry out typhoon-prevention bud stripping and pruning; all branches that conflict with power lines must be pruned, and tree stumps should be checked one by one; if looseness or instability is found, right them and tie them tightly immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials, tools and equipment, and send people to inspect at any time, handling dangerous situations promptly.

5. Pest and disease control: continue controlling longhorn beetles and slug moths. For longhorn beetles, injection with 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 dilution can be used (or Guoshu Bao, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the opening, which can also achieve good results. Camphor tree bagworm moth should be pruned promptly, and the insect nests destroyed to avoid further damage.

August: still the rainy season

1. Drainage: after heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: continue doing good work in typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: in addition to general summer pruning of trees, shaping pruning should be carried out on hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: weeds also grow vigorously, so weeding should be done promptly, and fertilization can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: focus on capturing longhorn beetles, and pay attention to capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree bagworm moth should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot diseases, and take measures promptly. September: temperatures decline somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: in preparation for city appearance work, strip buds below the third-level branching of street trees. Shaping pruning of hedges. Weeding in green spaces, edging lawns, and promptly removing dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilization: for some trees with weaker growth and insufficiently plump branches, apply some phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as topdressing.

3. Pest and disease control: shot-hole disease (cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) is at its peak incidence; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to root damage; pay attention to capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood borers on poplars and willows. Do good work in controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting all kinds of greening facilities.

October: temperatures drop; in late October it enters early winter, trees begin to shed leaves, and successively enter the dormant period.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting; once cold-tolerant trees shed their leaves in late month, planting can begin.

2. Green space maintenance: promptly remove dead trees and water promptly. Do good work in weeding and edging green spaces and lawns. Fertilize flowers and plants with poor growth.

3. Pest and disease control: continue capturing root longhorn beetles. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree bagworm moth. November: the soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: continue planting cold-tolerant plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Turning soil: turn the soil in green spaces to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: water dry, compacted soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: various pests prepare to overwinter in late month, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: after deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and draw the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green space maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed yellow soil.

2 Garden plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green spaces reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Garden tree crowns are basically complete, main and side branches are evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the inner canopy is not chaotic, with ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green spaces.

2.3 New shoots of deciduous trees grow normally, and leaf size and color are normal. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect excrement or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the preservation rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coniferous

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches, to ensure tree development tends to be reasonable, branch form is improved, and pest and disease breeding is reduced.

2. Appropriately thin trees that are too densely grown, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and carry out winter fertilization on all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. You can dig out slug moth pupae and cocoons from the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated way.

5. As appropriate, thin grass on individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning, and fertilization work on lawns.

2. Do good work in pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaf mahonia and mealybugs on coral and Fatsia japonica.

3. In particular, strengthen antifreeze and heat preservation measures for trees, and do good work in loosening soil and earthing up around tree roots.

4. Apply one topdressing (urea) to cool-season lawns at the end of the month at 10 g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Promptly mow lawns and remove weeds, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: strengthen observation and inspection, and do good work in forecasting, prediction, and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on Malus species and cold-season lawns, so pay attention to prevention reports.

4. For local sunken and low-lying spots appearing in lawns, carry out soil earthing and sand covering; carry out low pruning on winter ryegrass lawns to ensure germination and growth of the underlying grass.

April

1. Do good work in loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; pruning of evergreen hedges can begin.

3. Pest and disease control: mainly control aphids, sooty mold, and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period for trees to unfold leaves, and water demand is very high, so water promptly.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and Hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud stripping on London plane, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding work on lawns, and prune lawn grass promptly to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: do good work in forecasting, prediction, and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding work on lawns.

3. Lawns should be pruned promptly, and their growth height controlled, paying attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply compound fertilizer once to lawns with poor growth or lacking fertilizer, so they can pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do good work in forecasting, prediction, and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that watering work for plants is carried out.

2. Carry out soil loosening and weeding work on flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do good work in weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to weed and remove grass to prevent grass overgrowth; continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention work; reinforce and strengthen trees in the garden to prevent lodging; promptly dredge and drain low-lying or seriously waterlogged places.

4. Pest and disease control: do good work in forecasting, prediction, and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune promptly, control lawn height, and fertilization can be combined with weeding. Fertilize and topdress promptly, mainly with P and K fertilizers, together with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently; at the same time, pay attention to mastering the fertilization period and climate.

3. Under high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought relief work; it must not be chosen from 10-15 o'clock, to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing good work in typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and strengthen large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly dredge drainage ditches in low-lying and water-prone places to prevent water from accumulating for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: do good work in forecasting, prediction, and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed green spaces and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Thin trees that are too densely grown, and at the same time carry out bud stripping work.

3. Lawns should be pruned, edged, and cleared of weeds promptly, and attention should be paid to pest and disease control work.

4. Carry out weeding work on flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do good work in weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: do good work in forecasting, prediction, and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness and clear layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend to be reasonable and the tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted herbaceous flowers, promptly fill bare gaps and water, and fertilize those with poor growth.

3. Pest and disease control: do good work in forecasting and prediction, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, reducing pests and diseases, and enhancing growth.

2. Do good work in weeding and edging for flower beds, color-block shrubs, and green spaces, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare gaps. As appropriate, adjust trees in local layouts, and some evergreen trees and a small number of deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Begin cold protection and warmth work; for trees with

poor cold resistance, carry out straw wrapping and earthing up.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. As appropriate, scarify and aerate lawns, and at the same time prune 2-3 times.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late month, and combine with increased application of organic fertilizer to carry out soil turning in green spaces.

5. Pest and disease control: do good work in forecasting and prediction, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do good work in weeding and edging for color-block shrubs and green spaces, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing residual stumps and dead branches, in order to make next year's tree growth better (flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds must not be pruned); at the same time, pay attention to cleaning insect cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do good work in forecasting and prediction, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "Latest Common Plants Used in Southern Landscapes"

Common Garden Plants Used in Southern Landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Taiwan podocarpus, long-leaf podocarpus, white champaca, southern magnolia, honokiol, Cinnamomum burmannii, camphor tree, cinnamon, Gmelina hainanensis, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, Siamese senna, red camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Bauhinia variegata, almond, mango, Ormosia hosiei, Cleistocalyx operculatus, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, avocado, Alstonia scholaris, Archontophoenix alexandrae, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Syzygium hainanense, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, swamp mahogany, blue gum, cajeput, quandong, Torreya grandis, Cephalotaxus fortunei, Indian rubber fig, banyan, small-leaf banyan, cluster fig, weeping fig, Ficus virens, sacred fig, horsetail tree, jackfruit, Acer cinnamomifolium, Castanopsis sclerophylla, oriental white oak, candlenut, silk oak, Elaeocarpus apiculatus, big-leaf elaeocarpus, sea hibiscus, Ilex rotunda, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, Albizia falcataria, royal palm, fish-tail palm, Washingtonia, sugar palm, Canary date palm, Chinese ash, red sandalwood, Dillenia indica, jackfruit, yellow sophora, jackfruit, big-leaf privet, Michelia chapensis, Schefflera octophylla, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

