How to propagate Tabernaemontana divaricata? Cuttings give a high survival rate

Tabernaemontana divaricata is a fairly common ornamental flowering plant in people's daily lives, and it can be seen in many parts of our country. As more and more people grow it in various places, questions about its propagation have also drawn concern. How to propagate Tabernaemontana divaricata? What are the propagation methods for Tabernaemontana divaricata? Below, the editor takes everyone through it.

1. How to propagate Tabernaemontana divaricata, mainly by cuttings

When it comes to how to propagate Tabernaemontana divaricata, it is generally done mainly by cuttings. As for how to take cuttings of Tabernaemontana divaricata, there are many points to note, such as the timing of cutting and the selection of the substrate and cuttings, all of which people need to pay attention to. The specific details are introduced below, so let's take a look.

2. Propagation methods for Tabernaemontana divaricata

1. Cutting time, June to July

When preparing to propagate Tabernaemontana divaricata by cuttings, it is best to choose a suitable time period, which can greatly increase the rooting rate. Generally, it can be done year-round in a greenhouse, while outdoors the best time for cuttings is June to July, because the air humidity during this period is relatively high and the climate is relatively suitable, allowing Tabernaemontana divaricata to root quickly.

2. Substrate selection, well-drained

When taking cuttings of Tabernaemontana divaricata, choosing the substrate is a very important part. Generally, it is best to choose a fertile, slightly acidic humus soil. This kind of soil is rich in nutrients and has relatively good drainage and aeration, allowing the plant to grow better, while also making waterlogging less likely.

3. Substrate disinfection, high-temperature sterilization

After choosing the substrate for Tabernaemontana divaricata, we also need to disinfect it to prevent pests or bacteria in it from infecting the plant. When disinfecting, we can break it up and spread it flat under the hot sun for solarization, or put it into an iron wok and stir-fry it over high heat, so that even if there are pests or bacteria in it, they will be killed.

4. Cutting selection, choose strong-growing branches

The selection of cuttings also has a great impact on the survival rate of Tabernaemontana divaricata cuttings. Generally, it is best to choose relatively strong-growing branches free of pests and diseases as cuttings. If the branches we choose look very slender, then it can basically be judged a failed cutting, so choosing the cuttings is a very important step.

5. Cutting method, roots in about two weeks

When taking cuttings of Tabernaemontana divaricata, we first need to apply an appropriate amount of base fertilizer into the substrate, then poke a hole in the pot soil, then insert the cutting into it. This method can prevent the cutting from being damaged during insertion and is very practical. After that, it will root in about two weeks.

Maintenance measures for the southern plant Canary Island date palm

Part One: "Organization of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really look like eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like the white and yolk of an egg, and it really looks very cute. Its branches are thick and fleshy. Its leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the tips of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, and it is very suitable for people to admire carefully. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk bends naturally, and its form is very beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and on lawns. Frangipani likes a high-temperature, high-humidity, sunny, and well-drained environment. It is naturally robust and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. For cultivation, deep, fertile, well-aerated, organic-rich acidic sandy loam is best. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting frangipani, attention should also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if small brown spots appear on the leaves or the leaves even turn dark black, that is frangipani angular leaf spot, and at this time you should pay attention and take measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, frangipani also comes in red and yellow, both of which can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap, and food additives, with a rather high price and great potential for commercial development; the fresh flowers can also be dried for brewing tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The frangipani tree has a beautiful form, with many branches on the stem, strange shapes, and a thousand postures; the leaves resemble loquat leaves, and after they fall in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, quite like deer antlers decorated with beautiful spots, making it the preferred small tree of excellence for landscaping, courtyard arrangement, and potted ornamental display in tropical regions. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used for external application to treat scabies, redness and swelling, and other conditions. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware, or furniture. Frangipani flower meaning: nurturing hope, revival, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Yulan magnolia

Yulan magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark that is rough and cracked; the branchlets are slightly stout and grayish brown; the winter buds and flower stalks are densely covered with pale gray-yellow long silky hairs. The leaves are papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, and the leaves on vigorous shoots at the base are elliptic. Yulan magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of green and white, with dazzling white light, and they have high ornamental value; together with wave after wave of delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart, they are truly an ideal flower type for beautifying courtyards. Yulan magnolia likes light by nature and is relatively cold-tolerant, and can overwinter in the open field. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity, and waterlogging at the planting site easily causes root rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Yulan magnolia has strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and ability to absorb sulfur. When fumigated artificially with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 grams of sulfur. Therefore, Yulan magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with atmospheric pollution. Yulan magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and cannot tolerate strong light or west-facing sun. Too strong light or west-facing sun can easily cause the tree to be scorched. Yulan magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year afterward. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with lush green and thick leaves, not only producing many buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period, and rich fragrance. Yulan magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance, and its main diseases include anthracnose, chlorosis, and leaf scorch. Besides ornamental value, Yulan magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Yulan magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid, and others, and also contain magnoflorine, alkaloids, yulan magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A, and other components, and have a certain medicinal value. The flowers of Yulan magnolia are pungent and warm in nature and flavor, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, unblocking the orifices, and ventilating the lungs and nose. They can be used for headache, blood-stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and other conditions. Modern pharmacological studies show that Yulan magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Yulan magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids, and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks and can also be brewed as tea. The flower meaning of Yulan magnolia represents repaying kindness. Yulan magnolia often opens large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the plant is tall and the flowers are borne relatively high, swaying in the wind and full of spirit, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, it is very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is a herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, with single, relatively large leaves, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with leaf veins arranged in a feather-like pattern, in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a relatively good groundcover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant that likes warm, humid, and brightly lit environments. It is not cold-tolerant, nor drought-tolerant, and fears scorching sun. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will scorch the leaves, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, stopping the growth of new leaves, and turning the leaf color yellow, so shading should be noted during cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing period, it should be watered fully to keep the pot soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate." It requires sufficient care all 365 days, and if the environment fluctuates greatly for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling traders and producers. Plants in the Maranta family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies, and others. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Maranta starch is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings, and dessert pastries. Added to water and boiled, it becomes a transparent, odorless, and tasty paste. Maranta starch is fine in texture. Compared with other starches, it can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for making custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light-flavored, low-salt, and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops cough, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Red Loropetalum

Red Loropetalum is an evergreen shrub or small tree. The bark is dark gray or light gray-brown, and it is much branched. The young branches are reddish brown and densely covered with stellate hairs. The leaves are leathery and alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2-5 cm long, with a short pointed apex and a rounded, oblique, asymmetrical base, with stellate hairs on both sides, entire margins, and dark red. Red Loropetalum likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability and is tolerant of pruning. It tolerates poor soil, but grows best in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Red Loropetalum has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, is tolerant of pruning and wiring, and can be used for hedges and also for making stump bonsai. When it blooms, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Loropetalum is an evergreen plant, and its new leaves are bright red. Different strains differ in leaf color and flower color at maturity, and leaf size also differs. In garden applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf-color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometrid moths, yellow noctuid moths, Daopan noctuid moths, large and small cutworms, and scarab beetles, etc. Common diseases of Red Loropetalum: anthracnose, damping-off, and mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the lesions appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall, with severe damage in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinonema. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find disease on the branches and leaves of Red Loropetalum, you must treat it promptly.

Ornamental peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree, 3-8 m tall; the crown is broad and spreading; the bark is dark reddish brown, rough and scaly when old; the branchlets are slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; the winter buds are conical, blunt at the apex, covered with short soft hairs, often clustered 2-3 together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight by nature, is drought-tolerant, and cannot tolerate humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold tolerance, and can overwinter safely in a natural environment at minus 25°C. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging, and if planted in low-lying waterlogged places, seedling death easily occurs. Garden value: ornamental peach has large flowers and brilliant color, is beautiful when blooming, and has an ornamental period as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used at lakesides, streams, both sides of roads, and parks, etc. In small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted ornamental display, and is also often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. A common form is also the weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, and shows particularly good results in the same year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in masses, or as a single specimen, and shows particularly good greening effects in the same year. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colorful nursery stock in landscaping, and is usually used together with nursery stock such as purple-leaf plum and purple-leaf sand cherry. Flowering shrubs are combined in plantings to form a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach tree trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive and is a kind of polysaccharide substance. Hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and others. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood, and benefiting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and leaf curl. The main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects, and red-necked longhorn beetles, etc.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + Red Loropetalum + Euonymus japonicus 'Aureo-marginatus' + thornless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three leaf-color plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors, plus large-specification thornless holly balls, forming a neat, full, and clearly layered road greening color-band effect.

