The flower language of Sorbaria sorbifolia is effort and friendship, with bonsai care tips

Sorbaria sorbifolia is a fairly common flowering plant in people's lives, with high ornamental value. Like many ornamental flowers, it also has its own flower language. So what is the flower language of Sorbaria sorbifolia?

1. The flower language of Sorbaria sorbifolia: effort, friendship

Sorbaria sorbifolia is a light-loving plant. It likes to grow in places with plenty of sunlight, but it can also strive to adapt in dark corners. It likes the spring of the north and the winter of the south, but it also strives hard through the winter of the north and the summer of the south. Therefore, its flower language also represents effort and friendship.

2. Care tips for Sorbaria sorbifolia

1. Fertilization management

Sorbaria sorbifolia has a low demand for fertilizer during its growth process. Generally, applying sufficient base fertilizer to the soil at planting time can meet its growth needs. After that, combined with winter management, applying base fertilizer once every 1-2 years or so is enough.

2. Watering management

Sorbaria sorbifolia's water requirements differ in every season. In the rainy season of spring, moderate watering is enough. In summer and autumn, when the climate is relatively dry, we should increase the watering frequency. When watering, make sure to water thoroughly and keep the soil somewhat moist. Water once before winter begins, and then no watering is needed once winter arrives.

3. Light management

Sorbaria sorbifolia is a light-loving plant, so during cultivation it is best to maintain sufficient light. However, in summer when sunlight is too intense, it still needs appropriate shading to avoid burning the plant due to excessive light.

4. Proper pruning

After the flowering period of Sorbaria sorbifolia, the flowers gradually wither, and many yellowed dead branches appear, which greatly affects the appearance. So at this time we need to prune it properly, thereby beautifying the plant shape, promoting the growth of new branches, and laying a good foundation for flowering the next year.

When does Sorbaria sorbifolia bloom? How to grow Sorbaria sorbifolia bonsai

Is anyone interested in growing Sorbaria sorbifolia? Today Flower Bonsai Network brings you the article "When does Sorbaria sorbifolia bloom? How to grow Sorbaria sorbifolia bonsai." Let's see how to grow Sorbaria sorbifolia bonsai well.

When does Sorbaria sorbifolia bloom

Sorbaria sorbifolia is a shrub, tall, with spreading branches. Its flowers are mostly white, like plum blossoms, and bear pearl-like beads on them. Its fruiting period is in September, so when does it bloom?

The flowering period of Sorbaria sorbifolia

Sorbaria sorbifolia mostly grows in hillside forests and is distributed in Liaoning, Heilongjiang and other places. Its flowers are mostly white, beautiful and lightly fragrant. Its flowering period is generally from July to August.

Factors affecting the flowering of Sorbaria sorbifolia

Sorbaria sorbifolia is not strict about soil, but the soil must still have a certain amount of nutrients. It is best in sandy soil, otherwise flowering will be affected.

Pruning during the flowering period of Sorbaria sorbifolia and the prevention and control of pests and diseases will also affect flowering.

Powdery mildew on Sorbaria sorbifolia will affect the growth of flower buds and affect flowering.

Care measures for the flowering of Sorbaria sorbifolia

If Sorbaria sorbifolia is to bloom, and bloom well, first choose fertile sandy soil for cultivation, which is beneficial to plant growth and early flowering.

Second, after flowering, prune the branches, cut off the remaining flower branches and keep healthy flower branches, which is more conducive to the growth and opening of flowers.

Finally, there is the treatment of diseases such as powdery mildew. Powdery mildew produces white powder that hinders the growth of flower buds, so prevention and control are needed. Pay attention to ventilation, reduce air humidity, increase light, and apply phosphorus fertilizer appropriately. Also be sure to cut off the diseased parts and spray chemicals. At the early stage of the disease, spray 70% thiophanate-methyl 800-fold solution or 50% amobam 800-1000-fold solution.

The flower language of Sorbaria sorbifolia

Sorbaria sorbifolia represents a pure and profound friendship, and also represents the lofty ambition of striving hard.

How to grow Sorbaria sorbifolia bonsai

The care of Sorbaria sorbifolia bonsai mainly lies in details such as temperature, watering and pot soil. The maintenance of bonsai Sorbaria sorbifolia is not as extensive as when planted in the ground. You must always pay attention to whether the pot soil needs timely watering, and also prune the branches and leaves regularly. Only in this way can the advantages of Sorbaria sorbifolia bonsai be better displayed.

Pot soil

The pot soil should be a fertile loam with good permeability and strong drainage capacity. Apply organic fertilizer once in late autumn and early winter, and apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer once before flowering. Water moderately at ordinary times to keep the pot soil moist. It must not be too wet for a long time, and certainly must not become waterlogged. Potted plants should be placed in places with direct sunlight as much as possible. Low-temperature dormancy in winter is a physiological need, so they must not be placed in a greenhouse, to avoid affecting growth and flowering the following year. Place them in an open, wind-sheltered, sunny spot, or bury the pot with soil, and they can overwinter safely. Prune every year after leaf fall and before germination the next year. Cut off diseased and disabled branches, dry and withered branches, and the thin and weak among overly dense branches. Shorten overly long branches to keep a good plant shape, ventilation and light transmission, so as to facilitate flowering.

Temperature and light

When growing Sorbaria sorbifolia, it likes a room-temperature and sunlight-exposed environment. Mature plants can also tolerate cold and partial shade. Seedlings cuttings in autumn, by the summer of the following year, are exactly in the period of young shoot and young leaf growth.

Fertilization

Fertilization requirements are not high. When just cultivated, sufficient base fertilizer needs to be applied to meet its growth requirements, and generally no additional topdressing is carried out. Later, combined with winter management, applying base fertilizer once every 1-2 years is enough.

Pruning

After the flowers of Sorbaria sorbifolia fade, the inflorescences turn yellow and wither, affecting the appearance. Therefore, the remnant inflorescences should be cut off to keep the plant clean and tidy and prevent the remnant inflorescences from competing with the plant for nutrients and water. After autumn or in early spring, diseased and pest-damaged branches and old and weak branches should be cut off. Annual branches can be heavily pruned to promote branch renewal and lush flowers and leaves.

Watering

During spring drought, water in time. During summer and autumn drought, water thoroughly to keep the soil moist. Before winter begins, water once more.

Care measures for the southern plant Canary Island date palm

Part One: "Southern Plant Organization"

Plumeria

Plumeria, its flowers really look like eggs. The outside is milky white and the center is bright yellow, just like the egg white and yolk, and it looks really cute. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tops of the branches. Plumeria blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament. It is very suitable for people to admire carefully. After leaf fall, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its shape is quite beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Plumeria likes a high-temperature, high-humidity, sunny and well-drained environment. It is robust by nature and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and avoids waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. Cultivation is best with deep, fertile, well-permeable, organic-rich acidic sandy loam. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting Plumeria, attention should also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves turn dark black, that is because of Plumeria leaf spot disease. At this time, you should pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so Plumeria needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, Plumeria also has red and yellow types, all of which can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap and food additives. The price is quite high, with great commercial development potential. Fresh flowers can also be dried for brewing tea, commonly known as Plumeria tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The Plumeria tree has a beautiful shape, with many branching stems and bizarre, varied forms. Its leaves resemble loquat leaves. After they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, rather like deer antlers adorned with beautiful spots. It can be called the first-choice small tree for landscaping, courtyard arrangement and potted ornamental viewing in tropical areas. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling and other conditions. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware or furniture. Plumeria flower language: breeding hope, resurrection, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, losing distance.

