How to control the two common pests and three diseases of Rangoon creeper

During the growth of Rangoon creeper, the last thing we want to encounter is pests and diseases. Such problems are extremely harmful to the plant, and if not dealt with in time, the damage to the plant is enormous. So what are the common pests and diseases of Rangoon creeper? And how should the pest and disease control of Rangoon creeper be done? Let us take you through it below.

I. What are the common pests and diseases of Rangoon creeper: aphids / leaf spot disease

When it comes to the common pests and diseases of Rangoon creeper, there are mainly five kinds: aphids, scale insects, anthracnose, leaf spot disease and powdery mildew. All five are extremely harmful to the plant, so they must be dealt with promptly once discovered. The specific treatment methods are given below, let us take a look.

II. Pest and disease control of Rangoon creeper (pests)

1. Aphids

Aphids are a pest found on many plants, and Rangoon creeper is no exception. They are a phytophagous insect that mainly harms the leaves and stems of Rangoon creeper, gradually sucking out the sap within, causing the plant to lose a large amount of nutrients; over time this can also cause the plant to gradually wither and die.

Control method: When dealing with this pest and disease of Rangoon creeper, if the number of pests is relatively small, we can prune off the affected branch tips and then disinfect the plant. If the number is large, we can directly use a 3000-fold dilution of 50% pirimicarb wettable powder to spray and kill them.

2. Scale insects

Scale insects are extremely destructive pests that mainly threaten the leaves, branches and fruits of Rangoon creeper. They gather on the branches, leaves and fruits, causing leaf yellowing, branch tip withering and tree vigor decline, and they can also trigger sooty mold.

Control method: For this pest and disease of Rangoon creeper, we can use an insecticide made by mixing 40.7% chlorpyrifos EC and 80% dichlorvos EC in a 1:1 ratio, diluted 1000-1500 times, to spray and kill them.

III. Pest and disease control of Rangoon creeper (diseases)

1. Anthracnose

Anthracnose mainly threatens the leaves of Rangoon creeper. In the early stage of the disease, many brown spots appear on the leaves, and over time the spots gradually expand and can occupy half the area of a leaflet, preventing the plant from carrying out photosynthesis so that it gradually turns yellow and withered, and the leaves gradually fall off.

Control method: When controlling this pest and disease of Rangoon creeper, we can use a 1000-fold dilution of 75% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder to spray the affected plants, generally once every 7-10 days, and 2-3 applications are enough for recovery.

2. Leaf spot disease

Leaf spot disease is a disease caused by fungi, with peak occurrence in spring and autumn each year, so everyone must pay extra attention during this period. When Rangoon creeper develops this disease, many brown round spots appear on the leaves, and over time they gradually spread to the petioles and stems, eventually causing the plant to gradually shrink and die.

Control method: When dealing with this pest and disease of Rangoon creeper, we can use a 1000-fold dilution of 20% simeconazole · prochloraz to spray for control, generally once about every week, and 1-2 applications are enough for recovery.

3. Powdery mildew

Among the pests and diseases of Rangoon creeper, powdery mildew is a relatively common disease. When it occurs, many powdery spots appear on the leaves of Rangoon creeper, and over time they gradually cover the leaf surface, preventing photosynthesis so that the plant gradually withers.

Control method: For this pest and disease of Rangoon creeper, we can use a 1500-fold dilution of 50% carbendazim wettable powder to spray on the Rangoon creeper, generally once every 12-15 days, and 2-3 applications are enough for recovery.

Care measures for the southern plant date palm

Part One: "Southern Plant Compilation"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really resemble eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like the white and yolk of an egg, growing in a truly cute way. Its branches are thick and fleshy. Its leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, very suitable for people to admire carefully. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its form is quite beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes high temperature and high humidity, plenty of sunlight and well-drained environments. It is robust by nature and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and dislikes waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkaline conditions. For cultivation, deep, fertile, well-aerated acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter is best. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting frangipani, attention must also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if small brown spots appear on the leaves or the leaves even turn dark black, that is frangipani angular leaf spot, and at this time you must pay attention and take measures. Of course, other diseases may also occur, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, frangipani also comes in red and yellow varieties, all of which can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap and food additives, at a fairly high price and with great commercial development potential; the fresh flowers can also be dried for brewing tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The frangipani tree has a beautiful form, with many branches on the stem in strange and varied shapes; its leaves resemble those of loquat, and after they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, rather like deer antlers adorned with beautiful spots, making it a top-choice small tree for landscaping and courtyard arrangement in tropical regions and for potted ornamental display. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling and other conditions. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware or furniture. Frangipani flower meaning: nurturing hope, resurrection, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life itself, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Yulan magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark that is rough and cracked; the branchlets are slightly stout and grayish brown; the winter buds and pedicels are densely covered with pale grayish-yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, with the leaves on vigorous shoots at the base being elliptic. The flowers of Yulan magnolia look very much like lotus flowers; when in full bloom, the petals spread out in all directions, making patches of blue-white in the courtyard, dazzlingly white, with high ornamental value; combined with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart, it is truly an ideal flower form for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light by nature and is relatively cold-tolerant, able to overwinter in the open. It loves dryness and dislikes low humidity; if the planting site is waterlogged, the roots easily rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in factories polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. With artificial fumigation using sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 g of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with atmospheric pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and not tolerant of strong light or west-facing exposure; overly strong light or west-facing exposure easily causes sunburn to the trees. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer; besides applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with lush green thick leaves, not only producing many flower buds but also large flowers, a long flowering period and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance; its main diseases include anthracnose, yellowing disease and leaf sunburn disease. Besides ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oils, mainly citral, clove oil acid and others, and also contain magnoflorine, alkaloids, magnolia alkaloid, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A and other components, with a certain medicinal value. The flowers of Yulan magnolia are pungent and warm in nature and flavor, with the effects of dispelling wind and cold, opening the orifices, and venting the lungs and clearing the nose. They can be used for headache, blood-stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and other conditions. Modern pharmacological research shows that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and cold and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks and can also be brewed as tea. The flower language of Yulan magnolia represents gratitude. Yulan magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because its plant is tall and its flowering position is relatively high, it sways in the wind with a spirited appearance, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, with single, relatively large leaves, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate veins arranged in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good groundcover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant that likes warm, humid and brightly lit environments, is not cold-tolerant and not drought-tolerant, and fears scorching sun. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves and turning the leaf color yellow, so shading must be noted in cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water; during the growing period it should be watered thoroughly to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires sufficient careful attention 365 days a year; if the environment fluctuates greatly for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling traders and producers. Plants of the Maranta family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies and so on. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta starch is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings and desserts. Added to water and boiled, it becomes a transparent, odorless and tasty paste. Maranta starch is fine in texture and, compared with other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest, making it especially suitable for custards and other egg products that must not be overcooked, and also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt and low-protein foods. Effects: clearing the lungs and relieving cough, clearing heat and promoting urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light grayish brown, with many branches. The young branches are reddish brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery and alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, with a short pointed apex and a rounded, oblique, asymmetrical base, with stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, dark red. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and is tolerant of pruning. It tolerates poor soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has dense branches and lush leaves, a graceful posture, and is tolerant of pruning and wiring; it can be used for hedges and also for making stump bonsai. In the flowering season, the whole tree is covered with red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and its new leaves are bright red. Different strains differ in leaf color and flower color at maturity, and leaf size also varies. In garden applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf color contrast and forming color contrasts, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, Xestia c-nigrum, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum: anthracnose, damping-off, and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves; because the leaves themselves are red, the spots appear

as black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall, with severe damage in the rainy season from July to August; the pathogen is Actinonema. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old; the branchlets are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the tip, covered with short pubescence, often clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight by nature, is drought-tolerant, and is not tolerant of humid environments. It likes warm climates and has good cold tolerance, able to overwinter safely in natural environments at minus 25 degrees Celsius. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging; if planted in waterlogged low-lying places, seedlings easily die. Garden value: ornamental peach has large flowers and brilliant color, beautiful when blooming, with an ornamental period of as long as 15 days. In landscaping it is widely used by lakesides, streams, roadsides and parks, etc., and in small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted ornamental display and is often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. There is also the common weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, showing particularly good results in the very year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in mass plantings or as specimens, showing particularly good greening effects in the very year of planting. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colorful nursery stock in landscaping, usually used together with plants such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf dwarf cherry. When combined with flowering shrubs, it forms a scene of a hundred flowers blooming. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted on the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and so on; it is a polysaccharide substance that can hydrolyze to produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and others. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing the blood and boosting qi. Diseases often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include: white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and leaf curl disease. The main pests include aphids, red spider mites, scale insects, and red-necked longhorn beetles, etc.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three foliage-color plants are planted in linear fashion, with rich leaf colors, plus large-sized thornless holly balls, forming a neat, full and clearly layered roadside greening color-band effect.

2. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Japanese maple

Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum itself is widely planted in Fujian, has good adaptability, and both its leaf color and flower color are very beautiful, while the Photinia × fraseri ball has green old leaves accented with red new leaves; set off against each other, they are extremely beautiful. The four plants combined create rich layers, form a landscape road with vertical rhythm and spatial layering, and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fatsia japonica + Canary Island date palm + Frangipani

In this combination of plants, green is the main color, with both small fine leaves (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum) and coarse large leaves (Fatsia japonica, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, with the effect of narrowing the space and bringing people closer.

4. Moso bamboo + Iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou; it is a scattered bamboo, with spacing between the culms. Iris has a graceful posture and gorgeous, varied flower colors; the two together are very charming.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Aucuba japonica + Osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like a sparrow's tongue and a low plant form, and can serve as the lowest-layer plant; Aucuba japonica has yellow spots on its leaves and is a relatively good foliage plant; and the tree osmanthus has a delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart. The combination has spacing, changes in leaf color, and added floral fragrance.

6. Rhododendron pulchrum + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum + Fagraea ceilanica + Canna

Rhododendron pulchrum has brilliant flowers, and with Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and Fagraea ceilanica as a backdrop, it is even more moving; canna has coarse large leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel close.

7. Groundcover lawn + Marigold + Photinia × fraseri + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum ball + Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui'

With green groundcover as the base, marigold's bright yellow flowers are extremely beautiful, with Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum and red Photinia behind as a backdrop, and Osmanthus fragrans 'Dangui' spreading in tree form. The several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Dwarf lilyturf + Guava tree

Both dwarf lilyturf and guava tree adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally; dwarf lilyturf has fine soft leaves and is very suitable as groundcover, while the guava tree has yellow smooth bark, a graceful posture, and relatively large leaves with well-spaced density, making it very suitable for a sparse woodland path.

9. Lawn + Agave americana 'Marginata' + pruned and shaped banyan + Senna bicapsularis

With green lawn as the base, Agave americana 'Marginata' has coarse large leaves with silver-yellow and green alternating colors, and paired with the pruned and shaped banyan it is very harmonious, while Senna bicapsularis has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. The combination of these plants has rich layers, with color variation but harmony.

10. Liriope + Rhapis excelsa + Areca palm + Papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope has a fine soft leaf shape, while Rhapis excelsa and areca palm have coarser larger leaves, and papaya has large palm-shaped leaves, with its fruit borne on the trunk and a very graceful posture.

