How to grow coral tree flowers? Cultivation methods and precautions, avoid waterlogging and strong light

Coral tree flower is a flowering plant native to the tropical regions of the Americas, later introduced to China, and today it can be seen in many cities across the country. However, it is not easy to grow it well, and there are many things we need to pay attention to. How to grow coral tree flowers? What are the cultivation methods and precautions for coral tree flowers? Let us take a look below.

I. How to grow coral tree flowers: understanding its habits

To know how to grow coral tree flowers, we first need to understand its growth habits. This plant likes warm and humid environments and is relatively fond of light, so when cultivating it we should let it maintain sufficient sunlight. In addition, we should also pay attention to daily water and fertilizer management. As for the specific cultivation methods, they are described in detail below. Let us take a look.

II. Cultivation methods and precautions for coral tree flowers

1. Soil: sandy loam

When cultivating coral tree flowers, we first need to choose the soil, which is the step of laying a good foundation and is very important. Generally, it is best to choose loose and fertile sandy loam. This kind of soil has good drainage and strong aeration, allowing the plant to better absorb nutrients, and it is also less prone to water accumulation in the pot.

2. Fertilizing: once a month

Fertilizer is one of the main nutrients during the growth of coral tree flowers. Especially after entering its growing season, its demand for fertilizer is very high, and it basically needs fertilizing once every month so that the plant can grow robustly. When fertilizing, we should apply thin fertilizer, and the fertilizer concentration must not be too high, otherwise it will burn the plant.

3. Water: avoid waterlogging

The coral tree flower plant likes to grow in warm and humid environments, so when cultivating it we should water frequently and keep the soil somewhat moist so that the plant can grow better. However, when watering, there is one thing we must note: do not let water accumulate, because this plant is not tolerant of waterlogging, and water accumulation will cause its roots to rot.

4. Light: avoid strong light

Coral tree flowers are relatively fond of light but not tolerant of strong light. In spring and autumn, when the light is relatively mild, we can keep them outdoors to receive all-day sunlight. However, after entering summer, because the light is stronger, we still need to provide appropriate shading to avoid scorching the plant with strong light.

5. Pests and diseases: deal with them promptly

When cultivating coral tree flowers, if we are not careful enough, pests and diseases can easily appear. Such problems are very harmful to the plant, so once discovered we must deal with them promptly, because the longer it drags on, the greater the harm to the plant. As for specific treatment methods, you can refer to the article on pest and disease control for coral tree flowers, which contains detailed care instructions.

Coral tree Erythrina variegata Linn. Coral tree illustrated guide: how to grow coral tree / how to propagate coral tree

Care measures for the southern plant date palm

Part One: "Organization of Southern Plants"

Frangipani

Frangipani, its flowers really look like eggs, milky white on the outside and bright yellow in the center, just like the white and yolk of an egg, really adorable. Its branches are thick and fleshy. The leaves are also large, and the flowers and leaves cluster at the top of the branches. Frangipani blooms brilliantly in summer, giving people a feeling of purity and elegant temperament, very suitable for careful appreciation. After the leaves fall, the bare trunk curves naturally, and its form is quite beautiful. It is very suitable for planting in courtyards and lawns. Frangipani likes high temperature and high humidity, sufficient sunlight, and well-drained environments. It is robust by nature and can tolerate drought, but it fears cold and waterlogging. It likes to grow in acidic soil, but it is also resistant to alkalinity. Cultivation is best in deep, fertile, well-aerated, acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter. Propagation uses the cutting method. When planting frangipani, attention should also be paid to pest and disease control. For example, if brown small spots appear on the leaves or even the leaves turn dark black, that is because of frangipani leaf spot disease, and at this time you should pay attention to taking measures. Of course, there may also be other diseases, so frangipani needs your care and attention. In fact, besides white, frangipani also comes in red and yellow varieties, both of which can be used to extract essence for making high-grade cosmetics, soap and food additives, with a rather high price and great commercial development potential; the fresh flowers can also be dried for making tea, commonly known as frangipani tea, which has the effect of treating heat dysentery and moistening the lungs and detoxifying. The frangipani tree has a beautiful form, with many branches on the stem in strange and varied shapes; the leaves resemble loquat leaves, and after falling in winter, semicircular leaf scars remain on the branch tips, much like deer antlers adorned with beautiful spots, making it the preferred small tree for tropical landscaping, courtyard arrangement, and potted appreciation. The bark is thin and grayish green, rich in toxic white sap, which can be used externally to treat scabies, redness and swelling, and other conditions. The wood is white, light and soft, and can be used to make musical instruments, tableware or furniture. Frangipani flower language: nurturing hope, revival, rebirth, as simple and ordinary as life, so it can always be so close to people, without distance.

Magnolia

Magnolia is a tall deciduous tree, with dark gray bark, rough and cracked; branchlets slightly stout, grayish brown; winter buds and pedicels densely covered with pale gray-yellow long silky hairs. Leaves papery, obovate, broadly obovate, or obovate-elliptic, with elliptic leaves on vigorous shoots at the base. Magnolia flowers are very much like lotus flowers. When in full bloom, the petals spread in all directions, making the courtyard appear in patches of blue-white, with dazzling white light, and they have high ornamental value; together with waves of delicate fragrance that refresh the heart, they are truly an ideal flower form for beautifying courtyards. Magnolia likes light and is relatively cold-resistant, and can overwinter in the open. It loves dryness and avoids low humidity; waterlogging at the planting site easily causes root rot. It likes fertile, well-drained, slightly acidic sandy soil, and can also grow in weakly alkaline soil. In the warmer south, it can bloom from December to January of the following year. Magnolia flowers have strong resistance to harmful gases. For example, if this flower is planted in a factory polluted by sulfur dioxide and chlorine gas, it has a certain resistance and sulfur-absorbing capacity. Through artificial fumigation with sulfur dioxide, 1 kg of dry leaves can absorb more than 1.6 g of sulfur. Therefore, magnolia is a very good pollution-resistant landscaping tree species for areas with air pollution. Magnolia likes light; young trees are relatively shade-tolerant and not tolerant of strong light or west-facing sun. Too strong light or west-facing sun can easily burn the trees. Magnolia likes fertilizer. In addition to applying base fertilizer at planting, it should be fertilized every year thereafter. Sufficient fertilizer can make the plant grow vigorously, with green and thick leaves, not only producing many buds, but also large flowers, a long flowering period, and rich fragrance. Magnolia is a tree species with relatively strong disease resistance. Its main diseases include anthracnose, yellowing disease and leaf sunburn disease. Besides ornamental value, magnolia also has medicinal and edible value. Magnolia flowers contain volatile oil, mainly citral, clove oil acid, etc., and also contain magnolia alkaloid, alkaloids, yulan magnolia element, capric acid, rutin, oleic acid, vitamin A and other components, and have certain medicinal value. Magnolia flowers are pungent and warm in nature and flavor, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, opening the orifices, and venting the lungs and unblocking the nose. They can be used for headache, blood stasis-type dysmenorrhea, nasal congestion, acute and chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and other conditions. Modern pharmacological research shows that magnolia flowers have an inhibitory effect on common skin fungi.

Magnolia flowers are rich in vitamins, amino acids and various trace elements, and have the effects of dispelling wind and dispersing cold, and regulating qi and the lungs. They can be processed into snacks or brewed as tea. The flower language of magnolia represents gratitude. Magnolia often blooms large white flowers amid lush greenery, and with its fragrant scent it gives people an indescribable temperament, truly fresh and lovely. Because the plant is tall, the flowers are positioned relatively high, swaying in the wind, full of spirit, like a heavenly maiden scattering flowers, very lovely.

Maranta

Maranta is an herbaceous plant. Most varieties have underground rhizomes or tubers, with solitary, relatively large leaves, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with pinnate venation arranged in two rows, and entire margins. Maranta is a good ground cover plant with diverse colors and is a very good foliage plant. Maranta is a tropical plant that likes warm, humid and brightly lit environments, is not cold-tolerant, nor drought-tolerant, and fears scorching sun. If exposed to direct sunlight, it will burn the leaves, causing localized scorching at the leaf edges, stopping new leaf growth, and yellowing leaf color, so shading should be noted in cultivation. Maranta is relatively sensitive to water. During the growing period, it should be watered sufficiently to keep the potting soil moist, but the soil should not be waterlogged, otherwise it will cause root rot and even plant death. Maranta is somewhat "delicate". It requires enough careful attention 365 days a year. If the environment fluctuates greatly for a few days, it will leave "evidence of the crime" on the plant. This is the consensus of Maranta seedling traders and producers. Plants in the Marantaceae family do not have many pests and diseases, mainly scale insects, whiteflies, etc. Of course, it also has other values, such as medicinal value and dietary value. Arrowroot powder is almost entirely starch, contains no vitamins, and has a protein content of only 0.2%. It can be used as a thickener for soups, sauces, puddings and dessert pastries. Add water and boil to form a transparent, odorless, tasty paste. Arrowroot powder is fine in texture and, compared with other starches, can be cooked at lower temperatures and in shorter times, and is easy to digest. It is especially suitable for custards and other egg products that cannot be overcooked, and is also suitable for making light, low-salt and low-protein foods. Effects: clears the lungs and stops coughing, clears heat and promotes urination. Indications: used to treat cough due to lung heat, and painful urination due to damp-heat in the bladder.

Red-flowered Chinese fringetree

Red-flowered Chinese fringetree is an evergreen shrub or small tree. Bark dark gray or light gray-brown, much branched. Young branches red-brown, densely covered with stellate hairs. Leaves leathery, alternate, ovate or elliptic, 2 - 5 cm long, apex shortly pointed, base rounded and oblique, asymmetrical, both surfaces with stellate hairs, margin entire, dark red. Red-flowered Chinese fringetree likes light and is slightly shade-tolerant, but in shade the leaf color easily turns green. It has strong adaptability and is drought-tolerant. It likes warmth and is cold-tolerant. It has strong sprouting and branching ability, and is tolerant of pruning. It tolerates poor soil, but is suitable for growing in fertile, moist, slightly acidic soil. Red-flowered Chinese fringetree has luxuriant branches and leaves, a graceful posture, is tolerant of pruning and wiring, can be used for hedges, and can also be used to make stump bonsai. When it blooms, the whole tree is full of red flowers, extremely spectacular. Chinese fringetree is an evergreen plant, with new leaves bright red. Different strains have different leaf colors and flower colors at maturity, and leaf sizes also differ. In garden applications, the main considerations are leaf color and leaf size, bringing about leaf color contrast and forming color contrast, and the flowering periods can also be staggered. Main pests: aphids, geometer moths, yellow noctuid moths, black cutworm, large and small cutworms and scarab beetles, etc.: Common diseases of red-flowered Chinese fringetree: anthracnose, damping-off, mosaic disease. Anthracnose: mainly harms old leaves and basal leaves. Because the leaves themselves are red, the disease spots appear as

black round spots, or nearly round, causing early leaf fall. Damage is severe in the rainy season from July to August. The pathogen is Actinomyces. The fungus overwinters as mycelium on diseased leaves and is the primary infection source for the disease the following year. When you find diseases on the branches and leaves of red-flowered Chinese fringetree, you must treat them promptly.

Ornamental peach

Ornamental peach is a variety of peach, a tree, 3-8 m tall; crown broad and spreading; bark dark red-brown, rough and scaly when old; branchlets slender, hairless, glossy, green, turning red on the sunny side, with many small lenticels; winter buds conical, apex blunt, covered with short pubescence, often 2-3 clustered together, with a leaf bud in the middle and flower buds on both sides. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate. Ornamental peach likes sunlight, is drought-tolerant, and is not tolerant of humid environments. It likes a warm climate and has good cold resistance, able to overwinter safely in a natural environment at minus 25 degrees Celsius. It requires fertile, well-drained soil. It does not like waterlogging; if planted in waterlogged low-lying places, seedlings are prone to die. Landscape value: ornamental peach has large flowers and bright colors, is beautiful when blooming, and has an ornamental period of as long as 15 days. In landscaping, it is widely used by lakesides, streams, both sides of roads and parks, etc., and in small-scale greening projects such as courtyard greening accents and private gardens, it is also used for potted appreciation, and is often used for cut flowers and making bonsai. There is also the common weeping ornamental peach. Ornamental peach has a wide range of landscaping uses and outstanding greening effects, showing particularly good results in the same year of planting. It can be planted in rows, in groups, or as a specimen, and shows particularly good greening effects in the same year. Ornamental peach is one of the commonly used colorful nursery stock in landscaping, usually used together with purple-leaf plum, purple-leaf dwarf cherry and other nursery stock. When combined with flowering shrubs, it forms a scene of a hundred flowers blooming together. Besides ornamental value, it also has medicinal value. The gum secreted from the peach trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as an adhesive, etc. It is a polysaccharide substance, and hydrolysis can produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, etc. It is edible and also used medicinally, with the effects of breaking blood stasis, harmonizing blood, and boosting qi. Diseases and pests often occur in summer and autumn. Its main diseases include white rust and brown rot, shot hole disease, anthracnose, gummosis, and peach leaf curl. Main pests include aphids, red spiders, scale insects, red-necked longhorn beetles, etc.

Artificial plant communities

1. Satsuki azalea + red-flowered Chinese fringetree + golden-edged euonymus + thornless holly ball

These four plants have strong adaptability and are relatively widely planted in Fuzhou. Three foliage-color plants are planted linearly, with rich leaf colors, plus large-specification thornless holly balls, forming a neat, full, and clearly layered roadside greening color band effect.

2. Red-flowered Chinese fringetree + red-leaf photinia ball + banana shrub + Japanese maple

Red-flowered Chinese fringetree itself is widely planted in Fujian and has good adaptability. Its leaf color and flower color are both very beautiful, while the red-leaf photinia ball has green old leaves accented by red new leaves, setting each other off, extremely beautiful. The combination of the four plants is richly layered, and forms a landscape road with longitudinal rhythm and spatial layers, and a strong sense of guidance.

3. Red-flowered Chinese fringetree + Japanese aralia + Canary Island date palm + frangipani

This combination of plants is mainly green, with leaves both small (red-flowered Chinese fringetree) and large (Japanese aralia, frangipani), while the Canary Island date palm adds a touch of tropical flavor. The layers are rich, with the effect of narrowing the space, making people feel close to it.

4. Moso bamboo + iris

Moso bamboo is very suitable for planting in Fuzhou. It is a scattered bamboo, with spacing between the culms. The iris has a graceful posture and colorful flowers, and the two together are very charming.