Yulan magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a tall deciduous tree. The bark is dark gray, rough and cracked. The twigs are slightly stout, grayish brown. The winter buds and pedicels are densely covered with pale grayish yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, and the vigorous shoots at the base have elliptical leaves. Yulan magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making patches of blue and white in the courtyard, with dazzling white light. They have high ornamental value. Coupled with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart, they are truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity. Waterlogging at the planting site easily causes root rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. When artificially fumigated with sulfur dioxide, 1 kilogram of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is a very good anti-pollution greening tree species in areas with air pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light. Young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun. Too strong light or west-facing sun can easily burn the trees. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with green and thick leaves, not only producing many buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance. Its main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal value and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid and others, and also contain magnolia alkaloid, alkaloids, biond magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A and other components, with a certain medicinal value. Yulan magnolia flowers are pungent and warm in nature and flavor, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold, opening the orifices, and ventilating the lungs and nose. They can be used for headache, blood stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and other conditions. Modern pharmacological research shows that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks or brewed as tea. The Yulan magnolia flower language represents gratitude. Yulan magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery. With its fragrant scent, it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the plant is tall and the flowers are positioned relatively high, they sway in the wind with a spirited appearance, just like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers. The leaves are solitary, relatively large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with veins arranged in a feather-like pattern, in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good ground cover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant that likes a warm, humid and brightly lit environment. It is not cold-tolerant and not drought-tolerant, and fears scorching sun exposure. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will burn the leaves, causing local scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves, and turning the leaf color yellow. Therefore, shading should be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing period, it should be watered fully to keep the pot soil moist, but the soil should not become waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires enough careful attention 365 days a year. If the environment fluctuates greatly for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling merchants and producers. Plants in the Maranta family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies and others. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Arrowroot powder is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings and dessert pastries. Add water and boil to form a transparent, odorless and tasty paste. Arrowroot powder is fine in texture. Compared with other starches, it can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery and alternate, ovate or elliptical, 2-5 cm long, with short pointed tips, rounded and oblique bases, asymmetrical, with stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, dark red. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. Its sprouting ability and branching ability are strong, and it is tolerant of pruning. It is tolerant of barren soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, is tolerant of pruning and tolerant of wiring, and can be used for hedges and also for making stump bonsai. In the blooming season, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant. New leaves are bright red. Different strains have different leaf colors and flower colors at maturity, and leaf sizes also differ. In garden applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, Daopan noctuid moths, large and small cutworms and scarab beetles and others. Common diseases of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum: anthracnose, damping-off and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear

as black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinomyces. The pathogen overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, you must treat it in time.

Ornamental peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach. It is a tree, 3-8 m tall. The crown is broad and flat-spreading. The bark is dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old. The twigs are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with numerous small lenticels. The winter buds are conical, blunt at the tip, covered with short pubescence, often clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight and is drought-tolerant, and is not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold tolerance. It can overwinter safely in a natural environment of minus 25 degrees Celsius. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging. If planted in waterlogged low-lying places, seedling death easily occurs. Garden value: Ornamental peach has large flowers and brilliant color, is beautiful when blooming, and the ornamental period lasts as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used by lakesides, streams, both sides of roads and parks and so on. In small greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted viewing, and is also often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. There is also commonly the weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects. In the year of planting, especially good effects are already shown. It can be planted in rows, in groups or as specimens, and in the same year especially good greening effects are shown. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colorful nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with plants such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf cherry. Flowering shrubs are combined in planting to form a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and so on. It is a kind of polysaccharide substance, and hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and others. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood and benefiting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis and leaf curl. Main pests include aphids, red spider mites, scale insects and red-necked longhorn beetles and others.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless Chinese holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. The three leaf-color plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors. Together with large-specification thornless Chinese holly balls, they form a neat, full and clearly layered road greening color band effect.

2. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Acer palmatum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability. Its leaf color and flower color are both very beautiful. The old leaves of the Photinia × fraseri ball are green and are accented by the red new leaves. Set off against each other, they are extremely beautiful. The four plants are combined with rich layers and form a landscape road with longitudinal rhythm and spatial layering, and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fatsia japonica + Canary Island date palm + Plumeria

In this combination of several plants, green is mainly dominant. The leaves include small and fine ones (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) and thick and large ones (Fatsia japonica, Plumeria). The Canary Island date palm adds a bit of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, with the effect of narrowing the space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + Iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, and the spacing between culms varies. Iris has a graceful posture and beautiful, varied flower colors. The two combined together are very charming.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Aucuba japonica + Osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like a sparrow's tongue and a low plant form, and can be used as the lowest-layer plant. Aucuba japonica has yellow spots in its leaf color and is a relatively good foliage plant. The tree Osmanthus has a delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart. The combination has varying density, changes in leaf color, and added floral fragrance.

6. Rhododendron pulchrum + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fagraea ceilanica + Canna

Rhododendron pulchrum has brilliant flowers. Set off by Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and Fagraea ceilanica, it is even more moving. Canna has thick and large leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel friendly.

7. Ground-cover lawn + Tagetes erecta + Photinia × fraseri + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ball + Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui'

With green ground cover as the base, Tagetes erecta's brilliant yellow flowers are extremely beautiful. Behind the Tagetes erecta, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and red Photinia serve as a setting, while the Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui' tree form spreads out. The several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Ophiopogon japonicus + Guava tree

Both Ophiopogon japonicus and guava trees adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves are fine and soft, making them very suitable as ground cover. The guava tree bark is yellow and smooth, with a graceful posture, and the leaves are relatively large with well-spaced density, making it very suitable for open woodland paths.

9. Lawn + Agave americana 'Marginata' + pruned and shaped banyan tree + Senna bicapsularis

With green lawn as the foundation, Agave americana 'Marginata' has thick and large leaves, with leaf color alternating between silvery yellow and green, and combined with the pruned and shaped banyan tree it is very harmonious. Senna bicapsularis has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. These several plants are combined with rich layers, and the colors change but remain harmonious.

10. Ophiopogon bodinieri + Rhapis excelsa + Areca lutescens + Papaya tree

This plant configuration is suitable for one side of a small building. Ophiopogon bodinieri has fine and soft leaf shapes, while Rhapis excelsa and Areca lutescens have thicker and larger leaves. Papaya has large palmate leaves, and its fruit forms on the main trunk. Its posture is very graceful.

11. Acalypha wilkesiana + Duranta erecta + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

As a plant combination for a carpet flower bed, Acalypha wilkesiana has bright leaf color and is used as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has dark purple leaf color. The combination of the three plants as a carpet flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping maintenance and management plan

Maintenance management is very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repeated task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grass and trees, watering and fertilization, pest and disease control, and planting of flower bed flowers. The completion of landscaping green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the park:

1. The greening area is about 245419 ten-thousand square meters, with a high greening coverage rate. There are large numbers of trees of different specifications and varieties, and pruned and shaped shrubs. The initial growth has gradually taken shape. After our careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics are roughly divided into two areas according to the original general layout plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with rows of ginkgo, Phoebe zhennan and large trees,

appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are complexly combined. Large and small trees, shrubs and ground cover plants are

planted in an interspersed manner. At the entrance, relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf banyan stump,

top-grade osmanthus and others) are mainly used. Whether the office-area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, refined, open and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa-area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely and expansive atmosphere,

all depend on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: 1) Shaped shrubs grow poorly and their shapes are monotonous; 2) Flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including number of flowers, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; 3) The lawn has many weeds, and in local areas turfgrass weeds show a trend of spreading unchecked; 4) Pests and diseases are present.

1. We are prepared to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional gardening and carry out varied and graceful shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to promote their growth and then shape them according to their form. This depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape. The hedges in local areas are highly regular, and the neat uniform strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a smoother living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-area chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus and species, and living habits, and label all plants in the area. This can both

enrich employees' common knowledge of plants and add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labels

bring more attention to the greening.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of a single day or night. While doing the rectification work well, we will likewise

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached later), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme,

and we also ask Party A to offer more opinions, so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organizes reasonably, maintains carefully, and dispatches professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly dispatches no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

6. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening tree basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilization, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately) and other whole processes. {Care measures for the southern plant Canary Island date palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, wheelbarrows, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per plant; topdress once, 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application and spraying, water-soluble fertilizer and so on, then cover with soil, water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm; control pests and diseases in time; maintain the natural growth state of the trees without shaping pruning; promptly cut off yellow branches, pest- and disease-damaged branches, shaded vigorous branches and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage; promptly clean up pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-soluble fertilizer and so on; water once within three hours after application; water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm; control pests and diseases in time; for those pruned into round, square or conical shapes, do minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and attractive cut surfaces; promptly remove pruned material; promptly cut off dead branches and pest- and disease-damaged branches; promptly replant old, diseased and dead plants; remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous types: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-soluble fertilizer and so on; water once within three hours after application; water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm; control pests and diseases in time; cut off spent flowers once a week and remove weeds once a week; promptly cut off dead branches and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm; control pests and diseases in time; promptly replant withered, dead and missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%; prune 1-2 times a month.

(2) Specific annual landscaping maintenance work arrangements:

January: the month with the lowest temperature of the year, when open-ground trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, pest- and disease-damaged branches on large and small trees, and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings.

2. Street tree inspection: promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees; when loosened ties, wire girdling the bark, or unstable stakes are found, rectify immediately.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out the pupae and cocoons of slug moths and burn them in a concentrated pile. In mid-January, scale insects begin to become active, but at this time they move slowly, so we can scrape the larvae off the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often yields twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds and other areas, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be weeded and edged in time; in green spaces, pay attention to frost protection and watering.

February: the temperature rises somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Complete the pruning of all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on controlling slug moths and scale insects.