11. Acalypha wilkesiana + Duranta erecta + Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum

As a plant combination for a carpet flower bed, Acalypha wilkesiana has bright leaf color and serves as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaf color, and Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum has dark purple leaf color. The three plants combined as a carpet flower bed are extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping maintenance and management plan

Maintenance management is very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repeated task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and animals, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grass and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting of flower bed flowers, etc. The completion of landscaping green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the park area:

1. The green area covers about 2,454,190,000 sq m, with a high greening coverage rate and large quantities of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned shaped shrubs, whose early growth has gradually taken shape. After our careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics are roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with rows of ginkgo, zhennan and large trees,

with appropriately matched low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant varieties in this area are complexly matched, with large and small trees and shrubs and groundcover plants interplanted,

and the entrance is dominated by relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, Jacaranda mimosifolia, small-leaf banyan stump,

top-grade osmanthus, etc.). Whether the office-area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, refined, spacious and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa-area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely and stretched atmosphere,

all depend on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: ① shaped shrubs grow poorly, with monotonous shapes; ② flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including number of flowers, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; ③ the lawn has many weeds, and in local areas grass-family weeds have a tendency to run rampant; ④ pest and disease problems exist.

I. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional gardening and carry out multi-style shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to encourage their growth and then shape them according to their form, which depends on the specific plant's growth and plant shape; the hedges in local areas are highly regular, and the neat uniform long strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. Similarly, we can try pruning them into wave shapes, matching the relaxed and casual residential-area landscaping, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a more flowing living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual pulling. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants and different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus and species, and living habits, and label all plants in the area. This can both

enrich employees' general plant knowledge and add cultural atmosphere to the park, and with eye-catching labels

bring more attention to the greening.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of one morning or one evening. While doing the rectification work well, we will likewise adopt

different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

likewise ask Party A to offer more opinions, so that our work gradually becomes more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organizes reasonably and maintains carefully, and dispatches professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly dispatches no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, completing the maintenance management task with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including the whole set of processes such as watering, opening basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately). {Care measures for the southern plant date palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, dump carts, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per plant, and topdress once, applying 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, water-fertilizer and so on, then cover with soil and water thoroughly, with water penetrating to a depth of more than 10 cm; control pests and diseases promptly, maintain the trees' natural growth state without shaping pruning, promptly cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, shaded leggy branches and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and promptly clean up the pruned material. Clear weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application, water-fertilizer and so on; water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetrating to a depth of more than 10 cm; control pests and diseases promptly; for those pruned into round, square or cone shapes, do light pruning once a week and heavy pruning once a month, with smooth, beautiful cuts, promptly remove pruned material, promptly cut off dead branches and diseased and pest-infested branches, promptly replant old, diseased and dead plants, and clear weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application, water-fertilizer and so on; water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetrating to a depth of more than 10 cm; control pests and diseases promptly; cut off spent flowers once a week and clear weeds once a week; promptly cut off dead and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetrating to a depth of more than 5 cm; control pests and diseases promptly; promptly replant withered and missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(II) Specific annual landscaping maintenance work arrangements:

January: the month with the lowest temperatures of the year, when open-ground trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, injured and disabled branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings on large and small trees.

2. Street tree inspection: promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify any loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, or shaking stakes found.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. You can dig out the pupae and cocoons of slug moths in the loose soil under the trees and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin to be active, but at this time they move slowly, and we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be weeded and edged promptly; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: temperatures rise somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead and diseased branches of large and small trees. Before the end of the month, finish pruning all kinds of trees.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on controlling slug moths and scale insects.

March: temperatures continue to rise; after mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do a good job of planning and design, dig the tree pits in advance, and ensure digging, transporting, planting and watering are done in sequence. When planting shrubs, also ensure digging, transporting and planting are done in sequence, and water fully to increase the seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and so on promptly

3. Fertilizing: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Care measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock has developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller has also appeared (control by spraying pesticides such as fenitrothion). For slug moth control, the method of digging out pupae can continue to be used.

April: temperatures continue to rise, and trees all sprout, bloom or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue tree planting: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late, promptly remove and replant shrubs that died in winter (azaleas, Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, etc.), and water newly planted trees fully.

2. Irrigation: continue to water the maintained green spaces promptly.

3. Fertilizing: for lawns and shrubs, combined with irrigation, apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring, and evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, trunk bases, wall corners and other places, secreting white waxy thin cocoons and pupating. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deeply in a concentrated way or soaked. Or use the method of spraying pesticides such as fenitrothion. (2) Longhorn beetles begin to be active; you can use a grafting knife or self-made steel wire to pick out the larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: temperatures rise sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: During the peak leaf-out period, trees have a very high water demand and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: Prune spent flowers. Perform the first bud-thinning pruning on street trees.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of slug moths has hatched but has not yet reached damaging levels; take appropriate measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, etc. has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, Pittosporum tobira, oleander, etc.). In mid-to-late May, spray 10-20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500-2000 times dilution to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can also be used.)

June: High temperatures

1. Watering: Plants have a high water demand and must be watered promptly; do not "leave it to the weather."

2. Fertilizing: Combine loosening the soil and weeding, fertilizing, and watering to achieve the best results.

3. Pruning: Continue bud-thinning and sucker removal on street trees. Prune hedges, topiary balls, and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for southern plants: date palms}.

4. Drainage: During heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid-to-late June, slug moths enter their peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly. Currently, spraying 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500-800 times dilution is basically used. (Or spray compound BT emulsion.) Continue manual collection of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspections of trees; right, reinforce, and re-tie loose or leaning trees.

July: Highest temperatures; after mid-month, strong winds and heavy rain will occur.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water promptly once high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: Drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Topdressing: Apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention bud-thinning and pruning; prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and check each tree stump one by one; if any are loose or unstable, right and tie them immediately. Prepare labor organization, materials, tools and equipment in advance, and send personnel to inspect at any time; handle dangers promptly when found.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue controlling longhorn beetles and slug moths. For longhorn beetles, inject 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 dilution (or Guoshubao, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the hole; this can also achieve good results. For the camphor tree shoot borer, prune out and destroy the pest nests promptly to prevent further damage.

August: Still the rainy season

1. Drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: Continue doing typhoon prevention work for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to general summer pruning of trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously; weed promptly, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching them at the roots. Control aphid damage and camphor tree shoot borers promptly. In humid weather, watch for powdery mildew and rot diseases and take timely measures. September: Temperatures decline somewhat; do relevant work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, thin buds below the third-level branching of street trees. Shape-prune hedges. Weed within green areas, edge lawns, and remove dead trees promptly, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilizing: For trees with weaker growth and branches that are not sufficiently firm, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot hole disease (on cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) is at its peak; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to root damage; pay attention to catching root longhorn beetles. Also promptly control wood borers on poplars and willows. Do a good job controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, carry out inspections of various greening facilities.

October: Temperatures drop; in late October, early winter begins, trees start to shed leaves, and successively enter dormancy.

1. Prepare for autumn planting; in late October, once cold-hardy trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green area maintenance: Remove dead trees promptly and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green areas and lawns. Fertilize flowering plants with poor growth.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue catching root longhorn beetles. Also observe and control camphor tree shoot borers. November: Soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-hardy plants; complete before the soil freezes.

2. Soil turning: Turn the soil in green areas to expose overwintering pests.

3. Watering: Water dry, hardened soil; complete before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and draw up the locations to be adjusted.

VII. Green Area Maintenance Quality Objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed loess.

2 Landscape plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green areas reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Landscape trees have basically complete crowns, with main and side branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the inner canopy is not messy, with ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green areas.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth, and leaf size and color are normal. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect exudate or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the retention rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coniferous

Part Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting out dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches, to ensure tree development trends toward rationality, improve branch form, and reduce pest and disease breeding.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely growing as appropriate; this can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover, and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. Dig out slug moth pupae and cocoons from loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated manner.

5. As appropriate, scarify individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning, and fertilizing of lawns.

2. Do a good job controlling pests and diseases, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on Mahonia fortunei and scale insects on coral trees and Fatsia japonica.

3. Especially strengthen cold protection and insulation measures for trees, and do a good job loosening and banking soil around tree root zones.

4. Apply a topdressing of urea to cool-season lawns at the end of the month at 10 g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Mow lawns promptly and remove weeds, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control. Especially pay attention to sooty mold and boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on Malus species and cold-season lawns; pay attention to prevention and reporting.

4. For local sunken or low-lying spots in lawns, add soil and cover with sand; carry out low pruning of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure sprouting and growth of the base grass.

April

1. Do a good job loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilizing for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to herbaceous perennials and spring-sown flowering plants; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut out branches that dried up in winter and spring; begin pruning evergreen hedges.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold, and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak leaf-out period for trees, with a very high water demand, so water promptly.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and Malus halliana, and promptly carry out bud thinning on London plane, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle, and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding in lawns, prune lawn grass promptly, and control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding in lawns.

3. Prune lawns promptly and control their growth height, and pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply a compound fertilizer once to lawns with poor growth or fertilizer deficiency, so they can safely pass the summer.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that watering work for plants is carried out.

2. Loosen soil and weed flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to weed and remove weeds to prevent grass from running wild; continue cultivation, weeding, and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention; reinforce and strengthen trees in the garden to prevent lodging; promptly clear and drain low-lying or seriously waterlogged areas.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and shape-prune hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously; weed and prune promptly, control lawn height, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding. Supplement and topdress fertilizer promptly, mainly P and K fertilizers, together with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs, and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to mastering the fertilization period and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, daily watering and drought relief work must be ensured, and it must not be chosen from 10:00 to 15:00 to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and strengthen large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly clear drainage ditches in low-lying and easily waterlogged areas to prevent water from standing too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

September

1. Shape-prune hedges. Weed green areas and remove dead trees promptly, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely growing, and at the same time carry out bud thinning.

3. Prune lawns promptly, edge them, and remove weeds, and pay attention to pest and disease control.

4. Weed flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting, and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure beautiful appearance, neatness, and distinct layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so their growth and development trend toward rationality and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill bare gaps and water, and fertilize those with poor growth.

3. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, reducing pests and diseases, and enhancing growth vigor.

2. Do a good job of weeding and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs, and green areas, pull weeds promptly, and replant bare gaps promptly. As appropriate, adjust trees in the local layout, and some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Also begin cold protection and warmth work; for trees with

poor cold resistance, wrap with rice straw and bank soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering and appropriate pruning. Scarify and aerate lawns as appropriate, and prune 2-3 times at the same time.