5. Small-leaf gardenia + red-flowered Chinese fringetree + aucuba + osmanthus

Small-leaf gardenia, with leaves like sparrow tongues and a low plant form, can be used as the lowest-layer plant. Aucuba has yellow spots on its leaves and is a relatively good foliage plant, while the tree osmanthus has fragrant flowers that refresh the heart. The combination has spacing, changes in leaf color, and added floral fragrance.

6. Azalea + red-flowered Chinese fringetree + fagraea + canna

Azalea has brilliant flowers, and with red-flowered Chinese fringetree and fagraea as a backdrop, it is even more moving. Canna has large leaves, narrowing the space and making people feel close.

7. Ground-cover lawn + marigold + red-leaf photinia + red-flowered Chinese fringetree ball + orange osmanthus

With green ground cover as the base, marigold's bright yellow flowers are extremely beautiful, and behind the marigold, red-flowered Chinese fringetree and red photinia serve as a backdrop, while the orange osmanthus tree form spreads. The several plants set each other off, with rich variation.

8. Dwarf lilyturf + guava tree

Both dwarf lilyturf and guava tree have very good adaptability in Fuzhou and grow normally. The leaves are fine and soft, making them very suitable as ground cover. The guava tree has smooth yellow bark and a graceful posture, with relatively large leaves arranged with proper spacing, making it very suitable as an open woodland path.

9. Lawn + silver-edged agave + pruned and shaped banyan tree + yellow-flowered double-podded sophora

With green lawn as the base, agave leaves are large, with leaf color alternating between silver-yellow and green, and they match very harmoniously with the pruned and shaped banyan tree, while the yellow-flowered double-podded sophora has a beautiful posture and brilliant flower color. The combination of these plants is richly layered, with color variation but harmony.

10. Ophiopogon + broadleaf lady palm + areca palm + papaya tree

This plant arrangement is suitable for one side of a small building. Ophiopogon leaves are fine and soft, while broadleaf lady palm and areca palm leaves are larger, and papaya leaves are large and palmate, with fruit borne on the trunk, and its posture is very graceful.

11. Copperleaf + golden dewdrop + red-flowered Chinese fringetree

As a plant combination for a pattern flower bed, copperleaf has bright leaf color and is used as the edge, golden dewdrop has yellow-green leaf color, and red-flowered Chinese fringetree has dark purple leaf color. The combination of the three plants as a pattern flower bed is extremely attractive.

Part Two: "Maintenance Plan 4"

Landscaping maintenance and management plan

Maintenance management is very important in landscaping. It is a long-term, repeated task with relatively comprehensive technical requirements, including damage by people and livestock, sanitation and cleaning, pruning of flowers, grass and trees, watering and fertilizing, pest and disease control, and planting of flower bed flowers. The completion of landscaping green space does not mean the completion of the landscape. People often say "three parts planting, seven parts management". Only with high-quality, high-level maintenance management can the landscape gradually take shape and become perfect.

Current characteristics of the plants in the maintenance park:

1. The green area covers about 245419 ten thousand sq m, with a high greening coverage rate. There are large numbers of trees of different specifications and varieties and pruned and shaped shrubs. The early growth has gradually taken shape. After our careful investigation, the planting characteristics are roughly divided into two areas according to the original master plan:

1) Plaza area: The planting style in this area is relatively open. The plaza is mainly planted with rows of ginkgo, zhennan, and large trees,

with appropriate low shrubs, and the overall space is relatively transparent.

2) Factory area: The plant variety combination in this area is complex, with large and small trees, shrubs, and ground cover plants interplanted.

At the entrance, relatively valuable large plants (Canary Island date palm, jacaranda, small-leaf banyan stump,

premium osmanthus, etc.) are dominant. Whether the office-area courtyard can still maintain its elegant, refined, spacious and grand

scenery, and whether the hotel villa-area courtyard can still carry forward its delicate, gentle, leisurely and relaxed atmosphere,

all depends on later maintenance and management.

2. Looking at the greening conditions in the vertical area, we can find the following problems: 1. Shaped shrubs are not growing well and have monotonous shapes; 2. Flowering shrubs have poor tree vigor, and their flowering conditions (including number of flowers, flower size, color, and secondary flowering) are unsatisfactory; 3. There are many weeds in the lawn, and in some local areas the grass weeds have a tendency to run rampant; 4. There are pest and disease problems.

I. We plan to take the following corrective measures:

1. Promote three-dimensional gardening and carry out multi-style shaping of hedges and shrubs. For the flowering shrubs planted as accents, take growth-promoting measures to encourage their growth and then shape them according to their form, which depends on the specific plant growth and plant shape. The hedges in some local areas are highly regular. A uniform long strip undoubtedly makes the courtyard, which should be free and leisurely, appear mechanical and rigid. We can likewise try pruning them into wave shapes, matching the relaxed and casual landscaping of the residential area, enlivening the atmosphere of the entire courtyard and also creating a more fluid living environment.

2. Immediately begin pest and disease control. For plants showing pest and disease characteristics, immediately carry out large-area chemical control.

3、

4、

5. For lawn weeds, apply chemicals and increase the workload of manual weeding. For different plants, implement different maintenance and management plans (mainly fertilizer supply: base fertilizer, topdressing, foliar fertilizer; different plants in different seasons all have different fertilization methods and fertilizer choices). Plant labeling. We classify and count all the plants, then make green labels indicating their

family, genus and species, and living habits, and label all plants in the area. In this way,

it can not only enrich employees' general knowledge of plants, but also add to the cultural atmosphere of the park, and with eye-catching labels

make greening receive more attention.

6. Greening maintenance is not a matter of a single day. While doing the corrective work well, we will likewise

adopt different maintenance and management measures for different plants at different times. We arrange our daily work by month

(detailed rules attached below), striving to make our work bring the landscape effect in the blueprint to the extreme.

Likewise, we also ask the client to offer more opinions, so that our work can gradually become more perfect and complete.

7. Maintenance responsibilities

Within the contracted maintenance period, our company, in accordance with landscaping maintenance operating procedures and landscaping maintenance quality standards, organizes reasonably, maintains carefully, and sends professional horticulturists to organize, guide and arrange management and protection work, and flexibly sends no fewer than experienced workers according to the weather in each season and plant growth conditions, to complete the maintenance management tasks with guaranteed quality and quantity.

VI. Maintenance content

1. Management procedures: including watering, opening basins and earthing up, pruning, fertilizing, weeding, pruning and bud removal, pest and disease control, straightening, and replanting (nursery stock costs calculated separately), etc., the entire process. {Care measures for the southern plant date palm}.

2. Management tools:

A. Flower shears, long shears, high-altitude shears, grass shovels, lawn mowers

B. Sprayers, buckets, wheelbarrows, bamboo baskets

C. Shovels, hoes, saws, electric saws, ladders

D. Fuel, repair costs

3. Maintenance content:

A. Trees: apply organic fertilizer once a year, 0.25 kg of cake fertilizer per plant, and topdress once, applying 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer mixed with urea per tree, using hole application, spraying, water-fertilizer, etc., then cover with soil, water thoroughly, with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, promptly prevent and control pests and diseases, maintain the trees' natural growth state, with no need for shaping and pruning, promptly cut off yellow branches, diseased and pest branches, shaded vigorous branches and drooping branches that obstruct vehicle passage, and promptly clean up pruned material. Remove weeds around the tree roots once a week to ensure no weeds.

B. Shrubs, hedges, bagged seedlings: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer, etc. Water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, promptly prevent and control pests and diseases. For those pruned into round, square or conical shapes, do minor pruning once a week and major pruning once a month, with smooth and beautiful cuts, promptly remove pruned material, promptly cut off dead branches and diseased and pest branches, promptly replant old, diseased and dead plants, and remove weeds once a week.

C. Herbaceous plants: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, using broadcast application and water-fertilizer, etc. Water once within three hours after application, water once a day (except rainy days), with water penetration depth of more than 10 cm, promptly prevent and control pests and diseases, cut off spent flowers once a week, remove weeds once a week, and promptly cut off dead branches and yellow branches.

D. Taiwan grass: fertilize once a quarter, apply 10 kg of urea mixed with compound fertilizer per 667 sq m, with even fertilization and thorough watering, with water penetration depth of more than 5 cm, promptly prevent and control pests and diseases, promptly replant wilted and dead missing parts, with coverage rate above 98%, and prune 1-2 times a month.

(II) Specific arrangement of one year's landscaping maintenance work:

January: the month with the lowest temperature of the year, when open-field trees are in a dormant state.

1. Winter pruning: fully carry out shaping and pruning work on deciduous trees; prune dead branches, damaged branches, diseased and pest branches on large and small trees, and branches that obstruct overhead lines and buildings.

2. Street tree inspection: promptly inspect the tying and staking of street trees, and immediately rectify when loosened ties, wire embedded in bark, or loose stakes are found.

3. Pest control: winter is a favorable season for eliminating landscape pests. You can dig out the pupae and cocoons of stinging moths in the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated way. In mid-January, scale insects begin activity, but at this time they move slowly, and we can adopt the method of scraping off the larvae on the trunks. Controlling pests in winter often achieves twice the result with half the effort.

4. Green space maintenance: in green spaces, flower beds and other places, pay attention to removing large weeds; lawns should be weeded and edged in time; in green spaces, pay attention to antifreeze watering.

February: the temperature rises somewhat compared with last month, and trees are still in a dormant state.

1. Maintenance is basically the same as January.

2. Pruning: continue pruning dead branches and diseased branches of large and small trees. Before the end of the month, finish pruning all kinds of trees.

3. Pest control: continue to focus on preventing stinging moths and scale insects.

March: the temperature continues to rise. After mid-month, trees begin to sprout, and in late month some trees (such as camellias) bloom.

1. Tree planting: spring is a favorable time for planting trees. After the soil thaws, immediately seize the opportunity to plant trees. Before planting large and small trees, do a good job of planning and design, dig (hoe) the tree pits in advance, and make sure to dig, transport, plant, and water as you go. When planting shrubs, also make sure to dig, transport, and plant as you go, and water fully to increase the seedling survival rate.

2. Spring irrigation: because spring is dry and windy with high evaporation, in order to prevent spring drought, water green spaces and other areas in time.

3. Fertilizing: after the soil thaws, apply base fertilizer to plants and irrigate. {Care measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Pest and disease control: this month is a critical time for pest and disease control. Some nursery stock has developed sooty mold, and the boxwood leaf roller has also appeared (use pesticides such as fenitrothion for control). To control stinging moths, you can continue to use the method of digging out pupae.

April: the temperature continues to rise, and trees all sprout, bloom, or unfold leaves and begin to enter a period of vigorous growth.

1. Continue planting trees: in early April, seize the time to plant trees that sprout late, promptly pull out and replant shrubs that died in winter (azaleas, red-flowered Chinese fringetree, etc.), and water newly planted trees fully.

2. Irrigation: continue watering the maintained green spaces in time.

3. Fertilizing: for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer as topdressing, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

4. Pruning: cut off branches that dried up in winter and spring, and evergreen hedges can be pruned.

5. Pest and disease control: (1) After the second molting, scale insects successively move into bark cracks, tree holes, trunk bases, wall corners and other places, secreting white waxy thin cocoons and pupating. They can be swept away with a hard bamboo broom, then buried deeply or soaked in a concentrated way. Or use the method of spraying pesticides such as fenitrothion. (2) Longhorn beetles begin activity. You can use a grafting knife or self-made steel wire to remove the larvae, but the wound should be as small as possible. (3) Control work for other pests and diseases.

6. Maintenance in green spaces: pay attention to removing weeds and climbing plants in large green spaces. Lawns should also be weeded and edged.

May: the temperature rises sharply, and trees grow rapidly.

1. Watering: during the peak leaf-unfolding period, trees have a very large water demand and should be watered in time.

2. Pruning: prune spent flowers. Street trees undergo their first bud-thinning pruning.

3. Pest and disease control: continue to focus on catching longhorn beetles. The first generation of stinging moths hatches, but has not yet reached a harmful level; make corresponding measures according to the actual situation in the maintenance area. Sooty mold caused by scale insects, aphids, etc. has also entered its peak period (on crape myrtle, pittosporum, oleander, etc.). In mid- and late May, spray 10?20 times rosin mixture and 50% parathion emulsifiable concentrate 1500?2000 times solution to control diseases and kill pests. (Others can use pesticides such as insecticidal antibiotics and huabao.)

June: high temperature

1. Watering: plants have a large water demand, so water in time and do not "live by looking at the sky".

2. Fertilizing: combine loosening the soil and weeding, fertilizing, and watering to achieve the best effect.

3. Pruning: continue bud thinning and tiller removal for street trees. Carry out pruning for hedges, balls and some flowering shrubs. {Care measures for the southern plant date palm}.

4. Drainage work: in heavy rain weather, pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas.

5. Pest and disease control: in mid- and late June, stinging moths enter the peak hatching period, and measures should be taken in time. At present, spraying 50% fenitrothion emulsifiable concentrate 500?800 times solution is basically used. (Or spray compound BT emulsifiable concentrate.) Continue manual catching of longhorn beetles.

6. Do a good job of pre-flood and pre-typhoon inspection of trees, and straighten, reinforce and re-tie loose and leaning trees.

July: the highest temperature, and after mid-month there will be strong winds and heavy rain.

1. Transplanting evergreen trees: during the rainy season, with sufficient moisture, conifers and bamboos can be transplanted, but pay attention to weather changes and water in time once high temperatures occur.

2. Drainage: drain promptly after heavy rain.

3. Top dressing: apply quick-acting fertilizers such as nitrogen fertilizer dry before rain.

4. Street trees: carry out typhoon-prevention bud thinning and pruning; prune all branches that conflict with power lines, and check each tree stump one by one; if any are found loose or unstable, straighten and tie them tightly immediately. Prepare in advance in terms of labor organization, materials and supplies, tools and equipment, and send personnel to inspect at any time so that dangerous situations are handled promptly.

5. Pest and disease control: continue controlling longhorn beetles and nettle caterpillars. For longhorn beetles, inject a 1:50 dilution of 50% fenitrothion (or Guoshu Bao, or Yuanke No. 3) and then seal the opening; this can also achieve good results. For camphor tree shoot borers, prune them out promptly and destroy the pest nests to prevent further damage.

August: still the rainy season

1. Drainage: after heavy rain, drain low-lying waterlogged areas promptly.

2. Typhoon prevention for street trees: continue doing a good job of typhoon prevention for street trees.

3. Pruning: in addition to the summer pruning of general trees, carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

4. Cultivation and weeding: weeds also grow vigorously, so weed promptly, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding.

5. Pest and disease control: focus on catching longhorn beetles, and pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Aphid damage and camphor tree shoot borers should be controlled promptly. In humid weather, watch for powdery mildew and rot, and take measures promptly. September: temperatures decline somewhat; do related work well for National Day.