Terminalia mantaly, Chinese swamp cypress, winter melon, Chinese tallow, Japanese raisin tree, sand pear, soapberry, goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, big-leaf crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flamboyant tree, peacock flower, jacaranda, yellow sophora, chinaberry, Chukrasia tabularis, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, sweet acacia, Kalopanax septemlobus, sweetgum, weeping willow, Magnolia soulangeana, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

rosewood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm, Chinese plum yew, Aglaia odorata, big-leaf boxwood, Elaeagnus pungens, camellia sasanqua, sweet viburnum, Aucuba japonica variegata, Hypericum, three-stamen areca, areca palm, sugar palm, four-season Aglaia odorata, soft-branch allamanda, Justicia gendarussa, red bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, Aucuba, Chinese holly, foreign azalea, Cordyline fruticosa, croton, Chenille plant, Acalypha wilkesiana, golden-leaf fig, Senna surattensis, Rhododendron ovatum, Ardisia, orange jasmine, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Artabotrys hexapetalus, Camellia japonica, oil tea, big-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, little yellow allamanda, snow-in-summer, Michelia figo, Pittosporum tobira, Mahonia, nandina, Fatsia japonica, Magnolia coco, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, umbrella plant, Rhododendron simsii, Yucca gloriosa, Yucca, South China boxwood, Rhapis excelsa, Phoenix roebelenii, dwarf fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden ficus, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden shrimp plant, Schefflera octophylla, Duranta repens variegata, golden duranta, Justicia gendarussa, golden privet, elephant ear, Philodendron selloum, Monstera deliciosa, Aspidistra, snake plant, Rhaphiolepis indica, variegated hibiscus, Euphorbia cotinifolia, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, Brunfelsia, Hamelia patens, spider lily, spider orchid, calliandra, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura suaveolens, Mussenda frondosa, Mussenda erythrophylla, Rhododendron mucronatum, Rhododendron hybridum, Senna bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, Myrtus, Ixora, Jasminum mesnyi, jasmine, Jatropha pandurifolia, Plumbago auriculata, Oxypetalum caeruleum, butterfly pea, nandina, pepper tree, Excoecaria cochinchinensis,

Deciduous shrubs:

Hibiscus mutabilis, Spiraea cantoniensis, Spiraea prunifolia, modern rose, Abelia chinensis, pomegranate, Callicarpa, Magnolia liliiflora, Lespedeza, Lonicera maackii, Hydrangea macrophylla, hibiscus, redbud, Prunus japonica, Spiraea, pearl bush, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, Buddleja, Ligustrum sinense

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, flame vine, Rangoon creeper, Akebia trifoliata, honeysuckle, Euonymus fortunei, climbing fig, kiwi, Euonymus Fortunei, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Hoya, Epipremnum pinnatum, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, Schisandra chinensis, Parthenocissus tricuspidata, trumpet vine, passionflower, Lagerstroemia indica, Mucuna sempervirens, Thunbergia grandiflora

Artabotrys hexapetalus, Thunbergia grandiflora, Rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, flame vine, Mucuna birdwoodiana, Clerodendrum speciosum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, Ipomoea cairica, snake vine, Jasminum officinale, Aristolochia gigantea, garlic vine, wood rose, Bignonia capreolata, passionflower

Bamboos:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, moso bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, Bambusa glaucescens, Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata', Bambusa emeiensis, Bambusa multiplex, Pleioblastus amarus, Indocalamus tessellatus, Buddha belly bamboo, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Dendrocalamopsis oldhami, Bambusa multiplex 'Riviereorum', Bambusa multiplex var. multiplex, red bamboo

Lawns and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese lawngrass, fine-leaf lawngrass, carpet grass, centipede grass, knotgrass, Manila grass, Japanese lawngrass, Guangdong evergreen, purple spiderwort, oyster plant, dwarf lilyturf, big-leaf curculigo, Liriope, reineckea, Aspidistra, black-eyed Susan vine, Acorus gramineus, rain lily, Zephyranthes, Lycoris aurea, white butterfly, iris, Oxalis corymbosa, Tradescantia zebrina,

Calathea roseopicta, Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'Albolineatum', pothos, Tradescantia zebrina, Boston fern, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea, Spathiphyllum, silver-edge dwarf lilyturf, Lantana camara (red), Lantana camara (yellow), Lantana camara (purple)

Lantana, dusty miller, clerodendrum, shrimp plant, red firecracker plant, asparagus fern, Oenothera drummondii, beach morning glory, English ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis corymbosa, Arachis pintoi, Dichondra repens, Iresine herbstii, Alternanthera ficoides, coleus, Verbena tenera, Alternanthera versicolor, rain lily, Zephyranthes, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean velvetgrass, Bermuda grass, big-leaf carpet grass, Stenotaphrum secundatum variegatum, Bahia grass, dwarf lilyturf

Palm species:

Royal palm, Washington palm, Triangle palm, King palm, Foxtail palm, Butia palm, Bottle palm, Club palm, Mediterranean date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, Oil palm, Fishtail palm (Caryota), Windmill palm, Dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, Queen palm, Fishtail palm, Chinese fan palm, Mexican fan palm, Pygmy date palm, Areca palm (short-spike fishtail palm), Areca palm (long-spike fishtail palm), Areca palm, Betel nut palm, Traveler's palm, Broadleaf lady palm,

Seasonal flowers

Star flower, African impatiens, Wax begonia, Scarlet sage, Petunia, Hybrid dianthus, Ornamental kale, French marigold, African marigold, Nasturtium, Pansy, Torenia, Cockscomb, Calendula, Globe amaranth, Zinnia, Moss rose (Portulaca grandiflora), Moss rose (Portulaca pilosa), Cosmos, Cineraria, Cleome, Daylily, Lavender, Purple loosestrife

Chapter 5: "Examples of Southern Plant Configurations"

Southern plant configurations

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + Cyperus alternifolius + Alpinia zerumbet variegata

Dracaena fragrans 'Massangeana' + Dracaena fragrans 'Colorama' + Nandina domestica + Nephrolepis cordifolia + decorative stone

Royal palm + Fishtail palm (Caryota) + Pygmy date palm + Canna + Coleus + Croton

Royal palm + Canary Island date palm + Cordyline fruticosa 'Red' + Acalypha wilkesiana + Ixora

Royal palm + Archontophoenix alexandrae + Areca palm + Rhapis excelsa + Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves'

Chapter 6: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China"

Commonly used plants for southern courtyards

I. Palm species:

1. Royal palm 2. Archontophoenix alexandrae 3. Washington palm 4. Silver date palm 5. Canary Island date palm 6. Betel nut palm