4. Carry out fertilizing in late November, and combine with increased application of organic fertilizer to carry out soil turning in green areas.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of weeding and edging in color-block shrubs and green areas, and pull weeds promptly.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing residual stumps and dead branches, so that next year's trees grow better (do not prune flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds); at the same time pay attention to cleaning pest cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms, and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they safely overwinter.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Part Four: "Latest Commonly Used Southern Landscape Plants"

Commonly Used Landscape Plants in Southern Landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, Sterculia lanceolata, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, Dracontomelon duperreanum, Michelia macclurei, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fokien cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, podocarpus, big-leaf podocarpus, white champaca, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, cinnamon, camphor tree, Chinese cinnamon, Madhuca hainanensis, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, Siamese senna, red camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, Ormosia henryi, water banyan, Elaeocarpus hainanensis, avocado, Alstonia scholaris, Alexander palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Syzygium hainanense, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, swamp mahogany, Tasmanian blue gum, cajeput, Aleurites montanus, Torreya grandis, Cephalotaxus fortunei, Indian rubber tree, banyan tree, small-leaf fig, cluster fig, weeping fig, Ficus virens, sacred fig, horsetail tree, jackfruit, Acer cinnamomifolium, Castanopsis sclerophylla, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, candlenut, silk oak, Elaeocarpus apiculatus, big-leaf Elaeocarpus, mahoe, wintergreen, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, Albizia falcataria, royal palm, Caryota urens, Washingtonia filifera, sugar palm, Phoenix loureiroi, bishop wood, rosewood, Dillenia indica, jackfruit, yellow cassia, jackfruit, big-leaf privet, Michelia chapensis, Schefflera octophylla, Heteropanax fragrans

Deciduous trees:

Terminalia mantaly, Chinese swamp cypress, Chinese Alangium, Chinese tallow tree, Japanese raisin tree, sand pear, soapberry, goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, Chinese tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, big-leaf crape myrtle, silk floss tree, flamboyant tree, peacock flower, Jacaranda mimosifolia, yellow cassia, Chinaberry, Chinese mahogany, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, Chinese chestnut, silk tree, golden wattle, Kalopanax septemlobus, sweetgum, weeping willow, Magnolia soulangeana, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

rosewood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm, Chinese plum yew, aglaia, big-leaf boxwood, Elaeagnus pungens, camellia sasanqua, Hainan coral tree, aucuba, Hypericum, three-stamen areca, areca palm, Chinese fan palm, four-season aglaia, soft-stem allamanda, Justicia gendarussa, callistemon, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, Chinese holly, azalea, cordyline, croton, red mulberry, golden-edged mulberry, golden-leaf fig, Senna obtusifolia, Rhododendron ovatum, Ardisia japonica, orange jasmine, red-back croton, ylang-ylang, camellia, oil tea, big-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flower allamanda, serissa, Michelia figo, Pittosporum tobira, Mahonia, heavenly bamboo, Fatsia japonica, magnolia coco, hibiscus, Chinese lantern, Rhododendron simsii, yucca, Adam's needle, Hainan boxwood, Licuala palm, soft-leaf date palm, dwarf fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-vein shrimp plant, Schefflera octophylla, variegated Duranta, golden Duranta, Justicia gendarussa, golden-leaf privet, taro, Philodendron, Monstera deliciosa, Aspidistra, snake plant, Rhaphiolepis indica, variegated hibiscus, Euphorbia cotinifolia, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, Brunfelsia, Hamelia patens, crinum lily, spider lily, Calliandra, Chinese fringeflower, angel's trumpet, white mussaenda, red mussaenda, hairy azalea, Western azalea, Senna bicapsularis, hardy tecomaria, rose myrtle, ixora, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, Euphorbia cotinifolia, blue plumbago, blue star flower, butterfly pea, heavenly bamboo, pepper plant, red-back croton,

Deciduous shrubs:

Cotton rose, bridal wreath spirea, Thunberg spirea, modern rose, Abelia chinensis, pomegranate, Callicarpa, Magnolia liliiflora, lespedeza, honeysuckle, woody hydrangea, hibiscus, redbud, dwarf flowering cherry, Spiraea prunifolia, pearl bush, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small wax privet

Vines:

Monstera deliciosa, bougainvillea, Millettia reticulata, flame vine, Rangoon creeper, three-leaf akebia, honeysuckle, Euonymus fortunei, climbing fig, kiwi, creeping euonymus, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, Rhaphidophora pinnata, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, southern magnolia vine, Boston ivy, trumpet vine, passionflower, crape myrtle, Mucuna sempervirens, Thunbergia grandiflora

Eagle's Claw Flower (Artabotrys hexapetalus), Bengal Trumpet Vine (Thunbergia grandiflora), Rangoon Creeper (Combretum indicum), Coral Vine (Antigonon leptopus), Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), Flame Vine (Pyrostegia venusta), White-flowered Mucuna (Mucuna birdwoodiana), Beautiful Clerodendrum (Clerodendrum speciosissimum), Wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), Climbing Fig (Ficus pumila), Cypress Vine (Ipomoea quamoclit), Morning Glory (Ipomoea nil), Maple-leaved Morning Glory (Ipomoea cairica), Snail Vine (Vigna caracalla), Common Jasmine (Jasminum officinale), Dutchman's Pipe (Aristolochia gigantea), Garlic Vine (Mansoa alliacea), Wood Rose (Merremia tuberosa), Bignonia Vine (Clytostoma callistegioides), Passionflower (Passiflora caerulea)

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, Bambusa chungii, Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), Fernleaf Bamboo (Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf'), Henon Bamboo (Phyllostachys glauca), Golden Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata'), Neosinocalamus affinis, Hedge Bamboo (Bambusa multiplex), Bitter Bamboo (Pleioblastus amarus), Indocalamus (Indocalamus tessellatus), Buddha Belly Bamboo (Bambusa ventricosa), Dendrocalamus latiflorus, Bambusa textilis, Thai Bamboo, Bambusa pervariabilis, Square Bamboo (Chimonobambusa quadrangularis), Green Bamboo (Dendrocalamopsis oldhamii), Guanyin Bamboo (Bambusa multiplex 'Rivierorum'), Bambusa multiplex 'Stripestem', Red Bamboo (Phyllostachys rubromarginata)

Turf and Groundcover Plants:

Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon), Chinese Lawngrass (Zoysia sinica), Manilagrass (Zoysia matrella), Carpet Grass (Axonopus compressus), Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides), Knotgrass (Paspalum distichum), Manila Grass (Zoysia matrella), Zoysia Grass (Zoysia japonica), Chinese Evergreen (Aglaonema modestum), Spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana), Oyster Plant (Tradescantia spathacea), Liriope (Ophiopogon japonicus), Large-leaved Curculigo (Curculigo capitulata), Liriope (Liriope spicata), Reineckea (Reineckea carnea), Aspidistra (Aspidistra elatior), Black-eyed Susan Vine (Thunbergia alata), Acorus gramineus, Rain Lily (Zephyranthes candida), Pink Rain Lily (Zephyranthes carinata), Golden Spider Lily (Lycoris aurea), White Butterfly (Syngonium podophyllum), Fringed Iris (Iris japonica), Oxalis (Oxalis corymbosa), Inch Plant (Tradescantia zebrina),

Calathea (Calathea roseopicta), Arrowhead Vine (Syngonium podophyllum), White Butterfly Arrowhead Vine (Syngonium podophyllum 'Albovirens'), Pothos (Epipremnum aureum), Inch Plant (Tradescantia zebrina), Boston Fern (Nephrolepis exaltata), Aluminum Plant (Pilea cadierei), Small Oyster Plant (Tradescantia spathacea 'Compacta'), Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum kochii), Silver-edged Liriope (Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus'), Red Lantana (Lantana camara), Yellow Lantana (Lantana camara), Purple Lantana (Lantana camara)

Dusty Miller (Senecio cineraria), Bleeding Glorybower (Clerodendrum thomsoniae), Shrimp Plant (Justicia brandegeeana), Red Firecracker (Russelia equisetiformis), Asparagus Fern (Asparagus densiflorus), Beach Evening Primrose (Oenothera drummondii), Beach Morning Glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae), Ivy (Hedera helix), Star Jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides), Ginger Lily (Hedychium coronarium), Umbrella Plant (Cyperus alternifolius), Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus), Iris (Iris tectorum), Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), Narcissus (Narcissus tazetta), Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), Water Lily (Nymphaea tetragona), Three-lobed Wedelia (Sphagneticola trilobata), Oxalis (Oxalis corymbosa), Brazilian Peanut Vine (Arachis pintoi), Dichondra (Dichondra repens), Purple Amaranth (Alternanthera dentata), Round-leaved Bloodleaf (Iresine herbstii), Coleus (Coleus scutellarioides), Fine-leaved Verbena (Verbena tenuisecta), Red and Green Alternanthera (Alternanthera bettzickiana), Rain Lily (Zephyranthes candida), Pink Rain Lily (Zephyranthes carinata), Amaryllis (Hippeastrum rutilum), Lily (Lilium brownii), Calla Lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides), Manila Grass (Zoysia matrella), Korean Lawn Grass (Zoysia tenuifolia), Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon), Large-leaved Carpet Grass (Axonopus affinis), Variegated Carpet Grass (Axonopus compressus 'Variegatus'), Bahia Grass (Paspalum notatum), Dwarf Liriope (Liriope muscari)

Palms:

Royal Palm (Roystonea regia), Washington Palm (Washingtonia filifera), Triangle Palm (Dypsis decaryi), King Palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae), Foxtail Palm (Wodyetia bifurcata), Butia Palm (Butia capitata), Bottle Palm (Hyophorbe lagenicaulis), Spindle Palm (Hyophorbe verschaffeltii), Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Canary Island Date Palm (Phoenix canariensis), Bismarck Palm (Bismarckia nobilis), African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis), Fishtail Palm (Caryota obtusa), Windmill Palm (Trachycarpus fortunei), Dragon Scale Palm (Raphia farinifera), Chinese Fan Palm (Livistona chinensis), Queen Palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), Fishtail Palm (Caryota mitis), Queen Palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), Mexican Fan Palm (Washingtonia robusta), Pygmy Date Palm (Phoenix roebelenii), Dwarf Fishtail Palm (Caryota mitis), Clustered Fishtail Palm (Caryota ochlandra), Areca Palm (Dypsis lutescens), Betel Nut Palm (Areca triandra), Traveler's Palm (Ravenala madagascariensis), Lady Palm (Rhapis excelsa),

Seasonal Flowers

Star Flower (Pentas lanceolata), African Impatiens (Impatiens walleriana), Wax Begonia (Begonia semperflorens), Scarlet Sage (Salvia splendens), Petunia (Petunia hybrida), Hybrid Dianthus (Dianthus chinensis), Ornamental Kale (Brassica oleracea), French Marigold (Tagetes patula), African Marigold (Tagetes erecta), Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus), Pansy (Viola tricolor), Torenia (Torenia fournieri), Cockscomb (Celosia cristata), Calendula (Calendula officinalis), Globe Amaranth (Gomphrena globosa), Zinnia (Zinnia elegans), Moss Rose (Portulaca grandiflora), Moss Rose (Portulaca grandiflora), Cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus), Cineraria (Pericallis hybrida), Spider Flower (Cleome hassleriana), Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)

Chapter Five: "Southern Plant Configuration Examples"

Southern Plant Configuration

Monstera (Philodendron bipinnatifidum) + Umbrella Plant (Cyperus alternifolius) + Variegated Shell Ginger (Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata')

Large Dracaena (Cordyline australis) + Rainbow Dracaena (Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow') + Nandina (Nandina domestica) + Boston Fern (Nephrolepis exaltata) + Decorative Rocks

Royal Palm (Roystonea regia) + Fishtail Palm (Caryota obtusa) + Pygmy Date Palm (Phoenix roebelenii) + Canna (Canna indica) + Coleus (Coleus scutellarioides) + Croton (Codiaeum variegatum)

Royal Palm (Roystonea regia) + Canary Island Date Palm (Phoenix canariensis) + Red Dracaena (Cordyline fruticosa) + Red Acalypha (Acalypha wilkesiana) + Ixora (Ixora chinensis)

Royal Palm (Roystonea regia) + Alexandra Palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) + Areca Palm (Dypsis lutescens) + Large-leaved Lady Palm (Rhapis excelsa) + Golden Dewdrop (Duranta erecta)

Chapter Six: "Commonly Used Landscape Plants in Southern China"

Commonly Used Plants for Southern Gardens

I. Palms:

1. Royal Palm (Roystonea regia) 2. Alexandra Palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) 3. Washington Palm (Washingtonia filifera) 4. Silver Date Palm (Phoenix sylvestris) 5. Canary Island Date Palm (Phoenix canariensis) 6. Betel Nut Palm (Areca triandra)

7. Chinese Fan Palm (Livistona chinensis) 8. Mexican Fan Palm (Washingtonia robusta) 9. Areca Palm (Dypsis lutescens) 10. Lady Palm (Rhapis excelsa) 11. Arenga Palm (Arenga engleri) 12. Soft-leaved Date Palm (Phoenix roebelenii)