1. Pruning: in preparation for city appearance work, thin buds below the third fork of street trees. Shape hedges. Weed green areas, edge lawns, and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Fertilizing: for some trees that grow weakly and whose branches are not sufficiently solid, apply additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.

3. Pest and disease control: shot hole disease (cherry, peach, plum, etc.) is at its peak; use a 1000-fold dilution of 500% carbendazim to prevent infection. Longhorn beetles begin to shift to damaging the roots; pay attention to catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also promptly control wood borers on poplar and willow. Do a good job of controlling other pests and diseases.

4. Before the holiday, do a good job of inspecting all kinds of landscaping facilities.

October: temperatures drop; in late October early winter begins, trees start to shed leaves and gradually enter dormancy.

1. Prepare well for autumn tree planting; in late October, once cold-hardy trees shed their leaves, planting can begin.

2. Green area maintenance: promptly remove dead trees and water promptly. Do a good job of weeding and edging green areas and lawns. Fertilize flowering plants that grow poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: continue catching longhorn beetles at the roots. Also pay attention to observing and controlling camphor tree shoot borers. November: the soil begins to freeze at night and thaw by day, entering deep winter.

1. Tree planting: continue planting cold-hardy plants, completing before the soil freezes.

2. Turning soil: turn the soil in green areas to expose pests preparing to overwinter.

3. Watering: water dry, compacted soil, completing before the freeze.

4. Pest and disease control: various pests prepare to overwinter in late November, so control tasks are relatively light.

December: low temperatures; begin winter maintenance work.

1. Winter pruning: prune some evergreen trees and shrubs.

2. Eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.

3. Prepare well for next year's adjustment work: after deciduous plants shed their leaves, observe the maintenance area and draw the positions to be adjusted.

VII. Green area maintenance quality objectives

1 The green maintenance technical measures are complete and management is proper, achieving no exposed loess.

2 Landscape plants

2.1 Normal growth. Various plants in newly built green areas reach normal form within three years; if plants or grass are damaged or die due to poor management, the replacement seedlings must survive within one year.

2.2 Landscape trees have basically complete crowns, with main and side branches evenly distributed, appropriate in number and reasonably pruned; the interior is not chaotic, with ventilation and light penetration. Flowering shrubs bloom promptly and normally, and are pruned promptly after flowering. Hedges and color blocks have normal branches and leaves, neat and uniform. Street trees have no missing plants, and there are no dead trees in green areas.

2.3 Deciduous trees have normal new shoot growth and normal leaf size and color; under general conditions, yellow leaves, scorched leaves, curled leaves and leaves with insect excrement or insect webs must not exceed 5%, and the preservation rate of normal leaves is above 90%. Coniferous

Article Three: "Annual Greening Maintenance Plan"

Annual Greening Maintenance Plan

January

1. Carry out winter shaping and pruning of various deciduous trees, cutting off dead branches, overlapping branches, crossing branches, diseased and pest-infested branches, and lower side branches, to ensure that tree development tends to be reasonable, tree branch form is improved, and the breeding of pests and diseases is reduced.

2. Appropriately thin out trees that are too densely grown, which can reduce pests and diseases and increase growth.

3. Carry out winter plowing and soil turning to improve the soil, and apply winter fertilizer to all trees, ground cover and lawns to ensure the nutrient needs of seedlings and lawns.

4. Winter is a favorable season for eliminating garden pests. You can dig out nettle caterpillar pupae and cocoons from the loose soil under trees and burn them in a concentrated way.

5. As appropriate, scarify individual lawn types and prune 1-2 times. February

1. Carry out weeding, pruning and fertilizing of lawns.

2. Do a good job of pest and disease control, especially paying attention to powdery mildew on narrow-leaved mahonia and globular scale on coral and Japanese fatsia.

3. In particular, strengthen cold protection and insulation measures for trees, and do a good job of loosening and hilling soil around tree roots.

4. Apply a top dressing (urea) to cool-season lawns once at the end of the month at 10g/mu.

March

1. To prevent spring drought, water trees promptly.

2. Promptly mow lawns and remove weeds, and clean up winter grass in tree beds and flower beds.

3. Pest and disease control: strengthen observation and inspection, and do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control. Pay special attention to sooty mold and boxwood leaf roller. In mid-March, eggs of crape myrtle scale hatch; from late March, pear rust occurs on crabapple and cold-season lawns; pay attention to prevention and reporting.

4. For local sunken and low-lying spots appearing in lawns, add soil and cover with sand; carry out low pruning of winter ryegrass lawns to ensure the germination and growth of the underlying grass.

4. April

1. Do a good job of loosening soil, weeding and pre-flowering fertilizing for field-planted flowers and trees. In particular, apply light fertilizer to perennial flowers and spring-sown flowering plants; for lawns and shrubs, combine with irrigation and apply quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, or carry out foliar spraying as needed.

2. Prune off branches that dried up in winter and spring; you can begin pruning evergreen hedges.

3. Pest and disease control: mainly control aphids, sooty mold and beetles. Keep relevant records.

May

1. This month is the peak period for trees to unfold leaves, and water demand is very high, so water in a timely manner.

2. Prune spring flowering shrubs such as osmanthus and hall crabapple, and promptly carry out bud thinning on London plane, red-leaf plum, crape myrtle and other trees.

3. Weed flower beds and shrub color blocks. At the same time, carry out weeding of lawns and prune lawn grass promptly to control its height.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

June

1. Water plants promptly to ensure sufficient water supply.

2. Loosen soil and weed tree beds and color-block shrubs, and carry out weeding of lawns.

3. Prune lawns promptly and control their growth height, and pay attention to controlling the occurrence of large-scale pests and diseases. Apply a compound fertilizer once to lawns that grow poorly or lack fertilizer, so they can pass the summer safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

July

1. In high-temperature weather, especially ensure that watering of plants is carried out.

2. Carry out soil loosening and weeding for flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover. This month the weather is hot, with high temperatures and relatively high humidity; weeds grow fast, so seize the opportunity to weed and remove grass to prevent grass from running wild; continue intertillage, weeding and loosening the soil.

3. Do a solid job of typhoon and flood prevention; reinforce and secure trees in the garden to prevent lodging; promptly clear and drain low-lying or severely waterlogged places.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

August

1. Carry out summer pruning of evergreen trees, and carry out shaping pruning of hedges.

2. Lawn weeds grow vigorously, so weed and prune promptly, control lawn height, and fertilizing can be combined with weeding. Promptly supplement and top-dress fertilizer, mainly P and K fertilizers, with N fertilizer; for small seedlings, shrubs and herbaceous flowers, apply light fertilizer frequently; at the same time, pay attention to mastering the fertilization period and climate.

3. In high-temperature weather, be sure to ensure daily watering and drought resistance work; do not choose 10-15 o'clock to do it, so as to avoid burning seedlings. (Including: tree bed maintenance, weed control, soil loosening, etc.)

4. Continue doing a good job of typhoon and flood prevention, further reinforce and secure large trees in residential areas to prevent lodging; and promptly clear drainage ditches in low-lying and easily waterlogged places to prevent water from accumulating too long.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

September

1. Carry out shaping pruning of hedges. Weed green areas and promptly remove dead trees, so that trees have green branches and leaves and green areas are clean and tidy.

2. Thin out trees that are too densely grown, and at the same time carry out bud thinning work.

3. Promptly prune lawns, edge them, and remove weeds, and pay attention to pest and disease control.

4. Carry out weeding for flower beds and color-block shrubs, and at the same time do a good job of weeding ground cover, and collect flower seeds.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting, reporting and control.

October

1. Prune spherical shrubs to ensure a beautiful appearance and clear, neat layers. Prune the tree form of evergreen trees so that their growth and development tend to be reasonable and their tree posture and appearance are improved.

2. Strengthen management of newly planted flowering plants, promptly fill gaps and water, and fertilize those growing poorly.

3. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. November

1. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen trees and evergreen shrubs, mainly for ventilation and light penetration, reducing pests and diseases, and enhancing growth.

2. Do a good job of weeding and edging in flower beds, color-block shrubs and green areas, promptly pull out weeds, and promptly replant gaps. As appropriate, adjust trees in some local layouts; some evergreen trees and a few deciduous tree species can be transplanted. Also begin cold protection and warmth work; for trees with

poor cold resistance, wrap with rice straw and hill up soil.

3. Strengthen maintenance and management of newly planted plants, pay attention to timely watering, and prune appropriately. Scarify and aerate lawns as appropriate, and prune 2-3 times.

4. Carry out fertilizing in late this month, and combine with increasing organic fertilizer to turn the soil in green areas.

5. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records. December

1. Do a good job of weeding and edging in color-block shrubs and green areas, and promptly pull out weeds.

2. Carry out thinning and pruning of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, mainly removing residual stumps and dead branches, to make next year's trees grow better (do not prune flowering shrubs that have already formed flower buds), and at the same time pay attention to cleaning insect cocoons on trunks and branches.

3. Wrap sago palm, date palm and other southern plants with straw rope to ensure they overwinter safely.

4. Pest and disease control: do a good job of forecasting and reporting, actively control, and keep relevant records.

Article Four: "Latest Common Plants for Southern Landscapes"

Common garden plants for southern landscapes

Evergreen trees:

Norfolk Island pine, slash pine, Chinese fir, Caribbean pine, Chinese weeping cypress, mahogany, big-leaf mahogany, false sterculia, Chinese saraca, sugar apple, longan, renmianzi, firepower magnolia, golden shower tree, Chinese arborvitae, Chinese juniper, dragon juniper, Fujian cypress, Buddhist pine, Japanese cedar, Japanese podocarpus, long-leaf podocarpus, white champaca, southern magnolia, houpo magnolia, burmann cinnamon, camphor tree, cinnamon, kuzi, Hainan ormosia, Taiwan acacia, siamese cassia, red camel's foot tree, camel's foot tree, Hong Kong orchid tree, almond, mango, padauk, water banyan, river mangrove, avocado, blackboard tree, false betel nut palm, Chinese fan palm, fishtail palm, queen palm, rose apple, Hainan rose apple, sapodilla, lemon-scented gum, river red gum, swamp mahogany, blue gum, cajeput, butterfly fruit, Chinese torreya, Chinese plum yew, Indian rubber tree, banyan, small-leaf banyan, large-fruited fig, weeping fig, yellow banyan, sacred fig, beefwood, jackfruit, camphor-leaf maple, tanbark oak, oriental white oak, candlenut, silver banksia, pointed-leaf elaeocarpus, large-leaf elaeocarpus, mahoe, iron wintergreen, glossy privet, osmanthus, loquat, albizia, royal palm, fishtail palm, Mexican fan palm, sugar palm, date palm, autumn maple, red sandalwood, large-flowered dillenia, jackfruit, yellow sophora, tree jackfruit, large-leaf privet, Lechang michelia, schefflera, octopus tree

Deciduous trees:

Small-leaf terminalia, Chinese swamp cypress, water winter melon, Chinese tallow tree, Japanese raisin tree, sand pear, soapberry, goldenrain tree, frangipani, bald cypress, pond cypress, tulip tree, white magnolia, Chinese parasol tree, sawtooth oak, cork oak, Chinese hackberry, Chinese elm, white oak, camptotheca, large-leaf crape myrtle, beautiful silk floss tree, flame tree, yellow poinciana, jacaranda, yellow sophora, chinaberry, Chinese mahogany, coral tree, cockspur coral tree, chestnut, silk tree, sweet acacia, prickly castor oil tree, sweetgum, weeping willow, magnolia 'Erqiao', purple-leaf plum, ornamental peach, plum, papaya, Indian

rosewood, red-leaf plum

Evergreen shrubs:

Sago palm, Chinese plum yew, orchid tree, large-leaf boxwood, dense-flowered oleaster, camellia sasanqua, South China coral tree, gold-dust dracaena, hypericum, three-stamen areca, areca palm, qiong palm, four-season orchid tree, soft-branch allamanda, small-leaf justicia, red bottlebrush, Fukien tea, gardenia, crown of thorns, poinsettia, Yunnan jasmine, aucuba, Chinese holly, foreign rhododendron, shiny-leaf cordyline, croton, red mulberry, golden-edge mulberry, golden-leaf fig, smooth senna, red-stamen rhododendron, ardisia, orange jasmine, red-back excoecaria, eagle-claw flower, camellia, oil tea, large-leaf tea, oleander, yellow oleander, small-flowered allamanda, snow-in-summer, banana shrub, pittosporum, mahonia, nandina, Japanese fatsia, night-blooming magnolia, hibiscus, hanging-lantern flower, azalea, sword lily, yucca, South China boxwood, ax palm, soft-leaf date palm, short-spike fishtail palm, dwarf lady palm, bamboo palm,

golden banyan, fiddle-leaf fig, willow-leaf fig, golden-vein shrimp plant, schefflera, variegated duranta, yellow-leaf duranta, justicia, golden-leaf privet, alocasia, bird's nest fern, monstera, aspidistra, snake plant, thick-leaf rhaphiolepis, variegated hibiscus, purple brocade tree, small-leaf boxwood, African jasmine, yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, ximeili, crinum lily, spider lily, beautyberry, red-flower loropetalum, large-flowered datura, white paper fan, red paper fan, hairy azalea, Western azalea, twin-pod senna, hard-bone trumpet creeper, rose myrtle, ixora, Yunnan jasmine, jasmine, fiddle-leaf coral, blue snowflower, blue star flower, butterfly pea, nandina, pepper tree, red-back excoecaria,

Deciduous shrubs:

Cotton rose, Japanese meadowsweet, bridal-wreath spirea, modern rose, abelia, pomegranate, beautyberry, purple magnolia, lespedeza, honeysuckle, woody hydrangea, hibiscus, redbud, plum, bridal-wreath spirea, pearl flower, butterfly tree, elderberry, fig, prickly ash, trifoliate orange, butterfly bush, small wax

Vines:

Monstera, bougainvillea, millettia, firecracker vine, rangoon creeper, three-leaf akebia, honeysuckle, climbing euonymus, climbing fig, kiwi, creeping euonymus, Hong Kong rhaphidophora, mucuna birdwoodiana, wax flower, centipede tongavine, pothos, star jasmine, Chinese ivy, English ivy, southern magnolia vine, Boston ivy, trumpet creeper, passionflower, crape myrtle, evergreen mucuna, large-flowered thunbergia