2. Red Loropetalum + Photinia × fraseri ball + Michelia figo + Japanese maple

Red Loropetalum itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability, and both its leaf color and flower color are very beautiful, while the old leaves of the Photinia × fraseri ball are green and accented by the red of the new leaves. Set off against each other, they are extremely beautiful. The four plants are combined with rich layers and form a landscape road with longitudinal rhythm and spatial layering, and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Red Loropetalum + Fatsia japonica + Canary Island date palm + frangipani

These plants are combined mainly in green, with leaves both small (Red Loropetalum) and coarse and large (Fatsia japonica, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a bit of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, and it has the effect of narrowing the space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, and the culms are spaced with gaps between dense and sparse. The iris has a graceful posture and gorgeous, varied flower colors. The two combined together are very charming.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + Red Loropetalum + Aucuba japonica + osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia has leaves like a sparrow's tongue and a low plant form, and can be used as the lowest layer plant. Aucuba japonica has yellow spots on its leaves and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree osmanthus has a delicate fragrance that refreshes the heart. The combination has density and spacing, changes in leaf color, and is complemented by floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + Red Loropetalum + Fagraea ceilanica + canna

The azalea has brilliant flowers, and with Red Loropetalum and Fagraea ceilanica as a foil, it is even more moving. Canna has coarse and large leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel close.

7. Groundcover lawn + marigold + Photinia × fraseri + Red Loropetalum ball + orange osmanthus

With green groundcover as the base, the bright yellow flowers of marigold are extremely beautiful, and Red Loropetalum and red Photinia behind the marigold serve as a foil, while the osmanthus tree has a spreading form. The several plants set each other off and are rich in variation.

8. Ophiopogon japonicus + guava tree

Both Ophiopogon japonicus and guava trees adapt very well in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves of Ophiopogon japonicus are fine and soft, making it very suitable as groundcover. The guava tree has smooth yellow bark, a graceful posture, and relatively large leaves with an orderly arrangement of dense and sparse growth, making it very suitable for open woodland paths.

9. Lawn + Agave americana 'Marginata' + pruned and shaped banyan tree + Senna bicapsularis

With green lawn as the base, the agave leaves are coarse and large, and the leaf color is silver-yellow alternating with green, and when combined with the pruned and shaped banyan tree it is very harmonious, while Senna bicapsularis has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. These plants are combined with rich layers, and the colors change but are harmonious.

10. Liriope + Rhapis excelsa + Areca palm + papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Liriope has fine and soft leaf shapes, while Rhapis excelsa and Areca palm have coarser and larger leaves, and papaya has large palmate leaves, with its fruit borne on the main trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Acalypha wilkesiana + Duranta erecta + Red Loropetalum

As a plant combination for a carpet flower bed, Acalypha wilkesiana has bright leaf color and is used as the edge, Duranta erecta has yellow-green leaves, and Red Loropetalum has dark purple leaves. The three plants combined as a carpet flower bed are extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping maintenance and management plan

Maintenance and management are very important in landscaping. It is long-term, repeated work with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grass, and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting of flower bed flowers, etc. The completion of landscaping green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management." Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance and management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of plants in the maintenance park area:

1. The greening area is about 2,454.19 million sq m, with a high greening coverage rate, and there are large numbers of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned and shaped shrubs. The initial growth has gradually taken shape. After our careful investigation, the plant planting characteristics can be roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: the plant planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with rows of ginkgo, Phoebe zhennan, and large trees, appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

planted mainly, appropriately combined with low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: the plant varieties in this area are complexly combined, with large and small trees, shrubs, and groundcover plants inter

planted in interspersed fashion. At the entrance, relatively precious large plants (Canary Island date palm, Jacaranda mimosifolia, small-leaf banyan stump,

top-grade osmanthus, etc.) are dominant. Whether the office-area courtyard can still maintain its clear, elegant, open, and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa-area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely, and expansive atmosphere,

all depends on later maintenance and management.

2. From the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: 1) The shaped shrubs are not growing well and their shapes are monotonous; 2) The flowering shrubs are in poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including number of flowers, flower size, color, and reblooming) are unsatisfactory; 3) The lawn has many weeds, and in local areas the grass-family weeds in the turf show a tendency to spread unchecked; 4) There are pest and disease problems.

1. We plan to take the following rectification measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional gardening and carry out varied and graceful shaping of hedges and shrubs. For flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to promote their growth and then shape them according to their form, which depends on the specific plant's growth and plant shape. The hedges in local areas are highly regular, and the neat uniform strips undoubtedly make the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes to match the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a smoother living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-scale chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual removal. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, and foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus, species, and growth habits, and label all plants in the area. In this way, it can both

enrich employees' general plant knowledge and add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labels

make greening receive more attention.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of a single day. While doing the rectification work well, we will also adopt different maintenance and management measures for different

plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached below), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme, and

we also ask Party A to offer more opinions, so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company will, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organize reasonably, maintain carefully, and dispatch professional horticulturists to organize, guide, and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly dispatch no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance and management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

6. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately), and other whole processes. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant Canary Island date palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, dump carts, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, maintenance costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once each year, with 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per plant, and topdress once, with 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, and water-fertilizer methods, etc., then cover with soil, water thoroughly, with a water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, promptly control pests and diseases, maintain the trees' natural growth state without shaping or pruning, promptly cut off yellow branches, pest- and disease-damaged branches, shaded vigorous branches, and downward-hanging branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and promptly clean up the pruning debris. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure there are no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, and bagged seedlings: fertilize once each quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, etc. Water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except on rainy days), with a water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, promptly control pests and diseases, and for those pruned into round, square, or conical shapes, do minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and attractive cut surfaces, promptly remove pruning debris, promptly cut off dead branches and pest- and disease-damaged branches, promptly replant old, diseased, and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous types: fertilize once each quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer methods, etc. Water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except on rainy days), with a water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, promptly control pests and diseases, cut off spent flowers once a week and remove weeds once a week, and promptly cut off dead branches and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once each quarter, applying 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with a water penetration depth of more than 5 cm. Promptly control pests and diseases, promptly replant wilted and dead missing parts, with a coverage rate of more than 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(2) Specific annual landscaping maintenance work schedule:

January: the month with the lowest temperatures of the year, when open-field trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, pest- and disease-damaged branches, and branches that hinder overhead lines and buildings on large and small trees.

2. Street tree inspection: promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify when loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, loose stakes, and other situations are found.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. You can dig out the pupae and cocoons of stinging moths from the loose soil under the trees and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin activity, but at this time they move slowly, and we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on the tree trunks. Controlling pests in winter often yields twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds, and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be promptly weeded and edged; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: temperatures rise somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as in January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Finish pruning all kinds of trees before the end of the month.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on preventing stinging moths and scale insects.

March: temperatures continue to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellia) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do a good job of planning and design, dig (excavate) the tree pits in advance, and achieve digging, transporting, planting, and watering as you go. When planting shrubs, also achieve digging, transporting, and planting as you go, and water fully to increase the survival rate of the nursery stock.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas promptly

3. Fertilization: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant Canary Island date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock has developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller has also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion spray for control). To control stinging moths, the method of digging out pupae can continue to be used.

April: temperatures continue to rise, and trees all sprout, bloom, or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late, promptly pull out and replant shrubs that died in winter (azalea, Red Loropetalum, etc.), and water newly planted trees fully.

2. Irrigation: continue to water the maintained green spaces promptly.

3. Fertilization: for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring, and evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, the base of trunks, wall corners, and other places, secrete white waxy thin cocoons, and pupate. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom and then buried deeply in a concentrated way or soaked. Or use methods such as spraying pesticides like fenitrothion. (2) Longhorn beetles begin activity. You can use a grafting knife or self-made steel wire to pick out the larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: temperatures rise sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees have a very high water demand and should be watered in a timely manner.

2. Pruning: prune spent flowers. Street trees undergo their first bud-thinning pruning.

3. Pest and disease control: continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of stinging moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; make corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, and others has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, Pittosporum tobira, oleander, etc.). In mid- and late May, spray 10-20 times diluted rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsion at 1500-2000 times dilution to control diseases and kill pests. (Other pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and Huabao can also be used.)

June: high temperatures

1. Watering: plants have a high water demand and should be watered promptly; do not "live by watching the sky."

2. Fertilization: combine loosening the soil and weeding, fertilizing, and watering to achieve the best effect.

3. Pruning: Continue the work of disbudding and removing suckers from street trees. Carry out pruning of hedges, topiary balls and some flowering shrubs. {Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Drainage work: During heavy rain, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: In mid-to-late June, the slug moth enters its peak hatching period, and measures should be taken promptly. At present, spraying with 50% fenitrothion emulsion at 500-800 times dilution is basically used. (Or spray with compound BT emulsion.) Continue manual capture of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of inspecting trees before flood and typhoon season, and right, reinforce and re-tie loose or leaning trees.

July: Temperatures are at their highest, and strong winds and heavy rain will occur after mid-month.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: During the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes; once high temperatures occur, water promptly.