7. Chinese fan palm 8. Mexican fan palm 9. Areca palm 10. Broadleaf lady palm (slender-leaf lady palm) 11. Areca palm (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens) 12. Soft-leaf date palm

II. Tree species (street trees, shade trees):

1. Flamboyant tree 2. Kapok 3. Silk floss tree 4. Coral tree 5. Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6. Alstonia scholaris

7. Ficus microcarpa 8. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9. Mango 10. Chukrasia tabularis 11. Cinnamomum burmannii 12. Tabebuia (large-leaf trumpet tree)

13. Rosewood (Pterocarpus) 14. Frangipani 15. Terminalia catappa 16. Traveler's palm 17. Pandanus tectorius 18. Bischofia javanica

19. Carambola 20. Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata 21. Golden shower tree 22. Albizia falcataria 23. Melaleuca leucadendra

24. Eucalyptus 25. Syzygium hainanense 26. Aphanamixis grandifolia 27. Bauhinia 28. Mahogany

29. Ficus altissima 30. Spathodea campanulata 31. Tabebuia chrysantha 32. Koelreuteria bipinnata

III. Flowering shrubs:

1. Osmanthus fragrans (four-season osmanthus) 2. Bambusa multiplex (slender-leaf bamboo) 3. Tree fern (Alsophila) 4. Ficus microcarpa 'Golden' 5. Bougainvillea

6. Cassia surattensis 7. Callistemon (bottlebrush) 8. Agave americana 'Marginata' 9. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 10. Fagraea ceilanica 11. Ficus variegata

12. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 13. Michelia figo 14. Campsis grandiflora 15. Calliandra 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Aglaonema

18. Furcraea (century plant) 19. Yucca 20. Pyrostegia venusta 21. Thevetia peruviana 22. Polyscias

IV. Ground covers or color blocks:

1. Pittosporum tobira 2. Monstera deliciosa 3. Epipremnum aureum 4. Bird's nest fern 5. Red ruby (Alternanthera) 6. Large-leaf fountain grass 7. Schefflera octophylla

8. Syngonium (small angel) 9. Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves' 10. Cuphea hyssopifolia 11. Slender-leaf frog orchid 12. Calathea (three-star arrowroot) 13. Rhododendron (hairy azalea)

14. Dwarf Chinese fan palm 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Duranta erecta 'Variegata' 17. Spider plant (Chlorophytum) 18. Tradescantia zebrina 19. Allamanda cathartica (soft-branch allamanda)

20. Alpinia zerumbet variegata 21. Asparagus fern 22. Arachis pintoi (golden peanut) 23. Ixora (slender-leaf ixora) 24. Nephrolepis cordifolia 25. Pachystachys lutea (golden shrimp plant)

26. Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly' 27. Pilea cadierei 28. Dieffenbachia (spotted dumb cane) 29. Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow' 30. Croton 31. Ophiopogon japonicus

32. Acorus gramineus 'Variegatus' 33. Jasmine 34. Calathea zebrina (velvet arrowroot) 35. Taiwan grass (Zoysia matrella) 36. Large-leaf carpet grass (Axonopus)

37. Manila grass (Zoysia matrella) 38. Bermuda grass 39. Ryegrass 40. Tall fescue

Some other commonly used plants:

1. Ficus religiosa 2. Ficus altissima 3. Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4. Campanula (bellflower) 5. National Day flower (Koelreuteria) 6. Golden shower tree

7. Senna siamea 8. Kigelia africana (sausage tree) 9. Thai yellow golden flower ball 10. Melaleuca bracteata 'Golden'

11. Senna alata (winged cassia) 12. Sophora (double-pod sophora) 13. Jatropha (daily cherry) 14. Cleistocalyx operculatus 15. Manglietia glauca

16. Hainan sajin (Aporosa) 17. Pachira aquatica (variegated money tree) 18. Ormosia hainanensis 19. Mahogany

20. Albizia falcataria 21. Sandalwood osmanthus 22. Autumn osmanthus 23. Laurel 24. Mexican fan palm 25. Bambusa multiplex (slender-leaf bamboo)

26. Indian yellow (purple) sandalwood 27. Rosewood (Pterocarpus) 28. Dianella ensifolia 29. Leizhou banyan 30. Markhamia (cat-tail tree)

Commonly used garden plants in Southern China

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine, Hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii), Keteleeria, Araucaria bidwillii (bunya pine), Agathis dammara, Masson's pine, Slash pine, Camphor tree, Cinnamomum japonicum, Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, Melaleuca leucadendra, Rose apple, Syzygium hainanense, Bischofia javanica, Acacia confusa, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Rosewood (Pterocarpus), Ficus microcarpa, Ficus virens, Ficus altissima, Ficus superba, Ficus elastica, Ficus elastica 'Variegata', Ficus religiosa, Aleurites moluccanus, Mahogany, Dillenia, Alstonia scholaris, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia mantaly, Jackfruit, Wax apple, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Sapodilla, Chukrasia tabularis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Michelia alba, Magnolia coco, Michelia macclurei, Elaeocarpus (small-leaf), Magnolia grandiflora, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Mango, Longan, Lychee, Olive, Loquat, Waxberry, Pomelo, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Sabina chinensis, Nageia nagi, Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans (four-season), Michelia figo, Aglaia odorata, Camellia, Ficus benjamina, Cheilospermum (butterfly fruit), Ficus tinctoria subsp. gibbosa

2. Deciduous trees

Dawn redwood, Bald cypress, Pond cypress, Chinese swamp cypress (Glyptostrobus pensilis), Tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, Bischofia polycarpa, Albizia falcataria, Albizia julibrissin (large-leaf), Leucaena leucocephala, Sweetgum, Weeping willow, Kigelia africana (sausage tree), Neolamarckia cadamba, Silver birch, Hackberry, Soapberry, Pistacia chinensis, Chinaberry, Chinese tallow, Tung tree, Ginkgo, Sterculia monosperma, Persimmon, Fig, Mulberry, Papaya, Guava, Red maple, Acacia

3. Palm species

Archontophoenix alexandrae, Royal palm, King palm, Bottle palm, Club palm, Triangle palm, Foxtail palm, Queen palm, Oil palm, Sugar palm, Washingtonia (large thread palm), Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Mediterranean date palm, Iranian honey date palm, Chinese fan palm, Fishtail palm (Caryota), Sugar palm (Arenga), Phoenix (scaly date palm), Soft-leaf date palm, Betel nut palm, Green palm, Fragrant palm, Long-spike fishtail palm, Short-spike fishtail palm, Areca palm, Windmill palm, Banana, Traveler's palm, Cordyline fruticosa, Broadleaf lady palm, Slender-leaf lady palm, Strelitzia nicolai (giant bird of paradise), Philodendron (red-stem), Alocasia (false taro)