II. Trees (street trees, shade trees):

1. Flamboyant Tree (Delonix regia) 2. Kapok (Bombax ceiba) 3. Beautiful Silk Floss Tree (Chorisia speciosa) 4. Coral Tree (Erythrina variegata) 5. Pointed-leaved Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpus apiculatus) 6. Devil's Tree (Alstonia scholaris)

7. Chinese banyan (Ficus microcarpa) 8. Water stone banyan (Ficus abelii) 9. Mango (Mangifera indica) 10. Chukrasia tabularis 11. Cinnamomum burmannii 12. Large-leaved trumpet creeper

13. Rosewood (Pterocarpus indicus) 14. Frangipani (Plumeria rubra) 15. Indian Almond (Terminalia catappa) 16. Traveler's Palm (Ravenala madagascariensis) 17. Pandanus (Pandanus tectorius) 18. Autumn Maple (Bischofia javanica)

19. Star Fruit (Averrhoa carambola) 20. Pointed-leaved Osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) 21. Golden Shower Tree (Cassia fistula) 22. Albizia (Albizia falcataria) 23. Paperbark Tree (Melaleuca leucadendra)

24. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus robusta) 25. Hainan Rose Apple (Syzygium hainanense) 26. Large-leaved Aphanamixis (Aphanamixis grandifolia) 27. Orchid Tree (Bauhinia purpurea) 28. Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni)

29. Banyan (Ficus altissima) 30. Flame Tree (Spathodea campanulata) 31. Yellow Trumpet Tree (Tabebuia chrysantha) 32. Goldenrain Tree (Koelreuteria bipinnata)

III. Flowering Shrubs:

1. Four-season Osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) 2. Dwarf Bamboo (Bambusa multiplex) 3. Tree Fern (Alsophila spinulosa) 4. Yellow Ficus (Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves') 5. Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis)

6. Yellow Cassia (Senna surattensis) 7. Crimson Bottlebrush (Callistemon rigidus) 8. Variegated Sisal (Agave americana 'Marginata') 9. Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) 10. Fagraea (Fagraea ceilanica) 11. Variegated Ficus (Ficus pandurata)

12. Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) 13. Michelia (Michelia figo) 14. Trumpet Vine (Campsis grandiflora) 15. Powderpuff (Calliandra haematocephala) 16. Tabernaemontana (Tabernaemontana divaricata) 17. Dragon's Tongue (Sansevieria trifasciata)

18. Furcraea (Furcraea foetida) 19. Yucca (Yucca gloriosa) 20. Flame Vine (Pyrostegia venusta) 21. Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) 22. Polyscias (Polyscias fruticosa)

IV. Groundcover or Color Blocks:

1. Pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira) 2. Monstera (Monstera deliciosa) 3. Pothos (Epipremnum aureum) 4. Bird's Nest Fern (Asplenium nidus) 5. Red Ruby (Alternanthera dentata 'Ruby') 6. Large-leaved Polygonum (Polygonum chinense) 7. Schefflera (Schefflera octophylla)

8. Dwarf Syngonium (Syngonium podophyllum 'Pixie') 9. Golden Dewdrop (Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves') 10. Cigar Flower (Cuphea ignea) 11. Dwarf Frog Grass (Ophiopogon japonicus) 12. Three-star Calathea (Calathea roseopicta) 13. Azalea (Rhododendron simsii)

14. Dwarf Chinese Fan Palm (Livistona chinensis) 15. Philodendron (Philodendron bipinnatifidum) 16. Variegated Duranta (Duranta erecta 'Variegata') 17. Spider Lily (Hymenocallis littoralis) 18. Inch Plant (Tradescantia zebrina) 19. Yellow Allamanda (Allamanda cathartica)

20. Variegated Shell Ginger (Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata') 21. Asparagus Fern (Asparagus densiflorus) 22. Golden Peanut (Arachis pintoi) 23. Dwarf Ixora (Ixora chinensis 'Dwarf') 24. Boston Fern (Nephrolepis exaltata) 25. Yellow Shrimp Plant (Pachystachys lutea)

26. White Butterfly (Syngonium podophyllum) 27. Aluminum Plant (Pilea cadierei) 28. Dieffenbachia (Dieffenbachia picta) 29. Rainbow Ti Plant (Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow') 30. Croton (Codiaeum variegatum) 31. Liriope (Ophiopogon japonicus)

32. Silver-edged Grass (Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus') 33. Jasmine (Jasminum sambac) 34. Velvet Calathea (Calathea zebrina) 35. Taiwan Grass (Zoysia matrella) 36. Large-leaved Carpet Grass (Axonopus affinis)

37. Manila Grass (Zoysia matrella) 38. Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon) 39. Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 40. Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea)

Some other commonly used plants:

1. Bodhi Tree (Ficus religiosa) 2. Banyan (Ficus altissima) 3. Water Stone Fig (Elaeocarpus hainanensis) 4. Bell Flower (Enkianthus quinqueflorus) 5. National Day Flower (Cassia nodosa) 6. Golden Shower Tree (Cassia fistula)

7. Ironwood (Cassia siamea) 8. Sausage Tree (Kigelia africana) 9. Thai Yellow Golden Ball 10. Golden Melaleuca (Melaleuca bracteata)

11. Winged Cassia (Senna alata) 12. Twin-pod Senna (Senna bicapsularis) 13. Everblooming Cherry (Euphorbia milii) 14. Water Banyan (Syzygium nervosum) 15. Grey Manglietia (Manglietia glauca)

16. Hainan Golden-dusted (Schefflera octophylla) 17. Variegated Money Tree (Pachira aquatica) 18. Hainan Ormosia (Ormosia pinnata) 19. Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni)

20. Albizia (Albizia falcataria) 21. Sandalwood Osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) 22. Autumn Osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) 23. Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis) 24. Mexican Fan Palm (Washingtonia robusta) 25. Dwarf Bamboo (Bambusa multiplex)

26. Indian Yellow (Purple) Sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus) 27. Rosewood (Pterocarpus indicus) 28. Dianella (Dianella ensifolia) 29. Leizhou Fig (Ficus concinna) 30. Cat-tail Tree (Dolichandrone cauda-felina)

Commonly Used Landscape Plants in Southern China

1. Evergreen Trees

Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria heterophylla), Cunningham's Araucaria (Araucaria cunninghamii), Chinese Fir (Keteleeria fortunei), Large-leaved Araucaria (Araucaria bidwillii), Kauri (Agathis dammara), Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana), Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii), Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora), Japanese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum japonicum), Flooded Gum (Eucalyptus grandis), Paperbark Tree (Melaleuca leucadendra), Rose Apple (Syzygium jambos), Hainan Rose Apple (Syzygium hainanense), Autumn Maple (Bischofia javanica), Taiwan Acacia (Acacia confusa), Ear-pod Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis), Ear-pod Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis), Rosewood (Pterocarpus indicus), Small-leaved Fig (Ficus microcarpa), Large-leaved Fig (Ficus virens), Banyan (Ficus altissima), Bird Fig (Ficus superba), Indian Rubber Fig (Ficus elastica), Variegated Indian Rubber Fig (Ficus elastica 'Variegata'), Bodhi Tree (Ficus religiosa), Candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus), Mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), Dillenia (Dillenia indica), Devil's Tree (Alstonia scholaris), Indian Almond (Terminalia catappa), Small-leaved Indian Almond (Terminalia mantaly), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Wax Apple (Syzygium samarangense), Human-faced Fruit (Dracontomelon duperreanum), Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota), Chinaberry (Melia azedarach), Horsetail Tree (Casuarina equisetifolia), White Magnolia (Michelia alba), Night-fragrant Magnolia (Michelia coco), Firepower Nan (Michelia macclurei), Small-leaved Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpus decipiens), Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), Yellow Hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus), Mango (Mangifera indica), Longan (Dimocarpus longan), Lychee (Litchi chinensis), Chinese Olive (Canarium album), Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), Waxberry (Myrica rubra), Pomelo (Citrus maxima), Water Stone Fig (Elaeocarpus hainanensis), Buddhist Pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Dragon Juniper (Juniperus chinensis 'Kaizuca'), Buddhist Pine (Podocarpus nagi), Osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), Four-season Osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), Michelia (Michelia figo), Orchid Tree (Aglaia odorata), Camellia (Camellia japonica), Weeping Fig (Ficus benjamina), Butterfly Fruit (Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei), Slanted-leaved Fig (Ficus tinctoria)

2. Deciduous Trees

Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), Pond Cypress (Taxodium ascendens), Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum), Chinese Swamp Cypress (Glyptostrobus pensilis), Tulip Tree (Liriodendron chinense), Chinese Parasol Tree (Firmiana simplex), Chinese Bishopwood (Bischofia polycarpa), Albizia (Albizia falcataria), Large-leaved Albizia (Albizia lebbeck), Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), Sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana), Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica), Sausage Tree (Kigelia africana), Anthocephalus (Anthocephalus chinensis), Silky Oak (Grevillea robusta), Chinese Hackberry (Celtis sinensis), Soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi), Chinese Pistache (Pistacia chinensis), Chinaberry (Melia azedarach), Chinese Tallow Tree (Triadica sebifera), Tung Oil Tree (Vernicia fordii), Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Sterculia (Sterculia nobilis), Persimmon (Diospyros kaki), Fig (Ficus carica), Mulberry (Morus alba), Papaya (Carica papaya), Guava (Psidium guajava), Red Maple (Acer palmatum), Acacia (Acacia farnesiana)

3. Palms

Alexandra Palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae), Royal Palm (Roystonea regia), King Palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae), Bottle Palm (Hyophorbe lagenicaulis), Spindle Palm (Hyophorbe verschaffeltii), Triangle Palm (Dypsis decaryi), Foxtail Palm (Wodyetia bifurcata), Queen Palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), African Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis), Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata), Large Washingtonia (Washingtonia robusta), Washington Palm (Washingtonia filifera), Canary Island Date Palm (Phoenix canariensis), Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Iranian Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Chinese Fan Palm (Livistona chinensis), Fishtail Palm (Caryota obtusa), Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata), Scaly Date Palm (Phoenix sylvestris), Soft-leaved Date Palm (Phoenix roebelenii), Betel Nut Palm (Areca triandra), Green Palm (Areca triandra), Fragrant Palm (Areca triandra), Clustered Fishtail Palm (Caryota ochlandra), Dwarf Fishtail Palm (Caryota mitis), Areca Palm (Dypsis lutescens), Windmill Palm (Trachycarpus fortunei), Banana (Musa basjoo), Traveler's Palm (Ravenala madagascariensis), Ti Plant (Cordyline fruticosa), Lady Palm (Rhapis excelsa), Dwarf Lady Palm (Rhapis excelsa), Nicholas Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia nicolai), Red-stemmed Philodendron (Philodendron erubescens), False Alocasia (Alocasia macrorrhizos)