2. Waterlogging drainage: After heavy rain, drain waterlogged areas promptly.

3. Applying topdressing: Before rain, apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer in dry form.

4. Street trees: Carry out typhoon-prevention disbudding and pruning. All branches that conflict with power lines must be pruned, and tree stakes should be checked one by one; if any are found loose or unstable, right and tie them immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials and tools and equipment, and send personnel to inspect at any time, dealing with dangerous situations promptly.

5. Pest and disease control: Continue controlling longhorn beetles and slug moths. For longhorn beetles, injection with 50% fenitrothion at 1:50 dilution can be used (or Guoshu Bao, or Yuanke No. 3), then seal the opening; this can also achieve good results. For the camphor tree shoot borer, prune promptly and destroy the pest nests to prevent renewed damage.

August: Still the rainy season.

1. Waterlogging drainage: After heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention work for street trees: Continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: In addition to summer pruning of general trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: Weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilization can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: Focus on capturing longhorn beetles, and pay attention to capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree shoot borer should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, pay attention to powdery mildew and rot diseases, and take measures promptly. September: Temperatures decline somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: In preparation for city appearance work, disbud street trees below the third-level branching. Shape hedges. Weed within green areas, edge lawns, and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilization: For some trees with weaker growth and branches that are not sufficiently sturdy, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

3. Pest and disease control: Shot-hole disease (cherry blossoms, peaches, plums, etc.) is at its peak incidence; use 500% carbendazim at 1000 times dilution to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to turn to the roots for damage; pay attention to capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood borers on poplars and willows. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting various greening facilities.

October: Temperatures drop; in late October it enters early winter, trees begin to shed leaves, and successively enter the dormant period.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting; in late month, once cold-hardy trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green area maintenance: Promptly remove dead trees and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging in green areas and lawns. Fertilize flowering plants with poor growth.

3. Pest and disease control: Continue capturing longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling the camphor tree shoot borer. November: The soil begins to freeze at night and thaw during the day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: Continue planting cold-hardy plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Turning the soil: Turn the soil in green areas to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: Water dry, hardened soil, completing before freezing.

4. Pest and disease control: Various pests prepare to overwinter in late month, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: Low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: Prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: After deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and draw the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green area maintenance quality objectives

1 Greening maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed yellow soil.

2 Landscape plants

2.1 Growth is normal. Various plants in newly built green areas reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Landscape trees have basically complete crowns, with main and side branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number, and reasonably pruned; the interior is not chaotic, and ventilation and light transmission are good. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green areas.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth, and leaf size and color are normal. Under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves, and leaves with insect exudate or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the retention rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coniferous

Article Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches, to ensure tree development tends toward rationality, improve branch form, and reduce pest and disease breeding.

2. Appropriately thin trees that are too densely growing, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth vigor.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and carry out winter fertilization for all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. In loose soil under trees, dig out slug moth pupae and cocoons and burn them in a concentrated way.

5. As appropriate, dethatch individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning and fertilization work on lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaf mahonia and the globose scale on coral and Japanese aralia.

3. In particular, strengthen cold protection and insulation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening and mounding soil around tree root systems.

4. For cool-season lawns, apply one topdressing (urea) at the end of the month at 10 g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Promptly roll lawns and remove weeds, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: Strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control. In particular, pay special attention to sooty mold and boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, crape myrtle scale eggs hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapple types and cool-season lawns; pay attention to prevention and reporting.

4. For local sunken and low-lying spots appearing in lawns, carry out soil mounding and sand covering, and carry out low pruning of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure germination and growth of the base grass.

April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilization for planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to herbaceous perennial flowers and spring-sown flowering plants; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Cut off branches that dried out in winter and spring; pruning of evergreen hedges can begin.

3. Pest and disease control: Mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period of leaf expansion for trees, with very high water demand, so water promptly.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and Malus halliana, and promptly carry out disbudding on plane trees, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding in lawns, and promptly prune lawn grass to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding in lawns.

3. Lawns should be pruned promptly, and their growth height controlled; pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. For lawns with poor growth or lacking fertilizer, apply compound fertilizer once to help them pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that watering work for plants is implemented.

2. Carry out soil loosening and weeding for flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow quickly, so seize the opportunity to weed and remove grass to prevent grass overgrowth; continue intertillage weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Earnestly do a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, reinforce and secure trees in the garden to prevent lodging; for low-lying or seriously waterlogged places, dredge and drain promptly.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune promptly, control lawn height, and fertilization can be combined with weeding. Timely supplementary and topdressing fertilization is needed, mainly P and K fertilizers, combined with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently, and at the same time pay attention to mastering the fertilization period and climate.

3. Under high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought resistance work; it must not be chosen from 10:00 to 15:00 to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and for low-lying and waterlogged-prone places, promptly dredge drainage channels to prevent water accumulation for too long.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed in green areas and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Thin trees that are too densely growing, and at the same time carry out disbudding work.

3. Lawns should be pruned, edged and cleared of weeds promptly, and attention should be paid to pest and disease control work.

4. Carry out weeding for flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance, neatness and distinct layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend toward rationality and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill bare gaps and water, and fertilize those with poor growth.

3. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light transmission, reducing pests and diseases, and enhancing growth vigor.

2. In flower beds, color-block shrubs and green areas, do a good job of weeding and edging, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant bare gaps. As appropriate, adjust trees in local layouts, and some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Also begin cold protection and warmth work, and for trees with poor cold resistance

carry out straw wrapping and soil mounding.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and carry out appropriate pruning. For lawns, dethatch and aerate as appropriate, and at the same time prune 2-3 times.

4. Carry out fertilization work in late this month, and combine with increased application of organic fertilizer to carry out soil turning in green areas.

5. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. In color-block shrubs and green areas, do a good job of weeding and edging, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing stubs and dead branches, in order to make next year's tree growth better (flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds must not be pruned); at the same time, pay attention to cleaning pest cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palms, date palms and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: Do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Article Four: "Latest Commonly Used Southern Landscape Plants"

Commonly Used Garden Plants in Southern Landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, false sterculia, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, renmianzi, firepower magnolia, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, podocarpus, big-leaf podocarpus, white champaca, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, burmann cinnamon, camphor tree, cinnamon, kuzi, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, Siamese senna, red-flowered camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, flowered ormosia, water banyan, water stone banyan, avocado, blackboard tree, false betel nut, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, swamp mahogany, blue gum, cajeput, butterfly fruit, Chinese torreya, Chinese plum yew, Indian rubber fig, mountain fig, small-leaf fig, big-fruit fig, weeping fig, yellow-bark fig, sacred fig, horsetail beefwood, jackfruit, camphor-leaf maple, bitter oak, blue Japanese oak, candlenut, silver birch, pointed-leaf elaeocarpus, big-leaf elaeocarpus, yellow hibiscus, wintergreen, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, albizia, royal palm, fishtail palm, Washingtonia palm, sugar palm, date palm, autumn maple, red sandalwood, large-flowered dillenia, jackfruit, yellow locust, tree jackfruit, big-leaf privet, Lechang magnolia, schefflera, heteropanax

Deciduous trees:

Small-leaf terminalia, Chinese swamp cypress, water wax gourd, Chinese tallow, Japanese raisin tree, sand pear, soapberry, entire-leaved goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, large-flowered crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flamboyant tree, yellow poinciana, jacaranda, yellow locust, chinaberry, chinaberry, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, golden acacia, prickly castor oil tree, sweetgum, weeping willow, two-bloom magnolia, purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

red sandalwood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm, Chinese plum yew, orange jasmine, big-leaf boxwood, dense-flowered oleaster, camellia sasanqua, South China coral tree, gold-dust dracaena, St. John's wort, three-stamen areca, areca palm, qiong palm, four-season orange jasmine, soft-branch golden trumpet, small-leaf ivy, red bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, Chinese holly, Western azalea, bright-leaf cordyline, croton, red mulberry, golden-edged mulberry, golden-leaf fig, smooth senna, red azalea, marlberry, orange jasmine, red-back excoecaria, climbing ilang-ilang, camellia, oil tea, big-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flowered golden trumpet, June snow, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, nandina, Japanese aralia, night-blooming magnolia, Chinese hibiscus, lantern flower, azalea, yucca, yucca, South China boxwood, fan palm, soft-leaf date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-vein justicia, schefflera, variegated Duranta, yellow-leaf Duranta, ivy, golden-leaf privet, alocasia, Philodendron, Monstera, Aspidistra, snake plant, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, variegated hibiscus, purple-stemmed spurge, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, small-leaf gardenia, crinum lily, spider lily, beautyberry, red-flowered loropetalum, large-flowered datura, white paper fan, red paper fan, red azalea, Western azalea, double-pod senna, hard-bone campsis, rose myrtle, ixora, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, fiddle-leaf coral, blue snowflower, blue star flower, butterfly pea, nandina, pepper tree, red-back excoecaria,