4. Foliage shrubs

Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaves', Ficus microcarpa 'Golden', Ficus lyrata, Ficus salicifolia, Garcinia subelliptica, Arundo donax 'Variegata', Polyalthia (weeping), Pandanus tectorius, Pittosporum tobira, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata', Cycas revoluta, Callistemon (bottlebrush), Cestrum nocturnum (woody), Euphorbia cotinifolia (pretty), Justicia brandegeeana (golden vein), Fatsia japonica, Juniperus procumbens, Manihot esculenta 'Variegata', Nandina domestica, Schefflera octophylla, Schefflera octophylla 'Variegata', Zanthoxylum (pepperwood), Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Acalypha wilkesiana, Syringa japonica, Duranta erecta, Duranta erecta 'Variegata', Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves', Murraya paniculata, Croton, Croton (halberd-leaf), Croton hainanensis, Croton 'Aucubaefolius', Gendarussa vulgaris, Carmona retusa (Fukien tea), Buxus microphylla, Ligustrum sinense 'Golden', Euphorbia milii, Furcraea foetida 'Yellow-striped', Agave, Agave americana 'Marginata', Yucca, Beaucarnea recurvata, Aspidistra elatior, Sansevieria, Cactus, Alocasia, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Monstera deliciosa, Alpinia zerumbet variegata, Scaevola taccada, Rhaphiolepis indica (thick-leaf), Breynia disticha (colorful), Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Ceylon), Rosa chinensis

5. Flowering shrubs

African jasmine, Yesterday-today-and-tomorrow (Brunfelsia), Jasminum (sparse), Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Fuchsia (hanging bell flower), Malvaviscus arboreus, Poinsettia, Calliandra, Bougainvillea, Gardenia jasminoides (large-flower), Hydrangea, Justicia (red bract), Melastoma, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, Datura (large-flower), Mussaenda (white), Mussaenda (red), Allamanda (yellow), Rhododendron (Western azalea), Senna bicapsularis, Tecomaria capensis, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Ixora, Freesia (pearl), Jasminum mesnyi (Yunnan), Jasmine, Crinum asiaticum,

Spider lily (Hymenocallis), Crab claw flower, Dwarf canna, Reinwardtia indica (stone flax), Jatropha pandurifolia (fiddle-leaf coral), Plumbago auriculata (blue snowflake), Oxypetalum caeruleum (blue star flower), Papilio butterfly (hedychium)

6. Ground covers

Calathea (purple-back), Syngonium podophyllum, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly', Epipremnum aureum, Tradescantia zebrina, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Pilea cadierei, Rhoeo spathacea (dwarf oyster plant), Spathiphyllum (peace lily), Ophiopogon japonicus, Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus', Lantana camara (red), Lantana camara (yellow), Lantana camara (purple), Senecio cineraria (dusty miller), Clerodendrum thomsoniae, Justicia brandegeeana (shrimp plant), Russelia equisetiformis (coral plant), Asparagus fern, Oenothera drummondii (beach evening primrose), Ipomoea pes-caprae (beach morning glory), Hedera helix (English ivy), Trachelospermum jasminoides (star jasmine), Hedychium coronarium (ginger lily), Cyperus alternifolius (umbrella plant), Cyperus papyrus, Iris, Purple loosestrife, Narcissus, Lotus, Water lily, Wedelia trilobata, Oxalis corymbosa (red-flower oxalis), Arachis pintoi (Brazilian peanut vine), Dichondra repens (ponyfoot), Alternanthera (purple), Alternanthera (round-leaf), Coleus, Verbena tenuisecta (fine-leaf), Alternanthera (red-green), Zephyranthes candida (autumn zephyr lily), Zephyranthes carinata (pink zephyr lily), Hippeastrum (amaryllis), Lily, Calla lily, Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle), Eremochloa ophiuroides (centipede grass), Manila grass (Zoysia matrella), Korean lawn grass (Zoysia), Bermuda grass, Large-leaf carpet grass (Axonopus), Stenotaphrum secundatum 'Variegatum', Paspalum notatum (bahia grass), Liriope (short-leaf)

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora (large-flower clock vine), Quisqualis indica (Rangoon creeper), Antigonon leptopus (coral vine), Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy), Pyrostegia venusta (flame vine), Mucuna birdwoodiana (white-flower mucuna), Clerodendrum speciosum (beautiful glorybower), Wisteria, Ficus pumila (creeping fig), Cypress vine (Ipomoea quamoclit), Morning glory, Ipomoea (maple-leaf morning glory), Snake vine, Jasminum officinale (common jasmine), Aristolochia gigantea (large-flower Dutchman's pipe), Mansoa alliacea (garlic vine), Merremia tuberosa (wood rose), Bignonia (cross vine), Passiflora (passion flower)

Chapter 7: "Document on Commonly Used Plants in Southern China"

Practical Plant Configuration Table ---- Brief Table of Common Plant Configurations

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Hankow willow, Weeping willow, Cotton willow, Sand willow, Artemisia willow, Soap willow, Simon poplar, Liaoning poplar, Sand juniper, Chinese juniper, Oriental arborvitae, Dawn redwood, Chinaberry, Chinese wingnut, Chinese ash, Forsythia, Elm, Lacerate-leaf elm, Chinese elm, Chinese tallow, Cherry blossom, Eucommia, Goldenrain tree, Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus, Oleander, Boston ivy, Grape, Wisteria, Amorpha fruticosa (false indigo), Tamarisk, Buttercup, Water hyacinth sprout, Long-leaf alkali grass, Marsh willow-leaf, Willow-leaf grass, Marsh woundwort, Chinese woundwort, Mint, Lindernia, Veronica, Watercress, Scirpus, Water wool grass, Flat-stem Scirpus, Water nutgrass, Flower-spike water nutgrass, Ball-spike pycreus, Red-phosphorus pycreus, Jointed rush, Small-flower rush, Small rush, Slender rush, Polygonum aviculare, Common knotweed, Red knotweed, Clustered knotweed, Dock-leaf knotweed, Willow-leaf prickly knotweed, Small arrow-leaf knotweed, Mile-a-minute (Persicaria perfoliata), Prickly knotweed, Halberd-leaf knotweed, Large halberd-leaf knotweed, Japanese knotweed, Cogongrass, Calamagrostis, Large-leaf reed grass, Beckmannia, Long-awn barbs, Wild arundo, Amur silvergrass, Job's tears, Hemarthria, Wetland ground orchid,

Emergent plants: Scirpus validus (softstem bulrush), Reed, Lotus root, Arrowhead, Broad-leaf bog grass, Alisma (water plantain), Lotus, Purple loosestrife, Cattail, Monochoria (duck-tongue grass), Monochoria korsakowii (rain lily), Acorus calamus, Pontederia cordata (pickerelweed), Rice, Kandelia (mangrove), Narcissus, Water celery, Wild rice stem, Taro, Marsilea (four-leaf clover fern), Reed, Water chestnut, Scirpus (three-edge), Needle rush, Cattail (water candle), Umbrella sedge, Broad-leaf cattail