Eagle-claw flower, large-flowered thunbergia, rangoon creeper, coral vine, Boston ivy, firecracker vine, white-flowered mucuna, beautiful clerodendrum, wisteria, climbing fig, cypress vine, morning glory, maple-leaf morning glory, snake vine, jasmine, large-flowered dutchman's pipe, garlic vine, wood rose, lavender trumpet vine, passionflower

Bamboo:

Bambusa textilis, moso bamboo, fernleaf bamboo, golden-striped bamboo, hedge bamboo, indocalamus, Buddha belly bamboo, Bambusa textilis, Thailand bamboo, square bamboo, Guanyin bamboo,

Lawns and ground cover plants:

Bermuda grass, Chinese zoysia, fine-leaf zoysia, carpet grass, centipede grass, Manila grass, zoysia, Guangdong evergreen, purple dew plant, lilyturf, large-leaf, auspicious grass, aspidistra black-eye flower, autumn zephyr lily, white butterfly, butterfly flower, red-flower oxalis,

Purple-back arrowroot, white butterfly arrowroot, pothos, sword fern, cold water flower, peace lily, silver-edge lilyturf, red-flower lantana, yellow-flower lantana, purple-flower lantana,

dan, silver leaf chrysanthemum, bleeding glory bower, shrimp flower, asparagus fern, beach evening primrose, beach morning glory, ivy, star jasmine, ginger lily, umbrella plant, papyrus, iris, purple loosestrife, narcissus, lotus, water lily, three-lobed wedelia, red-flower oxalis, Brazilian peanut vine, dichondra, coleus, fine-leaf verbena, red-green grass, autumn zephyr lily, lily, calla lily, periwinkle, centipede grass, Manila grass, Bermuda grass, large-leaf carpet grass, bahia grass, short-leaf dwarf lilyturf

Palms:

Royal palm, Washington palm, triangle palm, king palm, foxtail palm, Butia palm, bottle palm, Middle East date palm, Canary Island date palm, oil palm, fish-tail palm, windmill palm, Chinese fan palm, queen palm, fish-tail palm, queen palm, Mexican fan palm, beautiful phoenix palm, short-spike fishtail palm, long-spike fishtail palm, areca palm, three-stamen areca, traveler's palm, lady palm,

Seasonal flowers

Star flower, African impatiens, four-season begonia, scarlet sage, petunia, hybrid dianthus, ornamental kale, French marigold, marigold, nasturtium, pansy, wishbone flower, cockscomb, pot marigold, globe amaranth, zinnia, cosmos, cineraria, spider flower, lavender, purple loosestrife

Article Five: "Examples of Southern Plant Arrangement"

Southern plant arrangement

Philodendron selloum + Cyperus alternifolius + Alpinia zerumbet variegata

Dracaena fragrans 'Massangeana' + Dracaena fragrans 'Surculosa' + Nandina domestica + Nephrolepis cordifolia + placed rocks

Roystonea regia + Caryota obtusa + Phoenix roebelenii + Canna indica + Coleus scutellarioides + Codiaeum variegatum

Roystonea regia + Phoenix canariensis head + Cordyline fruticosa 'Red' + Acalypha wilkesiana + Ixora chinensis

Roystonea regia + Archontophoenix alexandrae + Dypsis lutescens + Rhapis excelsa + Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves'

Chapter Six: "Commonly Used Garden Plants in South China"

Commonly Used Plants for Courtyards in South China

I. Palm Category:

1, Roystonea regia 2, Archontophoenix alexandrae 3, Washingtonia filifera 4, Phoenix sylvestris 5, Phoenix canariensis 6, Areca triandra

7, Livistona chinensis 8, Washingtonia filifera 9, Dypsis lutescens 10, Rhapis excelsa (slender-leaved lady palm) 11, Rhapis humilis 12, Phoenix roebelenii

II. Tree Category (street trees, shade trees):

1, Delonix regia 2, Bombax ceiba 3, Ceiba speciosa 4, Erythrina variegata 5, Elaeocarpus apiculatus 6, Alstonia scholaris

7, Ficus microcarpa 8, Elaeocarpus hainanensis 9, Mangifera indica 10, Chukrasia tabularis 11, Cinnamomum burmannii 12, Jacaranda mimosifolia

13, Pterocarpus indicus 14, Plumeria rubra 15, Terminalia catappa 16, Ravenala madagascariensis 17, Pandanus utilis 18, Bischofia javanica

19, Averrhoa carambola 20, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata 21, Cassia fistula 22, Albizia falcataria 23, Melaleuca leucadendra

24, Eucalyptus 25, Syzygium hainanense 26, Aphanamixis grandifolia 27, Bauhinia purpurea 28, Swietenia mahagoni

29, Ficus altissima 30, Spathodea campanulata 31, Tabebuia chrysantha 32, Koelreuteria bipinnata

III. Flowering Shrub Category:

1, Osmanthus fragrans 'Semperflorens' 2, Bambusa multiplex 'Stripestem' 3, Alsophila spinulosa 4, Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves' 5, Bougainvillea spectabilis

6, Cassia surattensis 7, Callistemon rigidus 8, Agave angustifolia 'Marginata' 9, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 10, Fagraea ceilanica 11, Ficus deltoidea variegata

12, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 13, Michelia figo 14, Campsis grandiflora 15, Calliandra haematocephala 16, Tabernaemontana divaricata 17, Ixora chinensis

18, Furcraea foetida 19, Yucca gloriosa 20, Pyrostegia venusta 21, Thevetia peruviana 22, Polyscias fruticosa

IV. Ground Cover or Color Block:

1, Pittosporum tobira 2, Monstera deliciosa 3, Epipremnum aureum 4, Asplenium nidus 5, Alternanthera dentata 'Ruby' 6, Polygonum macrophyllum 7, Schefflera octophylla

8, Syngonium podophyllum 9, Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves' 10, Cuphea hyssopifolia 11, Ophiopogon japonicus 12, Calathea majestica 'Sanderiana' 13, Rhododendron pulchrum

14, Livistona chinensis 'Dwarf' 15, Philodendron selloum 16, Duranta erecta 'Variegata' 17, Chlorophytum comosum 18, Tradescantia zebrina 19, Allamanda cathartica

20, Alpinia zerumbet variegata 21, Asparagus densiflorus 22, Arachis pintoi 23, Ixora chinensis 'Dwarf' 24, Nephrolepis cordifolia 25, Pachystachys lutea

26, Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly' 27, Pilea cadierei 28, Dieffenbachia picta 29, Cordyline fruticosa 'Rainbow' 30, Codiaeum variegatum 31, Ophiopogon japonicus

32, Acorus gramineus 'Variegatus' 33, Jasminum sambac 34, Calathea zebrina 35, Zoysia tenuifolia 36, Axonopus compressus

37, Zoysia matrella 38, Cynodon dactylon 39, Lolium perenne 40, Festuca arundinacea

Some other commonly used plants:

1, Ficus religiosa 2, Ficus altissima 3, Elaeocarpus hainanensis 4, Campanula 5, Koelreuteria bipinnata 6, Cassia fistula

7, Senna siamea 8, Kigelia africana 9, Thailand yellow large yellow flower ball 10, Melaleuca bracteata 'Golden'

11, Senna alata 12, Cassia bicapsularis 13, Euphorbia milii 14, Cleistocalyx operculatus 15, Manglietia glauca

16, Hainan sajin 17, Pachira aquatica variegata 18, Ormosia pinnata 19, Swietenia mahagoni

20, Albizia falcataria 21, Cinnamomum cassia 22, Osmanthus fragrans 'Autumn' 23, Laurus nobilis 24, Washingtonia filifera 25, Bambusa multiplex 'Stripestem'

26, Pterocarpus indicus (yellow/purple sandalwood) 27, Pterocarpus indicus 28, Dianella ensifolia 29, Ficus concinna 30, Markhamia stipulata

Commonly Used Garden Plants in South China

1. Evergreen Trees

Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla), Cunningham's araucaria (Araucaria cunninghamii), Keteleeria (Keteleeria fortunei), large-leaved araucaria (Araucaria bidwillii), kauri (Agathis dammara), masson pine (Pinus massoniana), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora), Japanese cinnamon (Cinnamomum japonicum), giant eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla), cajeput (Melaleuca leucadendra), rose apple (Syzygium jambos), Hainan rose apple (Syzygium hainanense), Bishop wood (Bischofia javanica), Taiwan acacia (Acacia confusa), ear-pod acacia (Acacia auriculiformis), Formosa acacia (Acacia confusa), rosewood (Pterocarpus indicus), small-leaved banyan (Ficus microcarpa), large-leaved banyan (Ficus virens), lofty fig (Ficus altissima), sparrow fig (Ficus superba var. japonica), Indian rubber fig (Ficus elastica), variegated Indian rubber fig (Ficus elastica variegata), sacred fig (Ficus religiosa), candlenut (Aleurites moluccana), mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), dillenia (Dillenia indica), devil tree (Alstonia scholaris), Indian almond (Terminalia catappa), small-leaved Indian almond (Terminalia mantaly), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), wax apple (Syzygium samarangense), hog plum (Dracontomelon duperreanum), sapodilla (Manilkara zapota), Chukrasia (Chukrasia tabularis), horsetail tree (Casuarina equisetifolia), white magnolia (Michelia alba), night-fragrant magnolia (Michelia coco), firepower nan (Michelia macclurei), small-leaved elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpus decipiens), southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), mahoe (Hibiscus tiliaceus), mango (Mangifera indica), longan (Dimocarpus longan), lychee (Litchi chinensis), Chinese olive (Canarium album), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra), pomelo (Citrus maxima), Hainan elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpus hainanensis), Buddhist pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis), bamboo-leaf podocarpus (Nageia nagi), sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), four-season osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans 'Semperflorens'), banana shrub (Michelia figo), Aglaia (Aglaia odorata), camellia (Camellia japonica), weeping fig (Ficus benjamina), butterfly fruit (Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei), small-leaved fig (Ficus tinctoria)

2. Deciduous Trees

Dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), pond cypress (Taxodium ascendens), bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), Chinese swamp cypress (Glyptostrobus pensilis), tulip tree (Liriodendron chinense), Chinese parasol tree (Firmiana simplex), Chinese bishop wood (Bischofia polycarpa), albizia (Albizia falcataria), large-leaved albizia (Albizia lebbeck), white leadtree (Leucaena leucocephala), sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana), weeping willow (Salix babylonica), sausage tree (Kigelia africana), cadamba (Neolamarckia cadamba), silver oak (Grevillea robusta), Chinese hackberry (Celtis sinensis), soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi), Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis), chinaberry (Melia azedarach), Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera), tung oil tree (Vernicia fordii), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), sterculia (Sterculia nobilis), persimmon (Diospyros kaki), fig (Ficus carica), mulberry (Morus alba), papaya (Carica papaya), guava (Psidium guajava), red maple (Acer palmatum 'Atropurpureum'), sweet acacia (Acacia farnesiana)

3. Palms

Alexander palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae), royal palm (Roystonea regia), king palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), bottle palm (Hyophorbe lagenicaulis), spindle palm (Hyophorbe verschaffeltii), triangle palm (Dypsis decaryi), foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata), queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), sugar palm (Borassus flabellifer), large Washingtonia (Washingtonia robusta), Washington palm (Washingtonia filifera), Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), Middle East date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Iraqi honey date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensis), Caryota obtusa, sugar palm (Arenga pinnata), scaly date palm (Phoenix squarrosa), pygmy date palm (Phoenix roebelenii), Areca triandra, green palm (Livistona saribus), fragrant palm (Arenga engleri), long-spiked fishtail palm (Caryota maxima), short-spiked fishtail palm (Caryota mitis), areca palm (Dypsis lutescens), windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei), banana (Musa basjoo), traveler's palm (Ravenala madagascariensis), ti plant (Cordyline fruticosa), lady palm (Rhapis excelsa), slender-leaved lady palm (Rhapis humilis), white bird of paradise (Strelitzia nicolai), red-stemmed philodendron (Philodendron erubescens), false alocasia (Alocasia macrorrhizos)

4. Foliage Shrubs

Golden-leaved weeping fig (Ficus benjamina 'Golden Leaves'), golden banyan (Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves'), fiddle-leaf fig (Ficus lyrata), willow-leaf fig (Ficus salicifolia), (Garcinia subelliptica), variegated reed bamboo (Arundo donax variegata), weeping polyalthia (Polyalthia longifolia), red-spined pandanus (Pandanus utilis), Pittosporum tobira, variegated hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis variegata), sago palm (Cycas revoluta), red bottlebrush (Callistemon rigidus), woody night jasmine (Cestrum nocturnum), pretty smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria), golden-veined justice (Odontonema strictum), Japanese aralia (Fatsia japonica), creeping juniper (Juniperus procumbens), variegated cassava (Manihot esculenta variegata), heavenly bamboo (Nandina domestica), dwarf umbrella tree (Schefflera arboricola), variegated dwarf umbrella tree (Schefflera arboricola variegata), pepperwood (Zanthoxylum beecheyanum), red-backed excoecaria (Excoecaria cochinchinensis), Acalypha wilkesiana, Japanese lilac (Syringa japonica), golden dewdrop (Duranta erecta), variegated golden dewdrop (Duranta erecta variegata), yellow-leaved golden dewdrop (Duranta erecta 'Golden Leaves'), orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata), garden croton (Codiaeum variegatum), hastate-leaved croton (Codiaeum variegatum var. pictum), Hainan croton (Codiaeum variegatum 'Hainan'), gold-dusted croton (Codiaeum variegatum 'Aucubaefolium'), Gendarussa (Justicia gendarussa), Fukien tea (Carmona retusa), small-leaved boxwood (Buxus sinica var. parvifolia), golden privet (Ligustrum sinense 'Variegatum'), crown of thorns (Euphorbia milii), yellow-striped furcraea (Furcraea foetida 'Marginata'), agave (Agave americana), silver-edged agave (Agave americana 'Marginata'), yucca (Yucca gloriosa), bottle palm (Beaucarnea recurvata), cast-iron plant (Aspidistra elatior), snake plant (Sansevieria trifasciata), cactus (Opuntia), taro (Alocasia macrorrhizos), Philodendron selloum, Monstera deliciosa, shell ginger (Alpinia zerumbet variegata), beach naupaka (Scaevola taccada), thick-leaved rhaphiolepis (Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata), variegated-breasted tree (Breynia disticha 'Roseopicta'), Ceylon phyllanthus (Phyllanthus myrtifolius), Chinese rose (Rosa chinensis)