Deciduous shrubs:

Cotton rose, bridal wreath spirea, rhomboid-leaf spirea, modern rose, abelia, pomegranate, beautyberry, purple magnolia, lespedeza, honeysuckle, hydrangea, hibiscus, redbud, dwarf flowering cherry, laughingly smiling flower, pearl flower, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, Sichuan pepper, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small wax

Vines:

Monstera, bougainvillea, millettia, firecracker vine, Rangoon creeper, three-leaf akebia, honeysuckle, wintercreeper, creeping fig, kiwifruit, creeping euonymus, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, Mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, epipremnum, trachelospermum, Chinese ivy, English ivy, southern schisandra, Boston ivy, trumpet vine, passionflower, crape myrtle, evergreen mucuna, large-flowered thunbergia

Climbing ilang-ilang, large-flowered thunbergia, Rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, firecracker vine, white-flowered mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, creeping fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, jasmine, large-flowered Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, Chinese trumpet vine, passionflower

Bamboos:

Bambusa textilis, bamboo, moso bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, bamboo, golden-striped bamboo, sinocalamus, hedge bamboo, bitter bamboo, indocalamus, Buddha belly bamboo, ma bamboo, Bambusa textilis, Thai bamboo, bamboo, square bamboo, green bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, small bamboo, red bamboo

Lawns and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese zoysia, fine-leaf zoysia, carpet grass, centipede grass, jointed paspalum, Manila grass, zoysia, Guangdong evergreen, spiderwort, oyster plant, lilyturf, large-leaf curculigo, liriope, lucky grass, Aspidistra black-eye flower, acorus, zephyr lily, zephyr lily, golden spider lily, white butterfly, butterfly flower, red-flowered oxalis, inch plant,

purple-back arrowroot, arrowhead plant, white butterfly arrowhead plant, epipremnum, inch plant, bird's nest fern, artillery plant, small oyster plant, peace lily, silver-edged lilyturf, red-flowered lantana, yellow-flowered lantana, purple-flowered lantana

Dianthus, dusty miller, clerodendrum, shrimp plant, firecracker plant, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, trilobed wedelia, red wood sorrel, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, roundleaf bloodleaf, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, alternanthera, autumn zephyr lily, pink zephyr lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean velvet grass, Bermuda grass, broadleaf carpet grass, variegated blunt grass, bahia grass, dwarf lilyturf

Palms:

Royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, club palm, Canary date palm, Canary Island date palm, Bismarck palm, oil palm, fishtail palm, windmill palm, dragon-scale palm, Chinese fan palm, Queen palm, fishtail palm, Queen palm, Washingtonia, pygmy date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, long-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, three-stamen betel nut palm, traveler's palm, bamboo palm,

Seasonal flowers

Star flower, African impatiens, wax begonia, scarlet sage, petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, French marigold, African marigold, nasturtium, pansy, Torenia, cockscomb, pot marigold, globe amaranth, zinnia, moss rose, purslane, cosmos, cineraria, spider flower, daylily, lavender, purple loosestrife

Chapter Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Arrangements"

Southern Plant Arrangements

Philodendron bipinnatifidum + umbrella papyrus + variegated galangal

Dracaena draco + rainbow dracaena + nandina + sword fern + placed rocks

Royal palm + fishtail palm + pygmy date palm + canna + coleus + croton

Royal palm + Canary Island date palm + cordyline + copperleaf + ixora

Royal palm + Alexandra palm + areca palm + large-leaf bamboo palm + golden leaf

Chapter Six: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in the South"

Commonly Used Plants for Southern Courtyards

I. Palms:

1. Royal palm 2. Alexandra palm 3. Washington palm 4. silver date palm 5. Canary Island date palm 6. three-stamen betel nut palm

7. Chinese fan palm 8. Washingtonia 9. areca palm 10. bamboo palm (fine-leaf bamboo palm) 11. golden mountain palm 12. soft-leaf date palm

II. Trees (street trees, shade trees):

1. Flame tree 2. silk cotton tree 3. beautiful silk cotton tree 4. coral tree 5. pointed-leaf elaeocarpus 6. blackboard tree

7. small-leaf banyan 8. water stone banyan 9. mango 10. chinaberry 11. cinnamon 12. large-leaf trumpet vine

13. rosewood 14. frangipani 15. tropical almond 16. traveler's palm 17. red-fruited pandanus 18. autumn maple

19. starfruit 20. pointed-leaf olive 21. golden shower tree 22. albizia 23. paperbark tree

24. eucalyptus 25. Hainan rose apple 26. large-leaf aphanamixis 27. orchid tree 28. mahogany

29. banyan 30. flame tree 31. yellow trumpet tree 32. goldenrain tree

III. Flowering shrubs:

1. four-season osmanthus 2. fine-leaf bamboo 3. tree fern 4. yellow banyan 5. bougainvillea

6. yellow cassia 7. red bottlebrush 8. golden-edged sisal 9. hibiscus 10. fagraea 11. variegated banyan

12. hibiscus 13. banana shrub 14. trumpet vine 15. cuphea 16. tabernaemontana 17. dragon orchid

18. century plant 19. yucca 20. firecracker vine 21. yellow oleander 22. polyscias

IV. Ground cover or color blocks:

1. pittosporum 2. monstera 3. pothos 4. bird's nest fern 5. red ruby 6. large-leaf polygonum 7. schefflera

8. little angel 9. golden leaf 10. cigar flower 11. fine-leaf frog orchid 12. three-star arrowroot 13. azalea

14. dwarf fan palm 15. Philodendron bipinnatifidum 16. variegated duranta 17. spider lily 18. wandering jew 19. golden trumpet

20. variegated galangal 21. asparagus fern 22. golden peanut 23. fine-leaf ixora 24. sword fern 25. yellow shrimp plant

26. white butterfly 27. clearweed 28. variegated dieffenbachia 29. rainbow cordyline 30. croton 31. liriope

32. silver-edged grass 33. jasmine 34. velvet calathea 35. Taiwan grass 36. broadleaf carpet grass

37. Manila grass 38. bermuda grass 39. ryegrass 40. tall fescue

There are also some commonly used plants:

1. bodhi banyan 2. banyan 3. water stone banyan 4. campanula 5. national day flower 6. golden shower tree

7. siamese senna 8. sausage tree 9. Thailand yellow large yellow flower ball 10. golden melaleuca

11. winged senna 12. dual-pod sophora 13. daily cherry 14. water banyan 15. gray magnolia

16. Hainan sajin 17. variegated money tree 18. Hainan red bean 19. mahogany

20. albizia 21. sandalwood cinnamon 22. autumn osmanthus 23. laurel 24. Washingtonia 25. fine-leaf bamboo

26. Indian yellow (purple) sandalwood 27. rosewood 28. dianella 29. Leizhou banyan 30. cat-tail tree

Commonly Used Garden Plants in the South

1. Evergreen trees

Norfolk Island pine, Cunningham's araucaria, Chinese fir, large-leaf araucaria, kauri, masson pine, slash pine, camphor tree, Japanese cinnamon, giant eucalyptus, paperbark tree, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, autumn maple, Taiwan acacia, pointed acacia, ear-pod acacia, rosewood, small-leaf banyan, large-leaf banyan, banyan, bird banyan, Indian rubber tree, variegated Indian rubber tree, bodhi tree, candlenut, mahogany, dillenia, blackboard tree, tropical almond, small-leaf tropical almond, jackfruit, wax apple, choerospondias, sapodilla, chinaberry, casuarina, white magnolia, night-blooming magnolia, firepower magnolia, small-leaf elaeocarpus, southern magnolia, mahoe, mango, longan, lychee, olive, loquat, bayberry, pomelo, water stone banyan, podocarpus, dragon juniper, bamboo-leaf podocarpus, osmanthus, four-season osmanthus, banana shrub, aglaia, camellia, weeping banyan, butterfly fruit, oblique-leaf banyan

2. Deciduous trees

Dawn redwood, pond cypress, bald cypress, Chinese swamp cypress, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, bishop wood, albizia, large-leaf mimosa, silver wattle, sweetgum, weeping willow, sausage tree, anthocephalus, silver birch, hackberry, soapberry, Chinese pistache, chinaberry, Chinese tallow, mu-oil tree, ginkgo, sterculia, persimmon, fig, mulberry, papaya, guava, red maple, acacia

3. Palms

Alexandra palm, royal palm, king palm, bottle palm, club palm, triangle palm, foxtail palm, queen palm, oil palm, sugar palm, large Washingtonia, Washington palm, Canary Island date palm, Middle Eastern date palm, Iranian honey date palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, sugar palm, scaly date palm, soft-leaf date palm, three-stamen betel nut palm, green palm, fragrant palm, long-spike fishtail palm, short-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, windmill palm, banana, traveler's palm, cordyline, bamboo palm, fine-leaf bamboo palm, Nicholas bird of paradise, red-stem philodendron, false calla