Floating plants: Duckweed, Water hyacinth, Water lily, Gorgon nut (Euryale), Victoria water lily, Nuphar (yellow pond lily), Water hyacinth (Eichhornia), Nymphoides (floating heart), Water shield (Brasenia), Yellow bladderwort, Floating fern, Nymphoides (dragon-bone petal),

Submerged plants: Hornwort (Ceratophyllum), Ottelia (water plantain)

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: Sweetgum, Lacquer tree, Japanese maple (Acer palmatum), Amur maple (Acer ginnala), Celastrus (bittersweet), Red oak, Tang maple, Chinese tallow, Staghorn sumac (torch tree), Sumac (Rhus), Mountain ash (Sorbus), Nandina, Euonymus, Hawthorn, Pistacia chinensis, Chinese wingnut, Barberry, Hubei hornbeam, Boston ivy

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: Ginkgo, Persimmon, Goldenrain tree, Tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, Elm, Walnut, Catalpa, Dawn redwood, Crape myrtle, Chinese elm, Nanmu, Wild jujube, Kiwi, Horse chestnut, Water elm mountain ash, Wintersweet, Pomegranate, Yellow cassia, Witch hazel, Soapberry, Acacia

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be optionally planted in residential areas include: herbs such as mint, basil, lemon balm, Roman chamomile, lemongrass, sage, dandelion, calendula, thyme, borage, scented geranium, and mallow; shrubs such as lavender, rosemary, gardenia, rose, and lemon verbena.

Woody plants arranged to release fragrance in turn through the four seasons, such as: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and Michelia alba in summer; osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution- and exhaust-resistant plants: Black locust, Paulownia, Lacebark pine, Chinese juniper, Coral tree, Photinia, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia (black locust genus), Lonicera (honeysuckle genus), Albizia (silk tree genus), Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana genus, Glycine (soybean genus), Lespedeza genus, Melilotus (sweet clover genus), Pisum (pea genus), Phaseolus (bean genus), Myrica (waxberry genus), Elaeagnus genus, Cycas genus

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: Dwarf yew, Podocarpus, Torreya, Ilex crenata (Japanese holly), Camphor tree, Waxberry, Privet, Ternstroemia, Viburnum, Aucuba, Mahonia, Firethorn, Boxwood, Pittosporum tobira, Fatsia japonica, etc.; Buddleja davidii (large-leaf butterfly bush), Pistacia chinensis, and other fragrant-flower plants (such as plants of the Citrus genus in the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous) flowers: Torch lily (Kniphofia), Lupine, Blue fescue, Astilbe, Coreopsis, Lysimachia (loosestrife), Oregano, Hibiscus moscheutos (large-flower rose mallow), Red-flower mint, Variegated Trachelospermum, Thistle-leaf mesembryanthemum, Hellebore, Lycoris (spider lily), Daylily, Iris, Spiderwort (Tradescantia), Hosta, Canna 'Variegata', Canna 'Red Leaf', Aster novi-belgii (New York aster), Farfugium japonicum (leopard plant), Bletilla striata, Perennial verbena

Flowering trees and shrubs of the four seasons:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus micromalus, Malus cathayensis, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia 'Red', Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), redbud (Cercis), red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: Crape myrtle, Hibiscus syriacus, Hydrangea, Michelia figo, summer azalea, pomegranate (flower), Gardenia, Campsis, Albizia julibrissin, Acacia Autumn: Osmanthus, Crape myrtle, Hibiscus syriacus, flowering pomegranate, Hibiscus mutabilis, Campsis, etc.

Winter: Honeysuckle, Nandina, plum blossom, Michelia figo, Camellia, Camellia sasanqua, etc.

Classification diagram of common landscaping tree species:

(1) Evergreen conifers

1. Tree category: Deodar cedar, Korean pine, Japanese black pine, Sabina chinensis, Masson's pine, Chinese juniper, Cycas revoluta, Araucaria cunninghamii, Japanese cedar, Torreya

2. Shrub category: (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Platycladus orientalis 'Sieboldii', Calocedrus (weeping), Juniperus procumbens, Cryptomeria japonica, Five-needle pine

(2) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Tree category: Dawn redwood, Golden larch (Pseudolarix), Bald cypress, Pond cypress

(3) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Tree category: Camphor tree, Magnolia grandiflora, Privet, Windmill palm

2. Shrub category: Coral tree, Euonymus japonicus (large-leaf), Euonymus japonicus (small-leaf box), Buxus sinica (sparrow-tongue box), Ilex cornuta (horned holly), Orange tree, Photinia, Pittosporum tobira, Osmanthus, Oleander, Jasminum (yellow), Winter jasmine, Aucuba (spotted), Nandina, Serissa (June snow), Ligustrum (small-leaf), Fatsia japonica, Gardenia, Distylium, Camellia, Hypericum (St. John's wort), Azalea, Yucca (pineapple flower, arrow hemp), Cycas revoluta (iron tree), Mahonia

(4) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Tree category: Weeping willow, Upright willow, Chinese wingnut, Dragon-claw willow, Chinese tallow, Sophora (pagoda tree), Firmiana (Chinese parasol

tree), Sycamore (London plane), Sophora japonica (Chinese scholar tree), Sophora (dragon-claw), Albizia julibrissin, Ginkgo, Chinaberry (Melia azedarach), Catalpa

2. Shrub category: Cherry blossom, Magnolia denudata, Peach blossom, Wintersweet, Crape myrtle, Redbud, Acer (maple), Green maple, Red-leaf plum, Chaenomeles speciosa, Malus (bellflower crabapple), Hydrangea, Spiraea (hemp-leaf), Forsythia (golden bell), Hibiscus mutabilis, Hibiscus syriacus (rose of Sharon), Alchornea (guìyuán tree), Pomegranate

(5) Bamboo category: Bambusa multiplex (kind-hearted bamboo), Phyllostachys (bamboo), Moso bamboo, Purple bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, Phoenix-tail bamboo, Buddha-belly bamboo, Golden bamboo with jade-green stripes

(6) Vines: Wisteria, Trachelospermum (star jasmine), Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston ivy, wall-climbing tiger), English ivy, Grape vine, Euonymus fortunei (climbing euonymus)

(7) Flowers: Portulaca (sunflower), Chrysanthemum (long-life), Scarlet sage, Canna, Alternanthera (five-color), Kale (ball cabbage), Chrysanthemum, Orchid

(8) Lawn: Velvet grass, Zoysia, Liriope (dwarf lilyturf), Evergreen grass, Tall fescue, Manila grass, Clover, Dichondra (ponyfoot)

Detailed table of common plant configurations

Table of generally common street trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Camphor family Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, three-veined, doubly aromatic, berries spherical.