5. Flowering Shrubs

African jasmine (Fagraea ceilanica), yesterday-today-and-tomorrow (Brunfelsia pauciflora), rare jasmine (Jasminum), rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), lantern flower (Ceropegia), hanging bell flower (Malvaviscus arboreus), poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), powderpuff (Calliandra haematocephala), bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis), large-flowered gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides var. grandiflora), hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla), red-bracted flower (Pachystachys coccinea), wild peony (Melastoma candidum), red-flowered loropetalum (Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum), large-flowered datura (Datura suaveolens), white paper fan (Mussaenda frondosa), red paper fan (Mussaenda erythrophylla), yellow allamanda (Allamanda cathartica), western azalea (Rhododendron hybridum), twin-pod cassia (Cassia bicapsularis), hard-stemmed trumpet creeper (Tecomaria capensis), rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa), Ixora chinensis, phoenix-tail pearl (Lysimachia), Yunnan yellow jasmine (Jasminum mesnyi), jasmine (Jasminum sambac), grand crinum lily (Crinum asiaticum),

spider lily (Hymenocallis littoralis), crab claw flower (Euphorbia milii), dwarf canna (Canna indica 'Dwarf'), stone sea pepper (Reinwardtia indica), fiddle-leaf coral (Jatropha pandurifolia), blue snowflake (Plumbago auriculata), blue star flower (Oxypetalum caeruleum), butterfly (Buddleja)

6. Ground Cover

Calathea roseopicta, arrowhead vine (Syngonium podophyllum), white butterfly arrowhead vine (Syngonium podophyllum 'White Butterfly'), pothos (Epipremnum aureum), inch plant (Tradescantia zebrina), tuberous sword fern (Nephrolepis cordifolia), aluminum plant (Pilea cadierei), small boat lily (Tradescantia spathacea), peace lily (Spathiphyllum kochii), dwarf lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus), silver-edged dwarf lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus 'Variegatus'), red-flowered lantana (Lantana camara 'Red'), yellow-flowered lantana (Lantana camara 'Yellow'), purple-flowered lantana (Lantana camara 'Purple'), dusty miller (Senecio cineraria), bleeding glory-bower (Clerodendrum thomsoniae), shrimp plant (Justicia brandegeeana), red firecracker (Russelia equisetiformis), asparagus fern (Asparagus densiflorus), beach evening primrose (Oenothera drummondii), beach morning glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae), ivy (Hedera helix), star jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides), ginger lily (Hedychium coronarium), umbrella plant (Cyperus alternifolius), papyrus (Cyperus papyrus), iris (Iris tectorum), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), narcissus (Narcissus tazetta), lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), water lily (Nymphaea), three-lobed wedelia (Sphagneticola trilobata), red-flowered oxalis (Oxalis corymbosa), Brazilian peanut vine (Arachis pintoi), dichondra (Dichondra repens), purple amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor), round-leaved amaranth (Alternanthera), coleus (Coleus scutellarioides), fine-leaved verbena (Verbena tenuisecta), red-green grass (Alternanthera), autumn zephyr lily (Zephyranthes candida), pink zephyr lily (Zephyranthes grandiflora), amaryllis (Hippeastrum), lily (Lilium), calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), centipede grass (Eremochloa ophiuroides), Manila grass (Zoysia matrella), Korean lawn grass (Zoysia tenuifolia), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), large-leaved carpet grass (Axonopus compressus), variegated blunt grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum variegatum), bahia grass (Paspalum notatum), dwarf mondo grass (Ophiopogon japonicus 'Nanus')

7. Vines

large-flowered thunbergia (Thunbergia grandiflora), rangoon creeper (Quisqualis indica), coral vine (Antigonon leptopus), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), flame vine (Pyrostegia venusta), white-flowered mucuna (Mucuna birdwoodiana), beautiful clerodendrum (Clerodendrum speciosissimum), wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), creeping fig (Ficus pumila), cypress vine (Ipomoea quamoclit), morning glory (Ipomoea nil), maple-leaved morning glory (Ipomoea batatas), snake vine (Strophanthus), jasmine (Jasminum officinale), large-flowered Dutchman's pipe (Aristolochia gigantea), garlic vine (Mansoa alliacea), wood rose (Merremia tuberosa), lavender trumpet vine (Clytostoma callistegioides), passion flower (Passiflora caerulea)

Chapter Seven: "Common Plant Configuration Documents for South China"

Practical Plant Configuration Table ---- Concise Table of Common Plant Configurations

Aquatic Plants:

Wetland plants: Hankow willow (Salix matsudana), weeping willow (Salix babylonica), cotton willow (Salix), sand willow (Salix psammophila), artemisia willow (Salix viminalis), soap willow (Salix), small-leaved poplar (Populus simonii), Liaoning poplar (Populus), sand cypress (Juniperus sabina), Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis), oriental arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), chinaberry (Melia azedarach), Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera), white ash (Fraxinus chinensis), forsythia (Forsythia suspensa), elm (Ulmus pumila), cut-leaved elm (Ulmus laciniata), Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera), cherry blossom (Prunus serrulata), eucommia (Eucommia ulmoides), goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata), cotton rose (Hibiscus mutabilis), rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), oleander (Nerium oleander), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), grape (Vitis vinifera), wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa), tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis), buttercup (Ranunculus), water hyacinth buttercup (Ranunculus), long-leaved alkali grass (Puccinellia), marsh willow-leaf (Lysimachia), willow-leaf herb (Lysimachia), marsh woundwort (Stachys palustris), Chinese woundwort (Stachys chinensis), mint (Mentha), Mazus (Mazus), speedwell (Veronica), watercress (Nasturtium officinale), Scirpus (Scirpus), water wool flower (Scirpus), (Scirpus planiculmis), water nutgrass (Cyperus), flower-spiked nutgrass (Cyperus), globe-spiked pycreus (Pycreus), red phosphorus pycreus (Pycreus), jointed rush (Juncus articulatus), small-flowered rush (Juncus), small rush (Juncus), fine rush (Juncus), knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare), common knotweed (Polygonum), red knotweed (Polygonum orientale), clustered knotweed (Polygonum), dock-leaved knotweed (Polygonum lapathifolium), willow-leaf prickly knotweed (Polygonum), small arrow-leaf knotweed (Polygonum), mile-a-minute (Polygonum perfoliatum), prickly knotweed (Polygonum), hastate-leaf knotweed (Polygonum), large hastate-leaf knotweed (Polygonum), Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica), cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica), calamagrostis (Calamagrostis), large-leaved grass (Calamagrostis), (Beckmannia syzigachne), long-awned clubhead (Clubhead), wild ancient grass (Arundinella), silvergrass (Miscanthus sacchariflorus), Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi), limpograss (Hemarthria), wet-loving lettuce (Lactuca),

Emergent plants: softstem bulrush (Scirpus validus), reed (Phragmites australis), lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera), arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia), broad-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton), water plantain (Alisma orientale), lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), cattail (Typha angustifolia), duck-tongue grass (Monochoria vaginalis), Monochoria (Monochoria korsakowii), sweet flag (Acorus calamus), pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata), rice (Oryza sativa), water pencil (Hygrophila), narcissus (Narcissus tazetta), water celery (Oenanthe javanica), wild rice stem (Zizania latifolia), taro (Colocasia esculenta), four-leaf clover (Marsilea quadrifolia), reed (Phragmites australis), water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis), Scirpus yagara, needle rush (Juncus), water torch (Typha), umbrella sedge (Cyperus alternifolius), broad-leaved cattail (Typha latifolia)

Floating plants: duckweed (Lemna minor), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lily (Nymphaea), gorgon fruit (Euryale ferox), Victoria lily (Victoria amazonica), spatterdock (Nuphar pumilum), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water shield (Brasenia schreberi), water shield (Brasenia schreberi), yellow-flowered bladderwort (Utricularia), floating fern (Salvinia natans), keel-petaled water shield (Brasenia schreberi),

Submerged plants: hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum), water plantain (Ottelia alismoides)

Colorful-leaf Plants:

Red or purple: sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana), lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum), Japanese maple (Acer palmatum), Amur maple (Acer ginnala), Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), red oak (Quercus rubra), Tang maple (Acer), Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera), staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), sumac (Rhus chinensis), mountain ash (Sorbus), heavenly bamboo (Nandina domestica), winged euonymus (Euonymus alatus), hawthorn (Crataegus), Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis), Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera), barberry (Berberis), Hubei hornbeam (Carpinus hupeana), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata)

Golden yellow or yellow-brown: ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), persimmon (Diospyros kaki), goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata), tulip tree (Liriodendron chinense), Chinese parasol tree (Firmiana simplex), elm (Ulmus pumila), walnut (Juglans regia), catalpa (Catalpa bungei), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), nanmu (Phoebe zhennan), wild jujube (Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa), kiwi (Actinidia chinensis), horse chestnut (Aesculus chinensis), water elm mountain ash (Sorbus), wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox), pomegranate (Punica granatum), yellow cassia (Cassia surattensis), witch hazel (Hamamelis mollis), soapberry (Sapindus mukorossi), sweet acacia (Acacia farnesiana)

Aromatic Plants:

Aromatic plants that can be optionally planted in residential areas include: herbs such as mint (Mentha), basil (Ocimum basilicum), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), sage (Salvia officinalis), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), pot marigold (Calendula officinalis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), borage (Borago officinalis), scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens), mallow (Malva), etc.; shrubs such as lavender (Lavandula), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), rose (Rosa), lemon verbena (Aloysia citrodora), etc.

Woody plants arranged to release fragrance in turn through the four seasons, such as: plum blossom and orange blossom in spring; gardenia and white magnolia in summer; sweet osmanthus in autumn and wintersweet in winter.

Pollution-resistant and exhaust-gas-resistant plants: black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), paulownia (Paulownia), lacebark pine (Pinus bungeana), sabina (Juniperus chinensis), coral tree (Viburnum odoratissimum), photinia (Photinia), Pittosporum tobira, Japanese aralia (Fatsia japonica), etc.

Nitrogen-fixing plants: Robinia, Lonicera, Albizia, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana, Glycine, Lespedeza, Melilotus, Pisum, Phaseolus, Myrica, Elaeagnus, Cycas

Nectar-source, bird-attracting and butterfly-attracting plants: dwarf yew (Taxus cuspidata 'Nana'), Buddhist pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus), Chinese torreya (Torreya grandis), Japanese holly (Ilex crenata), camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora), Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra), privet (Ligustrum lucidum), Japanese ternstroemia (Ternstroemia gymnanthera), viburnum (Viburnum), aucuba (Aucuba japonica), mahonia (Mahonia fortunei), firethorn (Pyracantha fortuneana), boxwood (Buxus), Pittosporum tobira, Japanese aralia (Fatsia japonica), etc.; butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii), Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis), and other fragrant-flower plants (such as plants of the Citrus genus in the Rutaceae family)

Perennial (herbaceous perennial) flowers: torch lily (Kniphofia uvaria), lupine (Lupinus), blue fescue (Festuca glauca), astilbe (Astilbe chinensis), coreopsis (Coreopsis), golden creeping Jenny (Lysimachia nummularia), oregano (Origanum vulgare), large-flowered rose mallow (Hibiscus moscheutos), red-flowered mint (Mentha), five-colored star jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides variegatum), thistle-leaved mesembryanthemum (Mesembryanthemum), hellebore (Helleborus), lycoris (Lycoris radiata), daylily (Hemerocallis), iris (Iris), spiderwort (Tradescantia), hosta (Hosta), variegated canna (Canna indica variegata), red-leaved canna (Canna indica 'Red'), New York aster (Aster novi-belgii), large-leaved Japanese butterbur (Petasites japonicus), bletilla (Bletilla striata), perennial verbena (Verbena)

Four-Season Flowering Trees and Shrubs:

Spring: various cherry blossoms (early cherry, late cherry, weeping cherry, etc.), various crabapples (Malus micromalus, Malus halliana, Chaenomeles speciosa, etc.), Magnoliaceae (Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia denudata, Magnolia soulangeana, Magnolia liliiflora, Magnolia 'Red', Michelia figo, Michelia maudiae, etc.), redbud (Cercis chinensis), red-leaf

plum (Prunus cerasifera 'Atropurpurea'), peach blossom, camellia, winter jasmine, lilac (Syringa), etc.

Summer: crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla), Michelia figo, summer azalea, pomegranate (flower), gardenia, trumpet creeper (Campsis grandiflora), albizia, sweet acacia. Autumn: sweet osmanthus, crape myrtle, rose of Sharon, flowering pomegranate, cotton rose (Hibiscus mutabilis), trumpet creeper, etc.

Winter: honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), heavenly bamboo (Nandina domestica), plum blossom, Michelia figo, camellia, sasanqua (Camellia sasanqua), etc.