4. Foliage shrubs

Golden-leaf weeping banyan, golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, garcinia, variegated reed, drooping polyalthia, red-fruited pandanus, pittosporum, variegated hibiscus, sago palm, red bottlebrush, woody night jasmine, smoke tree, golden-vein justicia, fatsia, creeping juniper, variegated cassava, nandina, schefflera, variegated schefflera, pepper tree, red-back eupatorium, copperleaf, Japanese lilac, duranta, variegated duranta, yellow-leaf duranta, orange jasmine, croton, arrow-leaf croton, Hainan croton, gold-dusted croton, gymnema, Fukien tea, small-leaf boxwood, golden-leaf privet, crown of thorns, yellow-striped century plant, agave, silver-edged agave, yucca, bottle palm, cast-iron plant, snake plant, cactus, alocasia, Philodendron bipinnatifidum, monstera, variegated shell ginger, scaevola, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, variegated breynia, Ceylon phyllanthus, Chinese rose

5. Flowering shrubs

African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, rare jasmine, hibiscus, Chinese hibiscus, lantern flower, Chinese lantern, poinsettia, cuphea, bougainvillea, large-flowered gardenia, hydrangea, red-bract flower, melastoma, red-flower loropetalum, large-flowered datura, white paper fan, red paper fan, yellow oleander, Western azalea, dual-pod senna, hard-stem trumpet vine, rose myrtle, ixora, foxtail pearl, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, crinum lily,

spider lily, crab claw flower, dwarf canna, stone flax, fiddle-leaf coral, blue snow flower, blue star flower, butterfly flower

6. Ground cover

Purple-back calathea, arrowhead vine, white butterfly arrowhead vine, pothos, wandering jew, sword fern, clearweed, small oyster plant, peace lily, liriope, silver-edged liriope, red-flower lantana, yellow-flower lantana, purple-flower lantana, dusty miller, clerodendrum, shrimp plant, firecracker plant, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, trilobed wedelia, red wood sorrel, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, purple amaranth, roundleaf bloodleaf, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, alternanthera, autumn zephyr lily, pink zephyr lily, amaryllis, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Korean velvet grass, Bermuda grass, broadleaf carpet grass, variegated blunt grass, bahia grass, dwarf lilyturf

7. Vines

Large-flower duckbill vine, rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, firecracker vine, white-flower mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, jasmine, large-flower Dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, bignonia, passionflower

Chapter Seven: "Document on Commonly Used Plant Arrangements in the South"

Practical Plant Arrangement Table — Concise Table of Common Plant Arrangements

Aquatic plants:

Wetland plants: Hankow willow, weeping willow, cotton willow, sand willow, artemisia willow, soap willow, small-leaf poplar, Liaoning poplar, sand juniper, Chinese juniper, Oriental arborvitae, dawn redwood, chinaberry, Chinese wingnut, white ash, forsythia, elm, cut-leaf elm, lacebark elm, Chinese tallow, cherry blossom, eucommia, goldenrain tree, cotton rose, hibiscus, oleander, Boston ivy, grape, wisteria, false indigo, tamarisk, buttercup, water hyacinth buttercup, long-leaf alkali grass, marsh willow-leaf, willow-leaf grass, marsh woundwort, Chinese woundwort, mint, Lindernia, speedwell, watercress, Scirpus, water wool grass, flat-stem Scirpus, water nutgrass, spike water nutgrass, globe flat-sedge, red-scale flat-sedge, jointed rush, small-flower rush, small rush, fine rush, knotgrass, common smartweed, red smartweed, clustered smartweed, sorrel-leaf smartweed, willow-leaf prickly smartweed, small arrow-leaf smartweed, mile-a-minute, prickly smartweed, arrow-leaf smartweed, large arrow-leaf smartweed, Japanese knotweed, cogongrass, calamagrostis, large-leaf reed, Beckmannia, long-awn clubhead, wild ancient grass, Miscanthus, coix, hemiarthria, wet flat-bud,

Emergent plants: water scallion, reed, lotus root, arrowhead, broad-leaf caldesia, water plantain, lotus, purple loosestrife, cattail, duck-tongue grass, Monochoria, sweet flag, pickerelweed, rice, mangrove, narcissus, water celery, wild rice stem, taro, marsilea, reed, water chestnut, three-edge bulrush, needle rush, water candle, umbrella sedge, broad-leaf cattail

Floating plants: duckweed, water hyacinth, water lily, gorgon nut, Victoria water lily, spatterdock, water hyacinth, floating heart, water shield, yellow bladderwort, floating fern, dragon-bone floating heart,

Submerged plants: hornwort, water plantain

Colorful-leaf plants:

Red or purple: sweetgum, lacquer tree, Japanese maple, Amur maple, oriental bittersweet, red oak, Tang maple, Chinese tallow, staghorn sumac, sumac, mountain ash, nandina, euonymus, hawthorn, Chinese pistache, Chinese wingnut, barberry, Hubei hornbeam, Boston ivy

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: ginkgo, persimmon, goldenrain tree, tulip tree, Chinese parasol tree, elm, walnut, catalpa, dawn redwood, crape myrtle, lacebark elm, nanmu, wild jujube, kiwi, horse chestnut, water elm mountain ash, wintersweet, pomegranate, yellow cassia, witch hazel, soapberry, acacia

Aromatic plants:

Aromatic plants that can be optionally planted in residential areas include: mint, basil, lemon balm, German chamomile, lemongrass, sage, dandelion, pot marigold, thyme, borage, scented geranium, mallow and other herbaceous plants; lavender, rosemary, gardenia, rose, lemon verbena and other shrubs.

Woody plants with fragrance rotating through the four seasons, such as: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and white magnolia in summer; osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-resistant plants: black locust, paulownia, white-bark pine, sabina, coral tree, photinia, pittosporum, fatsia, etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, false indigo, Caragana, soybean, Lespedeza, Melilotus, pea, bean, bayberry, Elaeagnus, cycad

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: dwarf yew, podocarpus, Chinese torreya, Japanese holly, camphor, bayberry, privet, ternstroemia, viburnum, aucuba, mahonia, firethorn, boxwood, pittosporum, fatsia, etc., butterfly bush, Chinese pistache, and other fragrant-flower plants (such as plants of the Citrus genus in the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous) flowers: torch lily (red-hot poker), lupine, blue fescue, astilbe, coreopsis, loose strife, oregano, large-flower hibiscus, red-flower mint, five-color star jasmine, thistle pine-leaf chrysanthemum, hellebore, lycoris, daylily, iris, spiderwort, hosta, variegated canna, red-leaf canna, Dutch aster, large wind child grass, bletilla, perennial verbena

Four-season flowers and trees:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus spectabilis, Malus cathayensis, Malus halliana, etc.), Magnoliaceae (southern magnolia, white magnolia, soulangeana magnolia, purple magnolia, red magnolia, banana shrub, Michelia maudiae, etc.), redbud, red-leaf

plum, peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac, etc.

Summer: crape myrtle, hibiscus, hydrangea, banana shrub, summer azalea, pomegranate (flower), gardenia, trumpet vine, albizia, acacia. Autumn: osmanthus, crape myrtle, hibiscus, flower pomegranate, cotton rose, trumpet vine, etc.

Winter: honeysuckle, nandina, plum blossom, banana shrub, camellia, sasanqua, etc.

Schematic classification of common greening tree species:

(I) Evergreen conifers

1. Trees: deodar cedar, Korean pine, black pine, dragon juniper, masson pine, sabina, sago palm, Norfolk Island pine, Japanese cedar, Chinese torreya

2. Shrubs: (podocarpus), Oriental arborvitae, blue cypress, creeping juniper, Japanese cedar, five-needle pine

(II) Deciduous conifers (no shrubs):

Trees: dawn redwood, golden larch, pond cypress, bald cypress

(III) Evergreen broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: camphor, southern magnolia, privet, windmill palm

2. Shrubs: coral tree, large-leaf boxwood, small-leaf boxwood, boxleaf holly, Chinese holly, orange tree, photinia, pittosporum, osmanthus, oleander, yellow jasmine, winter jasmine, gold-dusted coral, nandina, serissa, small-leaf privet, fatsia, gardenia, mosquito fern, camellia, hypericum, azalea, yucca (pineapple flower, arrow hemp), sago palm (iron tree), mahonia

(IV) Deciduous broadleaf trees:

1. Trees: weeping willow, upright willow, Chinese wingnut, dragon-claw willow, Chinese tallow, pagoda tree, green paulownia (Chinese parasol

tree), plane tree (French plane), pagoda tree (Chinese scholar tree), coiled pagoda tree, albizia, ginkgo, chinaberry (bitter chinaberry), catalpa

2. Shrubs: cherry blossom, white magnolia, peach blossom, wintersweet, crape myrtle, redbud, smoke tree, green maple, red-leaf plum, Malus halliana, bellflower crabapple, hydrangea, oak-leaf hydrangea, golden bell flower (golden bar), cotton rose, hibiscus (hibiscus tree), mountain hemp (cinnamon garden tree), pomegranate

(V) Bamboo: Ci-xiao bamboo, moso bamboo, hairy bamboo, purple bamboo, Guanyin bamboo, phoenix-tail bamboo, Buddha-belly bamboo, golden jade bamboo

(VI) Vines: wisteria, star jasmine, ivy (Boston ivy, wall-climbing tiger), ivy, grape vine, euonymus

(VII) Flowers: sun flower, longevity chrysanthemum, scarlet sage, canna, five-color amaranth, kale (ball cabbage), chrysanthemum, orchid

(VIII) Lawns: velvet grass, zoysia grass, lilyturf grass, four-season green grass, tall fescue, Manila grass, clover, dichondra

Detailed Table of Common Plant Arrangements

Table of Commonly Used Street Trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree shape Characteristics

Camphor Cinnamomun camphcra Camphor family Spherical Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, three-veined, aromatic, spherical berries.