Sycamore Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerates pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; flowers red and beautiful, flowering period May to August

Albizia Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, densely branched and leafy, flowers golden yellow, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn.. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various types of pruning

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and rounded, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, leaf surface dark green, robust growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, relatively slow growth, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (Melia) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, flowers pale purple

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches scattering in all directions, crown umbrella-shaped, posture also beautiful

Alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, robust tree vigor, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Araucaria Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, prefers fertilizer, fast-growing, crown narrowly conical, graceful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the Northwest region

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cold cool humid climates and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese juniper (Sabina) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, drought- and barren-tolerant, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerates pruning, good dust-proof and sound-insulating effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, flowers large, white and fragrant, tree form graceful,

Taiwan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth vigor

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, robust growth, graceful posture

Canary Island date palm Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk thick and sturdy, tall and majestic, pinnate leaves dense and spreading,

Royal palm Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk upright, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, autumn leaves yellow, cold-resistant, deep-rooted, intolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, rapid growth, long lifespan, leaf shape resembling a mandarin jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool temperate climate, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, relatively long lifespan; tree form upright, trunk straight, bark grayish-white

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrow cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold-resistant and drought-resistant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long lifespan, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Box elder Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, autumn leaves yellow {Maintenance measures for date palms among southern plants}.

Common landscape tree characteristics table

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, trinerved, doubly fragrant, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovate Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown and dense shade, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, flowers large, white and fragrant, tree form graceful,

Yulan magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Fairly cold-resistant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large and pure white, blooms from March to April. Suitable for courtyard ornamental.

Chinese tulip tree Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, rapid growth, long lifespan, leaf shape resembling a mandarin jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, tree form neat when young, mostly curved when old, strong growth, long lifespan, beautiful tree posture

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round Evergreen tree, strong vigor, rapid growth, beautiful tree posture and leaf shape Java bishopwood Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round Evergreen tree, when young leaves sprout, very beautiful, robust growth, beautiful tree posture

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-lying wet land, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree posture

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark grayish-brown, showing irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Royal palm Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk upright, up to 18m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Japanese spindle Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Ovate Prefers warm and humid climate, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Maple tree Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow growth, beautiful tree posture

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Strong adaptability, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping dwarf shrub, branches sprawling along the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow growth, unique tree form style, foliage emerald green and flowing. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc. {Maintenance measures for date palms among southern plants}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Round Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden dewdrop is mainly grown for foliage, widely used, can be used as ground cover, pruned into shapes, used to form patterns or emphasize color combinations, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Round Resistant to toxic gases, slow growth. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, posture also beautiful

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long lifespan, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium tree, branches densely grown, dark green, robust growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree posture

Japanese pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Round White flowers fragrant, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as hedge or potted plant. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk tillering, up to 20~25m tall, leaves grayish-white with arching curve, robust growth, beautiful tree posture

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental tree, street tree

Japanese black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark grayish-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, leaves hard, in pairs fascicled, long lifespan

Purple-leaf cherry plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, reddish-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purple-red, blooms pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen planting and group planting, as a backdrop.

Washington palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single trunk cylindrical, base swollen, up to 4~8m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped round, robust growth, beautiful tree posture {Maintenance measures for date palms among southern plants}.

Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as shade tree, street tree

Glaucous cassia Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Round Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, rapid growth, beautiful tree posture

Box elder Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, autumn leaves yellow

Japanese maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Leaf shape elegant, autumn leaves red. Suitable for courtyard ornamental and potted plants.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Ovate tower-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves spread out, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, leaflets radial, tree posture vigorous and upright.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen, forming a wine bottle shape, posture very beautiful

Mandarin orange tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Round Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry tree Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Round Deciduous tree, bark grayish-brown, bipinnate odd, pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, rapid growth

Snow bush Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Round Evergreen small shrub. Leaf color dark green, flower color snow white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, good texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, pruning and shaping.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium tree, branches densely grown, dark green, robust growth, very long lifespan, very beautiful tree posture

Dragon-claw pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches drooping, suitable for courtyard ornamental, opposite planting or row planting

Dragon-claw willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Round Branches twisted like a dragon roaming, suitable as shade tree, ornamental tree

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, 2m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate, or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, posture simple and elegant, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, layered forms, for courtyard landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark reddish-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic in posture

Sacred bamboo Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves elegant, red berries in autumn and winter; courtyard ornamental, can be group planted or potted. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful tree posture, robust growth

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Ovate Flowers white, blooms in June. Suitable as hedge or street tree.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, can reach 6~12m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, grows luxuriantly, posture elegant

Globe juniper Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly round Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree posture light and graceful, can be grown into noble-shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, forest bathing tree.

Boxleaf euonymus B. bodinieri Buxaceae Ovate Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for courtyard ornamental. Can be group planted, used as hedge or potted. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, ovate, round Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Palm Family Plants"

The palm family is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, root system well developed, tolerant of drought, tolerant of poor soil, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style landscape effects. This edition will introduce its introduction, transplanting and disease control content.

Brief introduction to the introduction process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of palm family plants worldwide, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants; a few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, for example the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term water immersion, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the Alexander palm and Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape effects of palm plants have been recognized, and they have been used as key varieties for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore, etc.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong started the work of introducing and applying palm plants since the early 1980s. Over the following twenty-plus years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, and later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan and other areas, successively set off a boom of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Several units led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized palm family plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high-latitude, high-altitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, moisture and soil, etc. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing plant growth and development; low winter temperature is the dominant factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora rot, coconut leaf beetle, and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented the technique of accelerating palm seed germination, mastered the techniques of whole-crown transplanting of palm plants and cultivation of large-specification container seedlings, and did fruitful work on soil improvement, winter cold protection and conservation techniques.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including royal palm, Chinese fan palm, palm bamboo, South coconut, fishtail palm, etc.; palm family plants successfully applied in Shanghai and surrounding areas mainly include Butia palm, hairy Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm and more than ten species, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

On the occurrence and control of Phytophthora rot

Damage and general symptoms of palm Phytophthora rot

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palm plants such as royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm, Canary Island date palm, etc. On affected plants, the heart leaf cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the entire plant withers in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora rot is caused by Phytophthora, which can be detected by incubator culture. The pathogen mainly overwinters in soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splash, air movement, etc.