4. Foliage Shrubs

Golden-leaved Weeping Fig (Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaves'), Golden Ficus (Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves'), Fiddle-leaf Fig (Ficus lyrata), Willow-leaved Fig (Ficus salicifolia), Garcinia (Garcinia subelliptica), Variegated Bamboo (Arundo donax 'Variegata'), Weeping Polyalthia (Polyalthia longifolia), Red Pandanus (Pandanus tectorius), Pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira), Variegated Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Variegata'), Sago Palm (Cycas revoluta), Crimson Bottlebrush (Callistemon rigidus), Night-blooming Jasmine (Cestrum nocturnum), Smoketree (Cotinus coggygria), Golden Nerve Acanthus (Odontonema strictum), Japanese Aralia (Fatsia japonica), Creeping Juniper (Juniperus procumbens), Variegated Cassava (Manihot esculenta 'Variegata'), Nandina (Nandina domestica), Schefflera (Schefflera octophylla), Variegated Schefflera (Schefflera octophylla 'Variegata'), Pepper Tree (Zanthoxylum beecheyanum), Red-backed Excoecaria (Excoecaria cochinchinensis), Red Acalypha (Acalypha wilkesiana), Japanese Lilac (Syringa japonica), Duranta (Duranta erecta), Variegated Duranta (Duranta erecta 'Variegata'), Golden-leaved Duranta (Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves'), Orange Jasmine (Murraya paniculata), Croton (Codiaeum variegatum), Haliotis-leaved Croton (Codiaeum variegatum 'Haliotis'), Hainan Croton (Codiaeum variegatum 'Hainan'), Spotted Croton (Codiaeum variegatum 'Aucubaefolium'), Bai Gu Dan (Justicia gendarussa), Fukien Tea (Carmona retusa), Small-leaved Boxwood (Buxus sinica), Golden-leaved Privet (Ligustrum sinense 'Golden Leaves'), Crown of Thorns (Euphorbia milii), Yellow-striped Furcraea (Furcraea foetida 'Marginata'), Agave (Agave americana), Silver-edged Agave (Agave americana 'Marginata'), Yucca (Yucca gloriosa), Bottle Palm (Beaucarnea recurvata), Aspidistra (Aspidistra elatior), Snake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata), Cactus (Opuntia dillenii), Alocasia (Alocasia macrorrhizos), Philodendron (Philodendron bipinnatifidum), Monstera (Monstera deliciosa), Variegated Shell Ginger (Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata'), Beach Naupaka (Scaevola taccada), Rhaphiolepis (Rhaphiolepis indica), Breynia (Breynia disticha), Ceylon Phyllanthus (Phyllanthus myrtifolius), Chinese Rose (Rosa chinensis)

5. Flowering Shrubs

African Jasmine (Fagraea ceilanica), Yesterday-today-and-tomorrow (Brunfelsia pauciflora), Murraya (Murraya paniculata), Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), Lantern Flower (Ceropegia woodii), Chinese Lantern (Abutilon striatum), Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), Powderpuff (Calliandra haematocephala), Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis), Large-flowered Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla), Red Bract Flower (Pachystachys coccinea), Melastoma (Melastoma candidum), Red Loropetalum (Loropetalum chinense 'Rubrum'), Large-flowered Datura (Datura suaveolens), White Mussaenda (Mussaenda frondosa), Red Mussaenda (Mussaenda erythrophylla), Yellow Allamanda (Allamanda cathartica), Western Azalea (Rhododendron obtusum), Twin-pod Senna (Senna bicapsularis), Hard-stemmed Trumpet Creeper (Tecomaria capensis), Rose Myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa), Ixora (Ixora chinensis), Phoenix-tail Pearl (Reineckea carnea), Yunnan Yellow Jasmine (Jasminum mesnyi), Jasmine (Jasminum sambac), Crinum Lily (Crinum asiaticum),

Spider Lily (Hymenocallis littoralis), Crab Claw Flower (Euphorbia milii), Dwarf Canna (Canna indica), Stone Sea Pepper (Hypericum patulum), Fiddle-leaf Coral (Jatropha pandurifolia), Blue Snowflake (Plumbago auriculata), Blue Star Flower (Oxypetalum caeruleum), Butterfly Plant (Hedychium coronarium)

6. Groundcover

Calathea (Calathea roseopicta), Arrowhead Vine (Syngonium podophyllum), White Butterfly Arrowhead Vine (Syngonium podophyllum 'Albovirens'), Pothos (Epipremnum aureum), Inch Plant (Tradescantia zebrina), Boston Fern (Nephrolepis exaltata), Aluminum Plant (Pilea cadierei), Small Oyster Plant (Tradescantia spathacea 'Compacta'), Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum kochii), Liriope (Ophiopogon japonicus), Silver-edged Liriope (Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus'), Red Lantana (Lantana camara), Yellow Lantana (Lantana camara), Purple Lantana (Lantana camara), Dusty Miller (Senecio cineraria), Bleeding Glorybower (Clerodendrum thomsoniae), Shrimp Plant (Justicia brandegeeana), Red Firecracker (Russelia equisetiformis), Asparagus Fern (Asparagus densiflorus), Beach Evening Primrose (Oenothera drummondii), Beach Morning Glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae), Ivy (Hedera helix), Star Jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides), Ginger Lily (Hedychium coronarium), Umbrella Plant (Cyperus alternifolius), Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus), Iris (Iris tectorum), Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), Narcissus (Narcissus tazetta), Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), Water Lily (Nymphaea tetragona), Three-lobed Wedelia (Sphagneticola trilobata), Oxalis (Oxalis corymbosa), Brazilian Peanut Vine (Arachis pintoi), Dichondra (Dichondra repens), Purple Amaranth (Alternanthera dentata), Round-leaved Bloodleaf (Iresine herbstii), Coleus (Coleus scutellarioides), Fine-leaved Verbena (Verbena tenuisecta), Red and Green Alternanthera (Alternanthera bettzickiana), Rain Lily (Zephyranthes candida), Pink Rain Lily (Zephyranthes carinata), Amaryllis (Hippeastrum rutilum), Lily (Lilium brownii), Calla Lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides), Manila Grass (Zoysia matrella), Korean Lawn Grass (Zoysia tenuifolia), Bermuda Grass (Cynodon dactylon), Large-leaved Carpet Grass (Axonopus affinis), Variegated Carpet Grass (Axonopus compressus 'Variegatus'), Bahia Grass (Paspalum notatum), Dwarf Liriope (Liriope muscari)

7. Vines

Bengal Trumpet Vine (Thunbergia grandiflora), Rangoon Creeper (Combretum indicum), Coral Vine (Antigonon leptopus), Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), Flame Vine (Pyrostegia venusta), White-flowered Mucuna (Mucuna birdwoodiana), Beautiful Clerodendrum (Clerodendrum speciosissimum), Wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), Climbing Fig (Ficus pumila), Cypress Vine (Ipomoea quamoclit), Morning Glory (Ipomoea nil), Maple-leaved Morning Glory (Ipomoea cairica), Snail Vine (Vigna caracalla), Common Jasmine (Jasminum officinale), Dutchman's Pipe (Aristolochia gigantea), Garlic Vine (Mansoa alliacea), Wood Rose (Merremia tuberosa), Bignonia Vine (Clytostoma callistegioides), Passionflower (Passiflora caerulea)

Chapter Seven: "Document on Commonly Used Plant Configurations in Southern China"

Practical Plant Configuration Table ---- Brief Table of Commonly Used Plant Configurations

Aquatic Plants:

Wetland Plants: Hankow Willow (Salix matsudana), Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica), Cotton Willow (Salix viminalis), Sand Willow (Salix psammophila), Artemisia Willow (Salix viminalis), Soap Willow (Salix wallichiana), Small-leaved Poplar (Populus simonii), Liaoning Poplar (Populus simonii), Sandland Juniper (Juniperus sabina), Chinese Juniper (Juniperus chinensis), Oriental Arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis), Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), Chinaberry (Melia azedarach), Chinese Wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera), White Ash (Fraxinus chinensis), Forsythia (Forsythia suspensa), Elm (Ulmus pumila), Siberian Elm (Ulmus laciniata), Chinese Elm (Ulmus parvifolia), Chinese Tallow Tree (Triadica sebifera), Cherry Blossom (Prunus serrulata), Eucommia (Eucommia ulmoides), Goldenrain Tree (Koelreuteria paniculata), Cotton Rose (Hibiscus mutabilis), Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), Oleander (Nerium oleander), Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), Grape (Vitis vinifera), Wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), False Indigo (Amorpha fruticosa), Tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis), Buttercup (Ranunculus japonicus), Water Hyacinth (Halerpestes ruthenica), Long-leaved Alkali Grass (Puccinellia tenuiflora), Marsh Willow (Salix triandra), Willow-leaf Sedge (Carex salicifolia), Marsh Betony (Stachys palustris), Chinese Betony (Stachys chinensis), Mint (Mentha haplocalyx), Waterhyssop (Bacopa monnieri), Speedwell (Veronica undulata), Watercress (Nasturtium officinale), Scirpus (Scirpus triangulatus), Burreed (Sparganium stoloniferum), Flat-stemmed Bulrush (Scirpus planiculmis), Nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus), Flower-spiked Nutgrass (Cyperus michelianus), Globe-spiked Cyperus (Cyperus glomeratus), Red-scaled Cyperus (Cyperus sanguinolentus), Jointed Rush (Juncus articulatus), Small-flowered Rush (Juncus effusus), Small Rush (Juncus bufonius), Fine Rush (Juncus tenuis), Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare), Common Knotweed (Polygonum plebeium), Red Knotweed (Polygonum orientale), Clustered Knotweed (Polygonum caespitosum), Dock-leaved Knotweed (Polygonum lapathifolium), Willow-leaved Knotweed (Polygonum salicifolium), Arrow-leaved Knotweed (Polygonum sagittatum), Mile-a-minute Vine (Polygonum perfoliatum), Spiny Knotweed (Polygonum senticosum), Halberd-leaved Knotweed (Polygonum thunbergii), Large Halberd-leaved Knotweed (Polygonum thunbergii), Japanese Knotweed (Reynoutria japonica), Lalang (Imperata cylindrica), Reed Grass (Calamagrostis epigejos), Large-leaved Reed (Calamagrostis langsdorffii), Beckmannia (Beckmannia syzigachne), Long-awned Squirreltail (Sitanion hystrix), Wild Rice Grass (Arundinella hirta), Amur Silvergrass (Miscanthus sacchariflorus), Job's Tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), Limpograss (Hemarthria altissima), Wetland Lettuce (Lactuca raddeana)

Emergent Plants: Scirpus (Scirpus validus), Reed (Phragmites australis), Lotus Root (Nelumbo nucifera), Arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia), Broad-leaved Caldesia (Caldesia parnassifolia), Water Plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica), Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), Cattail (Typha angustifolia), Pontederia (Monochoria vaginalis), Monochoria (Monochoria korsakowii), Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus), Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata), Rice (Oryza sativa), Kandelia (Kandelia candel), Narcissus (Narcissus tazetta), Water Dropwort (Oenanthe javanica), Wild Rice Stem (Zizania latifolia), Taro (Colocasia esculenta), Marsilea (Marsilea quadrifolia), Reed (Phragmites australis), Water Chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis), Scirpus (Scirpus yagara), Needle Rush (Eleocharis valleculosa), Cattail (Typha angustifolia), Umbrella Sedge (Cyperus alternifolius), Broad-leaved Cattail (Typha latifolia)

Floating Plants: Duckweed (Lemna minor), Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Water Lily (Nymphaea tetragona), Gorgon Nut (Euryale ferox), Giant Water Lily (Victoria amazonica), Spatterdock (Nuphar pumilum), Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), Floating Heart (Nymphoides peltata), Water Shield (Brasenia schreberi), Yellow Bladderwort (Utricularia aurea), Floating Fern (Salvinia natans), Dragon-bone Floating Heart (Nymphoides hydrophylla)

Submerged Plants: Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum), Water Plantain (Ottelia alismoides)

Colorful-leaf Plants:

Red or Purple: Sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana), Lacquer Tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum), Japanese Maple (Acer palmatum), Amur Maple (Acer ginnala), Oriental Bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Trident Maple (Acer buergerianum), Chinese Tallow Tree (Triadica sebifera), Staghorn Sumac (Rhus typhina), Sumac (Rhus chinensis), Mountain Ash (Sorbus pohuashanensis), Nandina (Nandina domestica), Euonymus (Euonymus alatus), Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida), Chinese Pistache (Pistacia chinensis), Chinese Wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera), Barberry (Berberis thunbergii), Hubei Hornbeam (Carpinus hupeana), Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata)

Golden or Yellow-brown: Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Persimmon (Diospyros kaki), Goldenrain Tree (Koelreuteria paniculata), Tulip Tree (Liriodendron chinense), Chinese Parasol Tree (Firmiana simplex), Elm (Ulmus pumila), Walnut (Juglans regia), Catalpa (Catalpa bungei), Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), Chinese Elm (Ulmus parvifolia), Machilus (Phoebe zhennan), Wild Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba), Kiwi (Actinidia chinensis), Horse Chestnut (Aesculus chinensis), Water Elm (Ulmus davidiana), Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox), Pomegranate (Punica granatum), Yellow Cassia (Senna surattensis), Witch Hazel (Hamamelis mollis), Soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi), Acacia (Acacia farnesiana)

Aromatic Plants:

Aromatic plants suitable for residential areas include: herbs such as Mint (Mentha haplocalyx), Basil (Ocimum basilicum), Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis), German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), Sage (Salvia officinalis), Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum), Calendula (Calendula officinalis), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), Borage (Borago officinalis), Scented Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), Mallow (Malva sylvestris); and shrubs such as Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), Rose (Rosa chinensis), Lemon Verbena (Aloysia citrodora).