Plane tree Platanus x acerifolia Plane tree family Oval Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown with dense shade, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Witch hazel family Conical Deciduous tree, gray smooth bark, triangular leaves, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flame tree Delonix regia Raffin Legume family Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; beautiful red flowers, flowering period May to August

Albizia Albizia julibrissin Mimosa family Umbrella-shaped Pink flowers, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental tree, street tree

Acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosa family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, densely branched and leafy, golden-yellow flowers, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Willow family Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, lush and rapid growth, beautiful tree form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn.. Mulberry family Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Laurel family Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and rounded, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Palm family Umbrella-shaped Single upright trunk, dark green leaf surface, robust growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Soapberry family Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, relatively slow growth, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (chinaberry tree) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, deformed crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, light purple flowers

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreading when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, huge soft thin leaves, branches spreading in all directions, umbrella-shaped crown, beautiful posture

Alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, robust, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, beautiful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for northwest regions

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool moist climate and acidic soil, blue-green needles

Chinese juniper (Juniper) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical shape Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, drought- and barren-tolerant, cold-resistant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerant of pruning, good dust-blocking and sound-insulating effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate shape Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, graceful tree form,

Taiwan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella shape Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth vigor

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, vigorous growth, graceful form

Canary Island date palm (Canary date palm) Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, thick trunk, tall and majestic, dense and spreading pinnate leaves,

Royal palm (Puerto Rico royal palm) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella shape Single erect trunk, up to 18 m tall, slightly swollen at the middle, pinnately compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella shape Deciduous broadleaf tree, yellow autumn leaves, cold-resistant, deep-rooted, intolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (Chinese tuliptree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella shape Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, rapid growth, long lifespan, leaves shaped like a Chinese jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa Salicaceae Umbrella shape Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool temperate climate, pollution-resistant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, fairly long lifespan; neat tree form, straight trunk, grayish-white bark

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica Salicaceae Narrow cylindrical shape Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold- and drought-tolerant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogging, fast-growing

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella shape Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, drought- and barren-tolerant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long lifespan, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella shape Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and a cool humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, dry cold, mild saline-alkali, and pruning, yellow autumn leaves{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Table of Common Landscape Tree Characteristics

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical shape Evergreen large tree, alternate leaves, triplinerved, aromatic, spherical berries.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovate shape Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown and dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate shape Evergreen tree, large white fragrant flowers, graceful tree form,

Yulan magnolia Magnolia denudata Magnoliaceae Umbrella shape Fairly cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Large pure white flowers, blooms from March to April. Suitable for garden ornament.

Chinese tulip tree (Chinese tuliptree) Liriodendron chinense Magnoliaceae Umbrella shape Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, rapid growth, long lifespan, leaves shaped like a Chinese jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn Cupressaceae Conical shape Evergreen tree, neat form when young, mostly curved when old, strong growth, long lifespan, beautiful tree form

Insular ash Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Round shape Evergreen tree, strong constitution, rapid growth, beautiful tree form and leaf shape Java bishopwood Bischoffia javanica Blanco Euphorbiaceae Round shape Evergreen tree, very attractive when young leaves sprout, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella shape Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-lying wet ground, luxuriant and rapid growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz Cupressaceae Umbrella shape Evergreen tree, bark grayish-brown, irregularly longitudinally fissured; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Royal palm Roystonea regia Arecaceae Umbrella shape Single erect trunk, up to 18 m tall, slightly swollen at the middle, pinnately compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Japanese euonymus Euonymus japonica Celastraceae Ovate shape Prefers warm and humid climate, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Formosan sweetgum Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical shape Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera Juglandaceae Umbrella shape Strong adaptability, waterlogging-tolerant, fast-growing. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree and bank-protection tree

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens Cupressaceae Evergreen creeping dwarf shrub, branches spreading and crawling along the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, uniquely styled tree form, emerald and smooth branches and leaves. Suitable for ground cover and beautifying the surroundings of garden rocks, ponds, sand pits and slopes.{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens Verbenaceae Round shape Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs and hedges. Golden dewdrop with yellow leaves is mainly grown for foliage, widely used, can be used as ground cover, pruned into shapes, formed into patterns or planted for color contrast, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta Aquifoliaceae Round shape Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella shape Evergreen tree, leaves huge, soft and thin, branches spreading in all directions, graceful form

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Ulmaceae Umbrella shape Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climate, drought- and barren-tolerant, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long lifespan, resistant to smoke, dust and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn Cupressaceae Conical shape Evergreen medium-sized tree, densely borne branches, dark green, vigorous growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form

Japanese pittosporum Pittosporum tobira Pittosporaceae Round shape Fragrant white flowers, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as a hedge or potted plant. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn Arecaceae Umbrella shape Trunk tillering, up to 20~25 m tall, leaves grayish-white with arched curvature, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form

Hankow willow Salix matsudana Salicaceae Umbrella shape Suitable as a shade tree, street tree and bank-protection tree

Silk tree Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella shape Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a shade ornamental tree and street tree

Japanese black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl. Pinaceae Conical shape Evergreen tree, bark grayish-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, needles hard, borne two per bundle, long lifespan

Purple-leaf plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea Rosaceae Umbrella shape Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, reddish-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purplish-red, pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen and group planting, as a backdrop.

California fan palm Washingtonia filifera Wend. Arecaceae Umbrella shape Single cylindrical trunk, swollen at the base, up to 4~8 m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form{Maintenance measures for the southern plant date palm}.

Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica Fabaceae Umbrella shape Dense branches and leaves, broad crown, suitable as a shade tree and street tree

Glaucous cassia Cassia glauca Lam. Fabaceae Round shape Deciduous tree, even-pinnately compound leaves, yellow flowers, rapid growth, beautiful tree form

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo Aceraceae Umbrella shape Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and a cool humid climate, tolerant of smoke and dust, dry cold, mild saline-alkali, and pruning, yellow autumn leaves

Japanese maple Acer palmatum Aceraceae Umbrella shape Elegant leaf shape, red autumn leaves. Suitable for garden ornament and potted cultivation.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd. Pinaceae Ovate pagoda shape Evergreen tree, branches and leaves well-spaced, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, leaflets radiating, tree form vigorous and upright.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart. Arecaceae Umbrella shape Trunk about 3 m tall, base elliptical and swollen, forming a bottle shape, very graceful form

Mandarin orange tree Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Round shape Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry tree Melia azedarch Linn. Meliaceae Round shape Deciduous tree, bark grayish-brown, bipinnately odd-pinnate compound leaves, purple flowers, rapid growth

Snowbush (Serissa) Serissa serissoides Rubiaceae Round shape Evergreen small shrub. Dark green leaves, snow-white flowers, slightly pale pink. Slender branches and leaves, fine texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flower beds, and pruning into shapes.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort Cupressaceae Upright pagoda shape Evergreen medium-sized tree, densely borne branches, dark green, vigorous growth, very long lifespan, very beautiful tree form

Chinese pagoda tree (weeping pagoda tree) S. j. cv. Pendula Fabaceae Umbrella shape Branches drooping, suitable for garden ornament, opposite or row planting

Corkscrew willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa Salicaceae Round shape Branches twisted like a roaming dragon, suitable as a shade tree and ornamental tree

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien. Arecaceae Umbrella shape Trunk erect, 2 m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don Podocarpaceae Long conical shape Evergreen tree, simple and elegant demeanor, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical or tiered forms for garden landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb. Pinaceae Umbrella shape Evergreen tree, trunk bark reddish-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic

Heavenly bamboo Nandina domestica Berberidaceae Umbrella shape Elegant branches and leaves, red berries in autumn and winter; for garden ornament, can be group-planted or potted. Hoop pine Araucaria ecelsa Br. Araucariaceae Conical shape Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, vigorous growth

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum Oleaceae Ovate shape Flowers white, blooms in June. Suitable as a hedge or street tree.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br. Arecaceae Umbrella shape Trunk erect, up to 6~12 m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, luxuriant growth, elegant form

Globe juniper Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa. Cupressaceae Broadly round shape Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum Aceraceae Umbrella-shaped conical Deciduous tree. Trunk erect. Tree form light and graceful, can be grown into noble shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree and forest-bathing tree.