Classification Diagram of Common Greening Tree Species:

(I) Evergreen Conifers

1. Tree category: deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), black pine (Pinus thunbergii), Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis), masson pine (Pinus massoniana), sabina (Juniperus chinensis), sago palm (Cycas revoluta), Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla), Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), Chinese torreya (Torreya grandis)

2. Shrub category: (Buddhist pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus)), oriental arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis), creeping juniper (Juniperus chinensis 'Procumbens'), prostrate juniper (Juniperus procumbens), Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), five-needle pine (Pinus parviflora)

(II) Deciduous Conifers (no shrubs):

Tree category: dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), golden larch (Pseudolarix amabilis), pond cypress (Taxodium ascendens), bald cypress (Taxodium distichum)

(III) Evergreen Broadleaf Trees:

1. Tree category: camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora), southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), privet (Ligustrum lucidum), windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei)

2. Shrub category: coral tree (Viburnum odoratissimum), large-leaved boxwood (Euonymus japonicus), small-leaved boxwood (Buxus sinica var. parvifolia), boxwood (Buxus bodinieri), Chinese holly (Ilex cornuta), orange tree (Citrus), photinia (Photinia), Pittosporum tobira, sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), oleander (Nerium oleander), yellow jasmine (Jasminum), winter jasmine (Jasminum nudiflorum), gold-dusted coral (Aucuba japonica var. variegata), heavenly bamboo (Nandina domestica), snow-in-June (Serissa japonica), small-leaved privet (Ligustrum sinense), Japanese aralia (Fatsia japonica), gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides), mosquito fern (Distylium racemosum), camellia (Camellia japonica), St. John's wort (Hypericum), azalea (Rhododendron), yucca (Yucca) (pineapple flower, arrow hemp), sago palm (Cycas revoluta) (iron tree), mahonia (Mahonia fortunei)

(IV) Deciduous Broadleaf Trees:

1. Tree category: weeping willow (Salix babylonica), straight willow (Salix), Chinese wingnut (Pterocarya stenoptera), dragon-claw willow (Salix babylonica var. tortuosa), Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera), pagoda tree (Sophora japonica), Chinese parasol tree (Firmiana simplex) (Chinese parasol

tree), plane tree (Platanus x acerifolia) (French plane), pagoda tree (Sophora japonica) (Chinese scholar tree), coiled pagoda tree (Sophora japonica var. pendula), albizia (Albizia julibrissin), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), chinaberry (Melia azedarach), catalpa (Catalpa bungei)

2. Shrub category: cherry blossom (Prunus serrulata), white magnolia (Magnolia denudata), peach blossom (Prunus persica), wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox), crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), redbud (Cercis chinensis), maple (Acer), green maple (Acer palmatum), red-leaf plum (Prunus cerasifera 'Atropurpurea'), Chaenomeles speciosa, bellflower crabapple (Malus), hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla), snowball viburnum (Viburnum macrocephalum), golden bell (Forsythia viridissima) (golden strip), cotton rose (Hibiscus mutabilis), rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), mountain maple (Alchornea davidii) (cassia tree), pomegranate (Punica granatum)

(V) Bamboo Category: ci-xiao bamboo (Bambusa multiplex), moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), bamboo (Phyllostachys), purple bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra), Guanyin bamboo (Bambusa multiplex), phoenix-tail bamboo (Bambusa multiplex 'Fernleaf'), Buddha-belly bamboo (Bambusa ventricosa), golden-banded bamboo (Bambusa multiplex 'Aureovariegata')

(VI) Vines: wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), star jasmine (Trachelospermum jasminoides), Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) (creeper, climbing tiger), ivy (Hedera helix), grape vine (Vitis vinifera), winter creeper (Euonymus fortunei)

(VII) Flowers: moss rose (Portulaca grandiflora), chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum), scarlet sage (Salvia splendens), canna (Canna indica), five-colored amaranth (Alternanthera), kale (ornamental cabbage), chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum), orchid (Cymbidium)

(VIII) Lawn: velvet grass (Zoysia tenuifolia), zoysia grass (Zoysia japonica), dwarf lilyturf (Ophiopogon japonicus), four-season green grass (Lolium perenne), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), Manila grass (Zoysia matrella), clover (Trifolium), dichondra (Dichondra repens)

Detailed Table of Common Plant Configurations

General Table of Common Street Trees

Name Scientific Name Family Tree Shape Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, triplinerved, doubly aromatic, berries spherical.

Plane tree Platanus x acerifolia Platanaceae Ovate Prefers warmth, pollution-resistant, tolerant of pruning. Large crown, dense shade, suitable as street tree and shade tree.

Maple Liquidamdar formosana Hance. Hamamelidaceae Conical Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form

Flamboyant tree Delonix regia Raffin Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Sun-loving, prefers warm-hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fast-growing, pollution-resistant, wind-resistant; flowers red and beautiful, flowering period May to August

Albizia Albizia julibrissin Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as shade ornamental tree, street tree

Sweet acacia Albizia farnesiana Wild. Mimosaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, fast-growing, dense branches and leaves, flowers golden yellow, excellent tree vigor

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn. Salicaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous sub-tree, suitable for low-temperature areas, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form

Banyan Ficus retusa Linn.. Moraceae Spherical Deciduous tree, broad crown, fast-growing, strong canopy density, suitable for various pruning styles

Camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora Ness. Lauraceae Spherical Evergreen tree, broad crown, large and rounded, robust growth, beautiful tree form

Chinese fan palm Livitonia chinensis R.Br. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single-stemmed upright tree, leaf surface dark green, robust growth, very beautiful posture

Longan tree Euphoria longana Lanark. Sapindaceae Round Evergreen tree with round crown, strong canopy density, relatively slow growth, very beautiful posture

Chinaberry (Melia) Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous tree, fast-growing, irregular crown, slightly umbrella-shaped, flowers pale purple

Chinese parasol tree Sterculia platanifolia L. Sterculiaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, broad leaves, fast-growing, upright when young, crown spreads when old

Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Moraceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, leaves huge, soft and thin, branches scattered, umbrella-shaped crown, beautiful posture

Formosan alder Alnus formosana Makino. Fagaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, tolerant of moisture and heat, unsuitable for dry land and hard soil, tall and beautiful tree form

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl. Oleaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, robust, fast-growing, beautiful tree form and leaf shape. Norfolk Island pine Araucaria cuninghamii Araucariaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, prefers warm-hot climate, not cold-tolerant, fertilizer-loving, fast-growing, narrow conical crown, graceful posture

Qinghai spruce Picea carassifolia Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, neutral, shallow-rooted, suitable for the Northwest region

Korean pine Pinus koraiensis Pinaceae Tower-shaped Evergreen conifer, weakly sun-loving, prefers cool and humid climate and acidic soil, needles blue-green

Chinese juniper (sabina) Sabina chinensis Cupressaceae Conical Evergreen conifer, sun-loving, young trees slightly shade-tolerant, tolerant of drought and barren conditions, cold-tolerant, slightly moisture-tolerant, tolerant of pruning, good dust-proof and sound-insulating effect

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnoliaceae Ovate Evergreen tree, flowers large white and fragrant, beautiful tree form,

Taiwan acacia Acacia confusa Merr. Fabaceae Umbrella-shaped Evergreen tree, bark smooth when young, rough when old, trunk mostly curved, strong growth vigor

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk branching, strong heat resistance, robust growth, beautiful posture

Canary Island date palm Phoenix dactylifera Arecaceae Pinnate Evergreen broadleaf tree, trunk thick and robust, tall and majestic, pinnate leaves dense and spreading,

Royal palm (Roystonea regia) Oreodoxa regia H.B.K. Arecaceae Umbrella-shaped Single-stemmed upright, can reach 18 m in height, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate compound leaves, very strong vitality, high ornamental value

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Umbrella-shaped Deciduous broadleaf tree, autumn leaves yellow, cold-tolerant, deep-rooted, not tolerant of waterlogging, resistant to various toxic gases

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense, Magnoliaceae, umbellate. Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, grows rapidly, long-lived; leaves shaped like a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese white poplar Populus tomentosa, Salicaceae, umbellate. Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers cool temperate climates, resistant to pollution, deep-rooted, fast-growing, fairly long-lived; tree form upright, trunk straight, bark grayish-white.

Lombardy poplar Populus nigra var. italica, Salicaceae, narrow columnar. Deciduous broadleaf tree, cold-tolerant and drought-tolerant, slightly tolerant of saline-alkali and waterlogging, grows fast.

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia, Ulmaceae, umbellate. Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity.

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo, Aceraceae, umbellate. Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, autumn leaves yellow {South China plant date palm care measures}.

Table of traits of commonly used landscape trees

Name Scientific name Family Tree form Characteristics

Camphor tree Cinnamomun camphcra, Lauraceae, spherical. Evergreen large tree, leaves alternate, trinerved, doubly aromatic, berries spherical.

London plane Platanus x acerifolia, Platanaceae, ovate. Prefers warmth, resistant to pollution, tolerant of pruning. Large crown and dense shade, suitable as a street tree and shade tree.

Southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L., Magnoliaceae, ovate. Evergreen tree, flowers large white and fragrant, tree form graceful.

Yulan magnolia Magnolia denudata, Magnoliaceae, umbellate. Fairly cold-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging. Flowers large and pure white, blooms March to April. Suitable for courtyard viewing.

Chinese tulip tree (horse jacket tree) Liriodendron chinense, Magnoliaceae, umbellate. Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, fairly strong resistance, fertile acidic soil, grows rapidly, long-lived; leaves shaped like a horse jacket, flowers yellow-green, large and beautiful.

Chinese arborvitae Thuja orientalis Linn, Cupressaceae, conical. Evergreen tree, form neat when young, often crooked when old, vigorous growth, long-lived, beautiful tree form.

Ash tree Faxinus insularis Hemsl., Oleaceae, rounded. Evergreen tree, robust, grows rapidly, graceful tree form and leaf shape. Java bishopwood Bischoffia javanica Blanco, Euphorbiaceae, rounded. Evergreen tree, very attractive when young leaves sprout, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form.

Weeping willow Salix babylonica Linn., Salicaceae, umbellate. Deciduous small tree, suitable for low-lying wet ground, grows luxuriantly and rapidly, beautiful tree form.

Chinese incense cedar Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz, Cupressaceae, umbellate. Evergreen tree, bark grayish-brown, showing irregular longitudinal fissures; branchlets alternate, green when young, flattened.

Royal palm Roystonea regia, Arecaceae, umbellate. Single trunk upright, up to 18 m tall, slightly swollen in the middle, pinnate leaves, very vigorous, high ornamental value.

Japanese euonymus Euonymus japonica, Celastraceae, ovate. Prefers warm humid climates, resistant to toxic gases. Grown for foliage. Suitable for hedges and foundation planting.

Formosan sweetgum Liquidamdar formosana Hance., Hamamelidaceae, conical. Deciduous tree, bark gray and smooth, leaves triangular, slow-growing, beautiful tree form.

Chinese wingnut Pterocarya stenoptera, Juglandaceae, umbellate. Highly adaptable, tolerant of waterlogging, fast-growing. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, and bank-protection tree.

Creeping juniper Sabina procumbens, Cupressaceae. Evergreen creeping dwarf shrub, branches spreading and trailing on the ground, leaves needle-like. Slow-growing, uniquely styled tree form, foliage emerald green and flowing. Suitable for ground cover and beautifying the surroundings of courtyard stones, ponds, sand pits, and slopes. {South China plant date palm care measures}.

Golden dewdrop Duranta repens, Verbenaceae, rounded. Evergreen shrub. Suitable for large potted plants, flower troughs, hedges. Golden-leaved Duranta is grown mainly for foliage, widely used, can serve as ground cover, pruned into shapes, used to form patterns, or planted to emphasize color contrasts, dazzling and eye-catching. Chinese holly Ilex cornuta, Aquifoliaceae, rounded. Resistant to toxic gases, slow-growing. Green leaves and red berries, very beautiful. Suitable for foundation planting. Paper mulberry Broussonetia papyrifera Vent., Moraceae, umbellate. Evergreen tree, leaves huge and soft-thin, branches spreading in all directions, form also beautiful.

Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia, Ulmaceae, umbellate. Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers warm and humid climates, tolerant of drought and poor soil, deep-rooted, fast-growing, long-lived, resistant to smoke and toxic gases, strong dust-retention capacity.

Chinese juniper Juniperus Chinensis Linn, Cupressaceae, conical. Evergreen medium tree, branches densely borne, dark green, vigorous growth, suitable for pruning, beautiful tree form.

Japanese pittosporum Pittosporum tobira, Pittosporaceae, rounded. White flowers fragrant, blooms in May. Suitable for foundation planting, as a hedge or potted plant. Date palm Phoenix dactylifera Linn, Arecaceae, umbellate. Trunk suckering, up to 20-25 m tall, leaves grayish-white with arched curvature, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form.

Hankow willow Salix matsudana, Salicaceae, umbellate. Suitable as a shade tree, street tree, and bank-protection tree.

Persian silk tree Albizia julibrissin, Mimosaceae, umbellate. Flowers pink, June to July, suitable as a courtyard ornamental tree and street tree.

Japanese black pine Pinus Thumbergii Porl., Pinaceae, conical. Evergreen tree, bark grayish-brown, branchlets orange-yellow, leaves hard and borne two per bundle, long-lived.

Purple-leaf cherry plum Prunus cerasifera. F.arropurpurea, Rosaceae, umbellate. Deciduous small tree, branchlets smooth, reddish-brown, leaves ovate, entirely purplish-red, blooms pale pink small flowers in April, drupe purple. Suitable for both specimen and group planting, as a background contrast.

California fan palm Washingtonia filifera Wend., Arecaceae, umbellate. Single trunk cylindrical, base swollen, up to 4-8 m tall, leaf blade fan-shaped and round, vigorous growth, beautiful tree form {South China plant date palm care measures}.

Japanese pagoda tree Sophora japonica, Fabaceae, umbellate. Branches and leaves dense, crown broad, suitable as a shade tree and street tree.

Glaucous cassia Cassia glauca Lam., Fabaceae, rounded. Deciduous tree, even-pinnate compound leaves, flowers yellow, grows rapidly, beautiful tree form.

Box elder (ash-leaved maple) Acer negundo, Aceraceae, umbellate. Deciduous broadleaf tree, prefers fertile soil and cool humid climates, tolerant of smoke and dust, tolerant of dry cold, tolerant of light saline-alkali, tolerant of pruning, autumn leaves yellow.

Japanese maple Acer palmatum, Aceraceae, umbellate. Leaf shape elegant, autumn leaves red. Suitable for courtyard viewing and potted cultivation.

Golden larch Pseudolarix amabilis Rehd., Pinaceae, ovate tower-shaped. Evergreen tree, branches and leaves gracefully spaced, leaves linear, alternate on long shoots, small leaves radiating, tree form firm and upright.

Bottle palm Hyophorbe amaricaulis Mart., Arecaceae, umbellate. Trunk about 3 m tall, base oval and swollen, forming a wine bottle shape, very beautiful form.

Mandarin tree Citrus reticulata, Rutaceae, rounded. Flowers white, fruit yellow-green, fragrant. Suitable for group planting.

Chinaberry tree Melia azedarch Linn., Meliaceae, rounded. Deciduous tree, bark grayish-brown, bipinnate odd-pinnate compound leaves, flowers purple, grows rapidly.

Snow bush Serissa serissoides, Rubiaceae, rounded. Evergreen small shrub. Leaves dark green, flowers snowy white, slightly pale pink. Branches and leaves slender, fine texture, suitable for potted plants, low hedges, ground cover, flowerbeds, and pruned shapes.

Dragon juniper Juniperus chinensis var. Kaituka, Hort, Cupressaceae, upright tower-shaped. Evergreen medium tree, branches densely borne, dark green, vigorous growth, very long-lived, very beautiful tree form.

Dragon-claw pagoda tree S. j. cv. Pendula, Fabaceae, umbellate. Branches drooping, suitable for courtyard viewing, paired or row planting.

Corkscrew willow S. m. cv. Tortuosa, Salicaceae, rounded. Branches twisted like a roaming dragon, suitable as a shade tree and ornamental tree.

Pygmy date palm Phehix Roebelenii Brien., Arecaceae, umbellate. Trunk upright, 2 m tall, petioles thin and small, leaflets alternate or opposite, an excellent variety with beautiful leaves.

Buddhist pine Podocaarpus macrophyllus D. Don, Podocarpaceae, long conical. Evergreen tree, form simple and elegant, can be pruned as high-grade bonsai material, or shaped into round, conical, or tiered forms for courtyard landscaping and beautification.

Masson pine Pinus massoniana Lamb., Pinaceae, umbellate. Evergreen tree, trunk bark reddish-brown, winter buds brown, large trees majestic.