March: the temperature continues to rise, and after mid-month trees begin to sprout; in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, complete the planning and design, and dig (excavate) the tree pits in advance; make sure to dig, transport, plant and water as you go. When planting shrubs, also make sure to dig, transport and plant as you go, and water thoroughly to increase the survival rate of the seedlings.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas in time.

3. Fertilizing: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some seedlings have developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller moth has also appeared (control by spraying pesticides such as fenitrothion). To control slug moths, the method of digging out pupae can continue to be used.

April: the temperature continues to rise, and all trees sprout, bloom or unfold leaves, beginning to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late; shrubs that died in winter (azaleas, Chinese fringeflower, etc.) should be removed and replanted in time, and newly planted trees should be watered thoroughly.

2. Irrigation: continue to water the maintained green spaces in time.

3. Fertilizing: for lawns and shrubs, in combination with irrigation, apply a topdressing of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, the base of trunks, wall corners and other places, where they secrete white waxy thin cocoons and pupate. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom and then buried deep in a concentrated pile or soaked. Alternatively, pesticides such as fenitrothion can be sprayed. (2) Longhorn beetles begin to become active; a grafting knife or self-made steel wire can be used to remove the larvae, but the wounds should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: the temperature rises sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees have a very high water demand, so they should be watered in time.

2. Pruning: prune spent flowers. Carry out the first bud-thinning pruning of street trees.

3. Pest and disease control: continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of slug moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; take corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids and others has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, pittosporum, oleander, etc.). In mid- and late May, spray 10?20 times diluted rosin mixture and 50% thiophos emulsion at 1500?2000 times dilution to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal agents and Huabao can also be used.)

June: high temperature

1. Watering: plants have a high water demand, so water in time; do not "leave it to heaven."

2. Fertilizing: combine loosening the soil and weeding, fertilizing and watering to achieve the best results.

3. Pruning: continue bud thinning and sprout removal on street trees. Prune hedges, topiary balls and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Drainage work: during heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: in mid- and late June, slug moths enter the peak hatching period, and measures should be taken in time; at present, spraying 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500?800 times dilution is basically used. (Or spray compound BT emulsion.) Continue manual catching of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees; straighten, reinforce and re-tie trees that are loose or leaning.

July: the temperature is the highest, and after mid-month there will be strong winds and heavy rain.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: during the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes; once high temperatures occur, water in time.

2. Drainage: drain water in time after heavy rain.

3. Topdressing: apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: carry out typhoon-prevention bud-thinning pruning; all branches that conflict with power lines must be pruned, and tree stakes must be checked one by one; if looseness or instability is found, straighten and tie them tightly immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials and tools and equipment, and send personnel to inspect at any time, handling dangerous situations promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: continue controlling longhorn beetles and slug moths. To control longhorn beetles, inject 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 dilution (or Guoshubao, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the opening; this can also achieve good results. For camphor tree bagworms, promptly prune them off and destroy the insect nests to prevent further damage.

August: still the rainy season

1. Drainage: after heavy rain, drain water in time from low-lying waterlogged areas.

2. Typhoon-prevention work for street trees: continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: in addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: weeds also grow vigorously, so weed in time, and fertilization can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree bagworms should be controlled in time. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot, and take timely measures. September: the temperature declines somewhat; do related work well to welcome National Day.

1. Pruning: in preparation for city appearance work, thin buds below the third-level branching of street trees. Shaping pruning of hedges. Weeding in green spaces, lawn edging, and timely removal of dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilizing: for some trees that grow weakly and whose branches are not sufficiently full, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizer.

3. Pest and disease control: shot-hole disease (on cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) is at its peak; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to the roots to cause damage; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood borers on poplars and willows. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting various greening facilities.

October: the temperature drops; in late October, early winter begins, trees begin to shed leaves and successively enter the dormant period.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting; in late month, once cold-tolerant trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green space maintenance: remove dead trees in time and water in time. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green spaces and lawns. Fertilize flowering plants that are growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree bagworms. November: the soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: continue planting cold-tolerant plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Turning the soil: turn the soil in green spaces to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: water dry, hardened soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: various pests prepare to overwinter in late month, so the control task is relatively light.

December: low temperature; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: after deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and map out the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green space maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed loess.

2 Garden plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green spaces reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Garden trees have basically complete crowns, with main and lateral branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the inner canopy is not tangled, and there is ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom in time and normally, and are pruned in time after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves and are neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green spaces.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth, and leaf size and color are normal. Under ordinary conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect excrement or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the preservation rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Conifer

Article 3: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower lateral branches, to ensure that tree development tends toward reasonableness, improve branch form, and reduce the breeding of pests and diseases.

2. Appropriately thin trees that are too densely grown, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and carry out winter fertilization on all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In the loose soil under trees, dig out the pupae and cocoons of slug moths and burn them in a concentrated pile.

5. As circumstances require, scarify individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning and fertilizing of lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaf mahonia and the giant mealybug on coral and Japanese aralia.

3. In particular, strengthen freeze protection and insulation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening and banking soil around tree roots.

4. Apply a topdressing (urea) to cool-season lawns once at the end of the month at 10 g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees in time.

2. Mow lawns and remove weeds in time, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: strengthen observation and patrol, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and the boxwood leaf roller moth. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapple types and cold-season lawns; pay attention to prevention reports.

4. For local sunken and low-lying spots in lawns, add soil and cover with sand; carry out low pruning of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the germination and growth of the base grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilization for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown flowering plants; for lawns and shrubs, in combination with irrigation, apply a topdressing of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring; evergreen hedges can begin to be pruned.

3. Pest and disease control: mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak leaf-unfolding period for trees, with a very high water demand, so water in time.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud thinning on London plane, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Hoe weeds in flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding of lawns, and prune lawn grass in time to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

June

1. Water plants in time to ensure sufficient water supply for plants.

2. Loosen soil and hoe weeds in tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding of lawns.

3. Lawns should be pruned in time, and their growth height controlled; pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply compound fertilizer once to lawns that grow poorly or lack fertilizer, so that they can pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, in particular ensure that watering work for plants is carried out.

2. Carry out soil loosening and weeding work for flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperature and relatively high humidity, and weeds grow quickly; seize the opportunity to carry out hoeing and weeding work to prevent the formation of a weed wilderness, and continue cultivation, weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention work; reinforce and secure trees in the park to prevent lodging; for low-lying or seriously waterlogged places, dredge and drain in time.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune in time, control lawn height, and fertilization can be combined with weeding. Apply supplementary and topdressing fertilizer in time, mainly P and K fertilizer, together with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to grasping the fertilization period and climate well.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought-relief work; it must not be chosen between 10 and 15 o'clock, so as to avoid burning the seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention work, further reinforcing and securing large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and for low-lying and other water-prone places, dredge drainage channels in time to prevent water from standing for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed in green spaces and remove dead trees in time, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green spaces are clean and tidy.

2. Thin trees that are too densely grown, and at the same time carry out bud thinning work.

3. Lawns should be pruned, edged and cleared of weeds in time, and attention should be paid to pest and disease control work.

4. Carry out hoeing and weeding work for flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness and clear layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their development tends toward reasonableness and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill gaps and water, and fertilize those growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, reducing pests and diseases and enhancing growth.

2. Do a good job of weeding and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs and green spaces, promptly pull out weeds, and replant gaps in time. As circumstances require, adjust trees in the local layout; some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Also begin cold protection and insulation work, and for trees with

poor cold resistance, wrap with straw and bank soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. As circumstances require, scarify and aerate lawns, and at the same time prune 2-3 times.

4. Carry out fertilization work in the latter part of this month, and combine it with increased application of organic fertilizer to turn over the soil in green areas.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and early warning, actively prevent and control them, and keep relevant records. December

1. For color-block shrubs and green areas, do a good job of weeding and edging, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Thin out and prune evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing stubs and dead branches, to make the trees grow better the following year (do not prune flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds), and at the same time pay attention to cleaning off insect cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap cycads, date palms and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and early warning, actively prevent and control them, and keep relevant records.