Examples of woody plant configurations with fragrance through the four seasons: Plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; Gardenia and White Magnolia in summer; Osmanthus in autumn and Wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), Paulownia (Paulownia fortunei), Lacebark Pine (Pinus bungeana), Chinese Juniper (Juniperus chinensis), Coral Tree (Viburnum odoratissimum), Photinia (Photinia serratifolia), Pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira), Japanese Aralia (Fatsia japonica), etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: Dwarf Yew (Taxus cuspidata), Buddhist Pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Chinese Torreya (Torreya grandis), Japanese Holly (Ilex crenata), Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora), Waxberry (Myrica rubra), Privet (Ligustrum lucidum), Ternstroemia (Ternstroemia gymnanthera), Viburnum (Viburnum dilatatum), Aucuba (Aucuba japonica), Mahonia (Mahonia fortunei), Firethorn (Pyracantha fortuneana), Boxwood (Buxus sinica), Pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira), Japanese Aralia (Fatsia japonica), etc., Butterfly Bush (Buddleja davidii), Chinese Pistache (Pistacia chinensis), and other fragrant-flower plants (such as Citrus plants of the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous perennial) flowers: Torch Lily (Kniphofia uvaria), Lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus), Blue Fescue (Festuca glauca), Astilbe (Astilbe chinensis), Coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora), Golden Creeping Jenny (Lysimachia nummularia), Oregano (Origanum vulgare), Large-flowered Hibiscus (Hibiscus moscheutos), Red-flowered Mint (Mentha haplocalyx), Variegated Star Jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides 'Variegatum'), Thistle-leaved Mesembryanthemum (Mesembryanthemum), Hellebore (Helleborus thibetanus), Spider Lily (Lycoris radiata), Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), Iris (Iris tectorum), Spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana), Hosta (Hosta plantaginea), Variegated Canna (Canna indica 'Variegata'), Red-leaf Canna (Canna indica 'Red Leaf'), Aster (Aster novi-belgii), Farfugium (Farfugium japonicum), Bletilla (Bletilla striata), Perennial Verbena (Verbena)

Flowering Plants for the Four Seasons:

Spring: Various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus spectabilis, Malus halliana, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Southern Magnolia, White Magnolia, Yulan Magnolia, Purple Magnolia, Red Magnolia, Michelia, Michelia maudiae, etc.), Redbud (Cercis chinensis), Red-leaf Plum

Plum, Peach Blossom, Camellia, Winter Jasmine, Lilac, etc.

Summer: Crape Myrtle, Rose of Sharon, Hydrangea, Michelia, Summer Azalea, Pomegranate (flower), Gardenia, Trumpet Vine, Albizia, Acacia. Autumn: Osmanthus, Crape Myrtle, Rose of Sharon, Flowering Pomegranate, Cotton Rose, Trumpet Vine, etc.

Winter: Japanese Honeysuckle, Nandina, Plum Blossom, Michelia, Camellia, Sasanqua Camellia, etc.

Classification of Common Greening Tree Species:

(I) Evergreen Conifers

1. Trees: Deodar Cedar (Cedrus deodara), Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis), Black Pine (Pinus thunbergii), Dragon Juniper (Juniperus chinensis 'Kaizuca'), Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana), Chinese Juniper (Juniperus chinensis), Sago Palm (Cycas revoluta), Norfolk Island Pine (Araucaria heterophylla), Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), Chinese Torreya (Torreya grandis)

2. Shrubs: (Buddhist Pine, Podocarpus macrophyllus), Oriental Arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis), Chinese Juniper (Juniperus chinensis), Creeping Juniper (Juniperus procumbens), Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), Japanese White Pine (Pinus parviflora)

(II) Deciduous Conifers (no shrubs):

Trees: Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), Golden Larch (Pseudolarix amabilis), Pond Cypress (Taxodium ascendens), Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum)

(III) Evergreen Broadleaf Trees:

1. Trees: Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum camphora), Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), Privet (Ligustrum lucidum), Windmill Palm (Trachycarpus fortunei)

2. Shrubs: Coral Tree (Viburnum odoratissimum), Large-leaved Boxwood (Euonymus japonicus), Small-leaved Boxwood (Buxus sinica), Chinese Boxwood (Buxus sinica var. parvifolia), Chinese Holly (Ilex cornuta), Orange Tree (Citrus reticulata), Photinia (Photinia serratifolia), Pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira), Osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), Oleander (Nerium oleander), Yellow Jasmine (Jasminum mesnyi), Winter Jasmine (Jasminum nudiflorum), Spotted Aucuba (Aucuba japonica 'Variegata'), Nandina (Nandina domestica), Snow-in-summer (Serissa japonica), Small-leaved Privet (Ligustrum quihoui), Japanese Aralia (Fatsia japonica), Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), Mosquito Plant (Distylium racemosum), Camellia (Camellia japonica), St. John's Wort (Hypericum monogynum), Azalea (Rhododendron simsii), Yucca (Yucca gloriosa, Agave, Sansevieria), Sago Palm (Cycas revoluta), Mahonia (Mahonia fortunei)

(IV) Deciduous Broadleaf Trees:

1. Trees: Weeping Willow (Salix babylonica), Erect Willow (Salix babylonica), Chinese Wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera), Dragon-claw Willow (Salix babylonica 'Tortuosa'), Chinese Tallow Tree (Triadica sebifera), Pagoda Tree (Sophora japonica), Chinese Parasol Tree (Firmiana simplex, Chinese Parasol Tree)

Tree), London Plane (Platanus x acerifolia, French Plane), Pagoda Tree (Sophora japonica, Chinese Scholar Tree), Umbrella Tree (Sophora japonica 'Pendula'), Albizia (Albizia julibrissin), Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Chinaberry (Melia azedarach, Bitter Chinaberry), Catalpa (Catalpa ovata)

2. Shrubs: Cherry Blossom (Prunus serrulata), White Magnolia (Magnolia denudata), Peach Blossom (Prunus persica), Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox), Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), Redbud (Cercis chinensis), Maple (Acer), Green Maple (Acer palmatum), Red-leaf Plum (Prunus cerasifera 'Atropurpurea'), Chaenomeles (Chaenomeles speciosa), Bellflower Crabapple (Malus), Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla), Snowball Viburnum (Viburnum macrocephalum), Golden Bell (Forsythia viridissima, Golden Strip), Cotton Rose (Hibiscus mutabilis), Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus, Hibiscus Tree), Alchornea (Alchornea davidii, Guiyuan Tree), Pomegranate (Punica granatum)

(V) Bamboo: Neosinocalamus (Bambusa multiplex), Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), Black Bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra), Guanyin Bamboo (Bambusa multiplex 'Rivierorum'), Fernleaf Bamboo (Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf'), Buddha Belly Bamboo (Bambusa ventricosa), Golden Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris 'Vittata')

(VI) Vines: Wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), Star Jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides), Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata, Climbing Ivy), Ivy (Hedera helix), Grape Vine (Vitis vinifera), Euonymus (Euonymus fortunei)

(VII) Flowers: Sunflower (Portulaca grandiflora), Everlasting Daisy (Chrysanthemum), Scarlet Sage (Salvia splendens), Canna (Canna indica), Joseph's Coat (Alternanthera bettzickiana), Kale (Brassica oleracea, Ball Cabbage Flower), Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), Orchid (Cymbidium)

(VIII) Lawns: Velvet Grass (Zoysia tenuifolia), Zoysia Grass (Zoysia japonica), Liriope (Ophiopogon japonicus), Evergreen Grass (Cynodon dactylon), Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea), Manila Grass (Zoysia matrella), Clover (Trifolium repens), Dichondra (Dichondra repens)

Detailed Table of Commonly Used Plant Configurations

Table of Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific Name Family Tree Shape Characteristics

Camphor Tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, tri-nerved, aromatic, spherical berries.

London Plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark grey and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant Tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm and hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; flowers red and beautiful, flowering from May to August

Albizia Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental tree and street tree

Acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, densely branched and leafy, flowers golden yellow, excellent tree vigor

Weeping Willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn.. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor Tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and round, strong growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese Fan Palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single-stemmed upright tree, leaf surface dark green, strong growth, very beautiful posture

Longan Tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, slower growth, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (Chinaberry Tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, flowers light purple

Phoenix tree (Sterculia platanifolia L.), Sterculiaceae, umbrella-shaped, evergreen tree with broad leaves, fast-growing; upright when young, with a spreading crown when old.

Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.), Moraceae, umbrella-shaped, evergreen tree with huge, soft, thin leaves and spreading branches; the umbrella-shaped crown is also beautiful.

Formosan alder (Alnus formosana Makino.), Fagaceae, umbrella-shaped, evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful in form.

Ash tree (Faxinus insularis Hemsl.), Oleaceae, umbrella-shaped, evergreen tree with strong vigor, fast growth, and beautiful tree form and leaf shape. Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria cuninghamii), Araucariaceae, conical, evergreen conifer, sun-loving, fond of warm and hot climates, not cold-tolerant, fond of fertilizer, fast-growing, with a narrow conical crown and graceful form.

Qinghai spruce (Picea carassifolia), Pinaceae, tower-shaped, evergreen conifer, intermediate in light requirements, shallow-rooted, suitable for the northwest region.

Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), Pinaceae, tower-shaped, evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, fond of cool and humid climates and acidic soil, with blue-green needles.

Chinese juniper (Sabina chinensis), Cupressaceae, conical, evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, tolerant of drought and poor soil, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerant of pruning, with good dust-blocking and sound-insulating effects.

Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.), Magnoliaceae, ovate, evergreen tree with large white fragrant flowers and a beautiful tree form.

Taiwan acacia (Acacia confusa Merr.), Fabaceae, umbrella-shaped, evergreen tree, bark smooth when young and rough when old, trunk mostly crooked, with strong growth vigor.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), Arecaceae, pinnate, evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, robust growth, and beautiful form.

Canary Island date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Arecaceae, pinnate, evergreen broadleaf tree with a thick, tall and majestic trunk and dense, spreading pinnate fronds.

Royal palm (Oreodoxa regia H.B.K.), Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, single upright trunk up to 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, and great ornamental value.

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), Ginkgoaceae, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree with yellow autumn leaves, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, intolerant of waterlogging, and resistant to a variety of toxic gases.

Chinese tulip tree (Liriodendron chinense), Magnoliaceae, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of warm and humid climates, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, with leaves shaped like a Chinese jacket and large, beautiful yellow-green flowers.

Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa), Salicaceae, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of cool climates, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, fairly long-lived; with a regular tree form, straight trunk, and grayish-white bark.

Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra var. italica), Salicaceae, narrow cylindrical, deciduous broadleaf tree, cold- and drought-tolerant, slightly tolerant of salinity and waterlogging, fast-growing.

Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), Ulmaceae, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of warm and humid climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, with strong dust-retention capacity.

Box elder (Acer negundo), Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of fertile soil and cool, humid climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, dry cold, and light salinity, tolerant of pruning, with yellow autumn leaves{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Table of traits of commonly used landscape trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor tree (Cinnamomun camphcra), Lauraceae, spherical, evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, with three main veins, aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane (Platanus x acerifolia), Platanaceae, ovate, fond of warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.), Magnoliaceae, ovate, evergreen tree with large white fragrant flowers and a beautiful tree form.

Yulan magnolia (Magnolia denudata), Magnoliaceae, umbrella-shaped, fairly cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large and pure white, blooming from March to April. Suitable for garden viewing.

Chinese tulip tree (Liriodendron chinense), Magnoliaceae, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of warm and humid climates, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, fast-growing, long-lived, with leaves shaped like a Chinese jacket and large, beautiful yellow-green flowers.

Chinese arborvitae (Thuja orientalis Linn), Cupressaceae, conical, evergreen tree, neat in form when young, mostly crooked when old, strong-growing, long-lived, and beautiful in form.

Ash tree (Faxinus insularis Hemsl.), Oleaceae, round, evergreen tree with strong vigor, fast growth, and beautiful tree form and leaf shape. Java bishopwood (Bischoffia javanica Blanco), Euphorbiaceae, round, evergreen tree, very beautiful when young leaves sprout, robust growth, and beautiful form.

Weeping willow (Salix babylonica Linn.), Salicaceae, umbrella-shaped, deciduous small tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, luxuriant and fast-growing, with a beautiful form.

Chinese incense cedar (Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz), Cupressaceae, umbrella-shaped, evergreen tree with grayish-brown bark showing irregular vertical fissures; branchlets alternate, green and flattened when young.

Royal palm (Roystonea regia), Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, single upright trunk up to 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, and great ornamental value.

Japanese spindle (Euonymus japonica), Celastraceae, ovate, fond of warm and humid climates, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Formosan sweetgum (Liquidamdar formosana Hance.), Hamamelidaceae, conical, deciduous tree with smooth gray bark, triangular leaves, slow growth, and beautiful form.

Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera), Juglandaceae, umbrella-shaped, highly adaptable, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, and bank-protection tree.

Creeping juniper (Sabina procumbens), Cupressaceae, evergreen creeping dwarf shrub, branches sprawling and creeping along the ground, with needle-like leaves. Slow-growing, with a unique tree form and flowing, emerald-green foliage. Suitable for ground cover and for landscaping around courtyard rocks, ponds, sand pits, and slopes.{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Golden dewdrop (Duranta repens), Verbenaceae, round, evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, and hedges. The yellow-leaf Duranta repens is mainly grown for foliage and has wide uses; it can be used as ground cover, trimmed into shapes, formed into patterns, or used to emphasize color combinations, striking and eye-catching. Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta), Aquifoliaceae, round, resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.), Moraceae, umbrella-shaped, evergreen tree with huge, soft, thin leaves and spreading branches, also beautiful in form.

Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), Ulmaceae, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of warm and humid climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, with strong dust-retention capacity.

Chinese juniper (Juniperus Chinensis Linn), Cupressaceae, conical, evergreen medium-sized tree with densely growing dark green branches, robust growth, suitable for pruning, and beautiful in form.

Japanese pittosporum (Pittosporum tobira), Pittosporaceae, round, with fragrant white flowers blooming in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as a hedge, or as a potted plant. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera Linn), Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, trunk tillering, up to 20-25 m tall, fronds grayish-white with arched curves, robust growth, and beautiful form.

Hankow willow (Salix matsudana), Salicaceae, umbrella-shaped, suitable as a shade tree, street tree, and bank-protection tree.

Silk tree (Albizia julibrissin), Mimosaceae, umbrella-shaped, with pink flowers in June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree.

Japanese black pine (Pinus Thumbergii Porl.), Pinaceae, conical, evergreen tree with grayish-brown bark, orange-yellow branchlets, and hard needles in pairs, long-lived.

Purple-leaf plum (Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea), Rosaceae, umbrella-shaped, deciduous small tree with smooth reddish-brown branchlets, ovate leaves entirely purplish-red, pale pink small flowers in April, and purple drupes. Suitable for both specimen and group planting, and as a contrasting background.

Washington palm (Washingtonia filifera Wend.), Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, single cylindrical trunk with a swollen base, up to 4-8 m tall, fan-shaped circular fronds, robust growth, and beautiful form{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Japanese pagoda tree (Sophora japonica), Fabaceae, umbrella-shaped, with dense branches and leaves and a broad crown, suitable as a shade tree and street tree.

Glaucous cassia (Cassia glauca Lam.), Fabaceae, round, deciduous tree with even-pinnate compound leaves and yellow flowers, fast-growing, and beautiful in form.

Box elder (Acer negundo), Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped, deciduous broadleaf tree, fond of fertile soil and cool, humid climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, dry cold, and light salinity, tolerant of pruning, with yellow autumn leaves.

Japanese maple (Acer palmatum), Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped, with elegant leaf shapes and red autumn leaves. Suitable for garden viewing and potted cultivation.

Golden larch (Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd.), Pinaceae, ovate tower-shaped, evergreen tree with well-spaced branches and leaves, linear leaves alternate on long shoots and radiating on short shoots, with a sturdy, upright form.

Bottle palm (Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart.), Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, trunk about 3 m tall with an oval-swollen base forming a wine-bottle shape, very beautiful in form.

Mandarin orange tree (Citrus reticulata), Rutaceae, round, with white flowers and yellow-green fragrant fruit. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry tree (Melia azedarch Linn.), Meliaceae, round, deciduous tree with grayish-brown bark, bipinnately odd-pinnate compound leaves, purple flowers, and fast growth.

Snowbush (Serissa serissoides), Rubiaceae, round, evergreen small shrub. Dark green leaves and snow-white flowers, slightly pale pink. With slender branches and leaves and fine texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, and topiary.

Dragon juniper (Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort), Cupressaceae, upright tower-shaped, evergreen medium-sized tree with densely growing dark green branches, robust growth, very long-lived, and very beautiful in form.

Dragon-claw pagoda tree (S. j. cv. Pendula), Fabaceae, umbrella-shaped, with drooping branches, suitable for garden viewing, opposite planting or row planting.

Dragon-claw willow (S. m. cv. Tortuosa), Salicaceae, round, with twisted, dragon-like branches, suitable as a shade tree and ornamental tree.

Pygmy date palm (Phehix Roebelenii Brien.), Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, with an upright trunk 2 m tall, thin and small petioles, alternate or opposite leaflets, an excellent variety with beautiful fronds.

Buddhist pine (Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don), Podocarpaceae, long conical, evergreen tree with a simple and elegant appearance, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, or tiered forms for garden landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.), Pinaceae, umbrella-shaped, evergreen tree with reddish-brown trunk bark, brown winter buds, and a majestic appearance when mature.

Nandina (Nandina domestica), Berberidaceae, umbrella-shaped, with elegant branches and leaves and red berries in autumn and winter; for garden viewing, can be group-planted or potted. Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria ecelsa Br.), Araucariaceae, conical, evergreen coniferous tree with whorled branches, lower ones drooping, dark green leaves, beautiful form, and robust growth.

Glossy privet (Ligustrum lucidum), Oleaceae, ovate, with white flowers blooming in June. Suitable as a hedge or street tree.

Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis R. Br.), Arecaceae, umbrella-shaped, with an upright trunk up to 6-12 m tall, circular fronds, and spiny petiole edges, luxuriant growth, and elegant form.

Dwarf arborvitae (Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa.), Cupressaceae, broad round, shrub without a main trunk, with clustered branches.

Green maple (Acer serrulatum), Aceraceae, umbrella-shaped conical, deciduous tree. Trunk upright. With a light and graceful form, it can be trained into a noble bonsai and serves as an elegant street tree, garden tree, and forest-bathing tree.

Boxwood (B. bodinieri), Buxaceae, ovate, with fine, dense branches and leaves, suitable for garden viewing. Can be group-planted, used as a hedge, or potted. Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don), Taxodiaceae, conical, ovate, round, evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful.

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Arecaceae Plants"

Arecaceae is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, a well-developed root system, tolerance of drought and poor soil, and strong resistance to pests and diseases, making them outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This section introduces their introduction, transplanting, and disease control.

Brief introduction to the introduction process

There are 183 genera and about 2,400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in the humid tropical and subtropical regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants, while a few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in the extremely arid areas along the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term water immersion, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the false betel nut palm and the Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape value of palm plants has been recognized, and they have been used as key varieties for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following more than two decades, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian, and Yunnan, and later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Yunnan, successively set off a wave of introducing, producing, and applying palms.

Several units led by the Guangdong Palm Landscaping Company, based on theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high-latitude, high-altitude areas of the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, moisture, and soil. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is to govern plant growth and development, and low winter temperatures are the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on the salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers selected a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora blight, coconut leaf beetle, and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanism of palm seed germination, summarized and invented techniques for accelerating palm seed germination, mastered whole-crown transplanting and large-specification container seedling cultivation techniques for palm plants, and did fruitful work on soil improvement and winter cold-protection and conservation techniques.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including the royal palm, Chinese fan palm, palm bamboo, southern coconut, and fishtail palm; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the Arecaceae plants successfully applied mainly include the Butia palm, Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm, and more than ten other species, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

Discussion of the occurrence and control of Phytophthora blight

Damage and general symptoms of palm Phytophthora blight

This disease often causes damage on palm plants such as the royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm, and Canary Island date palm; affected plants cannot normally put out new central leaves, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the whole plant wilts in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora blight is caused by Phytophthora and can be identified through incubator culture. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The bacteria spread and proliferate through watering, rain splash, and air movement.

Occurrence pattern of Washington palm Phytophthora blight

This disease occurs during periods of high temperature and high humidity between summer and autumn. Drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, causing soil moisture content to

rise suddenly, poor ventilation, or plants located in a wind gap, are easily infected. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, and continuous-cropping plots. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root damage caused when digging up seedlings and then long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young central leaf rots, and the leaf turns grayish-green and droops, and it can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, the growth point and even the entire central part of the plant can be seen to have paste-like secretions and a foul odor, and the infected tissue can grow white mold-like matter. In severely affected plants, the roots are also often seen to be damaged, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots and an abnormal

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries, and is less common in adult trees planted in green spaces.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage has been relatively severe in nursery land. In the early stage of the disease, yellowish-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, and the lesions rapidly expand and are slightly sunken, with dense white cottony mold on the surface when moist, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellowish-brown and grows white mold under moist conditions. When it occurs on the stem, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and in the later stage the upper part appears withered. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes when the root system and stem are cut open, pus-like liquid exudes, and in severe cases the edges of the veins of young leaves carry large amounts of gray-black mycelium. Phytophthora blight is a vascular bundle disease, and in severe cases the whole plant wilts and droops, dries up, and eventually dies, with a high fatality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature and high-humidity period, that is, the optimal temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease could be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, and sometimes appearing in patches.

Control methods

I. Preventive cultivation measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness, and drainage in the nursery. Pruning leaves moderately each autumn and winter, and digging pits and hilling soil in the planting area, can keep the nursery land dry. Usually, potassium fertilizer can be applied more, and quicklime and superphosphate can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of the plants.