Heavenly bamboo Nandina domestica, Berberidaceae, umbellate. Branches and leaves elegant, red berries in autumn and winter; courtyard viewing, can be group planted or potted. Hoop pine Araucaria ecelsa Br., Araucariaceae, conical. Evergreen coniferous tree, branches whorled, lower ones drooping, leaves dark green, beautiful tree form, vigorous growth.

Glossy privet Ligustrum lucidum, Oleaceae, ovate. Flowers white, blooms in June. Suitable as a hedge or street tree.

Chinese fan palm Livistona chinensis R. Br., Arecaceae, umbellate. Trunk upright, can reach 6-12 m tall, leaves round, petiole margins spiny, grows luxuriantly, form elegant.

Dwarf arborvitae Junlperus chinensis cv. Globosa., Cupressaceae, broadly rounded. Shrub, no main trunk, branches clustered.

Green maple Acer serrulatum, Aceraceae, umbellate conical. Deciduous tree. Trunk upright. Tree form light and graceful, can be grown into noble-shaped bonsai, an elegant street tree, landscape tree, and forest-bathing tree.

Boxleaf euonymus B. bodinieri, Buxaceae, ovate. Branches and leaves fine and dense, suitable for courtyard viewing. Can be group planted, used as a hedge, or potted. Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica D. Don, Taxodiaceae, conical, ovate, rounded. Evergreen tree. Branches whorled, graceful.

Chapter Eight: "Cultivation and Care of Arecaceae Plants"

The Arecaceae family is a very distinctive group of evergreen plants in the monocot class, with stems single or clustered, upright or climbing; leaves clustered at the top of the stem, root system well developed, tolerant of drought and poor soil, strong resistance to pests and diseases, and outstanding for creating tropical-style garden landscapes. This section introduces their introduction, transplanting, and disease control.

Brief introduction to the introduction process

There are 183 genera and about 2400 species of Arecaceae plants worldwide, widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical humid regions of the world. High temperature and high humidity are important conditions for the normal growth and development of most palm plants; a few palm plants have unique adaptability to adverse environments, such as the silver date palm (wild date palm) distributed in extremely arid areas at the edge of deserts, and quite a few palm species that can tolerate long-term water immersion, such as the swamp palm. Most palm plants are rich in fiber, with tough stems and well-developed root systems, and have strong wind resistance, such as the Alexander palm and Chinese fan palm.

Since the 1940s, in the construction of numerous tropical and subtropical cities around the world, the landscape value of palm plants has been recognized, and they have been used as key varieties for urban greening and beautification, such as in Miami in the United States, Jakarta in India, Bangkok in Thailand, as well as Cape Town in South Africa and Singapore.

Some landscaping companies in Guangdong began the work of introducing and applying palm plants in the early 1980s. Over the following more than twenty years, southern provinces and regions such as Guangxi, Fujian, and Yunnan, and later Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Yunnan, successively set off a wave of introducing, producing, and applying palms.

Several units led by the Guangdong Palm Landscape Company, based on plant geography and ecology theory, through observational research on the growth conditions and mortality rates of introduced and acclimatized Arecaceae plants, found that plants native to the Northern Hemisphere generally have cold-hardiness potential because they experienced ancient glacial climates, while species native to high-latitude, high-altitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere also have relatively strong cold tolerance. Through research on the cold tolerance and cold-tolerance mechanisms of palm plants, researchers found that the main factors affecting introduction and acclimatization are: temperature, light, humidity, moisture, and soil. The most significant effect of the temperature factor is governing plant growth and development; low winter temperatures are the dominant factor affecting the success or failure of palm plant introduction and acclimatization; through research on the salt tolerance and shade tolerance of palms, researchers screened out a batch of varieties with relatively strong saline-alkali tolerance and shade tolerance; at the same time, through the control of pests and diseases such as palm Phytophthora blight, coconut leaf beetle, and red palm weevil, the incidence of palm pests and diseases was greatly reduced. In addition, researchers also studied the germination mechanism of palm seeds, summarized and invented palm seed germination acceleration technology, mastered the full-crown transplanting and large-specification container seedling cultivation techniques for palm plants, and did fruitful work on soil improvement and winter cold protection and conservation techniques.

At present, researchers have screened and promoted about 80 species of palm plants in South China, including royal palm, Chinese fan palm, broadleaf lady palm, coconut palm, and fishtail palm; in Shanghai and surrounding areas, the Arecaceae plants successfully applied mainly include Butia palm, Mexican washingtonia, Canary Island date palm, Washington palm, and more than ten other species. The related research techniques have been appraised by experts as reaching the world's advanced level.

Taking the Washington palm as an example

On the occurrence and control of Phytophthora blight

Damage and general symptoms of palm Phytophthora blight

This disease often occurs and causes damage on palm plants such as royal palm, large Chinese fan palm, Washington palm, Mexican fan palm, and Canary Island date palm. On affected plants, the heart leaves cannot emerge normally, new leaves shrink and dry up, and in severe cases the whole plant wilts in patches. The pathogen of Phytophthora blight is caused by Phytophthora, which can be detected by incubation in an incubator. The pathogen mainly overwinters in the soil or on diseased plant residues. The pathogen spreads through watering, rain splash, air movement, and so on.

Occurrence pattern of Washington palm Phytophthora blight

This disease occurs during the high-temperature, high-humidity period between summer and autumn. After early drought followed by rain, or poor management after transplanting, such as heavy watering, soil moisture content

suddenly increases, poor ventilation, or plants located in wind-gap positions are prone to infection. The disease is severe in low-lying, poorly drained, continuous-cropping plots. In addition, the disease is often related to severe root injury caused when digging seedlings, followed by long-distance transport.

When it occurs, the base of the unexpanded young heart leaf rots, and the leaf turns grayish-green and droops, and it can be pulled out with slight force. Dissecting the stem, one can see paste-like secretions and a foul odor at the growing point or even the entire heart of the plant, and white mold-like growth can appear on infected tissue. On severely affected plants, root damage is also often seen, with the main symptoms being blackened, rotted roots with an abnormal

odor. This disease mainly occurs at the seedling stage and in nurseries; adult trees planted in green spaces are less often affected.

Symptoms

In recent years, the damage has been relatively severe in nursery land. In the early stage of the disease, yellow-brown water-soaked lesions first appear near the ground, and the lesions rapidly expand, slightly sunken, and when humid the surface is densely covered with white cottony mold, and the diseased part rots and smells foul. When it occurs on leaves, the diseased part is yellow-brown, and white mold grows under humid conditions. When it occurs on stems, it is initially dark green, then expands, becomes wet and soft, and in the later stage the upper part appears withered. This disease can harm the entire palm plant. Sometimes when the root system and stem are cut open, pus-like liquid exudes, and in severe cases a large amount of gray-black mycelium appears along the edges of the veins of young leaves. Phytophthora blight is a vascular disease; in severe cases the whole plant wilts, droops, dries up, and eventually dies, with a high mortality rate.

According to surveys, the peak period of this disease is mostly the high-temperature, high-humidity period, that is, the optimum temperature is 27°C to 35°C. For example, in 2006, the disease period in the coastal areas near the Pearl River Delta was July to October, in Xiamen August to November, in Shanghai June to September (also occurring in early spring), and in the western mountainous areas of the Pearl River Delta August to November. However, in all places the disease can be seen within 1 to 2 months after typhoons and rainstorms, sometimes occurring sporadically, sometimes appearing in patches.

Control methods

I. Preventive cultivation measures

1. Pay attention to ventilation, drying, and drainage in the nursery. In autumn and winter each year, leaves can be pruned moderately, and pits can be opened and soil mounded in the planting area to keep the nursery land dry. At ordinary times, potassium fertilizer can be added, and quicklime, superphosphate, etc. can also be applied separately, to enhance the density of plant tissues and resistance to infection, and improve the disease resistance of the plants.

2. Choose a good plot: choose loam or sandy loam land with high terrain and good drainage for planting.

3. Implement crop rotation: land that has grown Washington palms requires crop rotation of three to four years or more.

4. Strengthen field management, apply more organic fertilizer, promote robust plant growth with deep roots and lush leaves, and improve resistance. Implement high-ridge (bed) cultivation. Appropriately control watering during the rainy season, drain waterlogging promptly after rain, so that the ground dries after rain; water promptly in drought, and strictly prohibit flooding irrigation when watering, and do it in the afternoon or evening on sunny days.

5. Achieve prevention first and integrated control. Observe regularly at ordinary times, often prune dead branches and fallen leaves, and when diseased plants are found, clean them up promptly, bury them deeply or burn them, and disinfect the diseased holes with lime.

II. Chemical control

One to two months before the disease occurs in summer and during the disease period, use 64% oxadixyl-mancozeb wettable powder (1:500 to 600), 80% phosethyl-Al (1:400), or other hymexazol-type products such as kameitong, also known as soil fungicide (usual dosage 600 to 700 times), lime-sulfur mixture (1:1:100), dexon (500 times), etc. for control. Specific control methods: when transplanting Washington palms, first spray the planting site and Washington palm roots with 600 to 700 times soil fungicide solution, or first dig pits and expose them to the sun for sterilization on consecutive sunny days, or spread lime powder for disinfection, or use 500 times dexon solution for soil disinfection.

After a typhoon, promptly spray oxadixyl-mancozeb (better) or phosethyl-Al (prone to resistance), adding 0.4% washing powder, into the heart or as a spray for both prevention and treatment. You can also spray 80% mancozeb 700 times solution, once every 7 to 10 days, spraying two or three times in succession, which can effectively prevent and control the occurrence of Phytophthora blight. After adopting this measure, the incidence rate of Washington palms and Mexican washingtonia palms at the Shanghai base of Guangdong Palm Landscape Company dropped from 20% in 2004 to below 10%.

Control experience

Using carbendazim and the like has no obvious control effect. In the early stage of the disease, if all leaves are cut off and the plant is transplanted elsewhere, about 30% can gradually revive after 2 to 3 years, but the growth is poor.

It is understood that this disease rarely occurs in high-temperature, dry areas such as Los Angeles, so this disease is related to high temperature and high humidity, and the infection route is through surface water, groundwater, and rainwater, etc. When the plant's root system, trunk, leaves, etc. are damaged, the pathogen invades and multiplies massively when moisture is sufficient, eventually causing blockage of the vascular conducting tissue, and the plant wilts and dies from water loss. The heart rot disease introduced in some literature is actually also Phytophthora blight, only occurring at the heart leaf part.

This disease is different from anthracnose, which occurs on leaves, with small water-soaked spots appearing at onset, then expanding into larger lesions, easy to find, and generally controllable with agents such as carbendazim. As for leaf spot disease, it refers to diseases occurring on leaves, with common pathogens including Phyllosticta and Pestalotiopsis, etc., often causing leaf blight, but anthracnose and leaf spot disease rarely cause plant death. Transplanting techniques for large single-trunk seedlings

Preparation before transplanting

1. Root-prune the seedlings to be transplanted in advance. After root pruning, the soil ball size is twice the ground diameter, and the root-pruning depth is 50 cm to 60 cm. Stones and broken roots should be removed from the root-pruning soil and it should be backfilled promptly, with good moisture retention: the purpose is to temper the adaptability of the seedlings and promote new root growth. After root pruning, it is best to keep them for more than 30 days, and transplant only when new roots begin to sprout. If heeled-in seedlings are used, the effect is even better.

2. Dig holes and prepare the soil. Dig holes at the planting site 20 days before transplanting; the hole specification is generally 1.5 times the soil ball. Let the soil from the holes be exposed to the sun in the open for a period. For backfill soil, it is best to use a pre-prepared mixed soil: pond mud + farmyard manure or mushroom soil + an appropriate amount of decomposed phosphate fertilizer + an appropriate amount of river sand, with sand:soil at 4:6.

Planting time

In the Pearl River Delta region, transplanting can be done throughout the year, with spring and autumn being best. Try to avoid summer and winter, especially January and July. Most Arecaceae plants prefer warmth and humidity. In summer, temperatures are high and seedlings evaporate water quickly, easily causing excessive water loss and affecting survival; in winter, temperatures are low, and some places even have frost, and strong north winds can easily cause frostbite or even death of seedlings.

Moving seedlings

Some large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings have relatively thick stems, the workload of moving seedlings is large, and the seedlings are very easily injured. Therefore, when moving seedlings, the trunk should be wrapped with burlap sacks or rice straw, especially the green wrapped-trunk portion at the boundary between the trunk and the petiole. First, it protects the trunk; second, it retains moisture and blocks sunlight. In addition, when lifting seedlings, combine with pruning leaves, remove old leaves, and retain 40% to 45% of the leaves (specifically depending on the tree vigor). At the same time, cut off the leaves together with the petiole by 1/5, to minimize water evaporation.

Planting

It is best to plant seedlings on the same day they are dug; if the time is too long, the seedlings evaporate a lot of water, and water loss can easily affect survival. If they cannot all be planted the same day, cover them with shade netting and spray a small amount of water on the leaf surface every day, doing a good job of shading and moisture retention.

1. Backfilling soil: once the seedling is positioned, backfill soil. When the backfill reaches half the height of the soil ball, first compact the loose soil. After backfilling is complete, shape the soil mound into a "water storage basin" slightly higher around the edges and slightly lower in the middle, to facilitate watering and moisture retention.

2. Watering: immediately after backfilling, water thoroughly to settle the roots. Before watering, first use bamboo poles, etc. to poke and firm the loose soil around the soil ball, until the loose soil no longer sinks.

3. Fixing: there are many kinds of supports; using three bamboo poles to form a triangular support is the most economical and practical one. Tie at 2/3 of the trunk height.

Post-planting management

1. Moisture retention: spray the leaves and trunk wrapping twice a day, except on rainy days, just enough to wet the leaves and trunk wrapping. Do not water the roots, because excess water will flow down, and water accumulation will cause root rot. Cover the area around the tree base with rice straw to block sunlight, prevent soil compaction caused by excessive soil temperature differences, and keep the soil around the soil ball loose, moist, and aerated, which is conducive to new root sprouting.

2. Wind protection: because transplanted large single-trunk palm plants are generally taller, and after transplanting are often affected by thunderstorms and strong winds, check regularly after planting whether the supports have loosened. Especially after strong winds, if the trunk is found to be leaning, straighten and tie it promptly.

3. Topdressing: about one month after planting, urea water can be used for foliar topdressing by spraying, with topdressing about once every half month. After the first new leaf grows and matures, use fully decomposed peanut bran for hole fertilization. Dig the holes outside the edge of the soil ball in a ring-shaped trench, with trench width and depth each 30 cm, and the fertilizer and backfill soil should be mixed evenly.