Chapter Four: "Latest Commonly Used Plants in Southern Landscaping"

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern Landscaping

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, false sterculia, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, renmianzi, fire-resistant magnolia, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Buddhist pine, big-leaf Buddhist pine, white magnolia, southern magnolia, officinal magnolia, burnet cinnamon, camphor tree, cinnamon, bitter ginseng, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, siamese senna, red camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, fragrant rosewood, water banyan, water stone banyan, avocado, blackboard tree, false betel palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, big-leaf eucalyptus, blue gum, cajuput tree, butterfly fruit, Chinese torreya, Chinese plum yew, Indian rubber fig, banyan, small-leaf banyan, large-fruited fig, weeping fig, yellow banyan, sacred fig (bodhi tree), horsetail tree, jackfruit, camphor-leaf maple, bitter oak, oriental white oak, candlenut, silver birch, sharp-leaf elaeocarpus, big-leaf elaeocarpus, sea hibiscus, iron wintergreen, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, albizia, royal palm, fish-tail palm, Washington fan palm, sugar palm, long-leaf date palm, autumn maple, red sandalwood, big-flower dillenia, jackfruit, yellow cassia, tree jackfruit, big-leaf privet, Lechang michelia, schefflera, octopus tree

Deciduous trees:

small-leaf terminalia, Chinese swamp cypress, water wax gourd tree, Chinese tallow, Japanese raisin tree, sand pear, soapberry, entire-leaf goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, happy tree, big-leaf crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flame tree, yellow poinciana, jacaranda, yellow cassia, chinaberry, bead tree, coral tree, cockscomb coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, golden acacia, prickly castor aralia, sweetgum, weeping willow, two-bract magnolia, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

red sandalwood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

sago palm, Chinese plum yew, orchid tree, big-leaf boxwood, dense-flower elaeagnus, camellia, South China coral tree, spotted aucuba, St. John's wort, three-medicine areca, areca palm, Qiong palm, four-season orchid tree, soft-branch allamanda, small-leaf justicia, red bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, Chinese holly, Western azalea, glossy-leaved cordyline, croton, red mulberry, golden-edge mulberry, golden-leaf fig, smooth senna, Rhododendron ovatum, Japanese ardisia, orange jasmine, red-back excoecaria, Artabotrys hexapetalus, camellia, oil tea, big-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flower allamanda, June snow, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, heavenly bamboo, Japanese fatsia, night-blooming jasmine, Chinese hibiscus, Chinese lantern flower, red azalea, Spanish dagger, yucca, South China boxwood, licuala palm, soft-leaf date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-vein justicia, schefflera, variegated golden dewdrop, yellow-leaf golden dewdrop, justicia, golden-leaf privet, giant taro, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Swiss cheese plant, cast-iron plant, snake plant, Rhaphiolepis umbellata, variegated hibiscus, Euphorbia cotinifolia, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, Hamelia patens, crinum lily, spider lily, Calliandra, red fringe flower, angel's trumpet, white mussaenda, red mussaenda, Rhododendron pulchrum, Western azalea, Senna bicapsularis, hardy tecomaria, myrtle, Ixora, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, Jatropha pandurifolia, blue snowflake, blue star flower, butterfly flower, heavenly bamboo, pepper tree, red-back excoecaria,

Deciduous shrubs:

cotton rose, Reeves' spirea, bridal wreath spirea, modern rose, Abelia chinensis, pomegranate, beautyberry, purple magnolia, bush clover, Amur honeysuckle, Chinese snowball viburnum, rose of Sharon, redbud, dwarf flowering cherry, bridal wreath spirea, pearl bush, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, Chinese privet

Vines:

Swiss cheese plant, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, firecracker vine, Rangoon creeper, three-leaf akebia, honeysuckle, wintercreeper euonymus, climbing fig, kiwi, creeping euonymus, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, snail vine, wax flower, Rhaphidophora pinnata, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, kadsura, Boston ivy, trumpet creeper, passionflower, creeping crape myrtle, evergreen mucuna, Thunbergia grandiflora

Artabotrys hexapetalus, Thunbergia grandiflora, Rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, firecracker vine, white mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, Jasminum officinale, Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, Clytostoma callistegioides, passionflower

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, moso bamboo, fernleaf hedge bamboo, Phyllostachys glauca, golden bamboo, Omei bamboo, hedge bamboo, bitter bamboo, indocalamus, buddha belly bamboo, ma bamboo, Bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, square bamboo, green bamboo, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa multiplex 'Alphonse Karr', red bamboo

Lawn and groundcover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese zoysia, fine-leaf zoysia, carpet grass, centipede grass, knotgrass, Manila grass, zoysia, Guangdong evergreen, spiderwort, boat lily, dwarf lilyturf, curculigo, liriope, reineckea, cast-iron plant, black-eyed Susan vine, sweet flag, autumn zephyr lily, pink zephyr lily, golden spider lily, white butterfly, butterfly flower, red oxalis, inch plant,

Calathea roseopicta, arrowhead plant, white butterfly arrowhead plant, pothos, inch plant, sword fern, aluminum plant, small boat lily, peace lily, variegated lilyturf, red lantana, yellow lantana, purple lantana

dusty miller, bleeding heart vine, shrimp plant, firecracker flower, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella papyrus, paper reed, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, Trilobata wedelia, red oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf amaranth, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green alternanthera, autumn zephyr lily, pink zephyr lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean velvet grass, Bermuda grass, broadleaf carpet grass, variegated ax grass, bahia grass, dwarf lilyturf

Palms:

royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, fish-tail palm, palm, dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, Queen palm, fishtail palm, Queen palm, Washington fan palm, beautiful date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, long-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, three-medicine areca, traveler's palm, lady palm,

Seasonal flowers

star flower, African impatiens, four-season begonia, scarlet sage, petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, French marigold, marigold, nasturtium, pansy, Torenia fournieri, cockscomb, calendula, globe amaranth, zinnia, moss rose, purslane, cosmos, cineraria, spider flower, daylily, lavender, purple loosestrife

Chapter Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Configurations"

Southern Plant Configurations

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + umbrella papyrus + variegated galangal

Dracaena fragrans + rainbow dracaena + heavenly bamboo + sword fern + placed rock

royal palm + fish-tail palm + beautiful date palm + canna + coleus + croton

royal palm + Canary Island date palm head + red cordyline + red mulberry + Ixora

royal palm + false betel palm + areca palm + big-leaf lady palm + golden leaf

Chapter Six: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China"

Commonly Used Plants in Southern Courtyards

I. Palms:

1. Royal palm 2. False betel palm 3. Washington palm 4. Silver date palm 5. Canary Island date palm 6. Three-medicine areca

7. Chinese fan palm 8. Washington fan palm 9. Areca palm 10. Lady palm (fine-leaf lady palm) 11. golden mountain palm 12. Soft-leaf date palm

II. Trees (street trees, shade trees):

1. Flame tree 2. Kapok 3. Beautiful silk floss tree 4. Coral tree 5. sharp-leaf elaeocarpus 6. Blackboard tree

7. Small-leaf banyan 8. Water stone banyan 9. Mango 10. bead tree 11. Burnet cinnamon 12. Big-leaf crape myrtle

13. Red sandalwood 14. Frangipani 15. Terminalia 16. Traveler's palm 17. red pandanus 18. Autumn maple

19. Star fruit 20. Olea ferruginea 21. Golden shower tree 22. Albizia 23. Cajuput tree

24. Eucalyptus 25. Hainan rose apple 26. Aphanamixis grandifolia 27. Camel's foot tree 28. Mahogany

29. Banyan 30. Flame tree 31. Yellow flame tree 32. goldenrain tree

III. Flowering shrubs:

1. Four-season osmanthus 2. fine-leaf Bambusa multiplex 3. Tree fern 4. Yellow banyan 5. Bougainvillea

6. Yellow cassia 7. Red bottlebrush 8. Golden-edge sisal 9. Chinese hibiscus 10. Fagraea ceilanica 11. Variegated banyan

12. Chinese hibiscus 13. Banana shrub 14. Crape myrtle 15. Calliandra 16. Tabernaemontana divaricata 17. Ixora

18. Furcraea 19. Yucca 20. Firecracker vine 21. Yellow oleander 22. Polyscias

IV. Groundcover or color blocks:

1. Pittosporum 2. Swiss cheese plant 3. Pothos 4. Bird's nest fern 5. red ruby 6. big-leaf polygonum 7. Schefflera

8. Philodendron 'Little Angel' 9. Golden leaf 10. Cigar flower 11. fine-leaf frog orchid 12. three-star calathea 13. Rhododendron pulchrum

14. dwarf fan palm 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. Variegated golden dewdrop 17. Spider lily 18. Inch plant 19. Soft-branch allamanda

20. variegated galangal 21. Asparagus fern 22. golden peanut 23. fine-leaf ixora 24. Sword fern 25. yellow shrimp plant

26. white butterfly 27. Aluminum plant 28. variegated dieffenbachia 29. rainbow cordyline 30. Croton 31. dwarf lilyturf

32. variegated grass 33. Jasmine 34. velvet calathea 35. Taiwan grass 36. broadleaf carpet grass

37. Manila grass 38. Bermuda grass 39. Ryegrass 40. Tall fescue

There are also some commonly used plants:

1. Bodhi banyan 2. Banyan 3. Water stone banyan 4. campanula 5. National Day flower 6. Golden shower tree

7. Siamese senna 8. sausage tree 9. Thai yellow big flower ball 10. golden willow

11. winged senna 12. Senna bicapsularis 13. Jatropha 14. Water banyan 15. Manglietia glauca