Occurrence pattern of Washington palm Phytophthora rot

This disease occurs during the high-temperature and high-humidity period between summer and autumn. Drought followed by rain or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, soil water content

suddenly increasing, poor ventilation, or plants located in drafty positions, are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, continuous cropping plots. In addition, this disease is often related to severe root injury caused during seedling digging and then long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young tender heart leaf rots, the leaves turn grayish-green and droop, and they can be pulled out with slight effort. Dissecting the stem, one can see paste-like secretions at the growth point and even the entire heart of the plant, with a foul odor, and the infected tissue can grow white mold-like matter. In severely affected plants, root damage is also often seen, with the main symptoms being blackened and rotting roots, with an abnormal

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries; adult trees planted in green spaces are less affected.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage occurring in nursery land has been relatively severe. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, and the lesions rapidly expand, slightly sunken, and when moist, the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and under moist conditions white mold grows. When it occurs on stems, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part shows wilting. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes when the root system and stem are cut open, purulent liquid exudes, and in severe cases the edges of young leaf veins carry a large amount of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora rot is a vascular bundle disease; in severe cases the entire plant wilts and droops, dries up, until death, with a high fatality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature and high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease can be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control methods

I. Preventive cultivation measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, drying and drainage in the nursery. In autumn and winter each year, leaves can be moderately pruned, and pits can be opened and soil banked up in the planting site, etc., to keep the nursery land dry. Usually, potassium fertilizer can be applied more, and quicklime and superphosphate can also be applied separately, to enhance plant tissue density and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of plants.

2. Choose good plots; choose loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Practice crop rotation; plots where Washington palms have been planted require crop rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth, deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Practice high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering in the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain, so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, and carry out watering in the sunny afternoon or evening.

5. Achieve prevention first, integrated control. Observe regularly, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deep or burn them, and disinfect the disease holes with lime.

II. Chemical control

One to two months before the onset of disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% oxadixyl + folpet wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl-aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol types such as carbendazim also known as hydroxyisoxazole (usual amount 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), fenaminosulf (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control method: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and Washington palm roots with 600 to 700 times hydroxyisoxazole solution, or first dig pits and sun-expose for sterilization on consecutive sunny days, or spread lime powder for disinfection, or use 500 times fenaminosulf solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray oxadixyl + folpet (better) or fosetyl-aluminum (prone to develop drug resistance), adding 0.4% laundry powder, pouring into the heart or spraying for both prevention and treatment. 80% mancozeb 700 times solution can also be sprayed, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times consecutively, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora rot. After adopting this measure, the Washington palms and hairy Washington palms at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company have dropped from a disease incidence of 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Control experience

The control effect of using carbendazim etc. is not obvious. In the early stage of plant disease, if all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can successively revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth vigor is relatively poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When plant roots, trunks, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies greatly when moisture is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of vascular conducting tissue, and the plant wilts and dies from water loss. The heart rot disease introduced in some literature is actually also Phytophthora rot, only occurring at the heart leaf part.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, with water-soaked small spots appearing at onset, then expanding into larger lesions, easily found, and generally can be controlled with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens being Phyllosticta, Pestalotiopsis, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting techniques for single-trunk large seedlings

Preparation before transplanting

l. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance; after root pruning, the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. After root pruning, stones and broken roots should be removed from the soil and it should be backfilled promptly, and moisture should be maintained: the purpose is to exercise the adaptability of the seedlings and promote new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to retain for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If heeled-in seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the soil. The planting site should have holes dug 20 days before transplanting, and the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. The soil from digging the holes should be exposed to the open air and sun for a period; the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + appropriate amount of matured phosphate fertilizer + appropriate amount of river sand, with sand: mud at 4:6.

Planting time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with the best in spring and autumn, and summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most palm family plants like warmth and humidity; in summer the temperature is high, seedling moisture evaporates quickly, easily causing excessive water loss and affecting survival; in winter the temperature is low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds easily cause seedling frostbite or even death.

Transplanting seedlings

Some single-trunk palm family large seedlings have relatively thick stems, the workload of transplanting seedlings is large, and the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when transplanting seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with gunny bags or rice straw, especially the green wrapped trunk part at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. First, it protects the trunk; second, it maintains moisture and prevents sunburn. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with pruning leaves, remove old leaves, and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically determined according to tree vigor). At the same time, cut off the leaves together with the petiole by l/5, to minimize water evaporation as much as possible.

Planting

Seedlings are best dug and planted on the same day; if the time is too long, seedling moisture evaporation is large, and survival is easily affected by water loss. If they cannot all be planted on the same day, they should be covered well with shade netting and a small amount of water sprayed on the leaf surface every day, doing well in shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil Once the seedling is positioned, backfill soil immediately. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, make the soil mound into a "water storage basin" with slightly higher surroundings and a slightly lower middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering Immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to settle the roots. Before watering, first use bamboo poles etc. to poke the loose soil around the soil ball firmly, until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing There are many kinds of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-planting management

l. Moisture retention Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping material twice a day, except on rainy days, to the extent of wetting the leaves and trunk wrapping material. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow downward and accumulate, causing root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with rice straw to block sunlight, prevent soil compaction caused by excessive soil temperature difference, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which is conducive to new root sprouting.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted single-trunk palm plant large seedlings are generally relatively tall, and after transplanting are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds, the supports should be checked regularly after planting to see whether they are loose, especially after strong winds; if the trunk is found to be leaning, it should be promptly straightened and tied.

3. Topdressing About one month after planting, urea water can be used as foliar topdressing, sprayed, with topdressing about once every half a month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. Dig holes outside the edge of the soil ball to open ring-shaped trenches, with trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer and backfill soil should be mixed evenly.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted single-trunk palm family large seedlings are relatively weak in tree vigor and very susceptible to pest and disease damage, especially tender leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is quite serious in harming palm family plants; adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping spaces of not-yet-unfolded heart leaves to gnaw the leaf flesh, causing part or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsion 1000 times solution; ② cypermethrin 500 times solution; ③ use "Ye Jia Qing", all of which can achieve very good control effects. Based on practical operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Ye Jia Qing" on the heart leaf combined with tying during planting for control.

For single-trunk palm family large seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether their leaves remain green, but to truly determine survival, generally one must wait one growing season and use whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques for construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to above 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and necessary to promote and apply.

Transplanting techniques for seedlings, large trees and clustered seedlings

Key techniques for transplanting seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during a period after germination and rooting. At this time the seedlings are relatively small, can be transplanted with seeds, and in addition have few fibrous roots, so the root system is not easily damaged during transplanting. Use nutrition bags for seedling cultivation, with size depending on the cultivation time of the seedlings. Generally speaking, 1-year-old seedlings are suitable with 16 cm × 18 cm containers, 2-year-old seedlings with 19 cm × 20 cm; nutrition bags too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutrition soil is prepared with loose topsoil, burned soil and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, then bagged. First fill half a bag of mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling and fill it full and compact it, so that the seedling root system and the mixed soil are closely attached together, and water thoroughly. Palm plants cannot be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward to make the seedling root system spread out.