Boxleaf euonymus B. bodinieri Buxaceae Ovate shape Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for garden ornament. Can be group-planted, used as a hedge or potted. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don Taxodiaceae Conical, ovate, round shape Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Maintenance of Arecaceae Plants"

Arecaceae is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocotyledon class, with stems single or clustered, erect or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, well-developed root system, tolerant of drought and barren conditions, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This edition will introduce their introduction, transplanting and disease control.

Brief Introduction to the Introduction Process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants. A few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, for example the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term waterlogging, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the Alexander palm and Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape effect of palm plants has been recognized, and they have been used as key varieties for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore, among others.

Some landscape companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, as well as later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing and Yunnan and other regions, successively set off a wave of introducing, producing and applying palms.

Several units led by the Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on the theories of plant geography and ecology, through observational research on the growth and mortality of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-tolerance potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high-latitude and high-altitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, water and soil, among others. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing the growth and development of plants; low winter temperatures are the leading factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on the salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora disease, coconut leaf beetle and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the mechanisms of palm seed germination, summarized and invented techniques for accelerating palm seed germination, mastered the techniques for whole-crown transplanting of palm plants and the cultivation of large-sized container seedlings, and did fruitful work on techniques such as soil improvement and winter cold-protection and conservation.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including the royal palm, Chinese fan palm, bamboo palm, South palm and fishtail palm, among others; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the successfully applied Arecaceae plants mainly include the Butia palm, woolly Washington palm, Canary Island date palm and Washington fan palm, more than ten species in total, and the related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

On the Occurrence and Control of Phytophthora Disease

Damage and General Symptoms of Palm Phytophthora Disease

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palm plants such as the royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican blue palm and Canary Island date palm. On affected plants, the central leaf cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the entire plant or an entire patch withers. The pathogen of Phytophthora disease is caused by Phytophthora, and can be identified by culture in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splash and air movement.

Occurrence Pattern of Phytophthora Disease in the Washington Palm

This disease occurs during the high-temperature, high-humidity period between summer and autumn. When there is drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, the soil water content

suddenly increases, with poor ventilation, or plants located in a wind gap, they are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained fields or continuous cropping plots. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root injury during seedling digging followed by long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young central leaf rots, the leaves turn grayish-green and droop, and they can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, a mushy secretion with a foul odor can be seen at the growing point and even the entire central part of the plant, and white mold-like material can grow on the affected tissue. In severely affected plants, root damage is also often seen, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotting roots and an abnormal

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries; adult trees planted in green spaces are less affected.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage has been fairly severe in nursery fields. At the early stage of the disease, yellowish-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, the lesions rapidly expand and are slightly sunken, and when moist the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellowish-brown, and white mold grows under moist conditions. When it occurs on the stem, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes moist and soft, and later the upper part appears withered. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes when the root system and stem are cut open, pus-like liquid exudes; in severe cases, a large amount of gray-black mycelium appears along the edges of the veins of young leaves. Phytophthora disease is a vascular disease; in severe cases the entire plant wilts, droops and dries up until it dies, with a high fatality rate.

According to investigations, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature, high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the mountainous areas of the western Pearl River Delta August to November, but in all places the disease could be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control Methods

I. Preventive Cultivation Measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, dryness and drainage in the nursery; you can moderately prune leaves in autumn and winter each year, and dig pits and earth up the planting site to keep the nursery site dry. Usually, potassium fertilizer can be applied additionally, and quicklime and superphosphate can also be applied separately, to enhance the tissue density and infection resistance of the plants and improve their disease resistance.

2. Choose a good plot; choose loam or sandy loam plots with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Practice crop rotation; land that has grown Washington palms requires crop rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Practice high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain water promptly after rain so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in case of drought, and strictly prohibit flood irrigation when watering, and do it on a sunny afternoon or in the evening.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Observe regularly, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical Control

One to two months before the disease occurs in summer and during the disease period, use 64% oxadixyl + mancozeb wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% fosetyl-aluminum (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as carbendazim-based kameitong, that is, turfycin (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control method: when transplanting the Washington palm, first spray the planting site and the roots of the Washington palm with 600 to 700 times turfycin solution, or first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization on consecutive sunny days, or spread lime powder for disinfection, or use 500 times dexon solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray oxadixyl + mancozeb (better) or fosetyl-aluminum (prone to resistance), adding 0.4% washing powder, poured into the central leaf or sprayed for both prevention and treatment. You can also spray 80% mancozeb 700 times solution, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora disease. After taking this measure, the Washington palms and woolly Washington palms at the Shanghai base of the Guangdong Palm Landscape Company have dropped from a disease incidence of 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Experience in Control

The control effect of using carbendazim and the like is not obvious. If at the early stage of the disease all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can successively revive after 2 to 3 years, but their growth is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature, dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk and leaves are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies in large numbers when water is sufficient, ultimately leading to blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant wilts and dies from water loss. Heart rot disease described in some literature is actually also Phytophthora disease, only occurring at the central leaf part.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, with water-soaked small spots appearing at onset and then expanding into larger lesions, easy to find, and generally controllable with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens being Phyllosticta and Pestalotiopsis, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting Techniques for Large Single-Trunk Seedlings

Preparation Before Transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance; after root pruning the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. After root pruning, stones and broken roots should be removed from the soil and it should be backfilled promptly, with good moisture retention: the purpose is to toughen the adaptability of the seedlings and induce new roots. After root pruning it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If heeled-in seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the ground. Dig holes at the planting site 20 days before transplanting; the hole size is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. Let the soil from the holes be exposed to the sun in the open air for a period; the backfill soil is best a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of weathered phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting Time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn being best; try to avoid summer and winter, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants like warmth and humidity; in summer the temperature is high, seedlings evaporate water quickly, and it is easy to cause excessive water loss that affects survival; in winter the temperature is low, some places even have frost, and strong north winds easily cause frost damage or even death of seedlings.

Moving the Seedlings

Some large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick stems, the workload of moving the seedlings is large, and the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when moving the seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with burlap bags or straw, especially the green wrapped part at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. First, it protects the trunk, and second, it retains moisture and blocks sunlight. In addition, when lifting the seedlings, combine this with pruning leaves, removing old leaves and retaining 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on the tree vigor). At the same time, cut off the leaves together with the petioles by 1/5, to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

It is best to plant the seedlings on the same day they are dug; if the time is too long, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water and are prone to water loss affecting survival. If they cannot all be planted on the same day, cover them well with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaf surfaces every day, doing a good job of shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil Once the seedling is positioned, backfill the soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, shape the soil mound into a "water storage basin" slightly higher around the edges and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering Immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to settle the roots; before watering, first use bamboo poles etc. to firm the loose soil around the soil ball, until the loose soil no longer subsides.

3. Fixing There are many kinds of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. The tying height is at 2/3 of the trunk.

Post-Planting Management

1. Moisture retention Spray the leaves and the trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, until the leaves and trunk wrapping are wet. Do not water at the roots, because excess water will flow down and accumulate, causing root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with straw to block sunlight, prevent soil compaction caused by excessive soil temperature differences, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist and aerated, which is conducive to new root sprouting.

2. Wind protection Because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally rather tall and are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds after transplanting, check regularly after planting whether the supports have come loose, and especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, straighten and re-tie it promptly.

3. Topdressing About one month after planting, urea water can be used as foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half a month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut cake to dig holes and fertilize. Dig holes by opening a ring-shaped trench outside the edge of the soil ball; the trench width and depth are each 30 cm, and the fertilizer must be mixed evenly with the backfill soil.

4. Pest and disease control Newly transplanted large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings are relatively weak in vigor and very susceptible to pests and diseases, especially young leaves and central leaves. For pest control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is quite seriously harmful to Arecaceae plants; adults and larvae concentrate in the overlapping spaces of the not-yet-unfolded central leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing part or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods are as follows: ① 81% malathion emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times solution; ② cypermethrin 500 times solution; ③ use "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve good control effects. Based on practical operation, the author believes the simplest, most convenient and long-lasting method is to hang a "Yejiaqing" packet on the central leaf combined with tying at planting time for control.

About one month after planting, whether large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have survived can be roughly determined based on whether their leaves remain green, but to truly confirm survival, one generally has to wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to more than 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and worth promoting and applying.