16. Hainan spotted gold 17. variegated money tree 18. Hainan ormosia 19. Mahogany

20. Albizia 21. sandalwood cinnamon 22. autumn osmanthus 23. Bay laurel 24. Washington fan palm 25. fine-leaf Bambusa multiplex

26. Indian yellow/purple sandalwood 27. Red sandalwood 28. Dianella 29. Leizhou banyan 30. cat-tail tree

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern China

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine, hoop pine, oil fir, big-leaf hoop pine, kauri, masson pine, slash pine, camphor tree, Japanese cinnamon, Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla, cajuput tree, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, autumn maple, Taiwan acacia, Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, red sandalwood, small-leaf banyan, big-leaf banyan, banyan, bird banyan, Indian rubber fig, variegated Indian rubber fig, sacred fig (bodhi tree), candlenut, mahogany, dillenia, blackboard tree, terminalia, small-leaf terminalia, jackfruit, wax apple, renmianzi, sapodilla, bead tree, horsetail tree, white magnolia, night-blooming jasmine, fire-resistant magnolia, small-leaf elaeocarpus, southern magnolia, sea hibiscus, mango, longan, lychee, olive, loquat, bayberry, pomelo, water stone banyan, Buddhist pine, dragon juniper, Buddhist pine, osmanthus, four-season osmanthus, banana shrub, orchid tree, camellia, weeping fig, butterfly fruit, oblique-leaf fig

2. Deciduous trees

Dawn redwood, pond cypress, bald cypress, Chinese swamp cypress, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, Bischofia polycarpa, albizia, big-leaf albizia, silver wattle, sweetgum, weeping willow, sausage tree, Neolamarckia cadamba, silver birch, Chinese hackberry, soapberry, Chinese pistache, chinaberry, Chinese tallow, wood tung, ginkgo, Noble bottle tree, persimmon, fig, mulberry, papaya, guava, red maple, golden acacia

3. Palms

False betel palm, royal palm, king palm, bottle palm, club palm, triangle palm, foxtail palm, queen palm, oil palm, sugar palm, Washingtonia, Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Iraqi honey date, Chinese fan palm, fish-tail palm, sugar palm, scaly date palm, soft-leaf date palm, three-medicine areca, green palm, fragrant palm, long-spike fishtail palm, short-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, palm, banana, traveler's palm, cordyline, lady palm, fine-leaf lady palm, Nikolai bird of paradise, red-stem philodendron, false taro

4. Foliage shrubs

Golden-leaf weeping fig, golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, Garcinia subelliptica, variegated arundo, weeping polyalthia, red pandanus, pittosporum, variegated hibiscus, sago palm, red bottlebrush, tree night jasmine, cotinus, golden-vein justicia, Japanese fatsia, Juniperus procumbens, variegated cassava, heavenly bamboo, schefflera, variegated schefflera, pepper tree, red-back excoecaria, red mulberry, Japanese lilac, golden dewdrop, variegated golden dewdrop, yellow-leaf golden dewdrop, orange jasmine, croton, halberd-leaf croton, Hainan croton, spotted croton, justicia, Fukien tea, small-leaf boxwood, golden-leaf privet, crown of thorns, yellow-striped furcraea, agave, variegated agave, yucca, bottle palm, cast-iron plant, snake plant, cactus, giant taro, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, Swiss cheese plant, variegated shell ginger, beach naupaka, Rhaphiolepis umbellata, variegated Breynia, Ceylon phyllanthus, Chinese rose

5. Flowering shrubs

African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, rare jasmine, rose of Sharon, hibiscus, Chinese lantern flower, wax mallow, poinsettia, Calliandra, bougainvillea, big-flower gardenia, hydrangea, red bract flower, melastoma, red fringe flower, angel's trumpet, white mussaenda, red mussaenda, allamanda, Western azalea, Senna bicapsularis, hardy tecomaria, myrtle, Ixora, foxtail pearl, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, crinum lily,

spider lily, crab claw flower, dwarf canna, Reinwardtia, Jatropha pandurifolia, blue snowflake, blue star flower, butterfly flower

6. Groundcover

Calathea roseopicta, arrowhead plant, white butterfly arrowhead plant, pothos, inch plant, sword fern, aluminum plant, small boat lily, peace lily, dwarf lilyturf, variegated lilyturf, red lantana, yellow lantana, purple lantana, dusty miller, bleeding heart vine, shrimp plant, firecracker flower, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella papyrus, paper reed, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, Trilobata wedelia, red oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, round-leaf amaranth, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green alternanthera, autumn zephyr lily, pink zephyr lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean velvet grass, Bermuda grass, broadleaf carpet grass, variegated ax grass, bahia grass, dwarf lilyturf

7. Vines

Thunbergia grandiflora, Rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, firecracker vine, white mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, Jasminum officinale, Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, Clytostoma callistegioides, passionflower

Chapter Seven: "Document on Commonly Used Plant Configurations in Southern China"

Practical Plant Configuration Table — Concise Table of Commonly Used Plant Configurations

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Hankow willow, weeping willow, cotton willow, sand willow, artemisia willow, soap willow, small-leaf poplar, Liao poplar, sandland juniper, Chinese juniper, Chinese arborvitae, dawn redwood, chinaberry, Chinese wingnut, white ash, forsythia, elm, lobed-leaf elm, Chinese elm, Chinese tallow, cherry blossom, Eucommia, goldenrain tree, cotton rose, rose of Sharon, oleander, Boston ivy, grape, wisteria, false indigo, tamarisk, buttercup, water hyacinth seedling, long-leaf alkali buttercup, marsh willow leaf, willow-leaf vegetable, hairy betony, Chinese betony, mint, Lindernia, veronica, watercress, Scirpus, water wool flower, flat-stem scirpus, water cyperus, flower-spike water cyperus, ball-spike flat sedge, red-scale flat sedge, jointed rush, small-flower rush, small rush, fine rush, knotgrass, common knotweed, red knotweed, clustered knotweed, dock-leaf knotweed, willow-leaf thorn knotweed, small arrow-leaf knotweed, mile-a-minute, thorn knotweed, halberd-leaf knotweed, big halberd-leaf knotweed, Japanese knotweed, cogon grass, reed grass, big-leaf grass, water grass, long-awn clubhead, wild ancient grass, silver grass, Job's tears, hemarthria, wetland flat bud,

Emergent plants: water onion, reed, lotus root, arrowhead, broad-leaf sedge, water plantain, lotus, purple loosestrife, cattail, duck-tongue grass, water hyacinth, sweet flag, pickerelweed, rice, mangrove seedling, narcissus, water celery, wild rice stem, taro, clover fern, reed, water chestnut, three-edge bulrush, needle rush, water candle, umbrella sedge, broad-leaf cattail

Floating plants: duckweed, water hyacinth, water lily, fox nut, Victoria water lily, spatterdock, water hyacinth, fringed water lily, water shield, yellow bladderwort, floating fern, keel-petal fringed water lily,

Submerged plants: hornwort, water plantain

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: sweetgum, lacquer tree, Japanese maple, Amur maple, Oriental bittersweet, red oak, sugar maple, Chinese tallow, staghorn sumac, salt tree, mountain ash, heavenly bamboo, euonymus, hawthorn, Chinese pistache, Chinese wingnut, barberry, Hubei hornbeam, Boston ivy

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: ginkgo, persimmon, goldenrain tree, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, elm, walnut, Catalpa, dawn redwood, crape myrtle, Chinese elm, Phoebe, wild jujube, kiwi, horse chestnut, mountain ash, wintersweet, pomegranate, yellow cassia, witch hazel, soapberry, golden acacia

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be planted in residential areas include: mint, basil, lemon balm, German chamomile, lemongrass, sage, dandelion, calendula, thyme, borage, scented geranium, mallow and other herbs; lavender, rosemary, gardenia, rose, lemon verbena and other shrubs.

Examples of woody plant configurations with fragrance in turn through the four seasons: plum blossoms and orange blossoms in spring; gardenia and white magnolia in summer; osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: black locust, paulownia, lacebark pine, Chinese juniper, coral tree, photinia, pittosporum, Japanese fatsia and others

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, false indigo, Caragana, soybean, bush clover, sweet clover, pea, bean, bayberry, elaeagnus, cycad

Honey-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: dwarf yew, Buddhist pine, Chinese torreya, Japanese holly, camphor tree, bayberry, privet, Ternstroemia, viburnum, aucuba, mahonia, firethorn, boxwood, pittosporum, Japanese fatsia and others, butterfly bush, Chinese pistache, and other fragrant-flower plants (such as Citrus plants in the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous) flowers: torch lily (red-hot poker), lupine, blue fescue, astilbe, coreopsis, moneywort, oregano, big-flower hibiscus, red mint, variegated star jasmine, thistle-leaved mesemb, hellebore, spider lily, daylily, iris, spiderwort, hosta, variegated canna, red-leaf canna, New York aster, Farfugium, Bletilla, perennial verbena

Four-season flowering trees:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus micromalus, Chaenomeles, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (southern magnolia, white magnolia, two-bract magnolia, purple magnolia, red magnolia, banana shrub, Michelia maudiae, etc.), redbud, red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: crape myrtle, rose of Sharon, hydrangea, banana shrub, summer azalea, pomegranate (flower), gardenia, trumpet creeper, silk tree, golden acacia Autumn: osmanthus, crape myrtle, rose of Sharon, flowering pomegranate, cotton rose, trumpet creeper, etc.