Key techniques for transplanting large trees

Palm family plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most require several times of bed-to-bed transplanting, so choosing sparse-planted strong seedlings gives a relatively high survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass Palm plant root tissue is tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots; when digging, bring as large a soil ball as possible, and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize the degree of root mass damage as much as possible, so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve transplanting survival rate. During construction, lines should be accurately laid and holes positioned, to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning The amount of leaves retained during transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to different species, the climate at transplanting, and transplanting and maintenance conditions, etc.

Generally, about 40% of the original leaf number should be retained. Too many leaves retained will cause leaves to yellow due to large water evaporation; too few leaves retained will make plant recovery difficult and the cycle long, and the initial landscape effect will also be poor.

Protect the plant's stem and its pseudostem During the process of digging, carrying, loading and unloading the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem part should not be squeezed or bent; this is the guarantee of plant health and rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site Palm family plants suffer root tip damage during transplanting, and within one month after transplanting it is very difficult for new root tips to sprout, so water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, if the soil has good permeability and aeration, it is conducive to seedling survival, so when planting, large holes should be dug and attention paid to the quality of foreign soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer, to facilitate palm recovery after planting.

Maintenance Within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability, and the seedlings should be carefully maintained, must be supplemented with water in time and appropriately shaded, striving to make new leaves sprout within three months. If continuous rainy weather is encountered for several days after transplanting, palm seedlings will recover relatively well, because rainy days can avoid the adverse effects of scorching sun exposure and other unfavorable factors.

Key techniques for transplanting large clumping seedlings

Clumping palm species have multiple growing points, and once they form a multi-stemmed clumping habit they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clumping palms also have drawbacks: because the trunks are heavy and the leaf area is large, water evaporation is high, and because air movement through them is poor they are prone to damage from strong winds. Therefore, in addition to the measures used for transplanting single-stemmed palms, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement "fibrous root method" transplanting: after digging out a relatively large root ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the root ball, retaining more fibrous roots and a moderate root ball, then immediately wrap it with a lightweight moisture-retaining material, so as to reduce the weight of the root ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slow-to-recover clumping palms such as the fishtail palm (Caryota) and the three-stamened betel nut (Areca triandra).

2. Implement bare-root temporary planting or container planting with concentrated care until new roots sprout and the plant is stable, and only then carry out final planting. This method is suitable for robust clumping palms such as the areca palm (Dypsis lutescens), the strange wrinkle-seeded palm (Areca vestiaria), and the Hawaiian bamboo palm (Chamaedorea), and can reduce transport costs and make construction easier.

In short, for transplanting large seedlings and large trees of the palm family, the key is to do well in five aspects: select strong seedlings; dig good root balls and transport the plants carefully; prune the leaves appropriately; ensure good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and carry out post-planting care with attention to sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is being able to retain most of the leaves within half a year after planting and to sprout new leaves, with the sprouting of three healthy new leaves being complete success in transplanting

Drainage: first understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and as far as possible place the very bottom of the root ball at a position 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site and where the soil layer is thick and fertile. At the same time, a drainage layer for the root ball underground and a surface runoff drainage network should be properly constructed to prevent water accumulation around the root ball after planting. If the hydrological conditions do not meet the requirements, the method of planting on a raised mound can be used, that is, using loose medium mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand to first build up the planting site as high as possible to meet the above requirements, then placing the plant on the mound and filling in around the root ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil. Remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose medium, so as to achieve loose and well-aerated conditions for the plant roots. Strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities, and loosen the soil around the roots appropriately, so as to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: immediately after planting, water once with settling water to ensure the root ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil and to promote root development, then water thoroughly three more times and promptly cover the root ball to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray water on the ground and tree canopy more often to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration. Leaf moisture retention treatments include: a. newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray anti-transpirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. in sunny weather, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the root ball and roots at any time and replenish water in time, ensuring the root ball remains moist and the roots have good air permeability. Fertilization: after planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, a low-concentration foliar fertilizer can be appropriately sprayed to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant, and if new roots are found growing, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is above 2O℃, applying mainly organic fertilizer and appropriately adding compound fertilizer with high P and K content, so as to promote balanced nutrition for the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: spray pesticide to prevent and control pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed with pesticide before unloading, and ensure three consecutive pesticide applications at intervals of one week to ten days within one month after planting, after which a pest and disease control plan still needs to be reasonably formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Sidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Greening

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Sidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28,186 sq m. The plant configuration for greening in the factory area is relatively reasonable, rich in color, and with obvious seasonal changes, forming a distinct-layered, naturally ecological plant community that basically displays the natural landscape of the plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges between the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties such as camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), zelkova (Zelkova serrata), osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), and crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) have been planted in the factory area, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor trees, and scenic spots at the gatehouse composed of varieties such as ancient red maple, fruiting pomegranate, Xifu crabapple, ginkgo, and Canary Island date palm.

In view of the existing situation of the greening landscape in the factory area, we believe that the initial construction of the greening was relatively extensive and the understanding of plant habits was insufficient, especially the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not in place, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Greening Maintenance Plan Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold-protection equipment, facilities, and seedling cold-protection wrapping materials.

3. Turn the soil and carry out winter plowing, and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune dead, damaged, diseased, and pest-infested branches and leaves, and thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons, and overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning diseased and pest-infested branches, and observe the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue collecting fertilizer and making compost, prepare culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various insect- and disease-control equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scale, and achieve timely control. April (Clear and Bright, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in the control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs, and mole crickets, as well as powdery mildew and rust disease.

2. Do a good job in loosening the soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply dilute fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess tender buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning of spring-flowering shrubs and hedge pruning. According to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and prune and remove root sprouts of small seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning, and final spacing of seedlings, increase additional fertilization, and apply dilute fertilizer frequently.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases cause great harm to trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to forecasting and reporting pest conditions, and pest and disease prevention should be done well.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization of flowering shrubs, and pinching and pruning of some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and tortoise wax scale, as well as leaf spot disease, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly, so continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scale, armored scale, second-generation cottony cushion scale, and mites occur in large numbers, and attention should be paid to their control. At the same time, continue to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, etc.

3. During the dog days with high temperature and little rain, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so attention should be paid to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season, so typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, with frequent inspections and timely straightening of wind-thrown trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue to do a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure the normal growth of seedlings.

3. This month the seedlings grow vigorously, so additional fertilizer should be applied in time, and for small seedlings apply dilute fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue to do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and promptly straighten wind-thrown trees when found.

5. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harmful to trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot disease, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease elimination; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood borers, etc., and once found, control them immediately.

2. Continue intertillage weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of ball-shaped plants and hedges.

3. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, check the conditions of pests and diseases such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease, and sooty mold of flowering shrubs, which occur more frequently, and control them in time.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control, and eliminate various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage weeding.

3. After the seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, get a clear picture of the stock, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection, whitewashing some trees, or wrapping them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter pruning of trees, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; egg-bearing branches as well as competing branches, excessive

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