2. Choose a good plot, and select loam or sandy loam land with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation, and require crop rotation of more than three to four years for land that has previously grown Washington palms.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain so that the land dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly forbid flood irrigation when watering, and carry out watering on sunny afternoons or evenings.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Pay attention to observation at ordinary times, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical control

One or two months before the onset of the disease in summer and during the disease period, use 64% Sandofan wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% phosethyl-Al (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as Kameitong, also known as soil fungicide (usual amount 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and Washington palm roots with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization on consecutive sunny days, or spread lime powder for disinfection, or use 500 times dexon solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray Sandofan (better) or phosethyl-Al (prone to resistance), adding 0.4% washing powder, into the heart or as a spray for both prevention and treatment. You can also spray 80% mancozeb 700 times solution, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora blight. After adopting this measure, the Washington palms and Washington palms at the Shanghai base of the Guangdong Palm Landscaping Company have dropped from a disease incidence of 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Experience in control

The control effect of using carbendazim and the like is not obvious. In the early stage of the disease, if all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can gradually revive after 2 to 3 years, but their growth is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature and dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater, and rainwater. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies in large numbers when water is sufficient, eventually causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant dies from water loss and wilting. The heart rot described in some literature is actually also Phytophthora blight, only occurring in the central leaf part.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, with small water-soaked spots appearing at onset and then expanding into larger lesions, and is easily found, generally controllable with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens such as Phyllosticta and Pestalotiopsis, often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting techniques for large single-trunk seedlings

Preparation before transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance; after root pruning, the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. After root pruning, stones and broken roots should be removed from the soil and it should be backfilled promptly, with good moisture retention: the purpose is to exercise the adaptability of the seedlings and promote new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If using heeled-in seedlings, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the soil. Dig holes 20 days before transplanting at the planting site, with the hole specification generally 1.5 times the soil ball. Let the soil from the holes be exposed to the sun for a period, and the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of decomposed phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn being the best, and summer and winter should be avoided as much as possible, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants like warmth and moisture; in summer, temperatures are high and seedlings evaporate water quickly, easily causing excessive water loss and affecting survival; in winter, temperatures are low, and some places even have frost, and strong north winds can easily cause frostbite or even freezing death of seedlings.

Moving seedlings

Some large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick stems, and moving seedlings is labor-intensive and the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when moving seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with gunny sacks or straw, especially the young green wrapped-trunk part at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. This protects the trunk and also retains moisture and blocks sunlight. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with leaf pruning, removing old leaves and retaining 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on the strength of the tree vigor). At the same time, cut off the leaf together with the petiole by 1/5, to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

Seedlings are best dug and planted on the same day; if too much time passes, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water and are prone to water loss affecting survival. If they cannot all be planted on the same day, cover them well with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaf surfaces every day, with good shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil Once the seedling is positioned, backfill the soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, shape the soil mound into a "water-storage basin" slightly higher around the edges and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering After backfilling, immediately water thoroughly to set the roots; before watering, first use bamboo poles, etc., to firm the loose soil around the soil ball until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing There are many kinds of supports, and using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-planting management

1. Moisture retention Spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, to the extent of wetting the leaves and trunk wrapping. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow downward, and water accumulation will cause root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with straw to block sunlight, prevent excessive soil temperature differences from causing soil compaction, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist, and aerated, which is conducive to the sprouting of new roots.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally tall and are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds after transplanting, the supports should be checked regularly after planting to see whether they have come loose, and especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, it should be straightened and retied promptly.

3. Topdressing About one month after planting, urea water can be used for foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut cake to fertilize by digging holes. Dig the holes in a ring-shaped trench outside the edge of the soil ball, with the trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer must be mixed evenly with the backfill soil.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings are relatively weak in vigor and highly susceptible to pests and diseases, especially tender leaves and central leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is quite serious in its damage to Arecaceae plants; adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping spaces of unexpanded central leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing some or all of the newly emerging leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods include the following: 1) 81% malathion emulsion 1000 times solution; 2) cypermethrin 500 times solution; 3) using "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve good control effects. Based on actual operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient, and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the central leaf in combination with tying during planting.

For large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether their leaves remain green, but to truly determine survival, it is generally necessary to wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author used the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to more than 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and necessary to be promoted and applied.

Transplanting techniques for seedlings, large trees, and clustered seedlings

Key techniques for transplanting seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting for a period after germination and rooting. At this time the seedlings are relatively small and can be transplanted with seeds, and because there are few fibrous roots, the root system is not easily damaged when moving seedlings. Use nutritional bags for seedling cultivation, with the size depending on the time for cultivating the seedlings. Generally speaking, 1-year-old seedlings are suitable with 16 cm x 18 cm containers, and 2-year-old seedlings with 19 cm x 20 cm; nutritional bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. Prepare the nutritional soil by using loose topsoil, burned soil, and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, and then bag it. First fill half the bag with the mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling and fill it full and compact it, so that the seedling root system and the mixed soil are pressed closely together, and then water thoroughly. Palm plants cannot be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward to make the seedling root system spread out.

Key techniques for transplanting large trees

Palm family plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most require several rounds of bed transplanting, so choosing robust seedlings grown at wide spacing results in a higher survival rate.

Minimize damage to the root system. The roots of palm plants are tender in tissue, with many lateral roots and fine fibrous roots. When digging them up, keep the soil ball as large as possible and prevent it from crumbling or cracking. Reduce root damage to a minimum so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve the survival rate of transplanting. During construction, lines should be set and planting holes marked accurately to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from crumbling.

Leaf pruning. The amount of foliage retained at transplanting should be determined comprehensively according to the species, the climate at the time of transplanting, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original number of leaves should be retained. Retaining too many leaves causes the leaves to turn yellow and wither because of heavy water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes it difficult for the plant to recover and prolongs the recovery period, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the plant's trunk and its pseudostem. During digging, transport, loading and unloading, the trunk should be kept free from damage and the pseudostem should not be squeezed or bent. This is the guarantee of the plant's health and its rapid return to vigor.

Soil at the new planting site. Palm family plants suffer damage to the root tips during transplanting, and within one month after transplanting it is very difficult for new root tips to sprout, so their water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, good soil permeability and aeration favor seedling survival, so when planting, large holes should be dug and attention paid to the quality of the imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to help the palms recover after planting.

Maintenance. Within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability, so the seedlings should be carefully maintained; water must be replenished in time and appropriate shading provided, striving to have new leaves sprout within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs for several days after transplanting, the palm seedlings will recover better, because rainy days can avoid the adverse effects of scorching sun exposure.

Key techniques for transplanting large clustered seedlings

Clustered species of the palm family have multiple growth points, and once they have grown into a multi-stemmed clustered state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clustered palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks and large leaf areas that cause high water evaporation, and poor ventilation that makes them vulnerable to damage from strong winds. Therefore, in addition to the measures used for transplanting single-stemmed palms, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "fibrous root method" of transplanting, that is, after digging out a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retain more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and immediately wrap it with a lightweight moisture-retaining material, so as to reduce the weight of the soil ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slow-recovering clustered palms such as the fishtail palm and the three-stamen areca.

2. Implement bare-root heel-in or pot planting, concentrating maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant is stable before formal planting. This method is suitable for vigorous clustered palms such as the areca palm, the clustered fishtail palm, and the Hawaiian bamboo palm; it can reduce freight costs and make construction convenient.

In short, for transplanting large seedlings and large trees of the palm family, in brief, five aspects should be handled well, namely: selecting robust seedlings; digging good soil balls and handling transport carefully; pruning leaves moderately; ensuring good aeration and drainage at the planting site; and carrying out good post-planting maintenance with sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is being able to keep most of the leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves marks complete success of transplanting.

Drainage: First understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and try to place the very bottom of the soil ball in a position with deep fertile soil that is 100-150CM above the year-round groundwater level of the planting site; at the same time, a drainage layer for the roots of the underground soil ball and a surface runoff guiding network should be well constructed to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions cannot meet the requirements, the method of planting with a raised soil ball can be used, that is, use loose media mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand to first pile up the planting site as high as possible to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil mound, and bury the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose media, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots, so as to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: immediately after planting, water once with settling water to ensure the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil and to promote root development; then water thoroughly three more times and promptly cover the soil ball well to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray water on the ground and the crown more often to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on the leaves to inhibit the plant's physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. in clear weather, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water in time to ensure the soil ball is moist and the roots have good respiratory permeability. Fertilization: after planting, in addition to maintaining moisture for the plant, a low-concentration foliar fertilizer can be appropriately sprayed to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant, and if the plant is found to have grown new roots, root fertilization can be considered, generally chosen in the season when the monthly average temperature is higher than 2O℃, applying organic fertilizer as the main type as much as possible, with an appropriate addition of compound fertilizer high in P and K, so as to promote balanced nutrition of the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: spray pesticides to control pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed for pest and disease control before unloading, and ensure that within one month after planting, pesticide is applied three times in succession at intervals of one week to ten days, after which a reasonable pest and disease control plan still needs to be formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Sutilien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. Greening

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Sutilien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a green area of 28186 square meters. The plant configuration of the factory greening is relatively reasonable, rich in color, and has obvious seasonal changes, forming a plant community with distinct layers and natural ecology, basically showing the natural landscape of plants. The configuration of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties such as camphor, southern magnolia, zelkova, osmanthus, and crape myrtle have been planted in the factory area, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-sized camphor trees, and there are scenic spots at the gate composed of varieties such as ancient red maple, fruiting pomegranate, Xifu crabapple, ginkgo, and Canary Island date palm.

In view of the existing situation of the factory greening landscape, we believe that the initial construction of the greening was relatively extensive, and the understanding of plant habits was insufficient. In particular, the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not thorough, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Greening Maintenance Plan Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold-protection equipment, facilities and seedling cold-protection wrapping materials.

3. Plow the land for winter cultivation and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Cut off withered, damaged, diseased and pest-infested branches and leaves, and thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, nettle moth cocoons and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue cutting off diseased and pest-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue collecting fertilizer and making compost, prepare culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

The weather gradually warms, and many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various pest and disease control equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scale, and achieve timely control. April (Clear and Bright, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in the control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, grubs, mole crickets, and diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding, and fertilizing before flowering. Apply dilute fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers every week.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess young buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning of shrubs that bloomed in spring and hedge pruning, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees according to technical operation requirements, and prune and remove root sprouts of seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning and final singling of seedlings, and apply additional topdressing and frequent dilute fertilizer.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases cause great harm to trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and doing a good job in pest and disease prevention.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization of flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, nettle moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and soft scale, and diseases such as leaf spot, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly, so continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, nettle moths, longhorn beetles, soft scale, armored scale, the second generation of cottony cushion scale, and mites occur in large numbers, so attention should be paid to their control, and at the same time continue to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot, etc.

3. During the dog days the temperature is high; when there is little rain, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so attention should be paid to preventing waterlogging.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tide season, so typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, with frequent inspections and timely righting of wind-toppled trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue doing a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal growth of seedlings.

3. This month the seedlings grow vigorously, so topdressing should be applied in time, and for small seedlings apply dilute fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue doing a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and right wind-toppled trees in time when found.

5. Continue doing a good job in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harming trees (bagworms, second-generation nettle moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease elimination; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood borers, etc., and control them immediately once found.

2. Continue intertillage weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of topiary and hedges.

3. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, check the situation of pests and diseases that occur more frequently, such as aphids, bagworms, nettle moths, brown spot, and sooty mold on flowering shrubs, and control them in time.

October (Cold Dew, Frost's Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control, and eliminate various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate and get a clear picture of the stock, so as to ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection, whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter pruning of trees, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; egg-bearing branches and competing branches, exces-

Torreya Torreya grandis Fort. ex Lindl. cv. Merrillii Chinese Torreya illustrated guide: how to grow Chinese Torreya / how to propagate Chinese Torreya