Winter: honeysuckle, heavenly bamboo, plum blossom, banana shrub, camellia, camellia, etc.

Classification of common landscaping tree species:

(I) Evergreen conifers

1. Trees: deodar cedar, Korean pine, black pine, dragon juniper, masson pine, Chinese juniper, sago palm, Norfolk Island pine, Japanese cedar, Chinese torreya

2. Shrubs: (Buddhist pine), Platycladus orientalis 'Sieboldii', savin juniper, creeping juniper, Japanese cedar, five-needle pine

(II) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Trees: dawn redwood, golden larch, pond cypress, bald cypress

(III) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: camphor tree, southern magnolia, privet, palm

2. Shrubs: coral tree, big-leaf boxwood, small-leaf boxwood, boxwood, Chinese holly, orange tree, photinia, pittosporum, osmanthus, oleander, yellow jasmine, winter jasmine, spotted aucuba, heavenly bamboo, June snow, small-leaf privet, Japanese fatsia, gardenia, Distylium, camellia, St. John's wort, azalea, yucca (fragrant olive, sisal), sago palm (cycad), mahonia

(IV) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: weeping willow, straight willow, Chinese wingnut, dragon-claw willow, Chinese tallow, pagoda tree, Chinese parasol tree (Chinese parasol

tree), plane tree (French plane), pagoda tree (Chinese pagoda tree), dragon-claw pagoda tree, silk tree, ginkgo, chinaberry (bitter chinaberry), catalpa

2. Shrubs: cherry blossom, white magnolia, peach blossom, wintersweet, crape myrtle, redbud, lacquer tree, green maple, red-leaf plum, spreading hedgehog rose, pendulous crabapple, hydrangea, snowball viburnum, golden bells (Forsythia), cotton rose, rose of Sharon (shrub althaea), mountain maple (guiyuan tree), pomegranate

(5) Bamboo: Ci-xiao bamboo, moso bamboo, Phyllostachys edulis, black bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, Buddha belly bamboo, golden bamboo with jade-green stripes

(6) Vines: wisteria, star jasmine, Boston ivy (climbing ivy, creeping ivy), English ivy, grape vine, climbing euonymus

(7) Flowers: portulaca, chrysanthemum, scarlet sage, canna, Joseph's coat (three-colored amaranth), ornamental kale (ball cabbage), chrysanthemum, orchid

(8) Lawn grasses: velvet grass, zoysia grass, dwarf lilyturf, evergreen grass, tall fescue, Manila grass, clover, water clover

Detailed Table of Commonly Used Plant Configurations

Table of Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific Name Family Tree Shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, triplinerved, aromatic, spherical berries.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, resistant to pollution, tolerant of pruning. Broad crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, graceful form.

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; flowers red and beautiful, blooming from May to August.

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree.

Sweet acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, golden-yellow flowers, excellent tree vigor.

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-lying wet ground, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, graceful form.

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy closure, suitable for various pruning styles.

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and rounded, robust growth, graceful form.

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, leaf surface dark green, robust growth, very beautiful posture.

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Rounded Evergreen tree with rounded crown, strong canopy closure, relatively slow-growing, very beautiful posture.

Chinaberry (bead tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, flowers pale purple.

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old.

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves large and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, also beautiful in posture.

Formosan alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry ground and hard soil, tall and beautiful form.

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, robust, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, graceful posture.

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the Northwest region.

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool moist climates and acidic soil, needles blue-green.

Chinese juniper (savin juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, drought and barren-tolerant, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, pruning-tolerant, good dust-blocking and sound-insulating effect.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, flowers large white and fragrant, beautiful tree form.

Formosan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth.

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, robust growth, also beautiful posture.

Canary Island date palm Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk thick and sturdy, tall and majestic, pinnate leaves dense and spreading.

Royal palm Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, can reach 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value.

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, autumn leaves yellow, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, intolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases.

Chinese tulip tree Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm moist climates, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a mandarin jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool climates, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, relatively long-lived; tree form upright, trunk straight, bark gray-white.

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrowly cylindrical Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold and drought-tolerant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogging, fast-growing.

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm moist climates, drought and barren-tolerant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity.

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool moist climates, smoke and dust-tolerant, dry-cold tolerant, slightly saline-alkali tolerant, pruning-tolerant, autumn leaves yellow {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Table of Characteristics of Commonly Used Landscape Trees

Name Scientific Name Family Tree Shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, triplinerved, aromatic, spherical berries.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, resistant to pollution, tolerant of pruning. Broad crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Oval Evergreen tree, flowers large white and fragrant, beautiful tree form.

White magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Quite cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large pure white, blooming March to April. Suitable for courtyard viewing.

Chinese tulip tree Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm moist climates, relatively strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, leaves shaped like a mandarin jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen tree, tree form neat when young, mostly curved when old, strong growth, long-lived, beautiful tree form.

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Rounded Evergreen tree, robust, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Autumn maple Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Rounded Evergreen tree, very beautiful when young leaves sprout, robust growth, beautiful tree form.

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-lying wet ground, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, graceful form.

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, with irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Royal palm Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, can reach 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value.

Japanese euonymus Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Oval Prefers warm moist climates, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, graceful form.

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella-shaped Strong adaptability, moisture-tolerant, fast-growing. Suitable as shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree.

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen prostrate low shrub, branches and trunk sprawling along the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, unique tree form, branches and leaves emerald green and flowing. Suitable for ground cover and beautification around courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, slopes, etc. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Rounded Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden dewdrop is mainly grown for foliage, widely used, can be used as ground cover, pruned into shapes, forming patterns or emphasizing color combinations, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Rounded Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red fruit, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves large and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, also beautiful in posture.

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm moist climates, drought and barren-tolerant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity.

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen medium tree, branches dense, dark green, robust growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form.

Japanese pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Rounded White flowers fragrant, blooming in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as hedge or potted plant. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk tillering, can reach 20-25 m tall, leaves gray-white with arched curvature, robust growth, beautiful posture.

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Suitable as shade tree, street tree, bank-protection tree.

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental tree and street tree.

Japanese black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical Evergreen tree, bark gray-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, needles hard in pairs, long-lived.

Red-leaf plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, red-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purplish-red, pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen and group planting, as a backdrop.

Washington fan palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single cylindrical trunk, base swollen, up to 4-8 m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped round, robust growth, beautiful posture {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as shade tree and street tree.

Scrambled egg tree Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Rounded Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, yellow flowers, fast-growing, beautiful tree form.

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool moist climates, smoke and dust-tolerant, dry-cold tolerant, slightly saline-alkali tolerant, pruning-tolerant, autumn leaves yellow.

Japanese maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped Leaf shape elegant, autumn leaves red. Suitable for courtyard viewing and potted plants.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Oval tower-shaped Evergreen tree, branches and leaves spreading, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, leaflets radial, tree form vigorous and upright.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval-swollen, forming a wine bottle shape, very beautiful posture.

Mandarin orange tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Rounded Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Rounded Deciduous tree, bark gray-brown, bipinnate odd-pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, fast-growing.

Snow rose Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Rounded Evergreen small shrub. Leaves dark green, flowers snow-white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, good texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, pruning and shaping.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright tower-shaped Evergreen medium tree, branches dense, dark green, robust growth, very long-lived, very beautiful tree form.

Dragon-claw pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches pendulous, suitable for courtyard viewing, paired or row planting.

Corkscrew willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Rounded Branches twisted like a roaming dragon, suitable as shade tree and ornamental tree.

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, 2 m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves.

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical Evergreen tree, simple and elegant demeanor, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, layered forms for courtyard landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, trunk bark red-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic.

Heavenly bamboo Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella-shaped Branches and leaves elegant, red fruit in autumn and winter; courtyard viewing, can be group-planted or potted. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, robust growth.

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Oval Flowers white, blooming in June. Suitable as hedge or street tree.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Trunk upright, can reach 6-12 m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, grows luxuriantly, elegant posture.