Transplanting Techniques for Seedlings, Large Trees and Clustered Seedlings

Key Techniques for Transplanting Seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during a period after they germinate and take root. At this time the seedlings are relatively small and can be transplanted with the seed, and since there are few fibrous roots, the root system is not easily damaged when moving the seedlings. When raising seedlings in nutrient bags, the size depends on the seedling cultivation time; generally speaking, 1-year-old seedlings are best in 16 cm x 18 cm containers, and 2-year-old seedlings in 19 cm x 20 cm ones; nutrient bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. The nutrient soil is prepared with loose topsoil, burnt soil and wheat bran, mixed evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, then bagged. First fill half a bag of mixed soil, then place the seedling, then hold the seedling upright, fill it full and compact it, so that the seedling root system is closely attached to the mixed soil, and water thoroughly. Palm plants must not be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, the seedling should be lifted upward to spread out the seedling root system.

Key Techniques for Transplanting Large Trees

Arecaceae plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most need several rounds of bed-to-bed transplanting, so choosing sparse-planted strong seedlings gives a higher survival rate.

Reducing root damage Palm plant root tissue is tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots; when digging, keep as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize root damage as much as possible, so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve the transplanting survival rate. During construction, lines should be accurately laid out and holes positioned accurately, to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning The amount of leaves retained at transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to the different species, the climate at transplanting time, and the transplanting and maintenance conditions, among others.

Generally, about 40% of the original leaf number should be retained. Retaining too many leaves causes leaves to turn yellow and dry due to large water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes plant recovery difficult and the cycle long, and the initial landscape effect is also not good.

Protecting the plant's trunk and its false stem During the processes of digging, carrying, loading and unloading the plant, the trunk should be protected from damage, and the false stem part should not be squeezed or bent, which is the guarantee of the plant's health and rapid recovery.

New planting site soil Palm plants suffer root tip damage during transplanting, and it is difficult for new root tips to sprout within one month after transplanting, so their water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, good soil permeability and aeration are conducive to seedling survival, so when planting, large holes should be dug and attention paid to the quality of the imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer, to facilitate the recovery of palms after planting.

Maintenance within one month after planting: the plants have poor adaptability, so the seedlings must be carefully maintained. Be sure to replenish water in time and provide appropriate shade, striving to have new leaves emerge within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs for several days after transplanting, the palm seedlings will recover better, because rainy days can avoid the effects of adverse factors such as scorching sunlight.

Key techniques for transplanting large clustered seedlings

Clustered species in the palm family have multiple growth points. After growing into a multi-stemmed clustered state, they can quickly grow new roots after transplanting. However, clustered palms also have disadvantages such as heavy trunks and large leaf area, which cause high water evaporation, and poor ventilation, making them vulnerable to strong winds. Therefore, in addition to the treatments used for single-stem palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement the "fibrous root method" for transplanting: after digging out a relatively large root ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the root ball, retain more fibrous roots and a moderate root ball, and immediately wrap it with a lightweight moisture-retaining material, so as to reduce the weight of the root ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting slow-recovering clustered palms such as the fishtail palm and the three-stamened areca palm.

2. Implement bare-root temporary planting or potting for centralized maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant is stable before formal planting. This method is suitable for robust clustered palms such as the areca palm, the strange wrinkle-seeded palm, and the Hawaiian palm. It can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for the transplanting of large seedlings and large trees of palms, the key is to do a good job in five aspects: select strong seedlings; dig the root ball well and transport the plants carefully; prune leaves appropriately; ensure good ventilation and drainage at the planting site; and carry out post-planting maintenance with attention to sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is being able to retain most of the leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves indicates complete success in transplanting.

Drainage: First understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and try to place the very bottom of the root ball at a position 100-150CM above the perennial groundwater level of the planting site and where the soil layer is fertile and thick. At the same time, a drainage layer for the root system of the underground root ball and a surface runoff guidance network should be properly established to prevent water accumulation in the root ball after planting. If the hydrological conditions do not meet the requirements, the method of planting with a raised root ball can be used, that is, first pile up the planting site with loose media mixed with fertile soil or coarse sand, try to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil mound, and bury the root ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil. Remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose media, so as to achieve loose and breathable conditions for the plant roots. Strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil around the roots, so as to prevent waterlogging and drain accumulated water. Moisture retention: Immediately after planting, water once to settle the roots, ensuring that the root ball is moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil to promote root development. Then water thoroughly three more times and cover the root ball in time to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, spray water on the ground and canopy more often to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration. Leaf moisture retention treatments include: a. Newly planted seedlings should have their leaves appropriately pruned to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. Appropriately spray anti-transpirants on the leaves to inhibit plant physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. In sunny weather, spray mist onto the leaves as much as possible to strengthen leaf water absorption and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the root ball and roots at any time and replenish water in time to ensure the moisture of the root ball and the permeability of root respiration. Fertilization: In addition to maintaining moisture for the plants after planting, foliar fertilizer can be appropriately sprayed at low concentration to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation. Frequently check the root sprouting status of the plants. If new roots are found growing, root fertilization can be considered. Generally, choose the season when the monthly average temperature is above 2O°C, apply mainly organic fertilizer, and appropriately add compound fertilizer with high P and K content, so as to promote balanced nutrition for the plants and ensure their rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: Spray pesticides before the seedlings leave the nursery to prevent and control pests and diseases. After arriving at the site, the plants also need to be sprayed with pesticides before unloading, and ensure that within one month after planting, pesticides are applied three consecutive times at intervals of one week to ten days. After that, a reasonable pest and disease control plan still needs to be formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Landscaping of Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd.

Main

ten

ance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Shidalien (Nanjing) Optoelectronics Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a factory green space area of 28,186 sq m. The landscaping plant arrangement in the factory area is relatively reasonable, rich in color, and has obvious seasonal changes, forming a plant community with distinct layers and natural ecology, basically displaying the natural landscape of the plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties such as camphor trees, southern magnolias, zelkova trees, osmanthus, and crape myrtles have been planted in the factory area, among which there is a tree-lined avenue composed of large-specification camphor trees, and scenic spots at the numbered buildings composed of varieties such as ancient red maples, pomegranates, Malus spectabilis, ginkgoes, and Canary Island date palms.

In view of the current situation of the landscaping landscape in the factory area, we believe that the initial construction of the landscaping was relatively extensive and there was insufficient understanding of plant habits, especially the replacement of planting soil in the green areas was not fully carried out, and in some areas the garbage soil was not replaced, resulting in poor plant growth.

Landscaping maintenance plan schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently inspect cold-protection equipment, facilities, and seedling cold-protection wrappings.

3. Plow the land for winter cultivation and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune dead, damaged, diseased, and pest-infested branches and leaves, and thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons, and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning diseased and pest-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, giant mealybug, etc.).

3. Continue accumulating fertilizer and making compost, prepare culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair various insecticidal and disease-prevention equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and giant mealybugs, and achieve timely control. April (Clear and Bright, Grain Rain)

1. Do a good job in controlling pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, grubs, and mole crickets, as well as diseases such as powdery mildew and rust.

2. Do a good job in loosening the soil, weeding, and fertilizing before flowering. Apply thin fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess tender buds and branches in inappropriate growth positions at any time.

4. Clear and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning and hedge pruning for shrubs that bloomed in spring. According to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and prune and remove the root parts of small seedlings that produce suckers at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning, and final singling of seedlings, increase supplementary fertilization, and apply thin fertilizer frequently.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases greatly harm trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and prediction, and pest and disease prevention should be done well.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue removing weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperature and high humidity, so replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization for flowering shrubs, and carry out pinching and pruning for some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and tortoise wax scales, as well as leaf spot disease, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly, so continue cultivating and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scales, armored scales, second-generation cottony cushion scale, and mites occur in large numbers. Attention should be paid to their control, and at the same time continue to control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, etc.

3. During the dog days with high temperature and little rain, irrigation is needed to resist drought. This month is also a month with more heavy rain, so attention should be paid to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tide season, so typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, frequent inspections should be carried out, and wind-toppled trees should be righted in time.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue cultivating and weeding and loosening the soil.

2. Continue to do a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal growth of seedlings.

3. This month the seedlings grow vigorously, so supplementary fertilizer should be applied in time, and for small seedlings, thin fertilizer should be applied frequently.

4. Continue to do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and right wind-toppled trees in time when found.

5. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control, and conscientiously control the main pests harmful to trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot disease, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do a good job in pest elimination and disease control; in particular, frequently inspect the occurrence of aphids, wood borers, etc., and once found, control them immediately.

2. Continue cultivating and weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of ball-shaped plants and hedges.

3. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, inspect the conditions of pests and diseases such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease, and sooty mold on flowering shrubs, which occur relatively frequently, and control them in time.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control and eliminate various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue cultivating and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate, clarify the actual situation, and ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring landscaping work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection, whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw ropes.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; branches with insect eggs as well as competing branches and over