4. Pest and disease control: newly transplanted large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings are relatively weak in vigor and extremely susceptible to pests and diseases, especially young leaves and heart leaves. For insect control, 5% methamidophos plus 5% omethoate can be applied. At present, the invasive pest "coconut leaf beetle" is quite serious in harming Arecaceae plants; adults and larvae gather in the overlapping spaces of the not-yet-unfolded heart leaves and gnaw the leaf flesh, causing part or all of the newly emerged leaves to die, and affected plants grow slowly or even die. The control methods include the following: ① 81% malathion emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times solution; ② cypermethrin 500 times solution; ③ use "Yejiaqing", all of which can achieve good control effects. Based on actual operation, the author believes that the simplest, most convenient, and long-lasting method is to hang a packet of "Yejiaqing" on the heart leaf in combination with tying during planting for control.

For large single-trunk Arecaceae seedlings, about one month after planting, whether they have survived can be roughly determined based on whether their leaves remain green, but to truly determine survival, one generally must wait until after one growing season, using whether new shoots and new roots have emerged as the standard. After the author adopted the above transplanting techniques in construction, the transplanting survival rate increased from the original 75% to more than 90%, and the above techniques are highly operable and necessary to promote and apply.

Transplanting techniques for seedlings, large trees, and clustered seedlings

Key techniques for transplanting seedlings

Palm plants are most suitable for transplanting during a period after germination and rooting. At this time the seedlings are smaller and can be transplanted with seeds, and because there are few fibrous roots, the root system is not easily damaged when moving seedlings. Use nutrient bags for seedling cultivation; the size depends on the time for cultivating the seedlings. Generally speaking, for 1-year-old seedlings, 16 cm x 18 cm containers are suitable, and for 2-year-old seedlings, 19 cm x 20 cm; nutrient bags that are too small are not conducive to rapid seedling growth. For nutrient soil preparation, use loose topsoil, burned soil, and wheat bran, mix evenly in a 5:2:1 ratio with a small amount of phosphate fertilizer, then bag it. First fill half a bag of mixed soil, then place the seedling, then straighten the seedling and fill it full, then compact it so that the seedling root system and the mixed soil are pressed closely together, and water thoroughly. Palm plants must not be planted too deep, otherwise it will affect seedling growth. If too deep, lift the seedling upward so that the seedling root system spreads out.

Key techniques for transplanting large trees

Arecaceae plants are cultivated in nurseries for 5 to 10 years, and most need several rounds of bed transplanting, so selecting sparse-planted robust seedlings gives a relatively high survival rate.

Reduce damage to the root mass: palm plant root tissues are young and tender, with many lateral roots and capillary roots. When digging, carry as large a soil ball as possible and prevent it from loosening and cracking. Minimize the degree of root mass damage as much as possible, so as to maintain normal respiration and water absorption capacity and improve the transplanting survival rate. During construction, accurately set out lines and determine holes to avoid rework and prevent the soil ball from loosening.

Leaf pruning: the amount of leaves retained at transplanting should be comprehensively determined according to different species, the climate at transplanting, and transplanting and maintenance conditions.

Generally, about 40% of the original leaf count should be retained. Retaining too many leaves will cause the leaves to yellow due to high water evaporation; retaining too few leaves makes plant recovery difficult and the cycle long, and the initial landscape effect is also poor.

Protect the plant's stem and its false stem. During digging, carrying, loading, and unloading of the plant, the stem should be protected from damage, and the false stem part should not be squeezed or bent. This is the guarantee of plant health and rapid recovery.

Soil at the new planting site: Arecaceae plants suffer root tip damage at transplanting, and within one month after transplanting it is difficult for new root tips to sprout, so water absorption capacity is weak. At this time, good soil permeability and aeration are conducive to seedling survival, so when planting, dig large holes and pay attention to the quality of imported soil, adding peat soil and compound fertilizer to facilitate palm recovery after planting.

Maintenance: within one month after planting, the plant has poor adaptability and the seedlings should be carefully maintained. Be sure to replenish water promptly and provide appropriate shading, striving to have new leaves sprout within three months. If continuous rainy weather occurs for several days after transplanting, palm seedlings will recover relatively well, because rainy days can avoid the effects of adverse factors such as scorching sun exposure.

Key techniques for transplanting large clustered seedlings

Clustered species of Arecaceae plants have multiple growth points, and after growing into a multi-stem clustered state, they can grow new roots relatively quickly after transplanting. However, clustered palms also have disadvantages such as large water evaporation caused by heavy trunks and large leaf area, and susceptibility to strong wind damage due to poor ventilation. Therefore, in addition to handling them according to single-trunk palm transplanting, the following technical measures should be added:

1. Implement "hairy root method" transplanting: that is, after digging a relatively large soil ball, use a small shovel to remove part of the soil along the outer edge of the soil ball, retain more fibrous roots and a moderate soil ball, and then immediately wrap it with light moisture-retaining material, to reduce the weight of the soil ball while ensuring survival. For example, this method can be used for transplanting clustered palms that recover slowly, such as fishtail palm and three-stamen areca.

2. Implement bare-root heeling-in or potting for centralized maintenance until new roots sprout and the plant stabilizes before formal planting. This method is suitable for robust clustered palms such as areca palm, strange Ptychosperma, and Hawaiian coconut, and can reduce transport costs and facilitate construction.

In short, for transplanting large seedlings and large trees of Arecaceae plants, in brief, do well in five aspects, namely: select robust seedlings; dig good soil balls and transport and plant carefully; prune leaves moderately; ensure aeration and drainage at the planting site; and do well in post-planting maintenance, especially sun protection and moisture retention. The sign of successful transplanting of large seedlings and large trees is being able to retain most leaves and sprout new leaves within half a year after planting, among which sprouting three healthy new leaves is complete transplanting success.

Drainage: first understand the hydrological conditions of the planting site, and as far as possible place the very bottom of the soil ball above the year-round groundwater level at the planting site by 100-150 CM and in a position with deep fertile soil. At the same time, do a good job of a drainage layer for the soil ball root system and a surface runoff guidance network to prevent water accumulation in the soil ball after planting; if the hydrological conditions do not meet the requirements, the method of planting with a raised soil ball can be used, that is, use loose medium mixed with fertile soil or use coarse sand to first pile up the planting site as high as possible to meet the above requirements, then place the plant on the soil pile, and bury the soil ball with mixed loose soil or planting soil mixed with humus soil; remove debris from the soil around the planting site, or appropriately improve the soil with loose medium, to achieve the condition of making the plant roots loose and breathable; strengthen inspections during the rainy season, promptly clear drainage facilities and appropriately loosen the soil at the roots, to facilitate waterlogging prevention and drainage. Moisture retention: immediately after planting, water once to settle the roots, ensuring that the soil ball roots are moist and closely combined with the surrounding soil, promoting root development. Next, water thoroughly three more times and promptly cover the soil ball well to prevent the surface soil from cracking. In hot summer, also spray water on the ground and tree crown more, to increase environmental humidity and reduce transpiration; leaf moisture retention treatments include a. newly planted seedlings should have leaves pruned appropriately, to reduce the transpiration area of the leaves; b. appropriately spray antitranspirants on the leaves, to inhibit plant physiological metabolism and reduce physiological water loss; c. under sunny weather conditions, spray atomized water on the leaves as much as possible, to strengthen the leaves' absorption of water and weaken transpiration; check the moisture status of the soil ball and roots at any time and replenish water promptly, ensuring the moisture of the soil ball and the permeability of root respiration. Fertilization: after planting, in addition to keeping the plant moist, appropriately spray low-concentration foliar fertilizer to strengthen post-planting nutritional supplementation; frequently check the root sprouting status of the plant. If new roots are found growing, consider increasing root fertilization, generally choosing the season when the monthly average temperature is above 20°C, applying mainly organic fertilizer and appropriately adding compound fertilizer with high P and K content, to promote balanced nutrition of the plant and ensure its rapid recovery and healthy growth. Pest and disease control: spray pesticides to control pests and diseases before the seedlings leave the nursery, and after arriving at the site, spray the plants before unloading, and ensure that within one month after planting, pesticide is applied three times in succession at intervals of one week to ten days, and then a reasonable pest and disease control plan should also be formulated. Special

Chapter Nine: "Maintenance Plan"

Suntech (Nanjing) Photoelectric Co., Ltd. Greening

Main

te

nance

Plan

Nanjing Gensen Flowers and Trees Co., Ltd.

October 8, 2010

Project Overview

"Suntech (Nanjing) Photoelectric Co., Ltd." is located at No. 31 Hengfei Road, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, with a green area of 28,186 sq m. The plant configuration in the factory greening is relatively reasonable, with rich colors and obvious seasonal changes, forming a distinct layered and natural ecological plant community that basically displays the natural landscape of the plants. The arrangement of flowering shrubs and hedges among the factory buildings gives each factory area a different landscape style. Dozens of plant varieties have been planted in the factory area, including camphor trees (Cinnamomum camphora), southern magnolias (Magnolia grandiflora), zelkova trees (Zelkova serrata), osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), and crape myrtles (Lagerstroemia indica). Among them are a tree-lined avenue composed of large-sized camphor trees, and a guardhouse landscape composed of varieties such as ancient red maples (Acer palmatum), pomegranates (Punica granatum), Malus spectabilis, ginkgos (Ginkgo biloba), and Canary Island date palms (Phoenix canariensis).

In view of the current situation of the factory greening landscape, we believe that the initial construction of the greening was relatively extensive, with insufficient understanding of plant habits, especially the inadequate replacement of planting soil in the green areas, and the failure to replace garbage soil in some areas, resulting in poor plant growth.

Greening Maintenance Plan Schedule

January (Minor Cold, Major Cold)

1. Shaping and pruning of fruit trees.

2. Frequently check cold protection equipment, facilities, and protective wrapping on seedlings.

3. Turn the soil for winter plowing and apply sufficient winter fertilizer.

4. Prune dead, damaged, diseased, and pest-infested branches, thoroughly remove overwintering bagworm cases, slug moth cocoons, and latent overwintering pests.

February (Start of Spring, Rain Water)

1. Continue winter pruning of deciduous trees and fruit trees.

2. Continue pruning diseased and pest-infested branches, and pay attention to observing the occurrence of pests and diseases (such as cottony cushion scale, globular scale, etc.).

3. Continue collecting and making compost, prepare culture soil, and continue applying winter fertilizer to various deciduous trees. March (Awakening of Insects, Spring Equinox)

As the weather gradually warms, many pests and diseases are about to occur. Maintain and repair all insecticidal and disease-prevention equipment and prepare medicines. Pay attention to the occurrence of aphids and globular scales, and achieve timely prevention and control. April (Pure Brightness, Grain Rain)

1. Carry out prevention and control of pests such as scale insects, mites, cutworms, white grubs, and mole crickets, as well as powdery mildew and rust disease.

2. Do a good job in loosening soil, weeding, and pre-flowering fertilization. Apply dilute fertilizer weekly to perennial flowers and spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Do a good job in bud removal and pruning of trees. Remove excess young buds and improperly positioned branches at any time.

4. Dredge and repair the drainage system.

May (Start of Summer, Grain Full)

1. Carry out post-flowering pruning of spring-flowering shrubs and hedge trimming. According to technical operation requirements, carry out bud removal and pruning of trees, and prune and remove root suckers from the roots of seedlings at any time.

2. Continue to strengthen tree maintenance and management, do a good job in replanting, thinning, and final singling of seedlings, and apply additional fertilizer and frequent dilute fertilizer.

3. This month the temperature gradually rises, and pests and diseases cause great harm to trees and flowers. Attention should be paid to pest forecasting and prediction, and pest and disease prevention work should be done well.

4. Carry out lawn mowing and continue to remove weeds from the lawn.

June (Grain in Ear, Summer Solstice)

1. This month enters the plum rain season, with high temperatures and high humidity. Replanting should be carried out promptly.

2. Carry out post-flowering pruning and fertilization of flowering shrubs, and pinch and prune some spring-sown herbaceous flowers.

3. Continue removing weeds and continue mowing.

4. Do a good job in pest and disease control. This month focus on controlling pests such as bagworms, slug moths, tussock moths, inchworms, and tortoise wax scales, as well as leaf spot disease, anthracnose, and sooty mold.

July (Minor Heat, Major Heat)

1. This month the weather is hot and weeds grow quickly. Continue intertillage and weeding, and loosen the soil.

2. Pests such as bagworms, slug moths, longhorn beetles, tortoise wax scales, armored scales, second-generation cottony cushion scales, and mites occur in large numbers. Attention should be paid to prevention and control, while continuing to prevent and control anthracnose, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, etc.

3. During the dog days with high temperatures and little rain, irrigation is needed to combat drought. This month is also a month with more rainstorms, so attention should be paid to waterlogging prevention.

4. This month enters the typhoon and tidal flood season. Typhoon and flood prevention work should be done well, with frequent inspections and timely righting of wind-thrown trees.

August (Start of Autumn, End of Heat)

1. Continue intertillage and weeding, and loosen the soil.

2. Continue to do a good job in drought prevention and drainage to ensure normal growth of seedlings.

3. This month seedlings grow vigorously, so timely additional fertilization is needed. For small seedlings, apply dilute fertilizer frequently.

4. Continue to do a good job in typhoon and flood prevention, and promptly right wind-thrown trees when found.

5. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. Seriously prevent and control the main pests harmful to trees (bagworms, second-generation slug moths, longhorn beetles, mites, etc.) and main diseases (powdery mildew, anthracnose, leaf spot disease, etc.).

September (White Dew, Autumn Equinox)

1. Continue to do a good job in pest elimination and disease control; in particular, frequently check the occurrence of aphids, wood boring moths, etc., and once found, immediately prevent and control them.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding, continue removing lawn weeds, carry out lawn mowing, and carry out shaping and pruning of topiary and hedges.

3. Continue to do a good job in pest and disease control. In particular, check the occurrence of more common pests and diseases such as aphids, bagworms, slug moths, brown spot disease, and sooty mold on flowering shrubs, and prevent and control them in a timely manner.

October (Cold Dew, Frost Descent)

1. Do a good job in pest and disease control, and eliminate various adult insects and eggs.

2. Continue intertillage and weeding.

3. After seedlings stop growing, check the survival rate and get a clear picture of the situation to ensure the smooth progress of winter and spring greening work.

November (Start of Winter, Minor Snow)

1. Do a good job in cold protection, whitewash some trees, or wrap them with straw rope.

2. Carry out winter tree pruning, cutting off diseased branches and dead branches; egg-bearing branches, competing branches, and excessive