Globe arborvitae Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly rounded Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful, can be grown into noble-shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, forest-bathing tree.

Boxleaf euonymus B. bodinieri Buxaceae Oval Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for courtyard viewing. Can be group-planted, used as hedge or potted. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, oval, rounded Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter 8: Cultivation and Maintenance of Palm Family Plants

The palm family is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, root system well developed, drought-tolerant, barren-tolerant, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This edition will introduce its introduction, transplanting, and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of palm family plants worldwide, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palms, while a few palms have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and many palm species that can withstand long-term water immersion, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the false betel nut and Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape effect of palms has been recognized, and they have been used as key varieties for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, and later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan, all successively set off an upsurge of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Several units led by Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on plant geography and ecology theory, through observational research on the growth and mortality of introduced and acclimatized palm plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high-latitude, high-altitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, moisture and soil, etc. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing the growth and development of plants, and low winter temperatures are the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm introduction and acclimatization; through research on the salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora blight, coconut leaf beetle, and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented the technique of palm seed germination acceleration, mastered the techniques of full-crown transplanting of palm plants and cultivation of large-specification container seedlings, and did fruitful work on soil improvement, winter cold protection and conservation, and other techniques.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including royal palm, Chinese fan palm, bamboo palm, South palm, fishtail palm, etc.; the palm family plants successfully applied in Shanghai and surrounding areas mainly include Butia palm, woolly Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm and more than ten other species, and the relevant research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

On the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Blight

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Blight

This disease often causes damage on palm plants such as royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm, Canary Island date palm, etc. On affected plants, the heart leaves cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the whole plant withers in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora blight is caused by Phytophthora, which can be identified by incubation in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splashing, air movement, etc.

Occurrence Pattern of Washington Palm Phytophthora Blight

This disease occurs during periods of high temperature and high humidity between summer and autumn. Drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, causing soil moisture content to

suddenly increase, poor ventilation, or plants located in wind gaps, are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, continuous-cropping plots. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root injury during seedling digging, followed by long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young heart leaf rots, the leaves turn gray-green and droop, and they can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, one can see paste-like secretions at the growing point or even the entire heart of the plant, with a foul odor, and the infected tissue can grow white mold-like material. In severely affected plants, root damage is also often seen, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots, with an unusual

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is less common in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage has been relatively severe in nursery fields. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand, slightly sunken, and when moist the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under moist conditions. When it occurs on stems, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part shows withering. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes purulent liquid exudes from the cut roots and stem, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves carry a large amount of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora blight is a vascular disease, and in severe cases the whole plant wilts and droops, dries up, and eventually dies, with a high fatality rate.

According to investigation, the peak period of this disease is mostly during high temperature and high humidity periods, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease can be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

1. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness and drainage in the nursery. Leaves can be moderately pruned each autumn and winter, and pits can be dug and soil mounded in the planting area to keep the nursery land dry. Usually, potassium fertilizer can be applied additionally, and quicklime and superphosphate can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of plants.

2. Choose good plots, selecting loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation, requiring more than three to four years of rotation for land that has grown Washington palms.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth, deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain, so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly prohibit flooding irrigation when watering, and do it on sunny afternoons or evenings.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Observe regularly, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

2. Chemical Control

One or two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl-aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as Kameitong, that is, soil fungicide (common dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and Washington palm roots with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or on consecutive sunny days first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization, or sprinkle lime powder for disinfection, or use 500 times dexon solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or fosetyl-aluminum (prone to developing resistance), adding 0.4% washing powder, and pour into the heart or spray for both prevention and treatment. 80% mancozeb 700 times solution can also be sprayed, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora blight. After adopting this measure, the Washington palms and woolly Washington palms at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company have dropped from a disease incidence of 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Control Experience

The control effect of using carbendazim and the like is not obvious. If all leaves are cut off in the early stage of the disease and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can successively revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies in large numbers when moisture is sufficient, ultimately causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant dies from water loss and wilting. The heart rot disease described in some literature is actually also Phytophthora blight, only occurring at the heart leaf site.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, and when it occurs, water-soaked small spots appear, then expand into larger lesions, and it is easily found, generally controllable with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens such as Phyllosticta and Pestalotiopsis, often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Single-trunk Large Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance. After root pruning, the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. After root pruning, stones and broken roots should be removed from the soil and it should be backfilled promptly, and moisture should be maintained: the purpose is to exercise the adaptability of the seedlings and induce new roots. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If using heeled-in seedlings, the effect is even better.

2. Digging holes and preparing for planting. Dig holes 20 days before transplanting at the planting site; the hole size is generally 1.5 times that of the root ball. The soil dug from the holes should be exposed to the sun for a period of time. For backfill, it is best to use a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom compost + an appropriate amount of matured phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with a sand-to-mud ratio of 4:6.

Planting time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done year-round, with spring and autumn being the best seasons. Try to avoid summer and winter, especially January and July. Most palm family plants prefer warmth and moisture. In summer, when temperatures are high, seedlings lose water rapidly through evaporation, which can easily cause excessive water loss and affect survival. In winter, temperatures are low, and some places even have frost; strong north winds can easily cause frost damage or even death of seedlings.

Transplanting seedlings

Some large single-trunk palm family seedlings have relatively thick stems, making transplanting labor-intensive and the seedlings highly prone to injury. Therefore, when transplanting, the trunk should be wrapped with burlap sacks or rice straw, especially the green wrapped portion at the boundary between the trunk and the leaf stalks. This serves both to protect the trunk and to retain moisture and provide sun protection. In addition, when lifting the seedlings, pruning should be combined with leaf removal, removing old leaves and retaining 40% to 45% of the leaves (the specific amount depends on the vigor of the tree). At the same time, cut off 1/5 of the leaves together with their stalks to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

It is best to plant seedlings on the same day they are dug out. If too much time passes, the seedlings lose a great deal of water through evaporation, and dehydration can easily affect survival. If they cannot all be planted on the same day, cover them with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaf surfaces each day, ensuring proper shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil: Once the seedling is positioned, backfill the soil immediately. When the backfill reaches half the height of the root ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, shape the soil mound into a "water storage basin" that is slightly higher around the edges and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering: After backfilling, immediately water thoroughly to settle the roots. Before watering, first use bamboo poles or similar tools to pack down the loose soil around the root ball until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing and support: There are various types of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical option. The tying height should be at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-planting management

1. Moisture retention: Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping material twice daily, except on rainy days, until the leaves and trunk wrapping material are moist. Do not water at the roots, as excess water will flow downward and accumulate, causing root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with rice straw for sun protection, to prevent excessive soil temperature fluctuations from causing soil compaction, and to keep the soil around the root ball loose, moist, and well-aerated, which promotes new root growth.

2. Wind protection: Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally quite tall and are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds after transplanting, the supports should be checked regularly after planting to see if they have come loose. Especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, it should be promptly straightened and re-tied.

3. Fertilizing: About one month after planting, urea solution can be used as a foliar fertilizer, applied by spraying, with fertilizing intervals of about half a month. After the first new leaf has grown out and matured, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. Dig the holes in a ring-shaped trench outside the edge of the root ball, with a trench width and depth of 30 cm each. The fertilizer and backfill soil should be mixed evenly.

4. Pest and disease control: Newly transplanted large single-trunk palm seedlings have relatively weak vigor and are highly susceptible to pests and diseases, especially the tender leaves and central spear leaf. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. Currently, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" (Brontispa longissima) causes extremely serious damage to palm family plants. Adults and larvae congregate in the folded spaces of the unopened central spear leaf and chew the leaf tissue, causing some or all of the newly emerging leaves to wither and die. Affected plants grow slowly or even die. The following control methods are available: (1) 81% malathion emulsifiable concentrate at 1000x dilution; (2) cypermethrin at 500x dilution; (3) use of "Yejiaqing" (coconut beetle control agent). All can achieve good control results. Based on practical experience, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient, and longest-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the central spear leaf at planting time, combining it with the tying procedure.

For large single-trunk palm seedlings, whether they have survived can be roughly determined about one month after planting based on whether the leaves remain green. However, to truly confirm survival, one generally must wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplant survival rate increased from the original 75% to over 90%. Moreover, the above techniques are highly practical and should be promoted and applied.

Transplanting techniques for seedlings, large trees, and clumping palms

Key techniques for transplanting seedlings

Palm plants are best transplanted during the period after germination and root formation. At this time, the seedlings are smaller, can be transplanted with the seed, and because they have few fibrous roots, the root system is not easily damaged during transplanting. Use grow bags for seedling cultivation; the size depends on the intended cultivation time. Generally, 1-year-old seedlings should use 16 cm x 18 cm containers, and 2-year-old seedlings should use 19 cm x 20 cm containers. Grow bags that are too small are detrimental to rapid seedling growth. To prepare the growing medium, use loose topsoil, burnt soil, and wheat bran at a ratio of 5:2:1, add a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, mix evenly, and fill the bags. First fill half the bag with the mixed soil, then place the seedling, straighten it, fill the rest of the bag, and compact it so that the root system is in close contact with the mixed soil. Water thoroughly. Palm plants must not be planted too deep, otherwise seedling growth will be affected. If planted too deep, pull the seedling upward to spread out the root system.

Key techniques for transplanting large trees

Palm family plants cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years mostly require several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting. Therefore, selecting well-spaced, vigorous seedlings results in a higher survival rate.

Minimizing root damage: Palm plant root tissues are tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots. When digging, keep the root ball as large as possible and prevent it from crumbling or cracking. Minimize root damage to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity, thereby improving the transplant survival rate. During construction, accurately set out lines and position the holes to avoid rework and prevent the root ball from crumbling.

Leaf pruning: The amount of foliage retained at transplanting should be comprehensively determined based on the species, the climate at transplanting time, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original leaf count should be retained. Retaining too many leaves causes leaf yellowing due to excessive water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes recovery difficult and the cycle long, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protecting the trunk and pseudostem of the plant: During digging, transporting, loading, and unloading, the trunk should be protected from damage, and the pseudostem should not be squeezed or bent. This is the guarantee of plant health and rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site: Palm family plants sustain root tip damage during transplanting and find it difficult to sprout new root tips within one month after transplanting, resulting in weak water absorption capacity. At this time, soil with good permeability and aeration is beneficial for seedling survival. Therefore, when planting, dig large holes and pay attention to the quality of the imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to facilitate post-planting recovery of palms.

Maintenance: Within one month after planting, plants have poor adaptability and require careful maintenance. Be sure to replenish water promptly and provide appropriate shading, striving to promote new leaf emergence within three months. If consecutive rainy days occur after transplanting, palm seedlings will recover better, because rainy weather can avoid adverse factors such as intense sunlight.

Key techniques for transplanting large clumping palms

Clumping species of palm family plants have multiple growth points and, once they have developed into a multi-trunk clumping state, can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clumping palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks and large leaf areas that cause high water evaporation, as well as poor wind permeability that makes them vulnerable to strong wind damage. Therefore, in addition to the measures for transplanting single-trunk palms, the following additional technical measures should be taken:

1. Implement the "fibrous root method" for transplanting: After digging out a relatively large root ball, use a small shovel to remove some soil along the outer edge of the root ball, retaining more fibrous roots and a moderate root ball, then immediately wrap it with moisture-retaining lightweight material to reduce the weight of the root ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slow-recovering clumping palms such as Arenga engleri and Areca triandra.

2. Implement bare-root temporary planting or container planting, concentrating maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant stabilizes before formal planting. This method is suitable for robust clumping palms such as Areca vestiaria, Brassiophoenix schumannii, and Chamaedorea seifrizii (Hawaiian bamboo palm). It reduces transportation costs and facilitates construction.

In summary, for transplanting large seedlings and large trees of palm family plants, the key is to focus on five aspects: selecting vigorous seedlings; digging good root balls and careful transport; moderate leaf pruning; ensuring good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and carrying out post-planting maintenance focused on sun protection and moisture retention. The indicator of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is the ability to retain most leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, with the emergence of three healthy new leaves signifying complete transplanting success.

Drainage: First understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site. Try to place the bottom of the root ball at a position 100-150 CM above the year-round groundwater level line of the planting site, in a location with deep, fertile soil. At the same time, a drainage layer for the root ball and a surface runoff drainage network should be established to prevent water accumulation around the root ball after planting. If hydrological conditions do not meet the requirements, the method of planting on raised mounds can be used, i.e., using loose medium mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand to first build up the planting site as high as possible to meet the above requirements, then placing the plant on the mound and filling around the root ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil blended with humus. Remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately amend the soil with loose medium to achieve loose, breathable conditions for the plant's roots. Strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots to prevent waterlogging and accumulated water. Moisture retention: After planting, immediately water once to settle the roots, ensuring the root ball is moist and in close contact with the surrounding soil to promote root development. Then water thoroughly three more times and promptly cover the root ball to prevent surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, spray water on the ground and canopy more frequently to increase ambient humidity and reduce transpiration. Leaf moisture retention measures include: a. Newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. Appropriately spray anti-transpirants on the leaves to inhibit plant physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. In sunny weather, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible to enhance water absorption through the leaves and weaken transpiration. Check the moisture status of the root ball and roots at any time and replenish water promptly to ensure the root ball remains moist and the roots can breathe freely. Fertilizing: After planting, in addition to maintaining moisture, appropriately spray low-concentration foliar fertilizer to supplement post-planting nutrition. Frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant. If new roots are found, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing a season when the monthly average temperature is above 20 degrees C, applying mainly organic fertilizer with an appropriate addition of compound fertilizer high in P and K to promote balanced nutrition and ensure rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: Spray pesticides to control pests and diseases before seedlings leave the nursery. After arriving at the site, the plants should also be sprayed with pesticides before unloading from the truck. Ensure three consecutive pesticide applications at intervals of one week to ten days within one month after planting. Subsequently, a reasonable pest and disease control plan should be developed. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Sidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Landscaping

Main

tenance

Pl

an

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Sidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a green space area of 28,186 sq m. The plant configuration in the factory area is relatively reasonable, with rich colors and obvious seasonal changes, forming a distinct layered and natural ecological plant community that basically displays the natural landscape of the plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges between factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties have been planted in the factory area, including Cinnamomum camphora (camphor tree), Magnolia grandiflora (southern magnolia), Zelkova serrata (Japanese zelkova), Osmanthus fragrans (sweet osmanthus), and Lagerstroemia indica (crape myrtle). Among them are a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specimen camphor trees, and a gatehouse landscape composed of ancient red maple, pomegranate, Malus spectabilis (Chinese crabapple), Ginkgo biloba, and Phoenix dactylifera (Canary Island date palm).

In view of the current situation of the factory area's landscaping, we believe that the initial construction was relatively rough, with insufficient understanding of plant habits. In particular, the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not done properly, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Landscaping maintenance schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold-protection equipment, facilities, and seedling cold-protection wraps.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune dead, damaged, diseased, and pest-infested branches; thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons, and lurking overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning diseased and pest-infested branches, and observe the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue accumulating fertilizer and making compost, preparing growing medium, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various pest and disease control equipment and prepare medications. Watch for aphids and globular scale, and ensure timely control. April (Clear and Bright, Grain Rain)

1. Carry out control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs, and mole crickets, as well as diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding, and pre-bloom fertilizing. Apply dilute fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Carry out bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess tender buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Clear and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-bloom pruning of spring-flowering shrubs and hedge trimming. According to technical requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and prune and remove root suckers from seedlings at any time.

2. Continue strengthening tree maintenance and management, do a good job of replanting, thinning, and finalizing seedlings, increase supplementary fertilizing, and apply dilute fertilizer frequently.

3. Temperatures gradually rise this month, and pests and diseases cause significant damage to trees and flowers. Pay attention to pest forecasting and do a good job of pest and disease prevention.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from lawns.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperatures and high humidity. Promptly carry out replanting.

2. Carry out post-bloom pruning and fertilizing of flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job of pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and tortoise wax scale, as well as leaf spot disease, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. The weather is hot this month and weeds grow quickly. Continue inter-row cultivation, weeding, and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scale, armored scale, second-generation cottony cushion scale, and mites occur in large numbers. Pay attention to control, and continue to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, etc.

3. During the dog days with high temperatures and little rain, irrigate to combat drought. This month also has more heavy rain, so pay attention to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season. Do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, inspect frequently, and promptly straighten wind-toppled trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue inter-row cultivation, weeding, and loosening the soil.

2. Continue drought prevention and drainage work to ensure normal seedling growth.

3. Seedlings grow vigorously this month. Apply supplementary fertilizer promptly; for small seedlings, apply dilute fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue typhoon and flood prevention work, and promptly straighten wind-toppled trees when found.

5. Continue pest and disease control work. Carefully control major pests damaging trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and major diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot disease, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue pest and disease control work; in particular, frequently check for the occurrence of aphids, wood moths, etc., and control immediately upon discovery.

2. Continue inter-row cultivation and weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and shape and prune topiary balls and hedges.

3. Continue pest and disease control work. In particular, check for the more commonly occurring pests and diseases such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease, and sooty mold on flowering shrubs, and control promptly.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do a good job of pest and disease control, eliminating various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue inter-row cultivation and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, ascertain the inventory, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring landscaping work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job of cold protection; whitewash some trees or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; egg-bearing branches, competing branches, and excessive